New Jersey Center for Teaching and Learning

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1 Slide 1 / 94 New Jersey Center for Teaching and Learning Progressive Science Initiative This material is made freely available at and is intended for the non-commercial use of students and teachers. These materials may not be used for any commercial purpose without the written permission of the owners. NJCTL maintains its website for the convenience of teachers who wish to make their work available to other teachers, participate in a virtual professional learning community, and/or provide access to course materials to parents, students and others. Click to go to website:

2 Slide 2 / 94 Relationships & Cycles of Matter & Energy in Ecosystems

3 Slide 3 / 94 Table of Contents: Relationships & Cycles of Matter & Energy in Ecosystems Click on the topic to go to that section Introduction to Biomes and Ecosystems Ecosystem Competition for Resources Balance Within an Ecosystem Energy in Food Webs

4 Slide 4 / 94 Introduction to Biomes and Ecosystems Return to Table of Contents

5 Slide 5 / 94 Levels of Ecology Life on Earth is organized into different levels. The different levels allow for the study of interactions between biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving) factors.

6 Slide 6 / 94 Biosphere The biosphere refers to the entirety of the living world (the prefix "bio-" means "living"). It is the sum of all ecosystems - from the highest point of the atmosphere to the deepest reaches of the ocean.

7 Slide 7 / 94 Biomes A biome is a geographic area of the Earth that is defined by the types of plants and animals living there. MAJOR BIOMES OF THE WORLD Different regions of the earth have different climates, which then create different biomes. An area's climate is its average weather over a long period of time.

8 Slide 7 (Answer) / 94 Biomes A biome is a geographic area of the Earth that is defined by the types of plants and animals living there. Teacher Notes Biome Research Activity: Using the map on this slide, have the class determine the four most common biomes in the US. Divide the class into four groups and have students research their given biome and complete the Biome Facts Worksheet. Students will need access to research materials for this activity. MAJOR BIOMES OF THE WORLD [This object is a teacher notes pull tab] Different regions of the earth have different climates, which then create different biomes. An area's climate is its average weather over a long period of time.

9 Slide 8 / 94 Ecosystems A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment is an ecosystem. Within a biome, there can be several ecosystems. forest ecosystem wetland ecosystem List all of the biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving) factors that make up the ecosystem in the picture above.

10 Slide 9 / 94 Communities Communities are populations that interact with each other within an ecosystem. Communities can be separated by living or non-living matter, such as mountains or streams.

11 Slide 10 / 94 Habitats The specific place or environment within an ecosystem where animals and plants live or grow is called a habitat. As you can see above, some habitats are underwater or even underground!

12 Slide 11 / 94 Populations Groups of organisms that live in the same area and mate with one another make up a population.

13 Slide 12 / 94 Organisms Organisms are specific species of plants, animals, bacteria, fungi or other living things that live in a specific area.

14 Slide 13 / 94 1 All biomes have similar climates. True False

15 Slide 13 (Answer) / 94 1 All biomes have similar climates. True False Answer False: Different climates create different biomes. [This object is a pull tab]

16 Slide 14 / 94 2 Which of the following is not a classification level of Ecology A Organism B Species C Communities D Biosphere E Populations F Ecosystems

17 Slide 14 (Answer) / 94 2 Which of the following is not a classification level of Ecology A Organism B Species C Communities D Biosphere E Populations F Ecosystems Answer B [This object is a pull tab]

18 Slide 15 / 94 3 There are many types of ecosystems within a given habitat. True False

19 Slide 15 (Answer) / 94 3 There are many types of ecosystems within a given habitat. True False Answer False: There are many types of habitats within a given ecosystem. [This object is a pull tab]

20 Slide 16 / 94 4 A biological community of organisms interacting with their environment is a(n) A Habitat B Community C Population D Ecosystem

21 Slide 16 (Answer) / 94 4 A biological community of organisms interacting with their environment is a(n) A Habitat B Community C Population D Ecosystem Answer D [This object is a pull tab]

22 Slide 17 / 94 5 Desert, mountains, tundra and tropical rain forest are all examples of. A B C D Species Habitats Ecosystems Biomes

23 Slide 17 (Answer) / 94 5 Desert, mountains, tundra and tropical rain forest are all examples of. A Species B C Habitats Ecosystems Answer D: biomes D Biomes [This object is a pull tab]

24 Slide 18 / 94 Ecosystems Return to Table of Contents

25 Slide 19 / 94 What Makes Up an Ecosystem? Remember, an ecosystem is a community of both living and nonliving things that interact in the same area. Let's brainstorm to come up with a list things that may be found in an ecosystem.

