D Ë i e ½ i A b Mª m i gy m wj g m gv R

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2 Rš : 1964 mv ji 7B gvp DËi w`bvrcyi Rjvi Pvcov _vbvi AvgZjv Mªv g ckvq nvb z ji wk K Z_vKw_Z `jxq ivrbxwz bv K i wewfbœ Rb Av `vj b `xn w`b hy³ RbwnZKi Kv Ri m ½ wb R K Rwo q iv Lb jl Ki c~e iwpz cyw ÍKv ÔDËie ½i AbMªmi gymwjg mgvrõ cvvk mgv R mgv` Z n q Q cö_g ms iy kl n q hviqvq wøzxq ms iy cökvk Kivi cö qvrb nq wøzxq ms i Y g~j ipbvwui cwigvr b I cwiea b K i bzzb AvKv i cvv Ki mvg b Zz j aiv nj Avkv Kwi cvvk mgv R c~e cökvkbvi g Zv mgv` Z n e cökvkk mnrcvv g~j : 35 UvKv

3 D Ë i e ½ i A b Mª m i gy m wj g m gv R DËie ½i AbMªmi gymwjg mgvr 1

4 2 DËie ½i AbMªmi gymwjg mgvr

5 DËie ½i AbMªmi gymwjg mgvr cwigvwr Z cwiewa Z 2q ms iy gnt cvkviæj Avjg DËie ½i AbMªmi gymwjg mgvr 3

6 DËie ½i AbMªmi gymwjg mgvr gnt cvkviæj Avjg Mªš ^Ë Bqvmwgb cviwfb cö_g cökvk gvp 2004 cwigvwr Z cwiewa Z wøzxq ms iy : DËi w`bvrcyi Rjv eb gjv, deª yqvix 2013 cökvkk mnrcvv Bmjvgcyi, DËi w`bvrcyi cwðge½, `~ifvl : A iweb vm I gỳ ªY Av nix wcö Uvm, Bmjvgcyi cövwß vb : gšjvbv eyk ww cv, Bmjvgcyi wbd Mªš wezvb, Bmjvgcyi WvK hv M c Z dvb Kiæb : DËie ½i AbMªmi gymwjg mgvr

7 D r m M evev I gvõ K DËie ½i AbMªmi gymwjg mgvr 5

8 jl Ki Ab vb cökvwkz Mªš 1) gymwjg AwfNv Z evsjvi mgvr I ms wzi iƒcvšíi : wn `y -gymwjg mgš^q 2) Avwd gi bkvq `eỳ v 3) myzwj (KvgZv fvlvi KweZv) 4) KvgZv fvlvi cöev` cöepb 6 DËie ½i AbMªmi gymwjg mgvr

9 gy L e Ü gvbyl Av Q, gvby li BwZnvm Av Q cªpwjz BwZnv m mgv Ri D P KvwUi gvby li weeiy cvb Acicªv ší wewfbœ mikvwi `wjj ` Ív e R I mvs wzk avivq i q Q mvaviy gvby li BwZnv mi Dcv`vb ZvB DËie ½i AbMªmi gymwjg mgv Ri BwZnvm ˆZix Kiv `yiƒn n ji Am e bq msw ß GB cyw ÍKvq mg Í welq Zz j aiv m e nõj bv AwZ Aí mg qi g a ipbvi KvR kl Ki Z nõj e j A bk welq Av jvpbv Kiv Mj bv Bmjvgcyi gnkzgv mn DËie ½i mvgvwrk, A_ bwzk I HwZnvwmK cª vcu Zz j aivi Póv Kiv n q Q Avkv Kwi M elk I mvaviy DrmyK gvby li Kv Q cyw ÍKvwU GKwU ^ Q evz v e q wb q hv e cyw ÍKv ipbv Kivi Rb kªx iƒck gylvrx GK cªkvi eva K i Qb Zuvi K_v I ÔUv mvõi bz e `i cªiyvq ipbvwu kl Kiv m e nj cyw ÍKv ipbvq we kl mvnvh c qwq Bmjvgcy ii gnkzgv kvmk kªx iex `ªbv_ ivq gnvk qi Zuvi Kv Q Avwg wpifyx cªæd `Lv QvovI wewfbœfv e cªiyv hywm q Qb x Bqvmwgb cviwfb GQvov ^í mg qi g a cyw ÍKvwU cªkv k AvšÍwiK mn hvwmzv K i Q weµg I AÄb G `i Ae`vb iyxq gvby li Kv Q cyw ÍKvwU mgv` Z n j cwikªg mv_ K g b Kie ab ev`v ší, webxz, gnt cvkviæj Avjg DËie ½i AbMªmi gymwjg mgvr 7

10 wøzxq ms i Yi f wgkv ÔDËie ½i AbMªmi gymwjg mgvrõ Mªš Lvwb A bkw`b Av MB dzwi q M Q wkš wewfbœ cövší _ K I wewfbœ wewkó e w³ `i Pvwn`v, we klzt wewkó mvwnwz K I mgvr mex gnv k Zv `exi `vex K A ^xkvi Kiv Avgvi c Am e ZvB GB wøzxq ms i Yi wb e`b ZvB cyw ÍKvLvwb K cybivq cwigvwr Z I cö qvrbxq ms hvrb K i bzzbfv e Mªš vkv i cökvk Kijvg G Î h _ó mvnvh c qwq ÔmvPvi KwgwU wi cvu Õ, ÔAbxKÕ cwîkvmn mikvix cwimsl vb ÔmnRcvVÕ cökvkbvi D ` v M GB wøzxq ms iywui cökvk Z ivwš^z nj Avkv Kwi Mªš Lvwb c~e cökvkbvi gzb GB ms iyi cvvk mgv R mgv` Z n e ab ev`v ší ZvwiL : 12 deªæqvix 2013 Bmjvgcyi, DËi w`bvrcyi cvkviæj Avjg 8 DËie ½i AbMªmi gymwjg mgvr

11 DËie ½i AbMªmi gymwjg mgvr evojv `k Z_v MŠie½ GKwU MŠiegq BwZnv mi Avavi e½f wg hgb wb Ri ^Zš Zv ervq i L Q Zgwb fvizf L Û mvgvwrk I ivr bwzk Î AvqZb eûjvs k e w K i wb q Q cövpxb Mª š evojvi h D jøl cviqv hvq Zvi mxgv AvqZb I Ae vb wel q mg K aviyv M o IVv m e bq ez gv b evojv ej Z hv evsvq Zv úó GKwU gvbwpî Avgv `i mvg b Dcw Z nq hv `xn GK cöwµqvi gva g M o D V Q hv K eq i ev `k K bq, K qk kzvãx w` q wepvi we køly K i GKwU wm v ší DcbxZ niqv hvq mgmª evojv ` ki ez gvb h evovwj RvwZ Zv Zv `i m`vmix g bvfve ïay gvî fviz Ry o bq AvšÍR vwzk ch vq ch ší we Í Z n q L vwz jvf K iwqj ÔÔG wel q Kv bv m `n bb h evwyr Dcj evovjxiv µxu ` m wm q I µxu ` ki jv Kiv evojv ` k G m Dcwb ek vcb K iwqj IB A j evovjx ewyk `i Dcwb e ki K_v Avgiv ciezx Kv j BwRÞevmx GK bvwek cöyxz Ô cwicøvmõ Mª š Rvb Z cvb f jwiqvm d vkm I Zvi ÔAiMb wukvõ cy Í K wj L M Qb h, M½vÑivp ` ki evovjx ex iiv K ò mvm ii DcK j 1500 Lªxó c~ e F M ` ipwqzv bww K Avh `i câb ` G m Dcw Z nevi mgmvgwqk Kv j) KvjwPqvb I Rm bi AbyMvgx `i m ½ we kl exi Z i m ½ hy K iwqj Ñ cövpxbkv j h RvwZ exi Z i hvm Zv cögvy K i Q, hv we `kx gwblx `i jlbx Z vb K i wb q Q, Zv `i ^vj ^b I HK e jovb HwZnvwmK w`k _ K we kl gh v`v iv L GZ wkqz _vkv m Ë I G `k KL bv fvm P µ, KL bv ev fvizxq ivr bwzk Ave Z AvNvZ L q Q cövpxb Mªš vw` Z h Rbc `i D jøl e½ `k e j MY Kiv nq A_ vr A½, e½, mgzu, ivp, cybwª, nwi Kj, BZ vw` Zv `i fv M GB mg Í AvNvZ ev i ev i DcbxZ nq GB mg Í AvNvZ I AwfNvZ wqj bvbv c _i bvbv g Zi I bvbv RvwZi ß mvgªv R i cöfvei we` vgvb n~y AvµgY gywk `vev` ch ší we Í Z nq mb ivrz Kvj evojv I evovjx RvwZ K eûwea mgm vi g a d j `q cvj ivrz Kv j wkqzuv w izv G ji Zv wqj Y vqx, eûjvs k mvgšízvwš K j²b m bi ivrz Kvj evojv ` ki mvgvwrk I ivr bwzk Ae q P ovší iƒc bq Gici evojvi kvmbfvi P j hvq gymjgvb `i nv Z GB AvNv Zi ci AvNvZ L q evojvi mgvr I ms wz ev i ev i iƒcvšíwiz n q Q Z e mgvr I ms wzi h iƒcvšíi N U Q Zv ivr bwzk cvjve` ji auv P bq, Zv N U Q wbr ^ GKwU AveZ b ilvq GB mg Í wel qi cöwz Av jvkcvz Kivi c~ e evojv I evovwj RvwZi GKwU cwipq müvb Kiv Avek K DËie ½i AbMªmi gymwjg mgvr 9

