History of electron microscopy
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1 History of electron microscopy C Dimensional Transmission Electron Microscopy S1007 Doing structural biology with the electron microscope February 16, 2015
2 Syllabus Week Date Instructor Topic 1 02/16 D. Nemecek & T. Shaikh Introduction/Tour/History 2 02/23 D. Nemecek & T. Shaikh Electron Optics 3 03/02 D. Nemecek Specimen preparation 4 03/09 T. Shaikh Image analysis I 5 03/16 T. Shaikh Image analysis II 6 03/23 T. Shaikh 3D reconstruction 7 03/30 T. Shaikh Single-particle reconstruction (Easter) 8 04/13 D. Nemecek Tomography I 9 04/20 D. Nemecek Tomography II 10 04/27 D. Nemecek Visualization/Segmentation 11 05/04 D. Nemecek Hybrid methods 12 05/11 T. Shaikh Computer practicals 13 05/18 D. Nemecek & T. Shaikh Journal club
3 Munich: Ernst Ruska & Otto Scherzer
4 Ernst Ruska: timeline Milestones: 1931: Electron lens magnification: 400X 1933: First electron microscope mag: 7000X (vs. LM: 2000X) 1933: Completed Ph.D. (!) 1939: First commercial EM (Siemens) mag: 100,000X 1952: Helmut Ruska (brother) moves from Siemens to Albany 1986: Nobel Prize in Physics
5 Ernst Ruska Sketch from
6 Replica of first electron microscope First commercial Siemens microscope Helmut Ruska (standing) next to Siemens-20 at Wadsworth Center in Albany
7 Otto Scherzer: timeline Milestones: 1934: First comprehensive book on electron optics 1936: Spherical aberration resolution X the wavelength : Devised correction schemes for aberration correction 1949: Can atoms be visible in the electron microscope? Scherzer focus Scherzer Harald Rose (Wadsworth, Darmstadt) Max Haider
8 Otto Scherzer First book on electron optics
9 Scherzer (1949) Physikalische Blätter & Scherzer (1949) Journal of Applied Physics Scherzer focus Can atoms be visible in the electron microscope?
10 Toronto group: E.F. Burton, James Hillier, etc.
11 Toronto group: timeline Milestones: 1937: Grad students James Hillier, Albert Prebus designed microscope over Christmas break 1938: First images 1939: E.F. Burton et al. introduced airlock system reduced specimen prep to 300nm thickness resolution: 60Å, specimen limited maximum mag: 180,000X
12 Radio Corporation of America (RCA)
13 James Hillier: timeline Milestones: 1940 Feb started at RCA enlisted by Vladimir Dworykin (cathode ray tube) 1940 Jul 4: Commercial EM, Model B (EMB) 1941: 300kV, for dealing with thick specimens 1947: first stigmator stigmators were iron screws tapped into the pole piece resolution 1nm 1973 (at VP of RCA): first videodisc
14 James Hillier With Albert Prebus At RCA Model B,
15 Electron microscopy in the Czech Republic
16 Electron microscopy in the Czech Republic Milestones: 1950: Ales Blaha: Tripiod at the Institute of Theoretical and Experimentation Electrotechnology of the Technical University 1951: Tesla BS241 first Czech commercial microscope 50kV resolution: 2nm 1968: First ultrahigh vacuum system (Institute of Scientific Instruments) 1990: Delong Instruments founded 1991: TESCAN founded 1997: FEI builds factory in Brno
17 Electron microscopy in the Czech Republic Tripod, 1950 First high-vacuum system,
18 Medical Research Council (MRC), Cambridge
19 Aaron Klug: timeline Milestones: 1968: DeRosier & Klug first 3d EM reconstruction 1979: Cormack & Hounsfeld receive Nobel Prize in Physiology for CAT scans 1982: Nobel Prize in Chemistry
20 Other notable events Milestones: 1934: Ladislav L. Marton takes the first image of biological specimen 1937: Manfred von Ardenne (CRT) develops SEM 1948: Dennis Gabor develops electron holography (Nobel Prize in Physics, 1971) 1974: Ken Taylor & Bob Glaeser electron crystallography of frozen hydrated specimens 1975: Richard Henderson subnanometer electron crystallography 1982: Jacques Dubochet modern cryo techniques 1987: Joachim Frank determines 3D reconstruction of an asymmetric specimen (50S ribosome) 2007: Direct Electron develops first commercial direct electron detector
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