26 Slide 19 (Answer) / 94 What Makes Up an Ecosystem? Remember, an ecosystem is a community of both living and nonliving things that interact in the same area. Let's brainstorm to come up with a list things that may be found in an ecosystem. Teacher Notes Have students make a list on the board of things found in an ecosystem. [This object is a teacher notes pull tab]

27 Slide 20 / 94 Living or Nonliving? Living things perform all of the following life processes: -get energy and nutrients -use energy -grow -reproduce -get rid of waste -respond to the environment Things that do not perform all of the life processes are considered nonliving.

28 Slide 20 (Answer) / 94 Living or Nonliving? Living things perform all of the Discussion: Using the students' list on the board following life processes: of things found in an ecosystem, discern which are living/nonliving -get energy and nutrients based on the criteria of basic life -use energy processes. ie: a car gets energy, -grow uses energy, gets rid of waste, but -reproduce is it living? (no, because living -get rid of waste things must meet all 6 criteria) -respond to the environment Teacher Notes [This object is a teacher notes pull tab] Things that do not perform all of the life processes are considered nonliving.

29 Slide 21 / 94 Living or Nonliving? Determine if the following objects are living or nonliving by checking off the boxes below: Object Does it move? Does it eat? Does it reproduce? Does it grow? Living or Nonliving?

30 Slide 22 / 94 Factors in an Ecosystem There are two types of factors within an ecosystem, biotic and abiotic. biotic factors = living abiotic factors = nonliving

31 Slide 22 (Answer) / 94 Factors in an Ecosystem There are two types of factors within an ecosystem, biotic and abiotic. Teacher Notes We know that the greek root "bio" means life, so you can remember that "bio"tic factors are living. The prefix "a" means without or "not", so "a"biotic factors are not alive. [This object is a teacher notes pull tab] biotic factors = living abiotic factors = nonliving

32 Slide 23 / 94 Autotrophs photosynthesis Organisms that make their own nutrients from their surroundings are called autotrophs. sunlight oxygen carbon dioxide water All plants are autotrophs. Plants go through photosynthesis where they convert sunlight into the chemical energy they need to grow.

33 Slide 23 (Answer) / 94 Autotrophs photosynthesis Teacher Notes sunlight Organisms that make their own nutrients from their surroundings are called autotrophs. The greek root "auto" means self, and "troph" means to feed. So autotrophs can feed themselves. oxygen carbon dioxide [This object is a teacher notes pull tab] water All plants are autotrophs. Plants go through photosynthesis where they convert sunlight into the chemical energy they need to grow.

34 Slide 24 / 94 Heterotrophs Organisms that rely on consuming other organisms to gain energy and nutrients are called heterotrophs. All animals are heterotrophs.

35 Slide 24 (Answer) / 94 Heterotrophs Organisms that rely on consuming other organisms to gain energy and nutrients are called heterotrophs. Teacher Notes We know that the greek root "hetero" means other, and "troph" means to feed. So heterotrophs feed on other sources. All animals are heterotrophs. [This object is a teacher notes pull tab]

36 Slide 25 / 94 Types of Heterotrophs Some animals are herbivores, and only eat plants to gain energy. grasshoppers eat grass Other animals are carnivores, which hunt and eat only other animals. hawks eat snakes Animals that eat both plants and other animals are called omnivores. mice eat berries and insects

37 Slide 25 (Answer) / 94 Types of Heterotrophs Teacher Notes Some animals are herbivores, and only eat plants to gain Are energy. you an herbivore, carnivore or omnivore? What do we call humans that are herbivores? Other animals are carnivores, which hunt and eat only other animals. grasshoppers eat grass hawks eat snakes Animals that eat both plants and other animals are called omnivores. [This object is a teacher notes pull tab] mice eat berries and insects

38 Slide 26 / 94 Dependence on Environments Living things depend upon their environment for food, shelter and survival. Without access to the necessary items in their environment living things would struggle to survive. What do owls depend upon their environment for?

