Biology 611 Final Exam Review Packet

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1 Name: Date: Block: Teacher: Berg Biology 611 Final Exam Review Packet Your Final Exam is on MONDAY, June 14 th beginning promptly at 12:30 p.m. and end at 2:15 p.m. The room assignments and the proctors are TBA and will be posted outside Room 201 as well as on the class website once determined. Your final exam is worth 20% of your Year Grade for Biology. The final exam will contain 70 multiple-choice questions and 2 essay questions. Bring the following items to your final exam: 1. Your TEXTBOOK. a. If you do not return your textbook, then a written obligation will be issued. b. SENIORS! You must return your textbook by Thursday, May 27 th or pay the replacement fee ($70 with a check payable to "City of Newton" in order to graduate June 9 th. Please see me to resolve any issues. 2. #2 PENCIL with an ERASER! (I do not know what room we will be in so you may want to bring a sharpener.) 3. Your 3" x 5" REFERENCE CARD (I will hand out cards for you to use during review week.) a. If you hand in your reference card at the beginning of the exam and do not use it, then 5 point will be added to your final exam grade. You must pass in a completed reference card in order to earn the 5 bonus points - no blanks! NO Reference card = NO extra points. b. If you decide to use your reference card, then no points will be added or deducted from your exam. You must pass in your card at the end of your exam. Your card may be written or typed. The one major requirement is that it must be your own! Students cannot have identical cards. Important note about this review packet: These review questions will be assigned for homework prior to the review days. Please look over then and answer as many as you can. If you are unable to answer a question please highlight/circle it and write it on the question board in class during review week. The goal of these questions is to help you focus your studies. Just because you answer these questions, it does not guarantee a 100% on the final; you should be able to connect, compare, and contrast the vocabulary and biological processes. 1

2 Part I: Essay Questions On the final exam you will be given two essay questions. As a courtesy, you are receiving the possible essays ahead of time so you may prepare for this portion of the test. I realize that a number of you may form study groups to prepare for the final. You may discuss how to approach these questions. I must caution you that your essay response must be your own, in your own words. Although you may select the same concept as a classmate to write about, No two essays should be identical! Please review the school s plagiarism policy: Plagiarism Policy: Newton North High School Monday, 01 December 2008 Core value: NNHS "strives for academic, vocational, athletic, and artistic excellence." No student will use anyone else's work without proper attribution. Plagiarism is the improper use of, or failure to give credit to, another person's writings, visual or musical representation, or ideas. It can be an act as subtle as inadvertently neglecting to use quotation marks or references when using another source or as blatant as knowingly copying an entire paper, or parts of a paper, and claiming it as your own. -- edited version of statement from Plagiarism.org, p. 1, May 15, 2000 Plagiarism procedure Plagiarism consequences/penalties If a teacher and department head believe that plagiarism has occurred, they will meet with the student. When they determine that the student has plagiarized: 1. The student will receive a zero for the assignment. The teacher and department head will decide whether the student deserves a chance to redo the work and how the zero will affect the term grade. 2. The teacher or department head will inform the housemaster. The housemaster will keep records by student of each incident of plagiarism without putting an official letter in the student's file. 3. The teacher, department head or housemaster will inform the parent in writing. 4. The second offense of plagiarism will result in a one-day suspension plus zero for the assignment with no make-up, and the term grade will reflect this zero. Suspension automatically results in a letter in the student's file 5. Further incidents of plagiarism will result in more serious disciplinary action. 2

