THE SUN-EARTH-MOON SYSTEM SECTION 27.1 Tools of Astronomy

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1 Name Date Perid THE SUN-EARTH-MOON SYSTEM SECTION 27.1 Tls f Astrnmy (45 pints this side) In yur textbk, read abut electrmagnetic radiatin and telescpes. Use each f the terms belw just nce t cmplete the passage. (10 pints) larger electrmagnetic radiatin visible light reflecting telescpe frequency telescpes wavelength interfermetry electrmagnetic spectrum refracting telescpe (1) cnsists f electric and magnetic disturbances, r waves, that travel thrugh space. Human eyes see ne frm f this energy, called (2). All frms f electrmagnetic radiatin, including X-rays and radi waves, make up the (3). Each type f radiatin can be classified in tw ways. (4) measures the distance between the peaks n a wave and (5) is the number f waves that ccurs each secnd. Scientists study radiatin with (6), which cllect and fcus light. The (7) the pening that gathers light in a telescpe, the mre light that can be cllected. A(n) (8) uses lenses t bring light t a fcus, and a(n) (9) uses mirrrs t d the same thing. The prcess f linking several telescpes tgether s that they can act as ne is called (10) In yur textbk, read abut satellites, prbes, and space-based astrnmy. Fr each item in Clumn A, write the letter f the matching item in Clumn B. (5 pints) Clumn A 11. The first multi-cuntry space habitat fr lng-term human ccupatin 12. Prbe t Plut and beynd 13. Telescpe launched in 1990 t carry ut bservatins in visible light, infrared, and ultravilet wavelengths 14. Prbe designed t study Mars s present and past ability t supprt life. 15. Telescpe launched in 2009 t study extra slar planets. Clumn B a. Hubble Space Telescpe b. New Hrizns c. Kepler d. Curisity e. Internatinal Space Statin SECTION 27.2 The Mn In yur textbk, read abut the characteristics and histry f the Mn. 1. Describe the difference in temperature n the mn during the day and at night. (5 pints) What causes this difference? 2. Why is n ersin, ther than surface creep and ersin due t impacts, n the Mn? (5 pints) 3. Why des the same side f the mn always face the Earth? (5 pints) 4. Scientists hypthesize that the Mn s crust is twice as thick a. in the highlands. c. n the side seen frm Earth. b. in the maria. d. n the far side. 5. Illustrate and label the layers f the Mn. (8 pints) Explain the mst cmmnly accepted thery f the rigin f the Mn. (5 pints)

2 SECTION 27.3 The Sun-Earth-Mn System In yur textbk, read abut the mtins f Earth, the Sun, and the Mn. In the space at the left, write true if the statement is true; if the statement is false, change the italicized wrd r phrase t make it true. (19 pints) 1. All scieties base their calendars and timekeeping systems n the apparent mtin f the Sun and Mn. 2. The perid frm ne nn t the next is called the slar day. 3. The length f time it takes fr the Mn t g thrugh a cmplete cycle f phases is called the lunar mnth. 4. Annual variatins in the length f the day and in temperatures are dependent n the lngitude where yu live. 5. The seasns are caused by Earth s rbit arund the Sun in cmbinatin with the tilt f Earth s axis. 6. The hemisphere that is tilted tward the Sun experiences winter. 7. A slar eclipse ccurs when the Mn passes thrugh Earth s shadw. 8. On the summer slstice, the number f daylight hurs fr the nrthern hemisphere is at a maximum. 9. On the winter slstice, the number f daylight hurs is at its minimum. In n yur textbk, read abut the phases and mtins f the Mn and abut eclipses. Fr each item in Clumn A, write the letter f the matching item in Clumn B. (9 pints) Clumn A 1. The clsest pint t Earth in the Mn s rbit 2. The inner prtin f the shadw cast n Earth by the Mn 3. Blcking f the Sun s light by the Mn passing between Earth and the Sun 4. Farthest pint frm Earth in the Mn s rbit 5. State at which the Mn s rbital and rtatinal perids are equal 6. Occurs when the Mn passes thrugh Earth s shadw 7. Length f time it takes fr the Mn t g thrugh a cmplete cycle f phases 8. The daily rise and fall f Earth s ceans caused by the gravitatinal pull f the Mn and the Sun 9. Outer prtin f the shadw cast n Earth by the Mn 40 pints this side Clumn B a. synchrnus rtatin b. lunar mnth c. tides d. slar eclipse e. umbra f. penumbra g. perigee h. apgee i. lunar eclipse 10. The lengths f day and night are equal fr bth the nrthern and suthern hemispheres n the vernal equinx. 11. Label Bth the Slar and Lunar Eclipses. (Sun, Earth, Mn, Umbra, Penumbra) (12 pints)

