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1 Name: Perid: Date: ATOMIC STRUCTURE NOTES ADVANCED CHEMISTRY Directins: This packet will serve as yur ntes fr this chapter. Fllw alng with the PwerPint presentatin and fill in the missing infrmatin. Imprtant terms / ideas are in all capitals and blded! ATOM: - are cmpsed f nly type f atm - frmed when r mre atms are bnded t frm a new substance -Atms first suggested and named by believed that atms were and indestructible -His ideas were limited because they did nt explain and lacked supprt - used experiments t explain Demcritus ideas ver 2,000 years later Daltn's ATOMIC THEORY 1) ALL elements are made f, atms 2) Atms f the SAME element are atms f DIFFERENT elements are 3) Atms can mix tgether r cmbine in simple whle number ratis t frm 4) Chemical ccur when atms are separated, jined, r rearranged but atms are changed int atms f anther as a result Subatmic Particles -Daltn was prved mstly right except ATOMS ARE! -Three Subatmic Particles PROTONS: NEUTRONS: ELECTRONS: 1

2 Electrns -Discvered by in Passed a thrugh gases at lw pressure in a vacuum tube, prducing a glwing beam r Cathde Ray Experiment -The ray is a beam f traveling frm the cathde t the ande! -When the end f a magnet is applied, the beam is ELECTRONS MUST BE CHARGED!! -N matter what gas r metals were used, the charge-t-mass rati remained the ARE PART OF ALL ATOMS!! Oil Drp Experiment - calculated the charge and mass f the electrn -Charge: ne unit f charge (-1) -Mass: 1/1840 the mass f a atm ( subatmic particle) Prtns and Neutrns -EUGENE GOLDSTEIN discvered (1,840 times than an electrn) -JAMES CHADWICK cnfirmed the existence f (abut the same size as a prtn) Gld Fil Experiment -ERNEST RUTHERFORD sht particles (psitively charged) at a thin sheet f fil -HYPOTHESIS: alpha particles will pass thrugh the fil changing directin because charged particles spread ut in the atms f the fil will stp r deflect the alpha particles -RESULTS: mst went straight, sme, and sme came straight -CONCLUSIONS: mst f the atm is with a dense, psitively charged (prtns and neutrns)!!! -Use labels / lines t shw what happened: 2

3 Mdels f the Atm -Varius cntributed t ur understanding f the atm -Discveries made between shaped the current mdel Daltn's Mdel -1803: Views atms as and particles with internal structure -Draw it: Thmsn's Mdel -1897: Negatively charged particles ( ) are distributed thrughut a psitive charge -" " Mdel -Draw it: Rutherfrd's Mdel -1911: Small, dense, psitively charged with the mving arund the nucleus (mstly ) -Did explain the f elements!! -Draw it: Bhr's Mdel -1913: Electrns mve in a circular at distances frm the nucleus ( ) -Draw it: -ENERGY LEVELS (n): -Psitive nucleus the electrns s they stay in rbit 3

4 -Electrns absrb r emit energy as they between levels: T an EXCITED (higher) rbit = energy Return t GROUND (lwer) rbit = energy -Imagine the fixed energy levels are like the : lwest rung is in energy, can mve rung t rung, yu stand between the rungs just like can t be in between levels, and t climb yu need the right amunt f energy -Levels are NOT apart, s electrns gain r lse different amunts energy -Higher energy levels are tgether it takes energy t mve frm ne t the next near the tp! *Ladder with spaced rungs is actually a better representatin f the mdel!! Schrdinger's Mdel -1926: Develpment f a mathematical equatin t determine arund the nucleus that wuld have a high f cntaining an electrn ( ) - r (current) -Draw it: -Prtns and neutrns fund in the -ELECTRON CLOUD: DENSER regins = prbability f finding an electrn Distinguishing Amng Atms -Why are atms f different elements different? They cntain different number f tell yu which element is which 4

5 ATOMIC NUMBER: -Use the t determine -Ex: all Hydrgen atms have prtn, s the atmic # f hydrgen is -What is the Atmic Number fr each: Li, Pb, Au, Br?: Electrns *Since atms are electrically, the # f prtns must the # f!! -Atms with numbers f prtns and electrns are (charged particles) -Only the can r t give ins, NOT the WHY?: -Psitive (+) charge = electrns, while Negative (-) charge = electrns number f charge indicates hw many! -Examples: MASS NUMBER: Mass # = # f Neutrns = -Example: If an element has an atmic number f and a mass number f 78 what is the Number f prtns? Number f neutrns? Number f electrns? Symbl fr this element? Atmic Symbls X Ex: -Example: If an element has prtns and 140 neutrns what is the Atmic number? Mass number? Number f electrns? Atmic Symbl fr this element? 5

