Unit 2: Ecology. 3.1 What is Ecology?

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1 Unit 2: Ecology 3.1 What is Ecology? Ecologists study environments at different. - Ecology is the study of the interactions among, and between and their. An is an individual living thing, such as an alligator. A is a group of the that lives in one area. A is a group of that live together in one area. An includes: 1) factors components of an ecosystem (sunlight, precipitation, temperature, water, atmosphere etc) 2) factors components of an ecosystem (organisms) A is a major regional or global community of organisms characterized by the conditions and communities that thrive there. is the part of where life exists. Label the following levels of ecological organization:

2 3.2 Energy Flow provide energy for other organisms in an ecosystem. Producers are also called because they make their own food. in most producers uses as an energy source. in prokaryote producers uses as an energy source. productivity the rate at which is converted into (kcal/m2/year) through photosynthesis primary productivity total amount of energy produced, including the for their own cellular respiration primary productivity rate at which plants store energy that ; material that is actually for consumers Consumers are also called because they feed off of different things. eat only plants. eat only animals. eat both plants and animals. ( ) eat dead organic matter. are detritivores that break down organic matter into simpler compounds.

3 are the feeding levels which show how in an ecosystem. - Energy is as or used by the organism through each trophic level - Only of energy is passed from one trophic level to the next = Food chains and food webs model the in an ecosystem. A is a model that shows a sequence of relationships. On your own, create a possible food chain in a forest. Include five trophic levels in your food chain.

4 A shows a complex network of feeding relationships and energy flow. An organism may have feeding relationships in an ecosystem. A food web is made up of. In the food web below, identify at least three food chains by drawing arrows to show energy flow:

5 3.3 Cycles of Matter and essential for life cycle through the ecosystem. A is the movement of a particular chemical through the ecosystem. Cycling maintains a in the environment. 4 cycles to investigate: 1) cycle 2) cycle 3) cycle 4) cycle Water Cycle The, or water, cycle is the circular pathway of water on Earth. Organisms all have bodies made mostly of. Carbon Cycle is the building block of life. The carbon cycle moves carbon from the, through the, and returns to the atmosphere. Carbon is emitted by the.

6 Nitrogen Cycle The nitrogen cycle mostly takes place. (N 2 ) makes up nearly of air; but organisms use it in that form. Some convert gaseous nitrogen into through a process called so plants can use it. Some nitrogen-fixing bacteria live in on the roots of plants; others live freely in the. Phosphorus Cycle The phosphorus cycle takes place. Phosphate is released by the. Phosphorus moves through the and returns to the soil during.

7 4.1 The Role of Climate Climate is a key that affects the biosphere. Climate is the of a region Climate is the of weather conditions. average relative Key factors shape an area s climate. Earth has three main climate zones. 1) : the far northern and southern regions of Earth 2) : surrounds the equator 3) : the wide area in between the polar and tropical zones 4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem? A habitat differs from a niche. Habitat physical area in which Niche each species plays a in an ecosystem niche includes the species,,, etc. Organisms interact as and as. and are two important ways in which organisms interact. Competition occurs when two organisms fight for the. competition: within the species competition: between two species Predation occurs when one organism.

8 as population of prey, there will be a corresponding in predator population and vice versa prey and predator species. is a biological relationship where organisms of 2 different species live in a close association Three types of symbiotic relationship: 1) - from living together - ex. in digestive tract of bacteria benefit by having food and a home cattle benefits by being able to digest grass 2) - one organism, the other organism - ex. 1: ticks ( ) living on other animals ( ) - ex. 2: (parasites) feed on (host) 3) - one organism, the other organism is - ex. 1: (smaller plants living on larger plants) - ex. 2: living in Succession is the gradual, sequential in an area over time Two types of succession: 1) succession 2) succession Primary Succession occurs where ; ex: on fresh lava flow 1) Begins with the - the are the first to colonize a habitat and change the environment so that it becomes for other species to live - ex. bare rock being broken down by and beginning of

9 2) (intermediate communities) - gradually pioneer communities - ex: replacing lichens and mosses; replacing grasses 3) gradually replaces the seral communities - the stage of succession (most ) - the community that will stay stable as long as the area - ex: tropical rainforest, temperate forest Secondary Succession occurs when some type of causes a of the pattern of an ecosystem (fire, timber harvesting, wind, grazing and browsing) damaged communities can be because the still remains reappear, then followed by the communities, and eventually returns to the community

10 4.3 Biomes Earth has major biomes. A biome is a of organisms.