3 Our Slar System SECTION 28.1 Slar System Overview In yur textbk, read abut early ideas. Write the wrd frm the bx. 1. Mtin f a planet mving in the ppsite directin f the nrmal directin f planetary mtin as bserved frm Earth 2. Objects that cllided and merged t frm ther varius bjects in the slar systems 3. Niclaus Cpernicus s mdel f the slar system in which the planets rbit the Sun (30 pints this side) planetesimal astrnmical unit eccentricity ellipse helicentric semimajr axis retrgrade 4. Oval shape centered n tw pints instead f ne pint 5. Average distance f a planet t the Sun 6. Defines a planet s elliptical rbit as the rati f the distance between the fci and the length f the majr axis 7. Unit f measure that is the average distance between the Sun and Earth ( km) In yur textbk, read abut gravity and rbits. Use each f the terms belw just nce t cmplete the passage. acceleratin center f mass distance frce Isaac Newtn masses Mn universal gravitatin English scientist (8) _ develped an understanding f gravity by bserving the mtin f the (9) _, the rbits f the planets, and the (10) _ f falling bjects n Earth. He learned that tw bdies attract each ther with a (11) that depends n their (12) and the (13) _ between the bdies. This is called the law f (14) _ He als determined that each planet rbits a pint between itself and the Sun. That pint is called the (15) _. In yur textbk, read abut cllapsing interstellar cluds and Sun and planet frmatin. Write the wrd frm the bx. 16. Gas and dust frm which stars and planets frm 17. Frce that pulls matter tgether 18. Slid bdies hundreds f kilmeters in diameter that merged t frm the planets inner planets hydrgen planetesimals gravity interstellar clud Jupiter 19. Believed t be the first large planet t develp 20. Main element in early interstellar cluds 21. Lacking in satellites because f prximity t the Sun Label: Refractive telescpe develped. Reflective They will cmpare telescpe Earth t ther bjects in the slar system.

4 SECTION 28.2 Inner Planets (50 pints this side) In yur textbk, read abut Mercury and Venus. 1. Name fur inner planets f ur slar system in the rder frm the clsest t the sun first. 2. Describe why these fur planets are call terrestrial planets. SECTION 28.3 Outer Planets In yur textbk, read abut Jupiter and Saturn. 1. What percentage f all planetary matter in the slar system is in Jupiter s mass? 2. What new infrmatin abut Jupiter did Galile discver? 3. Which planet has a surface that appears similar t the surface f ur Mn? 4. Which planet is the brightest planet in Earth s nighttime sky? 5. What d radar measurements indicate abut the surface f Venus? 6. Hw d astrnmers describe Venus s spin? 7. Which gases make up mst f the atmsphere f Venus? In yur textbk, read abut Earth and Mars. Fr each statement belw, write crrect r nt. Use prfreading marks t make the each incrrect statement crrect. 8. Earth s distance frm the Sun and its nearly circular rbit allw water t exist n its surface as a slid, liquid, and gas. 9. Earth s atmsphere is mderately dense and is cmpsed f 78 percent xygen and 21 percent nitrgen. 10. Only Earth has a greenhuse effect. 11. Mars is referred t as the red planet as a result f its high irn cntent and reddish appearance. 12. Mars s atmsphere is similar t that f Venus, and it has a strng greenhuse effect. 3. What state f matter are the elements in Jupiter s atmsphere? 4. Saturn s average density is lwer than that f.. 5. Many astrnmers hypthesize that Saturn s rings were frmed frm In yur textbk, read abut Uranus, Neptune, and Plut. Fr each statement belw, write crrect r incrrect. Use prfreading marks t make the each incrrect statement crrect. 6. Mst f Uranus s atmsphere is cmpsed f helium and hydrgen, which causes its atmsphere t reflect blue light back int space. 7. Uranus has a large, slid cre that extends almst t the planet s surface. 8. The rtatinal axis f Uranus is tipped ver s far that the nrth ple almst lies in its rbital plane. 9. Saturn is the nly planet with rings. 10. Uranus s tilt and its great distance frm the Sun result in seasns n Uranus that last abut 21 Earth years. 11. Neptune s largest mn, Tritn, has a retrgrade rbit, which means it rbits like every ther satellite in the slar system. 12. Tritn has nitrgen geysers and a thin atmsphere. 13. Neptune s six rings are cmpsed f micrscpic dust particles.

5 SECTION 28.4 Other Slar System Objects In yur textbk, read abut the ther bjects in the slar system. Fr each statement belw, write true r false. Use prfreading marks t make the each false statement crrect. (13 pints) 1. A meterid is a brken fragment f an asterid r ther interplanetary material. 2. A meter is a meterid that bypasses Earth s atmsphere. 3. A large meterite will cause an impact crater when it cllides with Earth. 4. Plut is nt classified as a terrestrial planet because f its lw density and small size, amng ther things. 5. Plut is larger than Earth and is made f ice. 6. Like Earth s Mn, Plut has n atmsphere. 7. The rbit f Plut is a perfect circle. 8. Plut has three mns: Charn, Nix, and Hydra. 9. Plut s prperties mre clsely resemble thse f the gas giants large mns than f the ther planets. Answer the fllwing questins. (5 pints) 10. What happens when a cmet cmes within 3 AU f the Sun? Cmpare the Planets in Our Slar System (Table 45 pints) Use pages 798 and 915 Name f each planet M V E M J S Time t Orbit arund the sun (R ) Planet Year Time t Rtate n the axis (R ) Planet Day Size f planet Diameter km Describe the surface Cmpsitin f Atmsphere 11. What is a peridic cmet? Give an example. U 12. What is a meter shwer? N

