1 1:29 PM 2 1:29 PM. Porifera Placozoa Cnidaria Ctenophora Platyhelminthes Gastrotricha Gnathostomulida Cycliophora Rotifera Annelida
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1 Phylum Mollusca 1 Extant Animalia ~1,300,000 species Parazoa (1.2%) Radiata (0.9%) Protostomia (3.9%) Platyzoa (2.2%) Platyhelminthes (1.9%) Others (0.3%) Lophotrochozoa (9.8%) Mollusca (8.5%) Annelida (0.9%) Others (0.5%) Ecdysozoa (82.0%) Crustecea (3.1%) Chelicerata (7.6%) Atelocerata (70.3%) Others (1.1%) Deuterostomia (4.0%) Chordata (3.5%) Others (0.4%) 2 Mollusca Radula Mantle and calcareous shell Ventral muscular foot Tetraneural nervous system Porifera Placozoa Cnidaria Ctenophora Platyhelminthes Gastrotricha Gnathostomulida Cycliophora Rotifera Annelida Mollusca Sipuncula Nemertea Bryozoa Brachiopoda Phoronida Arthropoda Onychophora Tardigrada Nematomorpha Nematoda Priapulida Kinorhyncha Loricifera Echinodermata Hemichordata Chordata Page 1
2 H.A.M. Hypothetical aggregate ancestor Pericardial cavity Gonad Radula Metanephridium Mantle cavity Ctenidium Stomach and digestive gland Foot 4 Radula 5 Radula Odontophore Radular teeth 6 Page 2
3 Dorsal mantle and calcareous shell Shell Mantle Mantle cavity 7 Ventral muscular foot (Dorsal visceral mass) 8 Tetraneural nervous system G G G G G G G G G G G G 9 Page 3
4 Open circulatory system with a pericardial cavity 10 Pericardial cavity Artery Pericardial cavity Heart atrium Heart ventricle Artery Ctenidium Mantle cavity 11 Excretory and reproductive systems Gonad Urogenital duct Urogenital pore Pericardial cavity Metanephridium Mantle cavity Nephridiopore 12 Page 4
5 Veliger larva Stomach Digestive cecum Shell Foot Metanephridium Velum Esophagus 13 Mollusc Phylogeny Polyplacophora Gastropoda Scaphopoda Aplacophora Monoplacophora Cephalopoda Bivalvia Aplocophora (autapomorphies) Foot inside a ventral pedal groove Copulatory spicules 14 Aplacophora Gill folds Pedal groove Pedal pit 15 Page 5
6 Mollusc Phylogeny Polyplacophora Gastropoda Scaphopoda Aplacophora Monoplacophora Cephalopoda Bivalvia Symplesiomorphies Shell glands in mantle produce a solid shell Mantle surrounds viscera Digestive glands Rippling of muscular foot Unique musculature of radula 16 Autapomorphies Muscular foot 17 Radula Radular muscles Radula Odontophore Odontophore muscles 18 Page 6
7 Mollusc Phylogeny Polyplacophora Gastropoda Scaphopoda Aplacophora Monoplacophora Cephalopoda Bivalvia Polyplacophora (Autapomorphies) Eight shell valves Articulamentum layer and aesthetes in shell Mantle girdle Gills in a pallial groove 19 Polyplacophora 20 Shell components Periostracum Tegmentum with esthetes Articulamentum Nacreous 21 Page 7
8 Polyplacophora Mantle cavity Ctenidium Foot Anus 22 Polyplacophora Digestive gland Stomach Gonad Pericardial cavity Nephridium Anus 23 Mollusc Phylogeny Polyplacophora Gastropoda Scaphopoda Aplacophora Monoplacophora Cephalopoda Bivalvia Symplesiomorphies Univalve shell Periostracum, prismatic and nacreous shell layers Mantle margin trilobed Crystalline style 24 Page 8
9 Mollusc shell Periostracum Prismatic layer Nacreous layer Mantle epithelium Mantle lobes 25 Pearl formation Periostracum Prismatic layer Nacreous layer Developing pearl Epithelium 26 Crystaline style Digestive glands Gastric shield Crystalline style Esophagus Style sac Ciliated sorting area Intestine 27 Page 9
10 Mollusc Phylogeny Polyplacophora Gastropoda Scaphopoda Aplacophora Monoplacophora Cephalopoda Bivalvia Monoplacophora (Autapomorphies) Multiple paired structures Ctenidia Metanephridia Pedal retractor muscles Heart auricles 28 Monoplacophora Nerve cord Heart atria Anus Nephridium Ctenidium Gonads Pedal retractor muscle 29 Monoplacophora Foot Ctenidium Mantle Anus Shell 30 Page 10