3 Possible Essay Questions for the Biology Final Exam : 1. The interrelatedness of structure and function has been a theme woven throughout many units in biology. Some examples of this would be how the structure of a particular organelle denotes its function, how the structure of a particular cell denotes its function, how the structure of an organ denotes its function, or how the complete structure of an animal (or plant) denotes its function. Pooling your knowledge from the year, discuss the interrelatedness of structure and function citing two specific examples. 2. Energy is never created or destroyed : Energy and(or) matter are transferred in living systems. Pick two concepts from your biology course this year to explain this statement. Give clear and relevant details and examples. Two examples out of the many possible topics you can choose are: A) Describe how this law of the universe is conserved in the processes of photosynthesis and respiration. B) Describe how this law of universe is conserved in ecosystems. 3. Things change over time. Organisms and environment influence one another. Give examples from two different units. Give clear and relevant details and examples. Three examples of the many possible topics are: A) In ecology: organisms changed the environment around them. B) In evolution: organisms are changed over time due to the environment. C) In genetics: changes in gene can occur due to the environment. 4. Choose an experiment; it can be one that we have done this year. a. Summarize it. b. Explain why it is or is not a valid experiment. c. Choose to make an improvement on the design. What questions were raised by the experiment that could be addressed by modifying the experiment? In Order to Receive Full Credit for these Essays: Each essay must be in your own words and at least 1 full page in length. You must correctly use all scientific terminology and concepts. Write clear and concise statements - no run on statements please! You must cite specific examples in depth. This is not the time to be vague! For example, instead of saying, "Some cells have certain structures to help give the organism energy by breaking down sugars." You should be able to say, "Unlike prokaryotic cells, many eukaryotic cells contain mitochondria, which aid in producing usable energy through a process called aerobic cellular respiration. During this process, glucose molecules are broken down in the presence of oxygen into ATP molecules." 3

4 Part II: Review Questions by Topic CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE, SCIENTIFIC METHOD, & MICROSCOPES 1. What are the characteristics of living things that help scientists define life? 2. Identify the different parts of a compound light microscope and explain each part's function. 3. How do you determine the total magnification of an object viewed under a compound light microscope? 4. What is the difference between magnification and resolution? 5. 7 millimeters is equivalent to how many micrometers? 6. What are the steps of the scientific method? 7. Name three things that make a good experiment. 8. Given that the low power (100x) field diameter drawn to the right is 1.2mm, a. Determine the length of the object in this field. b. If this object were viewed under high power (400x), the size of the object itself would appear smaller or the same size or larger or it would not be visible c. What equation would you use to determine the diameter of the field of view under high power? d. Determine the field of view of high power (400x). BIOCHEMISTRY (Chapter ) 9. Explain the relationship between atoms, elements, and compounds. 10. What are the two major types of chemical bonds? 11. What is the difference between monomers and polymers? 12. You should be able to recognize the following biomolecules: lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and proteins. 13. For each of the four biomolecules mentioned in questions #12, you should be able to list or draw: a. The general structure b. The name of the single or monomeric unit c. The name and function of the polymers formed d. You should be especially familiar with: monosaccharide, polysaccharide, disaccharide, triglycerides, fatty acids, glycerol, nucleotides, amino acids & proteins. 14. Use the following diagram to answer the following questions: a. This molecule is called b. It belongs to this group of biomolecules: c. The bottom-most chain is saturated or unsaturated? 4

5 15. Identify the following type of biomolecule: a. What type of monomer makes up this biomolecule? b. What is the name for the chemical reaction that bound the monomers together to create the polymer? 16. Compare and contrast dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis. 17. What is an enzyme? Why are enzymes necessary for life to exist? 18. Draw a picture of an enzyme-substrate complex. Label all parts: enzyme, active site, substrate 19. How does the following factors affect the rate of a biochemical reaction: a. substrate concentration b. enzyme concentration c. temperature d. ph e. surface area 20. Compare and contrast competitive and noncompetitive enzyme inhibitors CELLS & CELLULAR TRANSPORT (Chapter 7) 21. What is the cell theory? 22. What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? 23. Be able to identify and label all organelles in a plant and an animal cell (pg. 175 of your textbook) 24. Be able to describe the job of the following cell parts: a. Cytoplasm b. Cell wall c. Cell membrane d. Nucleus e. Nucleolus f. Ribosomes g. Golgi bodies h. Rough endoplasmic reticulum i. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum j. Lysosomes k. Vacuoles l. Mitochondria m. Chloroplast 5

