CVtpf 2-1. Section 1 Review. 3. Describe How did the process of outgassing help shape Earth's atmosphere?

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1 Section 1 Review CVtpf SECTION VOCABULARY planet a celestial body that orbits the sun, is round because of its own gravity, and has cleared the neighborhood around its orbital path planetesimal a small body from which a planet originated in the early stages of development in the solar system solar nebula a rotating cloud of gas and dust from which the sun and planets formed; also any nebula from which stars and exoplanets may form solar system the sun and all of the planets and other bodies that travel around it 1. Identify Relationships What is the relationship between the solar nebula and the solar system? 2. Describe How did Earth's layers develop? 3. Describe How did the process of outgassing help shape Earth's atmosphere? 4. Explain How do scientists think Earth's oceans formed? 5. Analyze Information In this section, you have learned about the formation of Earth's land, atmosphere, and oceans. Which components of Earth's current composition make it capable of supporting life? Holt McDougal Earth Science 412 Planets of the Solar System

2 Section 2 Review Chp+J1 SECTION VOCABULARY eccentricity the degree of elongation of an elliptical orbit (symbol, e) inertia the tendency of an object to resist a change in motion unless an outside force acts on the object orbital period the time required for a body to complete a single orbit 1. Explain Because of inertia, a planet should keep moving forward in a straight line. Why, then, are planetary orbits curved? 2. Compare Complete the Venn diagram below to compare and contrast Ptolemy's and Copernicus's models of the solar system. Ptolemy's model Copernicus's model 3. Analyze How did Kepler's law of ellipses challenge the accepted model of planetary orbits? 4. Apply Concepts Earth is closest to the sun in January and farthest from the sun in July. At which times of year is Earth moving fastest along its orbit? Explain your answer using one of Kepler's laws of planetary motion. Holt McDougal Earth Science 416 Planets of the Solar System

3 Section 3 Review Cl~pf J-1 ~ - SECTION VOCABULARY terrestrial planet one of the highly dense planets nearest to the sun; Mercury, Venus, Mars, and Earth 1. Identify Relationships What is the relationship between the terms inner planet and terrestrial planet? 2. Summarize Use the graphic orgaruzer below to describe the characteristics of the inner planets. Orbital Period Rotation Period Temperature Range Size Ranking (1 is largest. 4 is smallest) Mercury 88 Earth days 59 Earth days -173 O( to 427 O( Venus up to 464 ( Earth 1 Mars 3. Identify What characteristics of Earth make it possible for life to exist here? 4. Describe Why does Mercury have such a large daily temperature range? 5. Explain Why does Venus have such a high suiface temperature? 6. Explain Why do scientists thirik that the volcanoes on Mars may still be active? Holt McDougal Earth Science 422 Planets of the Solar System

4 Section 4 Review SECTION VOCABULARY gas giant a planet that has a deep, massive atmosphere, such as Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, or Neptune Kuiper Belt a region of the solar system that starts just beyond the orbit of Neptune and that contains dwarf planets and other small bodies made mostly of ice -, 1. Describe What are the relative positions of the gas giants and the Kuiper Belt? 2. Summarize Complete the table below to describe the characteristics of the outer planets. Orbital Period Rotation Period Average Temperature Components of Atmosphere Jupiter 12 Earth years 9 h 50 min ( mostly hydrogen and helium Saturn Uranus Neptune 3. Compare How do the general characteristics of the gas giants differ from those of the terrestrial planets? 4. Compare Identify two similarities between Uranus and Neptune. Then, identify one difference. Choose characteristics that are not identified in the table above. 5. Describe How do astronomers detect most exoplanets? Holt McDougal Earth Science 430 Planets of the Solar System --_.'- ' _

