BIO Animal Form and Function Midterm examination Worth either 10% or 15% of your final grade. Tuesday March 14, 2006

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1 BIO Animal Form and Function Midterm examination Worth either 10% or 15% of your final grade Tuesday March 14, 2006 Place your name and student number in the space provided below. Be sure that your name is on the top of each page because the exam will be separated to facilitate marking Circle the lab section for your lab. Check to be sure that your exam is complete with a total of 13 pages including this one Answer all questions in the space provided on the exam. Do not transfer answers to the back of the page The exam is out of 80 pts. Name: Student No: Circle your lab section: Thursday: A1-BSC312, A3-BSC330, A5-BSC335 Friday: A2-BSC312, A4-BSC330 A6-BSC335. Page 1 of 13

2 15 pts Part 1. Briefly explain what each of the following biological terms means. Where possible include an example in your definition from a group or an organism to which the term applies. Metanephridium {Excretory/osmoregulatory}{filters coelomic fluid}{open funnel}{animal: Molluscs, Annelida} must have first two and one of the remaining two for a total of three Lophotrochozoa {Protostome animals or Infrakingdom} with either {lophophore tentacles surrounding mouth} or the {trochophore larval stage in developement} Moulting fluid {Produced at the start of the moult}{breaks down/recycles chitin and protein}{of the old cuticle} Spiral cleavage {Early in embryo/4-8cellstage}{division through the h}{top four spiral or rotate}{cells are also determinate}1,1,1 any three of these four Renette cells {Found in nematodes}{assumed to be excretory}{osmoregulatory} Page 2 of 13

3 25 pts Part 2 Answer each of the following multiple choice questions by placing an X in the space to the left of the correct choice. There is only one correct answer for each question and questions have either 4 or 5 answers to choose from 2.1 The relationship between insects and flowers is a. neutral, and of neither harm nor benefit. b. a case of herbivores eating host plants. c. X co-evolution, with flowers evolving to attract insects and the insects adapting to pollinate flowers and harvest pollen and nectar. d. Always harmful to the plants. 2.2 Insect dominance is probably due to the evolution of a. X flight. b. cephalization. c. the exoskeleton. d. metamerism. e. jointed appendages. 2.3 Of the following features that are characteristic of earthworms, which one is lacking in polychaetes? a. coelom b. spiral cleavage c. setae d. triploblastic development e. X clitellum 2.4 The space between mantle and foot in a mollusc is called the a. hemocoel. b. coelom. c. enterocoel. d. X mantle cavity. e. radula cavity. Page 3 of 13

4 2.5 In earthworms, the larval stage is a trochophore. b. X absent. c. a veliger. d. dormant. e. free-living. 2.6 Conversion of ammonia to urea takes place in the annelid a. metanephridia. b. calciferous glands. c. nuchal glands. d. clitellar tissue. e. X chloragogen tissue. 2.7 The external openings of the respiratory system of insects are a. tracheae. b. malpighii. c. X spiracles. d. nephridiopores. e. tracheoles. 2.8 The body of an insect is composed of tagmata. a. seven b. two c. four d. X three e. five Page 4 of 13

5 2.9 Because their shells are made of it, land snails are limited to soils that contain some level of: a. aluminum. b. silica. c. X calcium. d. sodium. e. carbon The adaptation of bivalves to sedentary, filter feeding life-styles involved loss of the head and the a. mantle cavity. b. siphons. c. visceral mass. d. X radula. e. foot The radula: a. not only rasps off fine food particles but also serves as a conveyor belt to carry food toward the digestive tract. b. replaces worn teeth by secreting new teeth at the posterior end. c. varies in number and pattern of teeth, allowing species to be classified by this trait. d. may be modified to bore through hard materials. e. X All of the above are correct. Page 5 of 13

6 2.12 One region of the sea star stomach, the, receives ingested food. a. gizzard b. crop c. X cardiac stomach d. pylorus e. rectal cecum 2.13 Among insects with metamorphosis, immatures are called larvae because they are very different from the adult in body form, behaviour, and habitat. a. ametabolous b. X holometabolous c. paurometabolous d. hemimetabolous e. chrysalous 2.14 The major secretory and absorptive structures of the sea star digestive system are the a. cardiac stomachs. b. rectal ceca. c. Polian vesicles. d. X pyloric ceca. e. pyloric stomachs A distinctive feature of marine polychaete worms is the lateral extensions called a. X parapodia. b. setae. c. prostomi. d. palps. e. tentacles. Page 6 of 13

7 2.16 Echinoderm radial symmetry is described as secondary because: a. it appears only in the free-swimming larval stages b. it is often modified into biradial or bilateral symmetry as in sea urchins and sea cucumbers c. X echinoderms do not have radially symmetric larvae d. rather than an indefinite number of planes of symmetry, there are only five e. only the surface features are radially symmetric; this symmetry does not extend to the internal anatomy 2.17 In the cuticle of terrestrial arthropods all but which of the following is true a. the chitin and protein in the exocuticle are chemically cross linked to each other b. X waxes in the procuticle waterproof the whole cuticle c. moulting starts with apolysis d. the only living layer is the epidermis e. the endocuticle is recycled and used in producing the new cuticle Characteristics that are typical of an annelid include: a. segmentation, open circulatory system and nephridia b. X segmentation, closed circulatory system and nephridia c. no anus, nephridia and a coelom d. nephridia, coelom and an open circulatory system 2.19 Chelicerate arthropods possess a. X pedipalps. b. antennae. c. mandibles. d. three pairs of walking legs. e. All of the above are chelicerate features. Page 7 of 13