12 evovjx RvwZi Zvi Avw`g Kv bv iƒc wb q M o I Vwb bvbv RvwZi wgkªy N U Q GB evovjx RvwZi g a GB wgkªy mg ÍUvB evovjxkiy cöwµqvi gva g msmwvz n q Q GB cöwµqvi g a Kv bv ivrkxq cöfve wqjbv mvgvwrk weez bi h we kl cöwµqv Zvi g a w` q AwZ axi MwZ Z GB RvwZ MV bi KvR P jwqj GRb B ez gvb Kv j mn RB gvbyl evovjx wnmv e cwipq w` Z wøav K i bv hw`i mvgvb wkqz e wzµg RvwZmË vi g a j Kiv hvq Z e Zv fš MvwjK Ae v b g~j mªv Z f m M Q Ab vb h mg Í RvwZ evojv ` k AvMgb I emevm ïiæ K ib Zv `i K wó, ms wz, m gz evovjx RvwZ hš_iƒc MVb K i Q Kvj, kei, cywj ` nuvwo Wvg, PÛvj, muvizvj, gyðv cöf wz RvwZivB evovjx RvwZi Avw` eskai Gi ci `ªvweo I eªþ wzeÿzxq RvwZ G ` k G mwq jb e j Abygvb Kiv n q _v K ciezx Kv j câg kzvãx _ K mßg kzvãx Z Avh iv G ` k cö ek K i GB mg Í welq I NUbvejxi cöwz j K i W. AZzj myi h gšíe K ib Zv cöwyavb hvm ÑÔÔDËi fvi Z RvwZ mg~ ni g a AvMš K Avh fvlvfvwl ÔbwW K bi Mvôxi j Yhy³ Dcv`v bi-b cövavb jw Z nq GB Dcv`vb c~e w` K evivymx ch ší ` k gvb n q µgk xqgvb I wejxb n q wm q Q Gi c~e w` K Avgiv h b ZvwZ K Dcv`vb j Kwi Zv µgk ea gvb n q evojv ` k G m K `ªxf Z n q Q GK K_vq GB Dcv`v bi Avevm vb n Q evojv `k GB b ZvwZ K Dcv`v b hv `i `n MwVZ, ZvivB n Q evovjx RvwZ ÕÕ2 Z e GB RvwZ h ˆew`K Avh RvwZ _ K ^Zš wqj G wel q h _ó cögvy i q Q GB cögvy mg~n _ KB A b KB evovjx `i Abvh RvwZ I wgkª RvwZ wnmv e MªnY Ki Z B QzK Kbbv evojv ` k Avh AvMgb NUvi c~ e HZ iq AviY Ki eû Av jvwpz I cwiwpz Dw³ ÔÔ eqvswm e½v eqav ki cv`vt ÕÕ Gi g a Avw` evovjx RvwZi Aw ÍZ müvb Kiv hvq Gi ciezx Kv j ivgvqy I gnvfvi Z evovjx RvwZi Ae vb BwZc~ e I D jøl wqj ZvB Abygvb Kiv nq evovjx RvwZ Avh m Z bq mvgvwrk ` wó KvY _ K wepvi we køly Ki ji `Lv hvq h, mgmª fviz e cx h Avhx KiY cöwµqv Pvjy n qwqj mb cöwµqvq G ` ki gvbyl mvejxj fv e Zv MªnY Ki Z cv iwb GB bv cvivi KviY n Q G ` ki gvbyl GKwU ^Zš aviv wb q Avh c~e RvwZ wnmv e M o D VwQj Z e BwZnv mi weez bi mv _ evovjx RvwZi g a ÔÔw` e Avi wb e wgjv e wgwj eõõ GB evyx h kvk Z I vqxfv e msnwuz n q Q G wel q Kv bv m `n bb GB mg Í b ZvwZ K wgkªyb h cwûz gn j wez K i m wó K i Q Zv Abygvb Ki Z Amyweav nqbv GB wgkªy K W. wbnvi iäb ivq m e v Zvfv e ` L Qb Zuvi g ZÑ ÔÔwb œe Y i evovjxi g a Avw` A óªjxq ev fw&wwñgi cöfve ekx evsjv ` ki ivp AÂ ji muvizvj, f~wgr, gyûv euvk dvo, gvjcvnvox, bgtk~î, cv`, evdix, evm`x, PÛvj Ggb wk eªvþy ˆe` I Kv q Zi g a fw&www Dcv`vb i q Q ÕÕ3 GB e vlvq hgb wgkª Yi müvb cviqv hvq Zgwb 10 DËie ½i AbMªmi gymwjg mgvr

13 evojv ` k `ªvwei, A vj, gv½jxq, bww K cöf wz Mvôxi gvby li müvbi cviqv hvq DËie ½i ivreskx I bm ml gymwjg mgv Ri gvbyl gv½jvbw Mvôxfz ³i AvwaK ez gvb ZvB mvgwmªk wepv i evovjx RvwZ K GKK Kv bv Mvôxi g a hgb ivlv hvqbv, Zgwb evovjx RvwZ K ÔmsKiÕ RvwZ GK_vI ejv mgxwpb bq Kbbv mgmª fvize l i g Zv G ` ki weevn c wz I weevn eüb wel q h _ó m~î I wbqg eu a `Iqv n qwqj hv GL bv we` gvb Avhx KiY cöwµqv ïiæi Av MI eû QvU QvU Mvôx Z wef³ _ K Q wbw` ó GKwU cwiwai g a _ K weevneüb ixwz cöpwjz wqj Zv m Ë I eû RbRvwZ I eû RvwZi eû Mvôxi AvMgb GB msi Y me Zvfv e i v Ki Z cv iwb Z e Zv KL bvb e vck fv e D`xqgvb nqwb e j g b nq eis Zv mg q mg q cöwzwôz Kivi cö Póv Kiv n q Q Z e Avh c~e h mg Í Mvôx G ` k wqj Zv `i g a RvZ e e v bv _vk ji Mvôx e e v mvgvwrk Î cözxqgvb wqj GB Kvi Y HZ iq AviY Ki D jøwlz we kl wj K KD KD RvwZi bvg wnmv e ai Z Pvb Zuv `i g a D jøl hvm n jb nicömv` kv x Zv `i g Z køvkwu Z wzbwu RvwZi K_v ejv n q Q h_vñ e½, eqav I Picv` e½ K evovjx, eqav gma, Ges Picv` K gvjqvjg Rb mgvr wnmv e Abygvb Kiv nq GB mg Í RvwZ vwqz c iwqj wkbv Zvi müvb cviqv hvqbv GB mg Í RvwZi K_v hv cviqv hvq Zv nq Zv vqx nqwb wksev ciezx Kv j Kv ji cöev n e nëi mªv Z wg k M Q GB ikg Abygvb Kiv n q _v K Avm j welqwu GZ inm Niv h cwûz gn j GK wm v ší DcbxZ niqv m e n q I Vwb Z e ciezx Kv j czäwji Ôgnvfv l Õ wkqzuv cwi vi nq wzwb A½, e½ Ges gma K Avh ve Z i AvIZvq Avmvi K_v e jb, Gw`K _ K ejv hvq h, HZ iq AviY Ki RvwZ mg~n nq Zv GB wzb AÂ ji evwm `v wqj Lªxóxq câg kzvãx Z Avh iv evojv ` k Av mb e j Abygvb Kiv n q _vk Zv `i AvMgb I kvmb cöwzwôz niqvi ci ax i ax i Avh `i emwz M o I V GgbwK Zv `i e½ ` k emevm Kivi Rb wb q Avmv nq GB ewnivmz Avh iv I cövpxb e½ ` ki Avw` RvwZ mg~ ni g a mvgvwrk, mvs wzk, ˆeevwnK I agx q mgš^q mvwaz n Z _v K ˆeevwnK Î Aby jvg ixwz cö_gve vq Rviv jv bv _vk ji mb Avg j Zv K Vvifv e ejer nq GB weev ni wbqg Abyhvqx Kzjxb cvî kªvîxq RvZv g q we q Ki Z cviz wkš g q w` Z cviz bv GB mgš^ qi Î Avh iv h nzz mgv Ri D P KvwU Z emevm Ki Z ZvB mg Í welqwu ax i ax i Avhx KiY n Z _v K ÔÔevsjv ` k g½jxq, gvjq B `v bkxq i³ I Dcv`vb Av Q me e vcv i ga g j Y evovjx ˆewkó G `i Mvj I ga g gyûvk wz, Zx² I DbœZ, ga g bvmvk wz, gvsvwi `n Mob `Lv hvq evsjv ` ki eªvþvy `i m ½ Kv qz I ˆek `i bizvwë K AvZ xqzv `Lv hvq Ges mgv R G `i KŠwjY A bk DËie ½i AbMªmi gymwjg mgvr 11

