Study Guide: PS. 10 Motion, Forces, Work & Simple Machines DESCRIBING MOTION SPEED

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1 DESCRIBING MOTION Distance: hw far smething has mved; SI unit meters (m) Reference pint: nn-mving bject used as a cmparisn pint t detect an bject s mtin. Displacement: the distance between the starting pint and ending pint f mtin. SPEED Definitin f Speed: the distance an bject travels per unit time Speed Frmula: d t s speed = distance s = d time t measured in meters (m) measured in secnds (s) measured in meters per secnd (m/s) ***Speed can als be measured in km/hr OR cm/sec any distance/time! Types f Speed: Cnstant speed: a mving bject that desn t change its speed. Represented by a straight line. Average speed: the ttal distance traveled divided by the ttal time f travel Instantaneus speed: the speed at any given pint in time Examples: 1) It takes yu 30 minutes t drive t grandma s huse, 25 miles away. What is yur average speed while traveling there (in mi/h)?. 25 mi / 0.5h = 50 mi/h 2) Mike rides his mtrcycle at an average speed f 20 m/s fr 500 secnds, hw far did he ride? 20 m/s x 500 s = 10,000 m 3) Jenny ran 500 meters at an average speed f 6 m/s. What was her 500 meter dash time? 500 m / 6 m/s = 83.3 s (1:38 min) VELOCITY Velcity Definitin: the speed f an bject in a given directin Example: Circle the velcities: 24 km/h 14 mi/h N 10 mi/h tward schl ACCELERATION Acceleratin Definitin: the rate f change f velcity The three ways t accelerate: 1. Speeding up psitive acceleratin 2. Slwing dwn negative acceleratin (aka deceleratin) 3. Changing directin

2 Acceleratin frmula: acceleratin = final velcity initial velcity time Velcity Time acceleratin measured in m/s measured in secnds (s) measured in m/s² Examples: 1. Circle the statements that crrectly describe acceleratin: a. A car accelerates as it speeds up / slws dwn / ges arund a curve. b. Mving in a straight line at a cnstant speed is / is nt acceleratin. 2. A car accelerates frm a stp t 60 m/s in 10 secnds. What is it s acceleratin? (60-0)m/s / 10s = 6 m/s 2 FORCES Definitin f Frce: a push r pull that ne bdy exerts n anther; can change an bject s mtin - Net frce: the cmbined frces f tw r mre frces acting n an bject at the same time; the bject will mve in the directin f the larger frce - Balanced frce: tw frces that are equal in size and ppsite indirectin; the bject des nt mve Types f Frces: - Frictin: the frce between tw surfaces that are tuching each ther; frictin will slw dwn the mtin f the bject. Includes static, sliding, rlling, and fluid. - Gravity: The frce that pulls bjects tward each ther. Law f Universal Gravitatin: Any tw bjects with mass will exert an attractive frce n each ther. The attractive frce f gravity depends n the mass f the bjects and the distance between them. Objects n earth fall with an acceleratin f 9.8 m/s 2 unless acted n by anther frce, like air resistance. Weight: the gravitatinal frce exerted n an bject by earth, measured in Newtns (N) Weight (n Earth) = mass (in kg) x 9.8 m/s², 1 N = 1 kg m/s 2 Frce Example Questins: 1. Explain why balanced frces d NOT change an bject s psitin r mtin. They cancel each ther ut. 2. Circle the crrect wrd(s) r statement(s). a. As distance increases, the frce f gravity increases / decreases. b. As mass increases, the frce f gravity increases / decreases. c. As gravity increases, acceleratin due t gravity increases / decreases.