8 2.20 Nematodes: a. have flame cells. b. have an incomplete gut c. X are dioecoius d. have external cilia 2.21 The of annelids are responsible for rapid movements such as escape reactions. a. segmental ganglia b. subesophageal ganglia c. cerebral fibers d. X giant axons/fibers e. supraesophageal ganglia 2.22 The Mother-of-Pearl layer of a molluscs shell protects the delicate mantle. It s also called: a. X the nacreous layer b. the prismatic layer c. chonchiolin d. periostracum e. none of the above 2.23 In contrast to the function of our bodies, the nematode is unusual insofar as it: a. lacks circular muscles to antagonize the longitudinal muscles and must rely on the rigid cuticle and hydrostatic pressure. b. extends muscle cells to the nerve process, rather than nerves to the muscle cells. c. Has ameboid sperm. d. moves food through its alimentary tract without direct muscle contractions on the intestine. e. X All of the above are "unusual" nematode adaptations. Page 8 of 13

9 2.24 The of marine polychaete worms is dorsal and anterior to the mouth and contains numerous sensory structures. a. gnathostome b. X prostomium c. peristomium d. protostome e. pygidium 2.25 This part of the cuticle is the last layer added at the very end of the moult a. Crosslinked exocucticle b. Proteins of the epicuticle c. X the wax layer of the epicuticle d. procuticle e. endocuticle 25 pts Part 3: Complete the following sentences using the appropriate terms. Place the term in the space in the sentence or at the end of the sentence. 3.1 Any part of the digestive tract involved in storing food prior to digestion; it's particularly large in leeches. Crop 3.2 In molluscs, the true coelom is this cavity. Pericardial cavity 3.3 This larval stage is found in molluscs and annelids. Trochophore 3.4 Describes the separation of the old cuticle from the epidermis. Apolysis 3.5 This is the upper most part of a marine polychaete worm's parapodia. Notopodium 3.6 The internal organs of a nematode float in the body cavity because it does not have any of these to anchor them in place. Mesenteries 3.7 The grinding action of this structure helps to release digestive enzymes into a clam's stomach. Gastric shield 3.8 Nematodes have only these muscles. Longitudinal 3.9 In an echinoderm, the ring canal connects to this canal before connecting to the tube feet. Radial/lateral Page 9 of 13

10 3.10 The molluscs have an open circulatory system and blood pools here. Haemocoel 3.11 Most digestion of food for a spider occurs as a result of Extracorporeal digestion 3.12 The bristles or hairs of annelids. Setae 3.13 These keep the fluids on both echinoderm body cavities moving. Cilia 3.14 This canal connects the madreporite to the ring canal in an echinoderm. Stone canal 3.15 The unique image forming sensory apparatus of an arthropod is this type of an eye. Compound 3.16 This part of the tube foot extends into the body cavity of an echinoderm. Ampulla 3.17 The trochophore larva found in annelids is also found in this phylum. Mollusca 3.18 This structure increases the surface area of an earthworm's digestive system. Typhlosole 3.19 In arthropods, metameres combine to form these larger functional body units. Tagma 3.20 The tremendous array of molluscan body plans is an excellent example of this type of radiation. Adaptive 3.21 Ascaris is an unusually large nematode because of its adaptation to this type of life. Parasite/tic 3.22 The procuticle acts as this type of barrier, providing strength and protection for an arthropod. Physical/strength 3.23 These chitinous rods help support the parapodia of marine worms. Acicula 3.24 The outermost body covering of a nematode is called this. Cuticle 3.25 This opening is found on the annelid's pygidium. Anus Page 10 of 13

11 15 pts Part 4: Answer 3 of the following 6 questions in the space provided each answer is worth 5 points. If you answer more than three only the first three will be counted. 5.1 It s not easy for a nematode to swallow food. What s the problem and how does the nematode overcome it? {Problem: Coelomic fluid under constant hydrostatic pressure}{open mouth and pressure would squeeze food out}{pharynx muscles for two valves} {open front/close back and fill pharynx}{close front, open back and empty pharynx} 1,1,1,1, Describe the path that particles created by the radula follow inside the digestive system of a Mollusc. {Embedded in mucous string continuous and wrapped around crystalline style to pull into stomach} {Mucous dissolved by enzymes released from crystalline style and particles realeased}{ciliary sorting fields into digestive gland for small} or {large passed into intestine} {undigested out the anus} 1 point each Page 11 of 13

12 5.3 How do sea stars feed and digest their meal? {Invert cardiac stomach over coral or into clam} {release digestive enzymes/extracorporeal digestion} {Liquified food swept into digestive system (pyloric stomach) by cilia} { Final digestion in pyloric caeca} {Anus small, undigested regurgitated} point each 5.4 How does a tube foot work? {Small hydrostatic skeleton}{fluid isolated by valve at lateral canal}{ampullae create pressure}{muscles on wall of tube feet for position}{sucker to anchor} 1 each Page 12 of 13

13 5.5 Briefly explain the waggle dance of honey bees and what is being communicated during the dance. {Communicated distance}{direction to food source} {Diagram with shape of dance}{center axis is axis to the sun/sun s plane of polarized light} {Speed/frequency of the waggle the distance} 5.6 How does the respiratory system in insects work and how does it differ from most other animal systems {Differs gas piped directly to tissues}{trachea cover most of the distance}{trachioles where gas exchange occurs}{oxygen use creates a concentration gradient high on the outside low near active tissue}{gas diffuses down the concentration gradient} Page 13 of 13