14 ekx ÕÕ 4 GB KŠwjY ervq ivl ji Avw` A vj I Avh iv G ` k G Ki ci GK G mwq jb evojv ` ki km k gjv Drcv`bwkjZvi Rb G ` ki DeŸ iv Rwgi AvKl Y mevb K GKwÎZ K i Q b`xgvz K GB evojv ` k cövpxbkv j bvbvwea dmj Drcv`b nz M½v, cùv, eªþcyî, gnbv, cöf wz eo b`x mn ARmª QvU b`x cwj w` q DeŸ iv K i Q GB `k Zvi d j n ik ik gi avb, AvL, Zzjv cöf wz Drcv`b e½ ` ki gvwu Z e vck niqvi d j ewnivmz `i AvKl Y e w K iwqj we klzt evovjx RvwZ h Drcv`bkxjZvi müvb c q Qb, hgb Av Li Mv Qi m ½ cyû, Kvc v mi m ½ e½, oi m ½ MŠo, BZ vw` Avevi AvB b AvKeixi jlk Aveyj dr ji g Z e ½i mv _ Avj hy³ n q e½vj k ãi m wó e j wzwb g b K ib GB Drcv`bkxjZvi Kvi Y eû RvwZ eû Rb Mvwô mycövpxbkvj _ K G ` k emevm Kivi d j ciezx Kv j Mvôx Kw `ªK bvg cviqv hvq hgb my KL bv Avevi vb bvg Mvwôi Dci cöfve d j Q hgb m~h vcyi _ K m~h vcyix, kªxcyi _ K kªxcyixqv BZ vw` Z e cövpxbkv j h evojv ` ki Aw ÍZ wqj Zv evsv hvq i gkp `ª gryg`v ii gz _ K ÔÔLªxóxq Aóg kzvãx Ges m ez Av iv cövpxb Kvj nb ZB e½ I e½vj `ywu c _K `k wqj Ges A bk cövpxb wjwc I Mª š GB `ybwu ` ki GKÎ D jøl `wl Z cviqv hvq myzivs e½ ` ki bvg nb Z Avj hv M A_ev Ab Kvb Kvi Y e½vj A_ev evsjv bv gi D e nbqv Q Bnv ^xkvi Kiv hvq bv e½vj ` ki bvg nb ZB h Kvjµ g mgmª ` ki bvgkiy nbqv Q, G wel q Kvb m `n bvb ÕÕ 5 GB wfbœgz Aek B wez K i m wó K i Z e cövpxb Kv j G ` k gvby li emevm h wqj Zvi wkqz HwZnvwmK wb`k b cviqv hvq ea gvb Rjvi ARq, Kbyi I KvcvB b`xi cvk ezx AÂj _ K cövpxb bvixg~wz I g rcvî ZvB cögvy K i c~e e ½ ejv evi Iqvix I e Uk i Mªv g cövpxb hy Mi wkqz jvnvi ek v, KzVvi I gvwui wrwbm cviqv M Q GQvov ms Z mvwn Z h wblv` RvwZi K_v ejv n q Q QvU bvmcy i GB mg Í RbRvwZi müvb GL bv cviqv hvq Avevi Kv iv Kv iv g Z GB mg Í RbRvwZ cökvší gnvmvmixq Øxccy Ä P j M Qb Zv `i wkqz jvk wek v mi ( jvkvpvi) m ½ Mªvgevsjvi jvkwek v mi wgj Luy R cviqv hvq evsjvi AšÍ R RbRvwZi g a Kw_Z Av Q h AvKvk GK mg q gv_vi Dc i wqj GK`v GK bvix Svo gvi j AvKvk Dc i D V hvq, GB jvk wek vm cökvší gnvmvmixq Øxccy Ä I `w Y Avwd«Kvi Rb Mvwôi g a cviqv hvq Ab w` K wngvj qi msjmœ c_ a i GjcvBb RbRvwZ wz ÍvÑeªþcyÎ AeevwnKv n q ˆPwbK gnvrvwzi AvMgb Avw` evsjv ` k NU Z cv i Kbbv cövpxbkv j giæf wg I cvnv oi c_ gvby li Kv Q ZZ `ym g wqj bv, hzuv `ym g wqj b`x fiv mgf wg Zvi KviY b`x cvi niqvi g a RwUjZv hgb wqj Zgwb eb v cøveb gvbe RvwZi MwZ 12 DËie ½i AbMªmi gymwjg mgvr

15 eû Î iva K i w`z ZvB GB Abygvb h A bkvs k mz Zv A ^xkvi Kiv hvq bv m ez Avw` ms Z mvwn Z G `ib wkivz ejv n q Q cövpxb evsjvi h mg Í Rbc` hv evsjv, ivp, MŠo, cyû, my cöf wz v b emevmkvix RbmgvR wqj Avh iv Zv `i `vm, `mÿ, wblv`, wkivz cöf wz AvL vv w` q Qb GB RbRvwZ wj ciezx Kv j Mªvgevsjvi wewfbœ Rb Mvwôxi mv _ wg k M Qb wksev Ab Î Mgb K i Qb evovjx RvwZ wb q h mg Í Av jvpbv n q Q Zv Z GKKfv e Kv bv GKwU RbRvwZ ev we kl Kv bv A ji Mvôxi cöfve cviqv hvq bv ZvB evovjx RvwZ K wgkªrvwz ej Z Pvb A b KB nve U wirjx evovjx RvwZ K g ½vj `ªvweo Mvôxi AšÍf y³ K ib hw`i mb gz ciezx Kv j A b KB gvb Z Pvbwb Z e wirjxi GB g Zi wkqzuv n ji mz Zv cviqv hvq e nëi evojvq Kv bv RbRvwZi g a g ½vj `ªvweo Ask we kl cviqv h Z cv i wkš Zv KL bvi mg Í RvwZi g a Qwo q bb cöl vz M elk wirjxi ` wóf½xi we køly Ki Z wm q igvcömv` P `ª hv e jb Zv cövwyavb hvm wzwb g b K ib evovjx RvwZi g a AvjcvBb cöfve i q Q, wzwb Av iv e jb evovjxi Mvj gv_v g ½vj cöfve bq, cvgxi AÂj _ K cövpxb Kv j AvjcvBb bi Mvôxi gvbyl cö_ g cwðgfvi Z Ges c i c~e fvi Z A_ vr evsjv ` k Qwo q c o AvjcvBb Qvov evovjx `i g a e`ewy Z PIov bv Ki Kv jv i Oi wblv` RvZxi i³ wg k Q cöpzi G gz K Av iv ewjô fv e mg_ b K ib W. weirv k¼i n, wzwb Dcgnv ` k 6wU cöavb kªyx Z fvm K ib Ges GKwU Dc kªyxi g a AvjcvBb kvlvi bi Mvôxi mv _ evovjxi mv` k me vwak `L Z cvb cvkvcvwk wzwb evovjxi g a cö Uv Aóvj qwñgi gryg`vi evovjxi g a AvjcvBb bi Mvôxi cövav b i e vcv i mngz cökvk K ib Ab w` K wel vz HwZnvwmK bxnvi iäb ivq Aek AvjcvBb bi Mvôxi gvby li cöfve Lye ekx `L Z cvbwb eis wzwb Aw ªK cöfve fvlvi Î ` L Aw ªK cöfv e K_v e j Qb Zvi g Z ÔÔbiZ Ë i w`k nb Z evojvi Rbmgwó gvuvgywu `xn gyû, cök Í bvmv Avw` A ªjxq ev Ô KvwjW&Õ, `xn I g a bœbvm, wgkiñ `kxi ev Ô gjvwbfõ Ges we klfv e Mvj gyû ^í cöfve Dcw Z, wkš Zvnv mgv Ri Lye wb œ Í i Ges mskxy vb MÐxi mxgv AwZµg K i bvb Avw`ÑbwW K ev LuvwU ÔBwÛW&Õ i³ cöevni Ab ^xkvh, wkš m aviv AZ ší kxy I xy gvuvgywufv e BnvB evojv fvlvfvlx Rb mš ai P niv, Ges GB Rb mš ai DciB evovjxi BwZnvm Mwoqv DwVqv Q ÕÕ 6 e GK_v wvk Avh iv G ` k Avmvi eû c~ e GLv b gvbe RvwZi vqx emevm wqj ïay ZvB bq, wewfbœ bi Mvôxi gvbyl G ` k G m emevm Ki Z ïiæ K i ZvB eû b ZvwË K ˆewkó mg~n evovjx RvwZi g a `L Z cviqv hvq ZvB GKKfv e evovjx RvwZi Mob GKB m~ Î eu a `Iqv mgxwpb n e bv Z e gvuvgywu fv e hv `Lv hvq Zv nj gv_v MvjvKvi, bvk PIov, Mv qi io Kv jvñk vgjv gvsvgvws ai Yi AvK wz kvixwik MVbI greyz DËie ½i AbMªmi gymwjg mgvr 13