3 3. Cmpare and cntrast mass and weight (p f Interactive Science textbk/pearsn etext). Mass Definitin: amunt f matter in an bject Units: grams (g) Relatinship t lcatin: stays the same Weight Definitin: frce f gravity pulling n an bject's mass Units: Newtns (N, kg m/s) Relatinship t lcatin: decreases with decreasing gravity (i.e. uter space) NEWTON S LAWS OF MOTION - Newtn s First Law (Law f Inertia): An bject in mtin keeps mving at the same velcity until a net frce acts n it; and an bject at rest stays at rest until a net frce acts n it. Inertia: The tendency f an bject t resist a change in its mtin (directin, speed, etc.) The greater the mass, the greater the inertia. Examples: Yu are thrwn frward int yur seat belt when the car cmes t a sudden stp. The glass f water sitting n the table stays upright unless yu knck it dwn. Centripetal Frce: A frce that causes an bject t mve in a circular path. Centripetal frces cmbine with inertia t keep bjects mving in a circle. Examples: A tether ball circling the pll (centripetal frce = tether, inertial frce = yu hitting the ball). A satellite rbiting earth (centripetal frce = gravity, inertial frce = the rcket launch). - Newtn s Secnd Law: The net frce acting n an bject causes the bject t accelerate in the directin f that frce, and is prprtinal t the bject s mass. (aka F = m x a) Example: A lightweight perfrmance race car will g frm 0-60 in 10 secnds, whereas yur mm s minivan will take 10 minutes! Frmula: frce= mass x acceleratin (F = m x a) a = acceleratin, measured in m/s² m = mass, measured in kilgrams (kg) f = frce, measured in kg m/s² r Newtns (N)

4 Mmentum: hw much frce is needed t change an bjects mtin; the prduct f mass x velcity. As yu increase velcity r mass it becmes harder t stp the bject; it has greater mmentum Example: A heavy bwling ball is harder t stp than a marble. Cnservatin f Mmentum: mmentum can be transferred between bjects and is nt lst r gained Example: When yu are playing pl, the que ball cllides with the 8 ball & transfers its mmentum t mve the 8 ball int the pcket. - Newtn s Third Law: fr every actin frce there is an equal and ppsite reactin frce Example: When yu exert a frce n the grund t push ff n yur skatebard, the grund exerts a frce back n yu that causes yu t rll frward. Newtn s Laws Example Questins: 1. Explain why an bject thrwn int the air will fall back dwn. Because f Newtn s 1 st Law external frces must be acting n it (specifically gravity, air resistance). 2. An bject accelerates 10 m/s 2 when yu exert a frce f 20 N n it. What was its mass? M = f / a = 20 N / 10 m/s 2 = 2 kg 3. A 10 kg bject is accelerating at 5 m/s 2. Hw much frce will be needed t stp it? F = m x a = 10 kg x 5 m/s 2 = 50 N 4. List ne real life example f each Newtn s Law nt already in yur study guide (pages ). 1st Law A heavy backpack is harder t mve, a rller caster is hard t stp. 2nd Law Yu have t push a full shpping cart harder than an empty ne, mre dgs = faster sled. 3rd Law Leaning against a wall, swimming WORK & POWER WORK: The transfer f energy that ccurs when a frce makes an bject mve. Fr wrk t ccur, the bject must mve AND mvement must be in the SAME directin as the applied frce - Frmula: Wrk = frce x distance (F x D) wrk measured in Jules (J) frce measured in Newtns (N) distance measured in meters (m) Wrk Example Questins: 1. Circle all crrect examples f wrk: a. Lifting a bk bag 1 m int the air while (therwise) standing still. b. Hlding a cafeteria tray at a height f 1 m while walking 10 m t yur seat. c. Pushing a laptp cart frm yur classrm t the library. 2. Yu lift a 10 N bject up t a height f 20 m. Hw much wrk did yu d? W = f x d = 10 x 20 = 200 J POWER: The amunt f wrk dne in a certain amunt f time. Can mean MORE wrk is dwn in the SAME amunt f time OR the SAME amunt f wrk is dne in LESS time. Frmula: Pwer = wrk/time (P = W/T) Pwer is measured in watts (W)