6 25. Define the following: a. Diffusion b. Osmosis c. Equilibrium d. Facilitated Diffusion e. Active Transport 26. Which type of cellular transport requires energy? Which type(s) do not? 27. What happens if an animal cell is placed in an isotonic solution? a hypertonic solution? a hypotonic solution? 28. What happens if a plant cell is placed in an isotonic solution? a hypertonic solution? a hypotonic solution? PHOTOSYNTHESIS & CELLULAR RESPIRATION (Chapters 8 & 9) 29. What is ATP? Why is it significant? 30. What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis? 31. What is the purpose of photosynthesis? 32. What is chlorophyll? 33. The light reaction: a. Where does it take place? b. What are the reactants? c. What are the products? 34. The light-independent reaction: a. What is another name for the light-independent reaction? b. Where does it take place? c. What are the reactants? d. What are the products? 35. How do the following factors affect photosynthesis: a. availability of water b. intensity of sunlight c. temperature 36. Define cellular respiration. 37. What is the chemical reaction for cellular respiration? 38. How is glucose changed during glycolysis? (What are the products?) 39. What are the two types of fermentation? What is the point of fermentation? 40. Where does the Kreb's Cycle occur? 41. What is the electron transport chain used for? 42. How much ATP is produced in the following processes: a. Cellular respiration b. Fermentation c. Glycolysis 43. What is the difference between anaerobes and aerobes? CELL GROWTH & DIVISION (Chapter 10 and 11.4) 44. Why is a cell's size limited? 45. What is the cell cycle? Be able to describe the steps (what is happening to the cell during each phase) and put them in order. 46. What is mitosis? What steps of the cell cycle make up mitosis? 47. What is cytokinesis? 48. What regulates the cell cycle? 49. What is cancer? 6

7 50. What is the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction? 51. What is meiosis? 52. Define the following: a. diploid b. haploid c. homologous chromosomes d. gamete e. crossing-over f. independent assortment 53. Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis. GENETICS (Chapters 11 & 14) 54. Define the following terms: a. allele b. homozygous c. heterozygous d. homologous chromosome e. dominant allele f. recessive allele 55. What is the difference between genotype and phenotype? 56. There are two alleles for coat color in bunnies. The allele for brown fur is B. The allele for white fur is b. Using this information, answer the following questions: a. Which coat color is dominant? b. What is the genotype of a white-furred bunny? c. What is the phenotype of a bunny with genotype Bb? 57. A woman with the genotype AaBb mates with a double recessive man. Give the genotypic ration of all the possible offspring. 58. Construct a pedigree with the following information, and answer the questions at the end. You should consider brown hair to be dominant and blonde hair to be recessive. You should shade in those individuals in the pedigree chart who have blonde hair. Be sure to show all genotypes. Generation I: A man with brown hair marries a woman with blonde hair. Generation II: They have 5 children. The first-born is a girl, who marries a man with blonde hair. The second and third born are boys with blonde hair. The fourth and fifth born were girls, both with brown hair. Generation III: The marriage from generation II produces 3 girls, all of who have blonde hair. Is it possible for the children in Generation III to have brown hair? Label the pedigree with as many genotypes as you can. 59. You mate a blue from with a red frog. All the baby tadpoles are purple. a. This an example of what type of inheritance? b. If two purple frogs mated, what are the possible phenotypes and genotypes of the offspring? 60. You mate a cow with black spots with a cow with brown spots. All the calves have both brown spots and black spots. This is an example of what type of inheritance? 61. In fruit flies, eye color is a sex-linked trait. Red eyes are dominant (R) to white eyes (r). A homozygous red-eyed female (XX) fruit fly is mated with a white-eyed male (XY). What are genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring? 7