6 Reading the Peridic Table -Rund the t get the MASS # f the mst cmmn istpe!!! Prblems -Determine the number f PROTONS, NEUTRONS, and ELECTRONS fr each: : : : : ISOTOPES: - is different because there are mre r less - is still the therwise the wuld change! -Naming: put the after the element name -Ex: -Example: Determine the number f each subatmic particle fr. ATOMIC MASS: -Reflects bth the and relative f the istpes as they ccur in nature -NOT a because it is an average -Given n the -Measured in (amu) 1 amu = 1/12 the mass f a atm 6

7 Calculating Avg. Atmic Mass Average Atmic Mass = -Example: Calculate the average atmic mass f cpper if cpper has tw istpes. 69.1% f cpper has a mass f amu and 30.9% has a mass f amu. -Example: Magnesium has three istpes % f Mg has a mass f amu, 10.00% Mg has a mass f amu, and the rest has a mass f 25 amu. What is the atmic mass f magnesium? Energy Levels -Regins in space arund the that cntain -Tell yu hw an electrn is t the nucleus -Numbered 1-7 with 1 being the and t the nucleus - N stands fr the Energy Level and is knwn as the -GROUND STATE ( energy) is -EXCITED STATES ( energy) are. -Electrns in excited states are frm the nucleus, have rbits, and energy! - n the Peridic Table indicate the energy level!! SUBLEVELS: -Principal energy levels (n) can be int energy sublevels -Each energy level can have sublevels with different (shwing where an electrn is t be fund) -Sublevels are dented by letters: 7

8 ORBITALS: -Electrns are spinning in directins -Each sublevel has a different number f rbitals: s =, p =, d =, and f = -Since each rbital can hld a max f e-: s = e-, p = e-, d = e-, and f = e- Summary ENERGY LEVEL (n) # OF SUBS # OF ORBS (n 2 ) MAX # OF e - (2n 2 ) Electrn Cnfiguratins: shws distributin f electrns amng the rbitals f the atm -Three Ways t d this: Orbital Diagrams (using with electrns as ) SPDF Ntatin ( and shwing levels and electrns) Kernel Ntatin (use and simplified SPDF) Rules 1) AUFBAU PRINCIPLE: add electrns ne at a time t the rbitals f energy first 2) PAULI EXCLUSION: e- MUST have spins and f 2 e- per rbital (each e- has different quantum #s) 3) HUND S RULE: each rbital in the sublevel must have ne e- pairing begins Ex: Orbital Diagrams -Hw t draw: 1) Use a bx t represent ne / Arrws represent 2) Find the # f 3) Start with the energy level first (n = 1) and write dwn all in each 8

9 4) Fllw all (max 2 e- per rbital, crrect # f rbitals fr spdf, unpaired first, d is ne rw behind) 5) Use the t help! Practice -Example: Draw the rbital diagram fr. Determine the number f unpaired electrns. - : - : - : SPDF Ntatin -The electrn cnfiguratin fr using this ntatin is: -Large numbers represent the -Letters represent the energy -Superscript numbers indicate the number f in the sublevel *USE THE TO GUIDE YOU!! -Perids ( ) indicate an ENERGY LEVEL ( sublevels are ff by ) WHY? -Grups ( ) indicate SUBLEVELS -Example: Write the electrn cnfiguratin fr. 9

10 Practice Write the electrn cnfiguratins fr,,, and using spdf ntatin. Hw many electrns are in the last energy level? Kernel (Shrthand) Ntatin -Write the symbl f the (FARTHEST RIGHT clumn n the table) that the element n the Peridic Table and put in [ ] -Then write the remaining electrns using spdf ntatin -Example: Aluminum: Ne: S Al is: -Try and n yur wn: Exceptins -Sme electrn cnfiguratins will be than what is expected frm the rules - OR SUBLEVEL CONFIGURATIONS ARE MORE!!!! -Examples: and (ne electrn is fr added stability) : : Light -All light exhibits prperties AMPLITUDE: WAVELENGTH (λ): FREQUENCY (v): 10

11 Electrmagnetic Spectrum - Regins -Ranked with respect t their -As the wavelengths becme the frequency decreases ( relatinship) Visible Spectrum -We are nly able t see a very limited prtin f the electrmagnetic spectrum ( ) -Visible light is an example f a cntinuus spectrum ( ) -Ranges frm (lng λ) t (shrt λ) Prisms -White light is made f f the spectrum (CONTINUOUS) -Clred light nly gives (NOT CONTINUOUS) ATOMIC EMISSION SPECTRUM: -Gives a pattern f clr that is fr each element -Adding energy an atm s electrns s they jump frm the (lwest energy) t an (higher energy) -When electrns mve frm a higher energy level back t a lwer ne, a quantum f energy ( ) is given ff that has a frequency t the energy change 11

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