39 Slide 27 / 94 Change Impacts Ecosystems Ecosystems (the living and nonliving things in an environment) are all a part of a connected community where a minor change can disrupt or destroy the entire system. If the pond above was contaminated it could cause the plant and algae population to die off. If this was to happen, then the fish, insects, birds and reptiles that all depend upon them would also die.

40 Slide 28 / 94 6 Air and water are biotic factors of an ecosystem. True False

41 Slide 28 (Answer) / 94 6 Air and water are biotic factors of an ecosystem. True False Answer False: Air and water are abiotic (nonliving factors). [This object is a pull tab]

42 Slide 29 / 94 7 Which of the following are heterotrophs? (Put in all that apply) A Pelican B C D E F G H Pine tree Human Pancake Shark Bacteria Moss Spider

43 Slide 29 (Answer) / 94 7 Which of the following are heterotrophs? (Put in all that apply) A Pelican B Pine tree C D Human Pancake Answer A, C, E, F, & H E Shark F Bacteria [This object is a pull tab] G Moss H Spider

44 Slide 30 / 94 8 Living things do which of the following? (Select all that apply) A B C D E F Grow Respond to the Environment Get Rid of Waste Get and Use Energy Reproduce All of the Above

45 Slide 30 (Answer) / 94 8 Living things do which of the following? (Select all that apply) A B C D Grow Respond to the Environment Answer Get Rid of Waste Get and Use Energy F E F Reproduce All of the Above [This object is a pull tab]

46 Slide 31 / 94 9 Which of the following would impact a forest ecosystem? (Select all that apply) A Strong Winds B C D E Pine beetle killing of trees Harsh winter Introduction of Wolves into the area All of the above

47 Slide 31 (Answer) / 94 9 Which of the following would impact a forest ecosystem? (Select all that apply) A B C D Strong Winds Pine beetle killing of trees Answer Harsh winter E, All of these factors could impact the ecosystem of the forest. Living things depend upon their environmental interactions and minor changes/events can have huge impacts. Introduction of Wolves into the area E All of the above [This object is a pull tab]

48 Slide 32 / 94 Competition for Resources Return to Table of Contents

49 Slide 33 / 94 Needs of Organisms The organisms within an ecosystem need shelter, air, water and energy to survive. They get their energy from many different sources.

50 Slide 34 / 94 Importance of the Environment Organisms and populations depend upon their environment to support their life. Species constantly interact with the other living and nonliving factors. What are the environmental requirements to support beavers? Which environment below would best support beavers? Why?

51 Slide 35 / 94 Access to Resources As organisms grow and populations increase they are limited by how many resources they have access to. Eventually, populations will reach their carrying capacity and their growth will stop. a

52 Slide 36 / 94 Competition for Resources Different organisms or populations that need the same resources will compete over these supplies. Which organisms are competing for common resources in this food web?

53 Slide 37 / 94 Competition in Animals The resources that animals compete for are food, water, space to live and access to mates to breed with.

54 Slide 38 / 94 Competition in Plants Plants also compete for resources, though they are harder to see and somewhat different from animals. Plants compete for water, access to light, the minerals in the soil and attention of certain animals for pollination and seed dispersion.

55 Slide 39 / What do organisms need to survive? A Water B Energy & Nutrients C Air D Habitat E All of the above

56 Slide 39 (Answer) / What do organisms need to survive? A Water B Energy & Nutrients C Air D Habitat Answer E: Organisms need water, energy & nutrients, air and a habitat to survive. E All of the above [This object is a pull tab]

57 Slide 40 / If there is a lack of resources in an area, what will happen to the population of organisms? A They will increase as there is more room B There will be no change C It will decrease D New organisms will inhabit the space

58 Slide 40 (Answer) / If there is a lack of resources in an area, what will happen to the population of organisms? A They will increase as there is more room B There will be no change C It will decrease Answer D New organisms will inhabit the space C [This object is a pull tab]

59 Slide 41 / Which of the following resources do plants compete for? (Select all that apply). A Attraction of bees B Access to Light C Mates D Water E Minerals

60 Slide 41 (Answer) / Which of the following resources do plants compete for? (Select all that apply). A Attraction of bees B Access to Light C Mates D Water Answer A, B, D, E. Animals compete for mates, plants are pollinated by other organisms. E Minerals [This object is a pull tab]

61 Slide 42 / 94 Predators and Prey The animal that is doing the hunting is called the predator, while the animal being hunted is the prey. Not all predators are big animals, and they're not always bigger than their prey.