11 Biome Summary Chart Biome Location Climate Soil Plants Animals Tundra high northern latitudes very cold, harsh, and long winters; short and cool summers; centimeters (4-10 inches) of precipitation a year nutrient-poor, permafrost layer a few inches down grasses, wildflowers, mosses, small shrubs musk oxen, migrating caribuou, arctic foxes, weasels, snowshoe hares, owls, hawks, various rodents, occasional polar bears Taiga mid- to high latitudes very cold winters, cool summers,; about 50 centimeters (20 inches) of precipitation a year acidic, mineral-poor, decayed pine and spruce needles on surface mostly spruce, fir, and other evergreens rodents, snowshoe hares, lynx, sables, ermine, caribout, bears, wolves, birds in summer Temperate Forest midlatitudes relatively mild summers and cold winters, centimeters (30-50 inches) of precipitation a year rich topsoil over clay hardwoods such as oaks, beeches, hickories, maples wolves, deer, bears, and a wide variety of small mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles, and insects. Desert midlatitudes generally very hot days, cool nights; precipitation less than 10 inches a year poor in animal and plant decay products but often rich in minerals none to cacti, yuccas, bunch grasses, shrubs, and a few trees rodents, snakes, lizards, tortoises, insects, and some birds. The Sahara in Africa is home to camels, gazelles, antelopes, small foxes, snakes, lizards, and gerbils Grassland midlatitudes, interiors of continents cool in winter, hot in summer; centimeters of precipitation a year rich topsoil mostly grasses and small shrubs, some trees near sources of water American grasslands include prairie dogs, foxes, small mammals, snakes, insects, various birds. African grasslands include elephants, lions, zebras, giraffes. Tropical Rainforest near the equator hot all year round, centuimeters ( inches) of rain a year nutrient-poor greatest diversity of any biome; vines, orchids, ferns, and a wide variety of trees more species of insects, reptiles, and amphibians than anyplace else; monkeys, other small and large mammals, including in some places elephants, all sorts of colorful birds

12 5.1 How Populations Grow is the number of individuals that live in a defined area. Populations grow in patterns. Four factors affect the size of a population. Exponential Growth vs. Logistic Growth 1) - rapid population increase due to an. - curve phase = initial period of growth phase = period of growth when population repeatedly in size; continue forever 2) - due to a population facing - curve

13 Carrying capacity is the in a population that the. 4 stages:,,, Human Population Growth humans are in the of growth Projections for the future estimate people by Limits to Growth Ecological factors limit population growth. - = something that keeps the size of a population down. 1) limiting factors affected by the in a given area ex: predation, competition, parasitism, disease 2) limiting factors limit a population s growth ex: unusual weather, natural disaster, human activities 6.3 Biodiversity ] The impact of a growing human population threatens. biodiversity = the on Earth Importance of Biodiversity 1) Every organism has its own (ex: producers, decomposers) 2) All organisms (ex: symbiosis, food chain/food web) 3) Provide a variety of : clean water recycled nutrients Loss of Biodiversity - Causes: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) or new species ( species)

14 can disrupt stable relationships in an ecosystem. An introduced species is one that is brought to an ecosystem by. accidental purposeful Invasive species can have an and impact. Non-native species may introduce,, and species that are to a particular area Many non-native species against native species for the resources (food, shelter) and disrupt the of the environment non-native species flourish because they have few or to slow down their population growth Invasive species often push out. Loss of Biodiversity - Results: 1) 2) 3)

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