5 Sedion 1 Review O){\ ;t ab,_ SECTION VOCABULARY? crater a bowl-shaped depression that forms on the surface of an object when a fairing body strikes the object's surface or when an explosion occurs mare a large, dark area of basalt on the moon (plura l, maria) 1. Describe How did the lunar maria foim? moon a celestial body that revolves around a body that is greater in mass; a natural satellite satellite a natural or artificial body that revolves around a celestial body that is greater in mass I 2. Compare Describe two differences between the near side of the moon and the far side of the moon. 3. Infer Suppose the number of small objects in the solar system had not decreased about 3 billion years ago. How might the moon's suliace look different today? Explain your answer. 4. Describe Identify two features of the moon and describe how each formed. 5. Apply Concepts The composition of the moon and the composition of Earth's mantle are similar. How does this information provide evidence for the giant impact hypothesis? Holt McDougal Earth Science 436 Minor Bodies of the Solar System

6 Sedion 2 Review SECTION VOCABULARY ~h.pt c98 apogee in the orbit of a satellite, the point that is farthest from Earth edipse an event in which the shadow of one celestial body falls on another lunar eclipse the passing of the moon through. Earth's shadow at full moon perigee in the orbit of a satellite, the point that. is closest to Earth phase the change in the illuminated areas of one celestial body as seen from another celestial body; phases of the moon are caused by the changing positions of Earth, the sun,. and the moon solar eclipse the passing of the moon between Earth and the sun; during a so'lar eclipse, the shadow of the moon falls on Earth 1. Compare Desclibe three differences between total lunar eclipses and total solar eclipses. 2. Explain Why is the moon not always the Sallte distance from Earth? 3. Apply Concepts You observe the moon one night and notice that only a sliver is illuminated. 1\vo nights later, a larger portion of the moon is illuminated. What phase was the moon in on the first night? 4. Relate Ideas During which moon phase do all solar eclipses happen? Explain your answer. 5. Explain Why is the time between two new moons longer than the time it takes the moon to orbit Earth once? 6. Identify What is the role of the moon in forming tides? Copyright Holt McDougaL All rights reserved. Holt McDougal Earth Science 444 Minor Bodies of the Solar System

7 Section 3 Review CY\ ~t ~8 _. SECTION VOCABULARY Galilean moon anyone of the four largest satelhtes of Jupiter-10, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto-that were discovered by Galileo in Describe Complete the table below to describe the special characteristics of the Galilean moons. Moon 10 SpeciaJ Charaderistics covered with a thick layer of ice; may have liquid water under the ice largest moon in the solar system; has its own magnetic field Callisto 2. Compare How are 10's volc.anoes different from volcanoes on Earth? 3. Describe Give one similarity and one difference between Phobos and Deimos. 4. Compare What is the main difference between Saturn's rings and the rings of other planets? 5. Identify How is Triton different from most other planets in the solar system? 6. Describe How do scientists think Saturn's rings formed? 7. Infer Scientists did not discover Jupiter's ring until What is the most likely reason it took scientists so long to discover Jupiter's ring? Holt McDougal Earth Science 450 Minor Bodies of the Solar System

8 Section 4 Review SECTION VOCABULARY asteroid a small, rocky object that orbits the sun; most asteroids are located in a band between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter comet a small body of rock, ice, and cosmic dust that follows an elliptical orbit around the sun and that gives off gas and dust in the form of a tail as it passes close to the sun Kuiper Belt a region of. the solar system that starts just beyond the orbft of Neptune and that contains dwarf p'ianets and other small! bodies made mostly of ice meteor a bright streak of light that results when a meteoroid burns up in Earth's atmosphere meteoroid a relatively small, rocky body that travels through space Oort cloud a spherical region that surrounds the solar system, that extends from the Kuiper Belt to almost halfway to the nearest sta r, and that contains biilions of comets 1. Compare Describe two differences between asteroids and comets. 2. Infer Could the ion tail of a comet ever point in the opposite direction from the dust tail? Explain your answer. 3. Describe List the follo"wing parts of the solar system from closest to the sun to farthest from the sun: Kuiper Belt, asteroid belt, Neptune, Oort cloud. 4. Apply concepts Suppose astronomers discovered a comet that takes about 875 years to orbit the sun. Is the comet a short-period comet or a long-period comet? Where did it probably come from? 5. Identify Errors Your friend tells you that he found a meteor in his backyard. What is wrong with your friend's statement? Holt McDougal Earth Science 456 Minor Bodies of the Solar System _