11 Mollusc Phylogeny Polyplacophora Gastropoda Scaphopoda Aplacophora Monoplacophora Cephalopoda Bivalvia Symplesiomorphies Visceral mass elongated on dorsal-ventral axis Coiled shell Well defined head 31 Mollusc Phylogeny Polyplacophora Gastropoda Scaphopoda Aplacophora Monoplacophora Cephalopoda Bivalvia Gastropoda (Autapomorphies) Torsion Concentration of visceral mass Asymetric body plan 32 Gastropoda 33 Page 11
12 Terrestrial - slugs 34 Torsion Anus Velum Foot 35 Torsion Heart Anus Ctenidium Mantle cavity Mantle cavity Ctenidium Anus Heart 36 Page 12
13 Snail Shell Anus Foot Pneumostome Tentacle (Eye stalks) Tentacle Genital pore 37 Gastropod shells Apex Whorl Suture Columella Aperture 38 Snail - Digestion Digestive gland Intestine Anus Crop Salivary gland 39 Page 13
14 Snail - Reproduction Ovotestis Hermaphroditic duct Seminal receptacle Albumin gland Combined sperm duct & oviduct Mucus gland Dart sac Penis Vagina Genital pore 40 Snail - reproduction Flagellum Sperm duct Oviduct Hermaphroditic duct Albumin gland Ovotestis Vagina Penis Mucus gland Dart sac Seminal receptacle 41 Nudibranchs 42 Page 14
15 Nudibranchs Gill Rhinopore (Posterior tentacle) Mantle Foot 43 Mollusc Phylogeny Polyplacophora Gastropoda Scaphopoda Aplacophora Monoplacophora Cephalopoda Bivalvia Cephalopoda (Autapomorphies) Closed circulatory system Ink sac Modifications of the foot Beak-like jaw Cartilaginous brain case 44 Cephalopoda 45 Page 15
16 Adaptations as predators 46 Cephalopoda Posterior surface Right Ventral Dorsal Left 47 Cephalopoda Tentacle Arm Funnel (siphon) Collar Eye Fin 48 Page 16
17 Cephalopod gas exchange Shell (Pen) Funnel Systemic heart Branchial heart Ctenidium 49 Cephalopod digestion Radula Salivary gland Digestive gland (liver) Pancreas Stomach Jaw Anus Ink sac Intestine Cecum 50 Cephalopod eye Iris Retina Optic nerves Lens Cornea 51 Page 17
18 Colour production Elastic capsule chromatophores Iridiocytes Bioluminescence 52 Cephalopoda male Penis Testis Hectocotylous arm 53 Cephalopod female Ovary with eggs Oviducal gland Nidamental glands Oviducal opening 54 Page 18
19 Cephalopod nervous system Nerves to the posterior Eye ball Optic lobe Statocyst Subesophageal complex Supraesophageal complex Esophagus Brachial nerves to the arms 55 Mollusc Phylogeny Polyplacophora Gastropoda Scaphopoda Aplacophora Monoplacophora Cephalopoda Bivalvia Symplesiomorphies Modifications for a sedentary life Digging foot Mantle and shell surrounds entire body 56 Mollusc Phylogeny Polyplacophora Gastropoda Scaphopoda Aplacophora Monoplacophora Cephalopoda Bivalvia Scaphopoda (Autapomorphies) Loss of the ctenidia Mantle closed on ventral side Captacula for feeding 57 Page 19
20 Scaphopoda 58 Scaphopoda Gonad Mantle cavity Digestive gland Anus Foot Stomach Captacula Adhesive knob 59 Mollusc Phylogeny Polyplacophora Gastropoda Scaphopoda Aplacophora Monoplacophora Cephalopoda Bivalvia Bivalvia (Autapomorphies) Loss of radula Lateral compression of the body Ctenidia and mantle cavity specialized for filter feeding 60 Page 20
21 Bivalves 61 Bivalve structures Hinge Labial palp Ctenidium Excurrent siphon Foot Incurrent siphon 62 Ctenidium Interlamellar junctions Ostium Frontal cilia Exhalent water Blood vessel 63 Page 21
22 Clam anatomy Digestion Digestive gland Stomach Excurrent Incurrent Intestine 64 Clam anatomy Excretion Metanephridium Pericardial cavity Heart Intestine Excurrent Incurrent 65 Clam anatomy Circulation Artery Pericardial cavity Heart Atrium Artery Foot Ctenidium 66 Page 22
23 Clam anatomy Locomotion 67 Freshwater clam 68 Page 23
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