16 ez gvb evovjx RvwZ mycövpxbkvj _ K we kl GKwU cöwµqvi gva g M o D V Q GB we kl cöwµqv nj i ³i wgkªy h Rb Mvôxi g a hz wgkªy N U Q Zvi MVb fve ZZ ekx iƒcvwšíwiz n q Q Z e eû bi Mvôx mvgvb n ji ^Zš Zv ervq ivl Z m g n q Q GB m gzvq Av Rv we kl we kl bi Mvôx K ^Zš Zv w` q Q Avw`g Rb Mvôxi g a Zv j Kiv hvq hgb Uv Uv, ivfv, muvizvj, wfj BZ vw` Avi GKwU welq j Kiv hvq h, ev ov cöfve DËie ½i evovjx RvwZi g a j Kiv hvq Zv AvjcvBb cöfve wnmv e aiv n q _v K L óxq mßc kzvãx ev Zvi ciezx Kv j evsjv ` k h Avh RvwZi AvMgb N U Zv Z evovjxi g a Avi GKwU bzzb aviv G m wgwjz nq Zv `i nv Zi ax i ax i mvgvwrk, ivr bwzk I A_ bwzk wbqš Y Avh `i nv Z P j hvq G Î Avi GKwU welq D jøl Kiv Avek K h evovjx RvwZi cöwz wblv`, wkivz cö wz ej ji bvix mgvr Zv `i Kv Q A QzZ wqj bv GwU bv _vkvi KviY Gi i ³i wgkªy n Z _v K ZvQvov esk we Ív ii Î Avh mgv R bvixi msl v Kg _vkvq G Î Zv `i A bkuv bgbxq I D`vi n Z n Z `Lv hvq GB bgbxq g bvfv ei g a w` q ïiæ nq Avhx KiY cöwµqv GB cöwµqv hgb `xn vqx Zgwb my`~i cömvix GB cöfve I cöwzcwë me P q we Ívi jvf K i ßhy M GB hy M kªæwz, wz, cyivy I ms wz cöf wz eªvþy fveaviv evojv ` k Av ivwcz nq cvj hy MI GB aviv ervq wqj mb Avg j Zv Av iv kw³kvjx nq Zv m Ë I mvgvwrk Ae vq evovjx RvwZi g a wkqz ^Zš Zv ` L Qb W. ˆmq` gvngỳ yj nvmvb wzwb mgvwrk Ae v ey bv Ki Z wm q e j Qb ÔÔ Avh `i cöfv e evsjvq RvwZ f` cö_vi cöpjb nq Gi d j Avh mgv R cöavbz eªvþy, wîq, ˆek I kỳ ªÑ G PviwU kªyx Z wef³ n q c o evsjv Avh emwz vwcz n j e½, cyûª, ï, kei, wkivz BZ vw` evsjvi Avw`g Avw`evmx `i A bkb wîq kªyxfz³ nq eªvþy I wîq Qvov Ab mk jb QwÎkwU wgkªe Y wef³ n q k~`ª RvwZi AšÍf ~³ nq G wgkª ey jv Avevi DËg, ga g I Aag Ñ G wzbwu mski kªyx Z wef³ wqj RvwZ f `i D Ïk wqj e wë wba viy, A_ vr eªvþy c~rv cve Y, wîq hy we` v, ˆek e emv Ges k~`ª wb œ gv bi KvR, wkš Kvh Î G wefvm A i A i cvjb Kiv nz bv wewfbœ RvwZi ev e Y i g a Aeva gjv gkv wqj ˆeevwnK m úk vwcz nq GB vf evsjvi wewfbœ Rb Mvôxi g a hgb `Lv hvq Zgwb eš I ˆRb ag ej ^x `i g a I Avh fveavivi mv _ evojv ` k Av iv `ywu aviv evojv ` k we kl f wgkv cvjb K i Zv nj eš I ˆRb aviv G `i cöfve h evojv ` k wqj Zvi cögvy cviqv hvq wnd qo mvo eš ag wel q fviz AvMgbKv j evsjv ` k Av mb evojv ` k h eš cöfve wqj Zv úó nq Mvjvg gyiwk `i K_vq ÔÔL óñc~e wøzxq kzvãx Z DrKxY muvwp Íz c e½ `k K `vwe Kiv n q Q eš GjvKv e j Z Zxq L óvã Z A Ü«i GKwU 14 DËie ½i AbMªmi gymwjg mgvr

17 wkjvwjwc ZI ejv n q Q h, e½ `k eš GjvKv 405 mv j GKRb Pxbv ch UK Zvgªwjwß bm ib evbkwu eš m½ ` LwQ jb myzivs evsvq hvq, e½ ` k eš ag k³ wfwëi Dci vwcz n qwqj cvj ivrv `i A bk Av MB 8 GB cöev` ïay h agx q Î wqj Zv bq, Gi we Ívi mvgvwrk I ivrb wzk I mvs wzk ÎI ez gvb wqj Z e ivrv kkv ¼i Avg j Zv wkqzw` bi Rb Pv c _vk ji cvj Avg j cybivq ^gwngvq cöwzwôz nq eš cöfve I Zv `i Ae vbñgi d j GL bv eû eš g~wz cövß nq Ges n Q GB e½f wg Z GQvov ˆRb ag gzi evojv ` k AvswkK cöfve we Ívi Ki Z m g n qwqj Z e eš ag hfv e e½ ` k cöfve we Ívi Ki Z c iwqj ZZUv ˆRb ag cöfve we Íi Ki Z cv iwb Zvm Ë I ejv hvq mvgvb n ji Zv `i cöfve wqj Kbbv eû HwZnvwmK e½ ` k ˆRb gw `i ev wenv ii Aw Í Z i K_v e jb mgvr I ms wzi Î eš aviv evojv ` ki BwZnv m we kl iæz `vb K i G `i m ^ Ü I evojv ` ki cövk& HwZnvwmK mgvr m ú K h _ó Dcv`vb Qwo q wqwu q Av Q evojv ` ki gvwu Z I cövpxb Mªš vw` Z GB mg Í Dcv`vb _ K AbywgZ nq hlbb Kv bv bzzb RvwZ evojv ` k AvMgb K i Q ZLbB evovjx RvwZ AvNv Zi (Challenge) Gi m ylxb n q Q ev½vjx RvwZ ev i ev i DËi (response) w` q Q Ges M o D V Q GK mgš^qx fveaviv GB fv eb evovjx bvbv mgš^ q ez gvb ch v q Dcw Z n q Q evovjx RvwZ MV bi Î gymjgvb Avµg Yi f wgkv wqj AwZ iæz c~y gymjgvb Avµg Yi c~ e evovjx RvwZ Zvi wbr ^ më vi müvb cvqwb ZvB z`ª z`ª iv R I DcRvwZ Z wef³ n q evovjx RvwZ wew Qbœfv e wqj gymjgvb kvmkivb cö_g mgmª evojv `kmk evovjvn& bv g AwfwnZ K ib Ges G ` ki gvbylrb K evovjx bv g f wlz K ib BwZc~ e hw`i Ôe½Õ K_v ms Z mvwn Z cviqv hvq wkš Zv wqj ez gvb ALÛ evojvi c~e vâj I `w YvÂj Avevi Kv bv Kv bv Î Ôe½Õ GKwU Rbc` gvî mb mgq `w YvÂj K ivp, DËivÂj K cyûea b, e i `ª I j²bvezx Ges DËi I cwðg A ji wkqz Ask K MŠo bv g AwfwnZ Kiv nz wmqvmywïb eje bi Avgj _ K evovjvn bvgwu M nxz nq Ges myjzvb Bwjqvm kvn& mgmª AÂj K evojvn& wnmv e MªnY K ib Gi d jb evojv ` ki ivr bwzk, mvgvwrk I A_ bwzk HK cöwzwôz nq Ges evovjx RvwZMZ I fvlvmz cwikvvv gvi müvb cvq GB mgq _ KB evovjx RvwZi e nëi mgvr M o I V hlv b Avh, Kvj, gyûv, kei, muvizvj, cv `, evdix cöf wz GgbwK gymjgvb kvmk I cörvkzj wb R `i evovjx RvwZi m`m wnmv e fve Z ïiæ K i GB gnvwgj b evovjx RvwZ K AvR ^gwngvq GK ^Zš RvwZ Z cwiyz K i Q Dc iv³ cö vc U Avgiv DËie ½i RvwZ-mË v I Zv `i HwZnvwmK Ae vb j K i DËie ½i gymwjg mgv Ri Drm I Zv `i AbMªmiZvi w` K Av jvkcvz Kie DËie ½i AbMªmi gymwjg mgvr 15