62 Slide 43 / 94 Introduction of Predators The introduction of predators into a new area can reduce or eliminate whole populations of organisms. When humans brought a new snake to Guam, all of the native species suffered. Guam lost all of their populations of sea birds, 13 species of forest birds, 3 native mammals and 6 types of lizards.

63 Slide 44 / 94 Removal of Predators Wolves were removed from the Yellowstone region, which led to an increase in elk herds and other animals. Since the wolves were not there to hunt, the entire ecosystem changed. With no wolves, the number of elk increased. The elk began eating all of the tree saplings, causing the number of Aspen and Cottonwood trees to shrink. Also, coyote populations boomed which negatively affected red fox and pronghorn populations.

64 Slide 45 / 94 Reintroduction of Predators In order to try to fix the balance of the ecosystem, wolves have been reintroduced into part of the Rocky Mountains where their populations were previously destroyed. Bringing the wolf back into the Rockies, however, has caused a decline in the amount of elk and coyotes, which in turn has led to more ecological changes.

65 Slide 46 / 94 Predatory Interactions Killer whales work together to isolate and kill gray whale calves. They feast on the carcass and push it towards shallow water to keep it from sinking. Once the body reaches the shore, bears feast on the meat and blubber. The bears depend on the killer whales who help provided them with a much needed food source.

66 Slide 47 / 94 Invasive Species Also known as "non-native" or "alien" species, invasive species are plants or animals that are found outside of their natural habitat as a result of deliberate or accidental introduction by humans. These new species can disrupt the ecosystem by dominating the native species' habitats and/or causing competition for food sources. food source Native species Invasive species

67 Slide 48 / 94 The Problem with Invasive Species You would think that bringing more animals or plants into an environment would be a good thing, but that is not the case in this situation. The problem with bringing in an invasive species is that the native species don't know how to respond. This can lead to invasive species having no predators, eating up the food supply, and growing at an out-of-control rate.

68 Slide 49 / 94 Kudzu (An Invasive Plant Species) Also known as the "mile-aminute vine," the Kudzu Vine is naturally found in Japan, but was brought to the US in 1876 in an attempt to help prevent soil erosion. Since its introduction, Kudzu has spread 150,000+ acres per year due to the fact that it's vines can grow up to a foot per day. The images show the rapid growth of the vine.

69 Slide 50 / 94 Round Goby (An Invasive Animal Species) This species was accidentally introduced to the North American Great Lakes in The Round Gody is an aggressive fish and steals the food of native animals as well as their shelter and nesting sites. Round Gobies also eat the eggs of native fish, many of which are important to the fishing industry.

70 Slide 50 (Answer) / 94 Round Goby (An Invasive Animal Species) Teacher Notes Local Causes of Unbalance (discussion) Discuss which factors are affecting the balance of your local ecosystems. What are possible ways students can impact/change the situation? [This object is a teacher notes pull tab] This species was accidentally introduced to the North American Great Lakes in The Round Gody is an aggressive fish and steals the food of native animals as well as their shelter and nesting sites. Round Gobies also eat the eggs of native fish, many of which are important to the fishing industry.

71 Slide 51 / 94 Adaptations Adaptations are special features that allow a plant or animal to live in a particular place or habitat. Organisms develop adaptations in order to help them survive in different environments. Cactus adaptations for a desert biome. Marine life adaptations for an ocean biome.

72 Slide 52 / 94 Species Adaptations Species can adapt the way that their bodies look as well as the way that they behave in order to survive. Ways in which species can change their appearance include: - Fur - Change in beak shape - Webbed feet - Sharp claws These are called anatomical adaptations. Changes in a species' behavior can include: - Migration - Hibernation - Camouflage These are called behavioral adaptations.

73 Slide 53 / 94 Specific Adaptations Nice day for a swim! Oh, boy! It sure is hot out here! Adaptations that help organisms survive in their specific habitat might make it very difficult for the plant or animal to survive in a different place. This explains why certain organisms are found in one area, but not in another.