8 DNA & RNA (Chapter 12) 62. DNA and RNA structure: a. What are the three main molecules in a nucleotide? b. What molecules make up the nucleotide's "backbone"? c. What are the four bases found in DNA? in RNA? d. How are DNA and RNA different? e. What is Chargaff's Rule? What is its significance? 63. DNA Replication: a. Why is DNA replicated and when does this occur in the cell cycle? b. Why is it important that it is copied accurately? c. Where does it occur in the cell? d. Know the roles of the following components: DNA helicase, DNA polymerase, DNA ligase 64. Be able to describe the steps of transcription: a. Where does it occur in the cell? b. Know the roles of the following components: DNA helicase, RNA polymerase c. Why is mrna necessary? (Why can't we just use DNA?) 65. Be able to explain the roles of mrna and trna. 66. What is the relationship between amino acids, codons, nucleotides, and proteins? 67. Be able to describe the steps of translation: a. Where does it occur in the cell? b. Know the roles of the following components: mrna, trna, ribosome, codons, anticodons, amino acids, and polypeptide/protein. 68. Be able to describe and interpret the Genetic Code. What amino acid will the following mrna codons form? a. AAA b. AUG c. CUA d. GAG 69. What is a mutation? 70. What are the three major types of point mutations? 71. What are the four major types of chromosomal mutations? EVOLUTION (Chapters 15-16) 72. Define the theory of evolution. 73. Who was Darwin? What were his accomplishments? 74. How did the following individuals influence Darwin's theory of natural selection? a. Hutton & Lyell b. Lamarck (What was wrong with his idea of inheritance of acquired characteristics?) c. Malthus 75. What evidence is there for evolution? 76. Define the following: a. Fitness b. Adaptation c. Natural Selection d. Populations e. Species f. Relative Frequency g. Gene Pool 77. What are sources of genetic variation? 8

9 78. What is the difference between single-gene traits versus polygenetic? 79. Be able to discuss the three ways that Natural Selection can affect genotype: a. Directional selection b. Disruptive selection c. Stabilizing selection d. What is genetic drift? 80. Be able to describe the basis of genetic equilibrium: a. Define the Hardy-Weinberg Principle. b. What are the five conditions necessary for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? 81. What is speciation? 82. What are the following reproductive isolating mechanisms: a. Geographic isolation b. Temporal isolation c. Behavioral isolation TAXONOMY (Chapter 18) 83. What are the eight different taxa in order from the largest to the smallest? 84. What are the three different domains of life? 85. What is a scientific name? Why do we have them? 86. How can you tell how closely two organisms are related to one another by simply looking at their taxa? ECOLOGY (Chapters , & 5.2) 87. Define the following vocabulary: a. Ecology b. Biosphere c. Species d. Population e. Community f. Ecosystems g. Biome 88. What is the difference between an autotroph, heterotroph, and decomposer? Give an example of each. 89. What is the difference between a food web and a food chain? 90. Trophic Levels: a. What are they? b. How much energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next? c. Where does the rest of the energy go? 91. What is the difference between biotic and abiotic factors? Provide examples. 92. What is a biome? What abiotic factors define a biome? 93. Define the following vocabulary: a. Competition b. Predation c. Symbiosis d. Mutualism e. Commensalism f. Parasitism 94. When is a population of organisms considered stable? 95. Compare and contrast exponential and logistic growth curves. 9

10 96. What affect to limiting factors have on a population of organisms? (What are some biotic and abiotic limiting factors?) 97. What part of a growth curve would show the effects of limiting factors on a population? HUMAN BODY 98. The digestive system: a. mouth b. esophagus c. epiglottis d. stomach e. small intestine f. large intestine g. anus h. salivary glands i. liver j. gallbladder k. pancrease 99. The respiratory system: a. oral and nasal cavity b. pharynx c. larynx d. trachea e. bronchial tube f. bronchioles g. alveoli h. lungs i. diaphragm j. how do we inhale and exhale? 100. The cardiovasculatory system: a. the four chambers of the human heart b. the "lub-dub" sound of a human heartbeat c. the flow of blood to, through, and from the heart d. areas of deoxygenated blood and areas of oxygenated blood e. three different types of blood vessels f. three different types of blood cells g. ABO blood groups h. antigens versus antibodies i. purpose of valves 10

Biology Final Exam Review 2017

Biology Final Exam Review 2017 Your Final Exam is on Thursday, June 15 th at 12:30 2:15 p.m. in Room 414 with Ms. Berg. Bring the Following Items to Your Final Exam:! Your textbook! #2 pencil with a good