18 DËie½ ej Z cwðge ½i DË ii Qq Rjv K evsvq h_vñ KvPwenvi, RjcvB wo, `vwr wjs, gvj`n, `w Y w`bvrcyi I DËi w`bvrcyi ez gvb cwðge ½i mv _ 1950 mv j mgmª KvPwenvi Rjv hy³ Kiv nq Ges DËi w`bvrcyi Rjvi Bmjvgcyi gnkzgv I `vwr wjs Rjvi duvwm`viqv _vbvi AšÍM Z 19wU gšrv U wi-am vbvb Rkb Kwgk bi mycvwikµ g 1956 mv ji 25 k A ±vei hvi bvwuwd Kkb bs- Gm.Avi.I 2473 Ges 1jv b f ^i _ K Kvh Kix Kiv nq h bvwuwd Kk b AÎ GjvKv wenvi _ K wb q cwðge ½i mv _ hy³ Kivi NvlYv nq cª_g w`b GB UªvÝdviW Gwiqv `vwr wjs Rjvi mv _ hy³ n ji Zvi c ii w` bb GK mikvwi weáwß Rvwi K i `vwr wjs Rjv _ K mwi q mv ek cwðg w`bvrcyi Rjvi mv _ hy³ Kiv nq hvi mikvwi wr.g ZvwiL-02/11/ 1956 Gici 1959 mv ji 20 k gvp 1177 b ^i wr.g. Øviv gnvb `v b`xi DËivs ki gvu 19wU gšrvi cªvq em gvbj GjvKv `vwr wjs Rjvi mv _ hy³ Kiv nq Ae k l 1992 mv ji 1jv Gwcªj mv ek cwðg w`bvrcyi Rjv wefvrb n j ez gvb Bmjvgcyi gnkzgv DËi w`bvrcyi Rjvi g a c o 1956 mv j hlb GB GjvKv wenvi _ K cwðge ½i m ½ hy³ nq ZLb GB GjvKv m ú K hv Rvbv hvq Zv nj gvu 759 em gvbj GjvKvmn 906wU Mªvg I Rb bvix-cyiæl wenvi _ K cwðge ½ vbvšíwiz nq ÔÔIn 1956 in view of the recommendations of the State Re-organisation Commission implemented by Bihar West Bengal Transfer of territories Act, 1956, an area of 759 square miles with a population of was transferred to West BengalÕÕ mv j `k fv Mi mgq evsjv wølwûz niqvq cwðge ½i gvbwpî LwÛZ nq GKw` K DË i KvPwenvi, RjcvB wo I `vwr wjs Rjv, Ab cªv ší `w Ye½-mn gvj`n I cwðg w`bvrcyi Rjv wølwûz GB cwðge½ K GKB gvbwp Î wb q Avmvi Kvi YB wenv ii GB Ask cwðge ½i mv _ hy³ Kiv Awbevh n q c i GB myshyw³ m e n qwqj ivr cybm Vb Kwgk bi mycvwikµ g Kwgkb j K ib h : West Bengal is now the only part. A State which is geographically not a compact and integrated unit 10 Z e GB GjvKvi gvby li fvlv-ms wz DËie ½i gvby li fvlv-ms wz i mv _ eûjvs k wgj wqj hv GL bv ez gvb h e nr RbemwZ wenvi _ K cwðge ½ vbvšíwiz nq Zv `i mv _ Ges Zvi wkqy c i 1958 mv ji Av MB 12wU DØv K jvbxi Aw ÍZ wqj h_vñ ivrywfuv K jvbx-77wu cwievi, (2) kªxk òcyi K jvbx-86wu cwievi, (3) wkebmi K jvbx-76wu cwievi (4) VvKzibMi K jvbx- 68wU cwievi, (5) AwRZevm K j bx-82wu cwievi (6) dvg K jvbx-86wu cwievi, (7) MvBkvj K jvbx-82wu cwievi (8) i gkcyi K jvbx-13wu cwievi GQvov 16 DËie ½i AbMªmi gymwjg mgvr

19 _vbv K jvbx, nvwßqvmq Ges weavbmi K jvbx Z AviI 251wU cwievi emevm Ki Zb GB mg Í K jvbxi gvu RbmsL v wqj 4,850 Rb Aewkó RbemwZ wj wqj f wgcyî `i hviv wb R `i `kx, ml, m~h vcyix, kªxcywiqv fvwuqv cªf wz e j cwipq `b G `i g a D jøl hvm RbRvwZ wj nõjñ ml(bm ml), Mvqvjv, ivreskx, gymvnvi, nvwi, Zwj, ˆmq`, Rvjv, kikvev`xqv, Kvq eªvþy cªf wz GB RbRvwZ `i g a eªvþy, Kvq I ˆmq` mgvr wqj myw ifv e mvgvwrk, ivr bwzk, A_ bwzk I ag xq Î D P KvwU Z mg Í fvizxq RvwZ mgvr wpšívi gz GLvbKvi gymwjg mgvr g~jzt cªavb PviwU fv M wef³ wqj h_vñ ml, ˆmq`, gvmj, cvvvb GB mvgvwrk e e v mgmª DËie ½ ez gvb GB Pvi mgv Ri g a i YkxjZv _vk ji ag všíwiz gymjgvbiv wb R `i ml wnmv e cwipq w` Zb Kbbv h mg Í gvbyl cxi-`i ek Øviv AbycªvwYZ n q Bmjvg ag MªnY K iwq jb ZvivB ag všíwiz gymjgvb `i ml mgv R cª ekvwakvi w` qwq jb GB cª ek ag xq Î n ji mvgvwrk Î e eavb wqj Gi d j G `kxq RbRvwZi jv Kiv hlb Bmjvg ag MªnY K i ZLb ml mgv Ri AšÍM Z n ji mvgvwrk w`k _ K G `i gh v`v Aviexq ml mgv R gz nqwb G `i mvgvwrk I ivr bwzk gh v`v G `kxq bvmwik `i gzb _ K Mj G wel q Wvt câvbb mvnv e jb ÔÔevOvwj gymjgvb `i wecyj AskB nj wn `y mgv Ri wb œe Y i ag všíwiz gvbyl ag cwiez b Ki ji Zvi c~e cyiæ li RxweKv, ag xq mvgvwrk ms v ii A bk wj wemr b w` Z cv ibwbõõ 11 D`vicš x cxi `i ekmy gvby li g a Kv bv f`v f` K ibwb Zuv `i mvg, GKZv I åvz Z ev a AvK ó n q wecyj msl K gvbyl Bmjvg ag MªnY K i G cªm ½ D jøl ïay mydxev` Øviv Bmjvg ag cªpvi n q Q Zv ejv hv e bv ivr bwzk I A_ bwzk KviYI wqj Z e fvizxq RvZ e e vi Kzdj Bmjvg m úªmvi Yi Ab Zg KviY evojv ` k gymwjg kvmb cªwzwôz niqvi c~ e i mydx mvakiv G ` k cª ek K ib Av`g mydx-b cª_g evojv ` k ejøvj m bi kvmbkv j Av mb Gici K qkrb mydx mvak mb-kvmbkv j evojv ` k h G mwqj b Zvi cªgvy cviqv hvq Ô ml-ï fv`qvõ Mª š DËi-`w Y c~e -cwðg mgmª evsjvq RvZ e e v mb Avg ji Av M ag xq eovrv j Ave wqjbv ejøvj mb eªvþy ev`x fveaviv mg Í evsjvq Av ivc Kivq mvaviy gvby li g b v fi mâvi K i GKw` K ejøvj mb KZ K eªvþy ev`x mgvr MVb cªwµqvq hgb evsjvi mgvr g bi w`k _ K g b bqwb, Ab w` K j²y m bi bvbvwea `ye jzv mvaviy gvbyl K gvbwmk Ø Ø d jwqj ZvB mb Avg j evsjvq BmjvgxKiY cªwµqv mydx mvakiv Pvwj q hvb Gi d j wfz i wfz i Bmjv gi GK k³ wfz ˆZix nq hvi djkªæwz 1204 mv j BLwZqvi-DÏxb-gn `-web-elwzqvi wljrx evsjv werq Ki Z m g n qwq jb mb ivr Z eªvþy fveaviv RvZcvZnxb ivreskx mgv RI AvNvZ K i Gi d j gvbyl Bmjvg ag MªnY Ki Z ïiæ K i mgmª fvize l mydx mvakiv Zv `i gywi` ev (wkl ) ˆZix Ki Zb Ges Bmjvgag cªpvi Ki Zb G cªm ½ DËie ½i AbMªmi gymwjg mgvr 17