5 Pwer Example Questins: 1. Yu used 1,000 Jules f energy t run fr 50 secnds. Hw much pwer did yu use? P = W / T = 1,000 J / 50 s = 20 W 2. Circle the crrect wrd(s) t cmplete the statement: a. A mre pwerful machine will cmplete the same wrk in mre / less / the same amunt f time b. Running with yur bk bag requires mre / less / the same amunt f wrk as walking. c. Running with yur bk bag requires mre / less / the same amunt f pwer as walking. SIMPLE MACHINES Machines make wrk easier by: 1. Decreasing amunt f input frce needed (by increasing the input distance) 2. Decreasing the input distance (by increasing input frce needed) 3. Changing directin f the applied frce (making the wrk mre cnvenient) Mechanical Advantage: The number f times a machine increases the frce exerted n it. Frmula: AMA = Output frce Input frce Example: April prvides an input frce f 10 N n a drum key t tighten her base drum. The key prvides an utput frce f 15 N. What is the mechanical advantage? 15N / 10 N = 1.5 N Efficiency: Cmparisn f the utput wrk t input wrk OR cmparisn f the actual mechanical advantage (AMA) t the ideal mechanical advantage (IMA). NO machine is 100% efficient. Frmula: (Output wrk Input Wrk) x 100 OR (AMA IMA) x 100 Example: What is the efficiency f a bicycle if the input wrk t turn the pedals is 45 J and the utput wrk f the bike mving is 30 J? (30 / 45 ) x 100 = 67% TYPES OF SIMPLE MACHINE (pages Machine Hw it Wrks/Actual Mechanical Advantage (AMA) Output frce (the bject s weight) Input frce (yur push/pull) *Decreases input frce needed t mve bject by increasing distance. Output frce (weight)> Input frce (push) Output distance (height) < Input distance (length f ramp) Ideal Mechanical Advantage (IMA) Length f incline Height f incline Example: What is the mechanical advantage f a ramp that is 4.5 m lng & 2.0 m tall?

6 Output frce (the wedge s frce) Input frce (the frce yu exert) *Changes the directin f frce frm directly up/dwn t 90 angle. Length f wedge Width f wedge Example: Calculate the mechanical advantage f a wedge that is 4 cm wide & 22 cm lng.

7 Screw Output frce (the screw s frce) Input frce (the frce yu exert) *Decreases input frce needed t mve bject by increasing distance (utput frce > input frce) Length arund threads Length f screw (utput distance) Example: What is the mechanical advantage f a 3 cm screw with threads that measure 24 cm in length? Output frce (frce n lad) Input frce (yur effrt) *1 st Class Levers change directin f input AND increase utput frce OR utput distance. **2 nd Class Levers increase utput frce, but DO NOT change directin f input. (Input frce < utput frce). ***3 rd Class Levers increase utput distance but d nt change directin f input. (Input frce > utput frce). Length frm fulcrum t effrt (input) Length frm fulcrum t lad (utput) Example: What is the mechanical advantage if yu grip a 2m lng hckey stick at a distance f 0.5 m frm its end? (*hint a hckey puck is a 3 rd class lever) Lever Pulley Output frce (frce n lad) Input frce (yur effrt t pull) *Decrease input frce required t lift the bject (utput frce > input frce). *Changes directin f applied frce (yu pull dwn, the bject mves up). IMA = Ttal # f Rpes pulling UP n the bject. Example: What is the mechanical advantage f the pulley system pictured?

8 SIMPLE MACHINES PRACTICE QUESTIONS 1. A nutcracker is an example f which type f lever? 1 st class 2 nd class 3 rd class 2. A baseball bat is an example f which type f lever? 1 st class 2 nd class 3 rd class 3. A seesaw is an example f which type f lever? 1 st class 2 nd class 3 rd class 4. What is the ideal mechanical advantage f an inclined plane that is 10 m high and 30 m lng? IMA = length / height = 30 / 10 = 3 5. List all f the ways a pulley can make wrk easier. Change directin, change input frce (reduce it).

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