74 Slide 53 (Answer) / 94 Specific Adaptations Nice day for a swim! Teacher Notes Adaptation Activity(see worksheet) Students are asked to create adaptations necessary for an organism to live in a non-native habitat. ie: a grizzly bear moving from a forest to an aquatic habitat could "develop" gills and webbed feet for swimming. Oh, boy! It sure is hot out here! [This object is a teacher notes pull tab] Adaptations that help organisms survive in their specific habitat might make it very difficult for the plant or animal to survive in a different place. This explains why certain organisms are found in one area, but not in another.

75 Slide 54 / 94 Adapting to Extremes Organisms develop adaptations that allow them to withstand and strive in the planets harshest environments.. Mountain Goats have adapted to live at higher elevations where oxygen levels are lower. Cacti have adapted to dry environments by being able to store water. Arctic plants have adapted to live at cold conditions by growing low to the ground and being coated by wax to protect against the wind. Flamingos have adapted to tolerate the acidic waters of lakes where brine flies live.

76 Slide 55 / Which of the following is most likely to happen if a new predator is introduced into an ecosystem? A Existing populations of organisms will increase B Existing organisms with overcome the predator C Existing populations of organisms will decrease

77 Slide 55 (Answer) / Which of the following is most likely to happen if a new predator is introduced into an ecosystem? A Existing populations of organisms will increase B Existing organisms with overcome the predator C Existing populations of organisms will decrease Answer C [This object is a pull tab]

78 Slide 56 / A/An is a special feature that allows a plant or animal to live in a particular place or habitat. A Accommodation B Adaptation C Invasive Species D Carrying Capacity

79 Slide 56 (Answer) / A/An is a special feature that allows a plant or animal to live in a particular place or habitat. A Accommodation B Adaptation C Invasive Species Answer D Carrying Capacity B [This object is a pull tab]

80 Slide 57 / A specific adaptation is a change in an organism's ability to access resources in its environment. A True B False

81 Slide 57 (Answer) / A specific adaptation is a change in an organism's ability to access resources in its environment. A True B False Answer A [This object is a pull tab]

82 Slide 58 / 94 Balance Within an Ecosystem Return to Table of Contents

83 Slide 59 / 94 Plants and Animals Rely on Each Other Oxygen (O 2 ) is released by plants and used by animals. Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) is released by animals and used by plants. This is an important relationship. Without Oxygen, animals would not be able to get any energy from the things they ate!

84 Slide 60 / 94 Interdependent Relationships In an interdependent relationship, organisms depend on each other to obtain energy and survive. This means that one organism cannot live without the other.

85 Slide 61 / 94 Symbiotic Relationships A symbiotic relationship is an interaction between two different species within the same ecosytem. There are three types of symbiotic relationships Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism

86 Slide 62 / 94 Mutualism Mutualism refers to a relationship between two different organisms of different species in which they both benefit. As we just saw, plants and animals are in a mutualistic symbiotic relationship. Plants take in CO 2 and give off O 2, where animals take in O 2 and release CO 2.

87 Slide 63 / 94 More Examples of Mutualism Bees collect nectar from flowers to make honey, and they also carry pollen on their hairy bodies which helps to pollinate other flowers. The oxpecker eats ticks, flies and other insects from the zebra's back. The bird also flies away letting out a screech when predators are near, warning the zebra of danger.

88 Slide 64 / 94 Commensalism Commensalism is a relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is unaffected. Barnacles often stick to whales so that they can travel to new sources of food. This neither helps nor harms the whale. Birds build nests in trees to keep their eggs safe from many predators. Their presence does not affect the tree.

89 Slide 65 / 94 Parasitism Parasitism is a relationship between two different species in which one organism (the parasite) benefits while the other (the host) is harmed in some way. Tapeworms can infect the digestive tracts of an animal and steal nutrients, essentially starving the host. Mosquitos feed on human blood and can also infect their host with illnesses such as Malaria.

90 Slide 65 (Answer) / 94 Parasitism Parasitism is a relationship between two different species in which one organism (the parasite) benefits while the other (the host) is harmed in some way. Teacher Notes Research materials(books and/or internet access) will be necessary to Tapeworms complete can classwork. infect the digestive tracts of an animal and steal nutrients, essentially starving the host. [This object is a teacher notes pull tab] Mosquitos feed on human blood and can also infect their host with illnesses such as Malaria.

91 Slide 66 / 94 Balancing Act Knowing how the food chain and life cycle works helps us understand how delicate the balance is within any ecosystem. But what happens when the ecosystem becomes unbalanced?

