c. Covalent bonds involve the transfer of electrons between atoms, and ionic bonds involve the sharing of neutrons between atoms. d.

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1 Final Exam Review *Disclaimer I do not have a PHD. Everything here is just speculation for what I think will be on your test. Your professor is going over everything that will be on your test 12/02/17 and this will only be an attempt at that reflection. I do not see your tests.* 1. Which of the following represents a step necessary to create the lagging strand, but not the leading strand, during DNA replication? a. DNA ligase joins Okazaki fragments together b. DNA polymerase synthesizes template DNA from the parent strand c. Helicase unwinds the parental strand of DNA d. DNA is synthesized in the 5 to 3 direction 2. What direction does DNA synthesis take place on the lagging strand? a. 3 to 5 direction toward the replication fork b. 5 to 3 direction away from the replication fork c. 3 to 5 direction away from the replication fork d. 5 to 3 direction toward the replication fork 3. What is the purpose of topoimerase during DNA replication? a. Hold the DNA polymerases in place during replication b. Bring new nucleotides to the replication fork c. Cut the phosphate backbone ahead of the replication fork to prevent the DNA from getting overwound d. Identify unwanted isomers of nucleotides 4. Which of following proteins are not essential to DNA replication? a. DNA ligase b. DNA polymerase III c. Helicase d. Cohesin 5. T or F. DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to the 5 end of the DNA strand. a. True b. False 6. If a primer is added to the end of lagging strand, what will be the polarity (5 or 3 ) of the end of that primer? (Think about what direction the template strand runs in and where it starts versus how the leading strand is built) a. 3 b Which of the following proportions is always correct in DNA? a. C=G b. C>T c. C>G

2 d. C=T 8. Since the first nucleotide of a strand cannot be linked in a newly synthesized strand in DNA replication, is required. a. A DNA primer b. DNA polymerase c. Ligase d. An RNA primer e. Helicase 9. Okazaki fragments are used to elongate: a. The leading strand toward the replication fork b. The lagging strand toward the replication fork c. Both strands in both directions d. The leading strand away from the replication fork e. The lagging strand away from the replication fork 10. Dense packing of the heterochromatin makes it difficult for the cell to do what? a. The DNA will no longer be able to replicate b. This dense packing happens only in prokaryotes, so it makes it difficult for the cell to keep DNA inside the nucleolus c. To express genetic information coded in regions d. Elongate telomers 11. List the important enzymes used for DNA replication: 12. What is the maximum number of covalent bonds that oxygen can make with hydrogen? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 e Nitrogen (N) is much more electronegative than hydrogen (H). Which of the following statements is correct about the atoms in ammonia (NH3)? a. The nitrogen atom has a partial positive charge. b. The nitrogen atom has a strong positive charge. c. There are covalent bonds between the hydrogen atoms. d. Each hydrogen atom has a partial positive charge. e. Each hydrogen atom has a slight negative charge. 14. What is the difference between covalent bonds and ionic bonds? a. Covalent bonds involve the sharing of neutrons between atoms, and ionic bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms. b. Covalent bonds involve the sharing of protons between atoms, and ionic bonds involve the sharing of neutrons between atoms.

3 c. Covalent bonds involve the transfer of electrons between atoms, and ionic bonds involve the sharing of neutrons between atoms. d. Covalent bonds involve the sharing of protons between atoms, and ionic bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms. e. Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms, and ionic bonds involve the electrical attraction between atoms. 15. Which of the following molecules orient themselves into sandwichlike membranes because of hydrophobic components within the membrane? a. Amylose b. Glycogen c. Cellulose d. Phospholipid e. Protein 16. Hydrophilic properties are characteristic of all of the following EXCEPT: a. Polar molecules b. Molecules soluble in water c. Molecules that readily ionize in water d. The long hydrocarbon chain components of some molecules e. The hydroxyl group 17. If the [H+] of a solution is 1 x 10-5, what is the poh? a. 5 b. 9 c. 14 d. 1 x 10-5 e. 1 x How can peptide bonds within a protein be broken? a. Desaturation b. Hydrolysis c. Condensation d. All of the above e. Once formed, peptide bonds cannot be broken 19. Which of the following cellular structures are common to both prokaryotes and eukaryotes? a. Ribosomes b. Nucleoli c. Chloroplasts d. Mitochondria e. Golgi bodies 20. When the concentration of solutes differs on the two sides of a membrane permeable only to water, a. Water will move across the membrane by osmosis b. Water will move across the membrane by active transport c. Water will move across the membrane by plasmolysis d. Water will move across the membrane by facilitated diffusion