6 Vide Hw the Slar System Wrks 1. Our slar system has lts f different parts, all tied tgether by the sun's. 2. We sit near the edge f the galaxy. 3. is an unseen frce that pulls ne bject t anther. 4. What frce keeps the planets frm being pulled int the sun? 5. In the sun, prduces an amazing amunt f energy, sme f which we can see and feel 93 millin miles away. 6. Name the fur inner planets. 7. Name the fur Gas Giants. 40 pints this side Clze Activity Directins: Chse the crrect wrd frm the wrd bx t cmplete the paragraph belw. directin spheres balance gravity bigger grund frce planets straight hlds inertia (1.) nt nly helped build the slar system by pulling gas, dust, and ther space debris int (2.), it als helps t keep it tgether. Withut gravity, planets wuld fly away frm the sun. One f the laws f gravity states that (3.) 8. Kuiper Belt Objects and are amng the grups f small bjects that rbit in the slar system with planets. 9..True r False: The Helipause marks the end f the sun's gravitatinal grasp and the end f the slar system. Directins: Answer the fllwing questins. 1. Explain what a nebula is. 2. What keeps the planets and sun in place? In ther wrds, why are they nt flating arund and bumping int ne anther? 3. Why d humans prefer t live n a Rcky Planet? 4. Why d we knw s much abut Mars and s little abut the Neptune, cmparatively? 5. Why is Plut cnsidered neither a Gas Giant nr a Rcky Planet? 6. Hw d cmets cme twards the Earth? bjects have strnger gravity. The sun is 99.8% f the slar system's ttal mass. This makes the sun's gravity s pwerful, it hlds the (4.). But if gravity were the nly frce at wrk n the planets, the planets wuld be pulled int the s u n, l i k e a n a p p l e f a l l i n g t t h e ( 5.). T h e s e c n d f r c e t h a t k e e p s t h e planets away is called (6.). This frce keeps things mving in certain ways. Fr example, bjects such as spacecraft wuld mve in a (7.) _ line frever, unless anther (8.), such as gravity, slwed it dwn r changed its (9). Inertia tries t carry planets n a straight line ut int space, away frm the sun, but gravity (10) them in. Frtunately fr each f the nine planets, gravity and inertia are in (11.) with each ther, and the planets g arund the sun.

7 OUR SOLAR SYSTEM Reviewing Vcabulary Write the wrd frm the bx t match the definitin. 1. Earth s average distance frm the Sun: km 2. Clud type that is lw, warm, darkclred, and sinking 3. Oval shape f mst planetary rbits arund the Sun 4. Clud f gas and dust frm which stars and planets are frmed 5. Interplanetary material that burns up and becmes a bright, glwing streak f light in Earth s atmsphere 6. Small, icy bdy made f ice and rck that has a highly eccentric rbit arund the Sun 40 pints this side meter interstellar clud belt cmet 1 astrnmical unit ellipse In the space at the left, write crrect r incrrect. If the statement is crrect; if the statement is incrrect, change the italicized wrd r phrase t make it crrect. _ 1. In the early 1500s, Tych Brahe frmulated the helicentric mdel f the slar system. _ 2. Kepler s first law demnstrates that each planet has an elliptical rbit f unique size and shape with the Sun at ne fcus. _ 3. Galile s discvery f Jupiter s mns prved that nt all celestial bdies rbit Earth; therefre, Earth is nt necessarily the center f the slar system. _ 4. Mercury has the largest day-night temperature difference f all the planets in ur slar system. _ 5. The high cncentratin f carbn dixide (CO 2) in the atmsphere f Mars inhibits infrared radiatin frm escaping and keeps the surface extremely ht. _ 6. Asterids are thught t be leftver planetesimals that never frmed planets frm the time f the slar system s frmatin. _ 7. The rapid rtatin f Saturn distrts its shape s that the diameter thrugh its equatrial plane is 7 percent larger than the diameter thrugh its ples. _ 8. Neptune has cluds and atmspheric belts and znes similar t thse f Saturn and Uranus. _ 9. Plut s rbit is s eccentric that at times, Plut is clser t the Sun than Neptune is. _ 10. The dense cncentratin f gas at the center f the slar nebula eventually became the Sun. _ the asterid belt is fund. 11. The Ort clud is an area where _ 12. The nly planet that has water in all three states f matter is Venus. _ 13. Mars is the nly planet where plate tectnics currently ccurs.

8 Label the diagram f the slar System. Describe hw this mdel is crrect and ways it is nt accurate. 20 pints this side

Chapter 29: Our Solar System

Chapter 29: Our Solar System Chapter 29: Our Slar System Sectin 1: Overview f Our Slar System Objectives: 1. Describe early mdels f ur slar system. 2. Examine the mdern helicentric mdel f ur slar system. 3. Relate gravity t the mtins