92 Slide 67 / 94 It's All Connected Picture a metal chain - each link is connected and dependent on the links on either side of it. primary consumers tertiary consumers decomposers secondary consumers The same goes for food chains. Each organism, or "link" in the chain, is affected by the resources below it and above it in the chain.

93 Slide 68 / 94 Many Factors Involved Now picture a web. It can be delicate because any disruption could cause the whole thing to collapse. Food webs and the balance within an ecosystem can be just as fragile. clean air plants sunlight animals decomposers nutrient rich soil climate habitats clean water minerals Food webs, along with the relationships between all biotic and abiotic factors in an ecosystem, are interrelated much in the same way.

94 Slide 69 / 94 What Could Cause Unbalance? There are many things that can affect the balance of all the factors within an ecosystem. Can you think of any?

95 Slide 69 (Answer) / 94 What Could Cause Unbalance? There are many things Yarn that Web Activity can affect the balance of all This the concept factors can be within demonstrated an ecosystem. by having Teacher Notes students form a circle. Each is given an index card with a resource, or living factor within the ecosystem. One student begins with a ball of yarn and passes to another(holding the end, and unraveling yarn to reach the other student) after stating how his/her card is related to whom s/he is passing to. This continues until each student is connected and you have formed a "web". Now experiment with what happens if Can you think of any? one student begins to pull on their yarn, or if one person drops their yarn. What could cause this unbalance? How is this like the balance and connectedness of factors in an ecosystem? The homework assignment is a post-game written response. [This object is a teacher notes pull tab]

96 Slide 70 / Which of the following is not a type of symbiotic relationship: A mutualism B liberalism C parisitism D commensalism

97 Slide 70 (Answer) / Which of the following is not a type of symbiotic relationship: A mutualism B liberalism C parisitism Answer B: liberalism D commensalism [This object is a pull tab]

98 Slide 71 / In a parasitic relationship, both species benefit. True False

99 Slide 71 (Answer) / In a parasitic relationship, both species benefit. True False Answer False: The parasite benefits and the host is harmed. [This object is a pull tab]

100 Slide 72 / Bees collecting nectar from flowers while crosspollinating other flowers is an example of which type of symbiotic relationship? A mutualism B parasitism C commensalism

101 Slide 72 (Answer) / Bees collecting nectar from flowers while crosspollinating other flowers is an example of which type of symbiotic relationship? A mutualism B parasitism Answer C commensalism A: mutualism, because both species benefit [This object is a pull tab]

102 Slide 73 / Ecosystems are very stable and changing one factor does not tend to affect the overall balance and flow. True False

103 Slide 73 (Answer) / Ecosystems are very stable and changing one factor does not tend to affect the overall balance and flow. True False Answer False: ecosystems are easily disrupted and changes to one factor are detrimental to the overall balance [This object is a pull tab]

104 Slide 74 / 94 Energy in Food Webs Return to Table of Contents

105 Slide 75 / 94 Food Chains The transfer of energy and nutrients from one organism to another makes up a food chain. Food chains show just one path for the energy. Food Chain (energy)

106 Slide 75 (Answer) / 94 Food Chains The transfer of energy and nutrients from one organism to another makes up a food chain. Teacher Notes It is important to explain that the Food chains show just one path for the energy. arrows do NOT reflect which organisms consume which, but rather where the energy is transferred. For example, mushrooms Food Chain don't "eat" hawks, but when a hawk dies, its energy is taken in by the mushrooms. [This object is a teacher notes pull tab] (energy)

107 Slide 76 / 94 Food Chain Review Producers are organisms in an ecosystem that make food for other organisms. Most commonly these are plants which get their energy from the sun through photosynthesis. Consumers are animals that eat other organisms to gain energy. (Types of consumers: primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary) Decomposers are organisms that break down dead or decaying organisms. These are most commonly bacteria and fungi.

108 Slide 76 (Answer) / 94 Food Chain Review Teacher Notes Producers are organisms in an ecosystem that make food for other organisms. Most Quick commonly Review: Interactive these are Game plants which get their energy from the sun through photosynthesis. click here to play a review game about food chains Consumers are animals that eat other organisms to gain energy. (Types of consumers: primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary) [This object a teacher notes pull tab] Decomposers are organisms that break down dead or decaying organisms. These are most commonly bacteria and fungi.

