MARLIA SINGGIH WIBOWO SCHOOL OF PHARMACY INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG
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1 MARLIA SINGGIH WIBOWO SCHOOL OF PHARMACY INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG
2 Farmakope Indonesia edisi IV, USP 32, Michael T Madigan, John M Martinko, Brock Biology of Microorganisms, 11 th edition, Prentice Hall,Illinois, 2006 TGA, Australia, Denyer SP, Baird RM, Guide to Microbiological Control in Pharmaceuticals, Ellis Horwood, New York, Denyer S.P., Hodges N.A., Gorman S.P., (Eds.), Hugo and Russell s Pharmaceutical Microbiology, 7th ed., Blackwell Science Ltd., Massachusetts, Baird R.M., Hodges N.A., Denyer S.P., (Eds.), Handbook of Microbiological Quality Control : Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2000.
3 Neidleman S.I, and Laskin A.I., Advances in Applied Microbiology, Academic Press, New York, Stanbury PF, Whitaker A, Principles of Fermentation Technology, Pergamon Press, Oxford, Ward OP, Fermentation Biotechnology : Principles, Process and Product, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, Demain A.L., and Solomon N.A.(Eds.), Biology of Industrial Microorganisms, The Benjamin/Cumming Publ.Co.,Inc., London, Demain A.L., and Solomon N.A.(Eds.), Manual of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, American Soc. For Microbiology, Washington DC, 1986.
4 Barnett, Microbiology Laboratory Exercise, Wm.C.Brown Publ., Dubuque, 1992 Aszalos, A., Modern Analysis of Antibiotics, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, Baird R M., Handbook of Microbiological Quality Control : Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices, CRC Press, London, 2000.
5 Pelczar, M.J., et al., Microbiology, Concepts and Applications, McGraw Hill,Inc., New York, Prave, P. et al.(ed), Basic Biotechnology : a Student s guide, VCH, New York, 1987 Neidleman S.I, and Laskin A.I., Advances in Applied Microbiology, Academic Press, New York, Deacon J.W, Modern Mycology, 3 rd ed., Blackwell Science, Edinburgh, 1997 Dan lain-lain
6 Deacon J.W, Modern Mycology, 3rd ed., Blackwell Science, Edinburgh, 1997
7 Three Domains of Life Thermotoga Bacteria Prokaryotes Archaea Eucarya (Eukaryote) Animals Green non-sulfur Entamoebae Slime bacteria molds Crenarchaeota Euryarchaeota Fungi Mitochondrion Methanosarcina Extreme Halophiles Plants Proteobacteria Gram Methanobacterium positivesthermoproteus Ciliates Chloroplast Methanococcus Thermoplasma Pyrodictium Cyanobacteria Flavobacteria Thermococcus Flagellates Methanopyrus Trichomonads Korarchaeota Aquifex Diplomonads Microsporidia Universal phylogenetic tree as determined from comparative sequencing of 16S or 18S rrna (Wheelis et al. 1992).
8 Including : Protozoa, slime molds, fungi, algae Filogenetik Eukarya lebih dekat dengan Archaeabacteria daripada Bacteria Hal tsb terbukti dari hasil urutan 18S Ribosomal RNA yang diperoleh dari small subunit (SSU) ribosom sitoplasma 4 kingdom of eukarya : Plants, animal, fungi, protists
9 Type of microorganism : eukaryotes cells What the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells? Domain of eukarya including : animals, plants, slime moulds, protozoa, parasites Classification is based on : morphology, DNA sequence analysis, ribosomal RNA sequence analysis, etc.
10 Unicellular (bersel tunggal) dan Multicellular (bersel banyak) FUNGI (KAPANG, RAGI) SLIME MOLDS ALGAE PROTOZOA (AMOEBA, PARAMECIUM, TRYPANOSOMA, etc) PARASITES ( MULTICELLULAR)
11 Definite cell walls (except for aquatic fungi and cellular slime moulds) Nuclei with membranes Genetic Information inside the nucleus and contains more than one chromosome Respiration in mitochondria Chloroplast for photosynthesis Movement by cilia atau flagella
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13 NUCLEUS : contains the genome of cells DNA within the nucleus is wound around histone to form nucleosomes and then chromosomes Nucleus is enclosed by a pair of membranes, separated by a space. The inner membrane is a simple sac, while the outer is in many places continuous with the ER.
14 The nuclear membrane also contains pores, formed from holes where the inner and outer membrane are joined The pore s function : transport proteins and nucleic acids into and out of the nucleus (called : nuclear transport) Nucleolus : inside the nucleus, is the site of ribosomal RNA synthesis Ribosomal proteins synthesized in cytoplasm and transported into nucleolus and combined with ribosomal RNA to form the small and large subunits of eukaryotic ribosome
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16 Mitochondrion (singular) is energy-generating organelles of eukaryotic cells. For respiration and oxidative phosphorylation Can be rod-shape or shperical Animal contain over 1000 mitochondria, yeast have fewer Mitochondria are surrounded by two membranes. The outer membrane composed of an equal mixture of protein and lipid, relatively permeable. The inner membrane is more protein and less permeable Lack of sterols, so are much less rigid Posses a series of folded internal membranes called CRISTAE, sites of enzymes involved in respiration and ATP production
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18 Some anaerobic eukaryotic microorganisms lack mitochondria, instead : Hydrogenosome. Examples : Trichomonas (parasites) Function : Oxidation of pyruvate to H 2, CO 2 and acetate
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20 ER is a network of membranes continuous with nuclear membrane Rough ER attached ribosomes, Smooth ER for lipid synthesis and carbohydrate metabolism Golgi complex consists of a stack of membranes distinct from ER. Product of ER are chemically modified and sorted to be secreted (for example: glycosylation)
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22 Lysosomes contain various digestiveenzymes to digest macromolecules, such as proteins, fats and polysaccharides Peroxisomes produce hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) from the reduction of O 2 by various hydrogen donors.
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