20 D jøl hvm h, GB mydxiv bvbv ` j wef³ wq jb Zv `i g a D jøl hvm Mvôxmg~n nõjñ (1) wpk&wzqv (2) mvnviewa qv (3) Kj `wiqv (4) gv`vwiqv (5) kvëvwiqv (6) wdi `Šmx cªf wz GB Mvôx mg~ ni g a A b KB mgš^qx GK fveavivq Ae vb K ib mydxg Zi DrcwË wb q bvbv ikg gz f` i q Q GB wez K huviv Av Qb Zv `i g a D jøl hvm n jb Von Kremer; B.G. Bron I Don cªf wz jlke ` m wez K bv wm q fvizxq cªfve j Ki j `Lv hvq h, fvizxq ms Z cy ÍKvw` Aviex I dvm x fvlvq A b KB Abyev` K ib GB Abyw`Z-Mªš mg~n Biv Yi cwûz gn j we kl mgv`i h jvf K iwqj Zv Z Kv bv m `n bb Kbbv GB mgqwu wqj Bmjv gi RqhvÎvi mgq evojv ` k mydx-mvakiv Avmvi c~ e i fvizxq `k b ZË MZ w`k _ K Dcjwä K iwq jb hgb hvmev `i wel q iwpz ÔAg ZKvÛÕ Mªš Lvwb Aviex I dvm x fvlvq Abyev` Kiv nq Aviexq f wg Z fvizxq `k bi Aa qb Ki ji Zuviv hlb GB ` ki gvwu Z cv ivl jb, G ` ki gvby li m ½ m úk vcb Ki jb, G ` ki gvby li ag -ey, a vb-avibv, AvPvie envi I ag mvabvi welq wj cwi vi fv e Dcjwä Ki jb ZLb Dfq m úà v qi h gb ÍvwË K AvKl Y `Lv w`j Zv Z GK mgš^qx g bvfve M o DV jv mydx `i AvPvi-e envi I gzv` k Zvi cªfve j Kiv hvq w`bvrcy ii evwjqv w`wni e-miv dwki `i g a Zvi cªgvy ez gvb mydxiv h wn `y-gymjgvb `i g a Kv bv f`v f` Ki Z Pvbwb Zvi ARmª cªgvy ez gvb lvok kzvãx _ KB GB fvebv úófv e aiv c o mydx gzev ` wek vmx Kvb Kvb Kwe `i ipbvq GB kz Ki Kwe gxi ˆmq` myjzvb ( ) Gi ÔÁvb cª`xcõ I ÔÁvb PŠwZkvÕ Mª š GB Dfq Mª š wn `y gymjgv bi wpšívavivi mgš^q N U Q ÔÁvb PŠwZlvÕ Mª š hgb mgš^qx fve Av Q Zgwb Av Q Amv úª`vwqk g bvfve wzwb e `bv As k wj L QbÑ cª_ g cªywg ZË cyiæl cyivy eªþv B `ª hvi Ñ bv cvbj müvb g nk fvweqv AšÍ bv cvbj hvi gywy m e a vb gg bv eywsj Zvi w`m ^i nb Kb bv cvbj D Ïk bv wpwb mbœ vmx m e å g cªwz `k Zc ^x eªvþy k~`ª ivg bvivqy fvweqv bv cvbj Zvi AšÍ j²y mb Zby cªyvwg, cªyvgx iæc` huvnvi cªmv ` cvbjuy Áv bi m ú` RbK Rbbx `v n cªyvg Kwiqv Kwne PŠwZkÁvb g b wegwl qv 12 G Z Abygvb Kiv hvq h mydx gzev ` wek vmxiv KZUv mgš^qx g bvfv e Av vkxj 18 DËie ½i AbMªmi gymwjg mgvr

21 wq jb Ges wn `yzë m ú K KZUv IqvwKenvj wq jb mydx `i GB D`vi mgš^qx I Amv úª`vwqk g bvfve Zv `i Øviv ag všíwiz gymjgvb `i g a I h cªfve dj e, m wel q m `n _v K bv GB ikg mgš^q j Kiv hvq gxi gn ` kwdi ( ) Gi ÔbyibvgvÕ, nvrx gyn `i ( ) Gi ÔmyiZbvgvÕ Ges gn ` Lv bi ( ) Gi ÔmZ Kwj weev`õ cªf wz Mª š GB mgš^qx g bvfve cª_ g mydx gzev ` cª ek K i mvgvwrk ˆewk ó i wkqyuv iƒcvšíi NUvq Ges ciez xkv j Zv mvwn Z vb K i bq mvgvwrk Ae vb _ KB GB mg Í mvwnz m wó n qwqj mydxev` evojv ` k Avmvi c i G `kxq mgvr-ms wzi mv _ cwiwpz n q ag cªpvi K iwq jb Ges Df qi g a wgjb NwU q wb Ri vb K iwq jb wewfbœ cxi, dwki, `i ek `i gvrv i (Kei v b) AvRI ag ey wbwe k l RbmvaviY wgwjz nq GB wgjb Zuv `i RxweZ Ae vq N UwQj hvi wz AvRI e q P j Q wn `y-gymjgv bi kª vi cvî wq jb Giv GKw` K mgš^qx aviv Avi Ava vwz K wµqvkjv c hy³ mydxiv ag všíwiz gymjgvb `i g a e ck AvKv i ms vi K ibwb Gi d j ag všíwiz gymwjg mgv R c~e ez x `kvpvi wj i q hvq Kv ji cªev n Zv xy n ji GL bv eû D`vniY we` gvb Gi d j Aviexq I ewnivmz gymwjg mgvr ag xq Î cª ekvwakvi w` ji mvgvwrk Î mggh v`v `bwb hgb weevn-eüb, ivrcvu cªf wz Î G `kxq gymjgvbiv ewnivmz kvmk Mvôx gymjgvb `i mg MvÎxq n Z cv ibwb D Pe Y i wn `y mgvr hviv msl vq bmy A_P ag všíwiz n qwq jb Zviv Zv `i bvh cvibv Av`vq Ki Z m g n qwq jb cvkvcvwk wb œe Y i wn `y Z_v ivreskx, cwjqv KvP _ K Bmjvg a g ag všíwiz gvbyl cq bb c i _v K ml ˆmq`, gvmj cvvvb Aviexq gymwjg G `kxq gymwjg mgv Ri mv _ hgb ˆeevwnK m ^Ü vcb K ibwb, Zgwb G `kxq wb œe Y i ag všíwiz gymjgvb `i ivr`iev i Aeva cª ekvwakvi wqjbv ˆmb evwnbx wksev MªvgxY ivr ^ Av`vq cªf wz bxpz Í ii wkqy Kv R mvgvb msl K gvbyl vb c ji DuPz Í ii Kv bv `ßi wksev mikvix my hvm myweav Giv cvbwb DËie ½i ag všíwiz gymwjg mgvr mvgvwrk, ivr bwzk I A_ bwzk w`k _ K ivreskx `i _ K DbœZ n Z cv iwb Ab w` K c~y iƒ c ag xq AvPvi cvjb Kivi Kv bv `vqe Zv bv _vkvq Giv c~e eskx `i AvPvi AvPiY Qvo Z cv ibwb ivrvi a g wek vmx gvbyl n qi Giv ivrvbyk j cvbwb mgvr I ms wzi `vuvbvq Giv cªk Z ml mgv R VuvB bv c q, wb R K `kx ml wnmv e cwipq `Iqv ïiæ K ib Aci cªv ší _ K hviqv ey wn `y mgvr bzzb ag všíwiz gymwjg mgvr K bm ml wnmv e AvL vwqz K ib GB Av ivwcz bm ml Dcvwa gvp bi Rb `kx gymwjg mgvr bvbv Dcvq LuyR Z ïiæ K ib KD KD Kv bv cx ii m½z wb q mgv R GB KvVv gv _ K wb R K DuPz Íixq g b K ib GB gvby liv mgv R AvswkK gh v`v c Z _v K GQvov KD KD mikvix Kg Pvix` j bvg wj L bvbv Dcvwa aviy K ib hgbñ mikvi, Luv BZ vw` GZ wkqy Póvi c ii ms wzi aviv DËie ½i AbMªmi gymwjg mgvr 19