109 Slide 77 / 94 Atoms As energy moves throughout the food webs it does so as atoms. Atoms are the small building blocks that make up all matter. They are the smallest particle of an element. There are 90 naturally occurring atoms and scientists have created 25 more.

110 Slide 78 / 94 Cycle of Atoms Atoms of both the living and nonliving things in an ecosystem are repeatedly transferred. As the atoms move along they transfer energy and nutrients.

111 Slide 79 / 94 Food Webs A food web is a series of food chains that interact within the same ecosystem. Food webs show many different paths the energy can take.

112 Slide 80 / 94 Food Webs Practice Click here for some Fun With Food Webs!

113 Slide 81 / 94 Energy Transfer in Food Webs When we think about food chains and food webs, we picture plants and animals and a sequence of who eats who. Each step of the web involves the transfer of atoms in and out of the physical environment. Life cycles within an ecosystem are dependent on energy passing through the food web.

114 Slide 82 / 94 Energy Flow in Food Webs The initial energy in all food webs is transferred from the sun to the producers. This energy (as well as the plant's matter) then travels to the consumers and eventually to decomposers. The decomposers return nutrients to the soil so that they can be absorbed by plants again.

115 Slide 83 / 94 Matter Cycles Through the Food Web If it was possible to label a single Carbon atom, for example,we could track it cycling through the entire food chain.

116 Slide 84 / 94 Matter Cycles Through an Aquatic Food Web The same can be said about an atom cycling through an aquatic food web.

117 Slide 84 (Answer) / 94 Matter Cycles Through an Aquatic Food Web Teacher Notes It is important to emphasize that all organisms are part of a food web, The same even can though be said most about examples to this an atom cycling point have through been an terrestrial. aquatic food web. [This object is a teacher notes pull tab]

118 Slide 85 / 94 Photosynthesis Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy into chemical energy in plants. Through this process, energy is introduced to the food web. Organisms are dependent upon plants as a source of energy.

119 Slide 86 / 94 Energy Pyramid (100,000 units of energy) heat heat heat heat heat Energy in an ecosystem flows from the bottom up. The energy gathered from the sun in photosynthesis provides energy for an entire ecosystem.

120 Slide 87 / 94 Unused Energy What happens to animal waste and dead animal or plant matter? Unused energy is recycled back into the food web through decomposers. Click to reveal answer

121 Slide 88 / 94 Decomposition Decomposers, like fungi and bacteria, break down animal waste as well as dead plants and animals into atoms, that recombine into different molecules and nutrients. This both enriches the soil for new plants (producers) to grow, and keeps waste from piling up within an ecosystem.

122 Slide 89 / 94 Aquatic Decomposers Decomposition also occurs in water. Nutrients and energy is released back into the ecosystem providing energy and resources.

123 Slide 90 / 94 Decomposition Completes the Cycle The process of decomposition can be considered the final link in the cycle of matter and energy flowing through an ecosystem. decomposition When the cycle begins again, the atoms from the previous generations of plants and animals will be made into new plant matter.

124 Slide 91 / A food web contains only one example of of the transfer of energy from one organism to another. True False

125 Slide 91 (Answer) / A food web contains only one example of of the transfer of energy from one organism to another. True False Answer FALSE: A food web can contain multiple examples of the transference of energy [This object is a pull tab]

126 Slide 92 / Which of the following is a way energy and nutrients are introduced into the food cycle? Select all that apply. A Adaptation of an organism B Plants use solar energy for photosynthesis. C Consumption of a producer by a consumer D Decomposition of dead organisms.

127 Slide 92 (Answer) / Which of the following is a way energy and nutrients are introduced into the food cycle? Select all that apply. A Adaptation of an organism B Plants use solar energy for photosynthesis. C Consumption of a producer by a consumer Answer D Decomposition of dead organisms. B, C, D [This object is a pull tab]

128 Slide 93 / The arrows in this diagram point in the direction the energy is flowing. True False Food Chain (energy)

129 Slide 93 (Answer) / The arrows in this diagram point in the direction the energy is flowing. True False Answer TRUE: Arrows show energy flow. Food Chain [This object is a pull tab] (energy)

130 Slide 94 / Energy always flows from the bottom up A True B False

131 Slide 94 (Answer) / Energy always flows from the bottom up A True B False Answer A [This object is a pull tab]