4 e. Solutes will move across the membrane from the region of higher concentration to the region of lower concentration 21. ATP is required for all of the following processes EXCEPT: a. Active transport by transport proteins b. Facilitated diffusion c. Microtubule movement within flagella d. Na+/K+ pump activity e. Protein synthesis 22. What is the purpose of oxygen in aerobic respiration? a. Oxygen accepts electrons at the end of an electron transport chain. b. Oxygen is necessary to carry away the waste CO2. c. Oxygen is used in the formation of sugar molecules. d. The oxygen molecule becomes part of the ATP molecule. e. Oxygen donates H+ used in the formation of NADH. 23. Describe the Cellular Respiration: 24. What are the byproducts of Glycolysis? Kreb Cycle? ETC? 25. If a cell has 46 chromosomes at the beginning of meiosis, then at anaphase I there would be a total of a. 23 chromatids b. 46 chromosomes c. 46 chromatids d. 92 chromosomes e. 92 chromatids 26. In fruit flies, dumpy wings are shorter and broader than normal wings. The allele for normal wings (D) is dominant to the allele for dumpy wings (d). Two normal-winged flies were mated and produced 300 normal-winged and 100 dumpy-winged flies. The parents were probably a. DD and DD b. DD and Dd c. Dd and Dd

5 d. Dd and dd e. dd and dd 27. Which of the following is true of the gametes produced by an individual with genotype Dd? a. ½ D and ½ D b. ½ D and ½ d c. ½ Dd and ½ Dd d. All Dd e. All d 28. For the cross AABBCCDd x AAbbCcDd, what is the probability that an offspring will be AABbCcDd? a. 1/16 b. 1/8 c. ¼ d. 3/8 e. ½ 29. From which parent(s) did a male with red-green color blindness inherit the defective allele? a. Only the mother b. Only the father c. The mother or the father, but not both d. Both the mother and the father e. It is impossible to determine with certainty using only the given information. 30. A human genetic defect that is caused by nondisjunction of the sex chromosomes is a. Sickle-cell disease b. Hemophilia c. Down syndrome d. Turner syndrome e. Red-green color blindness 31. The two strands of a DNA molecule are connected by a. Hydrogen bonds between the codons and anticodons b. Hydrogen bonds between the bases of one strand and the bases of the second strand c. Hydrogen bonds between deoxyribose sugar molecules of one strand and deoxyribose molecules of the second strand d. Covalent bonds between phosphate groups e. Covalent bonds between the nitrogen bases 32. The end products of translation are a. Polypeptides b. Polysaccharides c. Lipids d. RNA e. DNA

6 33. An mrna actively being translated in the cytoplasm would have all of the following EXCEPT: a. A poly-a tail b. A 5 cap c. Exons d. Introns e. RNA nucleotides 34. During which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids separate? a. Anaphase I b. Anaphase II c. Telophase II d. Metaphase I e. Metaphase II 35. Which of the following represents a proper ratio for Carbohydrates? a. C2H8O4 b. C2H5O2 c. CHO2 d. CH20 e. Both a and d 36. How many times greater is the [H+] concentration of a solution of ph 7 than that of ph 11? a. 10 times greater b. 100 times greater c times greater d times greater 37. List the functional groups. Which ones apply to this molecule: Phosphate, methyl and carbonyl 38. Which organ would you expect to have the most Smooth ER due to its detoxifying properties? a. Heart b. Intestines c. Liver d. Lungs

7 39. If a sequence initially reading Met-Lys-Phe-Stop is mutated, and you are left with Met-Stop, what kind of mutation can you assume has occurred? a. Nonsense b. Missense c. Silent d. Frameshift 40. What is the F1 probabiligy of a munchkin cat homozygous MM male and Mm female? a. 2/3 b. 1/3 c. 0