22 cvwievwik I mvgvwrk Î _ K hvq mvgvwrk I ms wzi GB ^Zš cwipq a i `kx I we `kx M elk `i Kv Q GB RbRvwZ Ôbm mlõ wnmv e bw_fz³ nq HwZnvwmK GB mz K g b DËie ½i `kxq gymwjg mgv Ri eo AskB bm ml GLb cªkœ Kviv GB bm ml mgv Ri Drm? G wel q ch v jvpbv Ki Z M j b ZvwZ K RvwZmË vi w` K Av jvkcvz Ki Z nq DËie ½i Qq Rjv I wenv ii c~wy qv Rjv Ges evsjv ` ki w`bvrcyi I iscyi Rjvq gv½jv qw Rb Mvôxi gvby li AvwaK ez gvb GZ`& j ivreskx mgvr GB gv½jv qw Rb Mvôxi g~j K `ªwe `y GB ivreskx mgv Ri g a PviwU fvm `Lv hvq, h_vñ KvP, cwjqv, ivreskx I `wkqv ÔÔThe fact appears to be that there are four Sub-Cast Viz, Rajbansi, Paliya, Deshi & Koch.ÕÕ 13 GB Pvi Rb Mvôxi gvby liv eªvþy ev`x kvly I kvm bi Kvi Y mvgvwrk A ú k Zv, ivr bwzk I A_ bwzk Kvi Y e vck msl K gvbyl Bmjvg ag MªnY K i GB cªwµqv mb Avgj _ K Bs ir Avgj ch ší avivevwnkfv e Pj Z _v K ag všíwiz gymwjg mgvr mvgvwrk Î wb R `i `kx e j cwipq w` Z fvjevm Zb, Zvi KviY, ivreskx mgv R `kxiv wb R `i gh v`v m úbœ g b Ki Zb ÔÔThe Rajbanshis are said to claim decent from the Koch Rajas, and the Deshi from the higher Koch Families, though they also often claim to be Rajbanshis, The Paliyas and Koch are both inferior to them in social status, and differ from them not in feature But very widely in colour, being generally of dark complexion, while the Rajbanshis and Deshis are fair.õõ 14 A_ vr ivreskx `i `vwe Ki Z kvbv hvq h, Zviv f`ª KvP ivrv _ K b g G m Qb `kxiv D P KvP cwievi _ K G m Q Zviv cªvq `vwe K ib ivreskx wnmv e cwjqv Ges KvP DfqB mvgvwrk c`gh v`vq ivreskx `i Kv Q wb œgv bi Pnvivq G `i Kv bv Zdvr bv _vk ji Mv qi is Oi Î KvP cwjqviv mvaviyz Kv jv wqj Ab w` K ivreskx Ges `kxiv `L Z dm v Gi d j ag všíwik gvbyl `kx cwipq i L `b ïay ZvB bq `kx gymwjg mgvr wbr ^ GKwU ejq ˆZix K ib GB ejq `kx gymwjg mgvr AvRI _ K M Q `kx bm ml mgvr mb KvVv gv f` Kivi Kv bv iv Ív bv c q Zvi g a AvewZ Z n Z _v K hw`i B`vwbs Kv j wkqy ivr bwzk K UPv j ag xq Db v`bv `k e vcx gv_v-pvov w` q Q, Zvi wkqyuv n ji `kx gymwjg mgv R c o Q d j Aíwe Íi ms vivw` ïiæ n q Q DËie ½i GB ag všíwiz gymwjg mgvr h eûjvs k KvP, cwjqv Z_v ivreskx mgvr _ K ag všíwiz Zvi mz Zv ^xkvi K ib D c `ªbv_ eg Y gnvkq wzwb e jbñ ÔÔBnv Z Kvb m `n bvb h, DËi evsjvi wkwj wo, RjcvB wo, KzPwenvi, iscyi, w`bvrcyi, wenv ii c~wy qv Rjvi DËic~e Ask Ges Avmv gi Mvqvjcvov Rjvi cwðgvs k gyl Z ivreskxivb g~j Awaevmx gymjgvb Awaevmxiv gyl Z ivreskxq `i ga nb Z ag všíwiz nbqv QbÕÕ 15 GB ag všíwiz gymwjg mgvr bvwoi Uvb m ú~y fv e wqbœ K ibwb Zvi KviY mvgvwrk ˆelg _ K 20 DËie ½i AbMªmi gymwjg mgvr

23 euvpvb wqj ag cwiez bi g~j KviY Avw` ivreskx mgv R eªvþy fveavivi cªfve `L Z cviqv hvq bv GB Dfq mgvr mvgvwrk Kg KvÛ HwZn MZ fv e wbqwgz cvjb K i P jb ag všíwiz gymwjg mgvr Zv `i c~e ez x mvgvwrk I mvs wzk Î ghv v`v me Î nvivb wb Zvi KviY eªvþy ev` DËi e ½ k³ wfz M o Zzj Z cv iwb Ggb wk ivr cwiev ii bv fvizel e vcx hlb fw³ev` Zv `i gvbwek I Ava vwz K `k b wb q mvaviy gvby li g a Dcw Z nq ZLb Avgiv `L Z cvb DËi fvi Zi Ab Zg fw³ev `i cªpvik kªx k¼i `e KvPwenvi ivrvi Avj q vb cv Qb ciez x Kv j GB k¼i ` ei Rxeb`k b Avmvg-mn fvize vcx Qwo q c i hvi Kvi Y ivreskx mgv R f`v f` I N Yvi evzveiy bb ej jb P j ivreskx mgv Ri GB we kl Y _ K ag všíwiz gymwjg mgvr me Zvfv e wew Qbœ n Z cv iwb mvgvwrk I mvs wzk w` K wew Qbœ bv niqvi Kvi Y Dfq mgv Ri g a ag xq wel q Ø Ø `Lv `qwb eis Dfq mgv Ri g a M o D V Q GK mvs wzk mw jb Î GB Îi AwaKvi _ K ag všíwiz gymwjg mgvr ewâz nqwb GgbwK gymwjg mgvr KvPwenv ii ivrvbyk j _ KI ewâz nqwb Zvi cªgvy KvPwenv ii ivm gjvi D Øvabx Abyôv bi m~pbvc e gjvi Pvwiw` K Qwo Nywi q gjv D Øvab Ki Qb gymwjg mgvr G KvR Zviv eskvbyµ g K i P j Qb GB wel vz ivm gjv ivrvb~k j AbywôZ nz ïay ivm gjv bq DËievsjvi Mªv g-m Ä Ggb nvrv iv gjv cviqv hv e hlv b Dfq mgv Ri Dcw wz m úªxwzi w`k wb ` k K i Pvcov _vbvi `ym vc~rv Dcj Rniv gjv, wkeivwî Dcj `jyqv gjv wksev AvgZjvi gni gi gjv GB gjeü bi d j ivreskx, `kx, gymwjg mgv Ri m úªxwz BwZnvm wm GB Dfq mgv Ri g a RvwZMZ `v½vi BwZnvm bb ej jb P j G Î Aek ivreskx avivi GK we kl Yvejx ez gvb wqj hvñ ÔÔAs a class all four Sub-Castes are very true to their word and make good tenants, being punctual in payment of their rentsõõ 16 A_ vr GB kªyxi PviwU AbyRvwZB K_vi Ljvc KiZ bv Ges cªrv wnmv e Zviv wqj ivrf³ mgq Abyhvqx Zviv Zv `i LvRbv w`z ivreskx `i GB mvgvwrk I mvs wzk Yvejx eû ag všíwiz gymjgvb `i g a `Lv hvq ez gv b Avw_ K AbU b GB gvbwmkzvq Kv_vI Kv_vI fvuv c o Q Z e ^fvewm fv e GB ˆewkó Dfq mgv Ri g a Aew Z DËie ½i mvgwmªk wpî GK Z e e vck `~i Z i Kvi Y nq Zv Kv bv Kv bv Î e wzµg `Lv hvq KvP-wenv ii GKwU we kl `kvpvi nq Zv gvj`vq bb fvlvi kã fvûvi GK n ji vb we k l evk MVb cªyvjx(syntax) GKUz e wzµg n q Q Avm j mg Í DËie ½i ivreskx, KvP, cwjqv cªf wz Rbmgv Ri fvlvixwz Abyiƒc vb we k l mvgvb ikg di niqvq Ab wkqy fveevi wkqy bb hgb Bmjvgcyi gnkzgvi `kx ml gymwjg mgvr h KvP-AwiwRb G wel q m `n _v K bv hlb kzel c~ e i gymwjg mgv Ri GB Dw³ j Kiv hvq ÔÔIn the DËie ½i AbMªmi gymwjg mgvr 21

24 Kishanganj Sub-Division and in the Kasba, Amur and Balarampur thanas the musalmans, who are said to be of Koch origin, speak a mixture of Bihari and Bengali closely resembling the Koch Bengali of Malda.ÕÕ 17 G Z Rvbv hvq mgmª wklvymä gnkzgv mn Kmev, Agyi I ejivgcyi _vbvi gymjgvbiv KvP esk D Z Ges Giv wenvix I gvj`vi KvP `i gz wgwkªz fvlvq K_v e jb GB Kvi Y VvKzi câvbb eg Y DËie ½i fvlv K KvgZv-wenvix fvlv wnmv e AvL vwqz K iwq jb hw`i wenvi K_vwU VvKzi câvbb eg Y eš Îf wg wnmv e f ewq jb DËie ½i ivreskx KvP, cwjqv I `kx wn `y-gymjgv bi gy Li fvlv g~jzt GK GB fvlv ez gv b bvbv v b bvbv bv g cªpwjz h_v KvgZvcyix, KvgZvwenvix, ivreskx, m~h vcyix, Mvqvj cvovbqv, kªxcywiqv cªf wz GB bvg GKB fvlvi GKvwaK bvg _ K me Rbm Z GKwU mvaviy bvg `Iqv h Z cv i h bvgki Y mgv Ri Kv bv As ki gvby li AvcwË _vk e bv Z e G wel q Av iv Av jvpbv, M elyv I mikvix wm v šíi cª qvrbxqzv i q Q fvlv bvg wel q DZRvm mfv bîx kªxgzx iäbv ivq-gi g Z mgmª DËie ½i Avcvgi wn `y gymjgvb h fvlvq K_v e j, m fvlvi bvg we kl Kv bv GKwU m úà v qi bv g bv i L KvgZvcywi ivlv fvj kªxgzx iv qi cª ÍvewU fvlvwe` `i Kv Q we ep n e e j g b nq DËie ½i ivreskx I ag všíwiz gymwjg mgv Ri msl v cövq 70% G `i g a msl vjny mgv Ri Ae vb cövq 35 kzvsk msl vjny mgv R GB fvlvi bvg w` Z Pvb ÔKvgZvÕ ivreskx mgv Ri msl vmwiô gvbyl GB fvlvi bvg w` Z Pvb ÔKvgZvcywiÕ GQvov wkqz msl K ivreskx gvbyl GB fvlvi bvg w` Z Pvb ÔivReskxÕ GB cö vc U ch v jvpbv Ki j `Lv hvq, RvwZi bvg ÔKvgZvcywiÕ fvlvi bvg ÔKvgZvÕ Ges HwZnvwmKfv e DËie ½i bvg KvgZvcyi mikvi I mywa mgvr G wel q GKwU me Rbm Z wm vší wb eb fvlv cªm ½ Av jvpbv Ki Z M j `Lv hvq DËie½ wgwb fvize l i ms wzi Avi fvlvi Zx_ f wg GB f wg Z eû fvlvfvwl gvby li emevm h_vñ `kx wn `y gymjgv bi gy Li fvlv e ZxZ i q Q, evsjv wn `x, D` y, bcvjx, kv`ªx, LvÆv mvuizvjx XU evsjv BZ vw` XU evsjvq hviv K_v e jb Zviv wb R `i kikv-evw`qv e j cwipq `b, KD KD G `i fvwuqv I evw`qv e jb G `i m ú K Rvbv hvqñôôit is said that Shershah after Conquering Bengal left some of his army men who originally came from Punjab side, at Mursidabad and Maldah. This class of people were named after Shershah and were known as Shershabadia.ÕÕ 18 A_ vr GUv ejv hvq h, kikv ni evojv Rq Kivi ci wkqy ˆmb i L hvq hviv g~jzt cväve GjvKv _ K G m gvj`n gywk `vev` GjvKvq emevm Ki Zb kikv ni ciez xkv j GB kªyxi bvg kikvevw`qv wnmv e Rvbv hvq GB RbRvwZi K wó ms wz bm ml gymwjg mgvr _ K ^Zš G `i Lv` vfvm hgb-wpzvb, AvÜvmv, DwU cªf wz wbr ^ Lv` GB mgv Ri weevnbyôvbi ^Zš ixwz Z AbywôZ nq bm ml mgvr vbxq `kvpvi mg~n cvjb K ib Giv Zv K i bv GB mgv R weevn jmœ e j Kv bv j Mœi Aw ÍZ bb mpivpi w` bi ejvq 22 DËie ½i AbMªmi gymwjg mgvr

25 G `i weevnkvh m ú~y nq bm ml mgvr hgb ivreskx `i gz fv`ªgv m weevn `b bv, G `i fv`ªgv m weevn n Z Kv bv evav bb gymwjg mgv R ^xk Z Pvi Bgv gi PvigZ h_vñ nvwbdx, kvwdqx, gvwjkx I nv ^jx e j cwiwpz GB RbRvwZ Dc iv³ Pvi Bgv gi cªwz kª v Rvbv ji msl vmwiô kikvevw`qv GB Pvi g Z Ae vb K ib bv ag xq Î kwiqzx weavb G `i Kv Q cª hvr mvaviyz Giv b`xi Povq evm K ib ckvq K wlmn bvbv kvwiixk Su ywkc~y Kv R hy³ nb dix, fvix gvwu KvUvi Kv R G `i cviqv hvq wk vq I A_ bwzk w`k _ K `kx gymjgvb mgv Ri gzb wcwq q civ Ae v gvj`n gywk `vev` Rjvq G `i emevm AwaK n ji b`x fv½ bi d j cªpzi gvbyl DËiMvgx n q Qb ez gv b DËie ½i cªvq Rjvq G `i emwz `Lv hvq G `i HK e Zv I MªvgxY m` vi ev gvoj GL bv ez gvb G `i kvwiixk MVb ek kw³kvjx Giv evsjvi gzb GK wewpî fvlvq K_v e jb h fvlvi vbxq bvg XU evsjv GQvov gymwjg mgv R h mg Í RvbRvwZi cviqv hvq Zviv njñ Avbmvwi, Rvjv, KzjvBqv, nvrvg, LvÆv BZ vw` GB kikvev`xqv mgv Ri gvby liv KLb wkfv e Bmjvg MªnY K iwq jb Zv wb q wezk Av Q Kv iv g Z G `i Avw` cyiæliv we `k _ K G m kikv ni ˆmb evwnbx Z hvm w` qwq jb, Avevi Kv iv g Z Giv fvizxq esk Z mg Í fvize l i hlb Bmjvg cªpvi ïiæ n qwqj ZLbB Giv Bmjvgag MªnY K i mydx `i mgš^qx g bvfve cª_ g mydx gzev ` cª ek K i mvgvwrk ˆewk ó i wkqyuv iƒcvšíi NUvq Ges ciez x Kv j Zv mvwn Z vb K i bq mvgvwrk Ae vb _ KB mydx mvwn Z m wó n qwqj cª_g w` K cväve w`jøx I wmüzi mydx m úà vqfz³ jv KivB cª_g Ava wz K welq wj K gvz fvlvq ipbvi cªiyv cvb fw³ev`xiv I Zuv `i wkl iv Gu `i AbymiY K ib GB mg q kikvev`xqv mgv Ri ag všíwiz niqvi m vebv _ K hvq GB ch v q gvbyl gyw³ cviqvi c_ wnmv e Bmjvg K ` LwQ jb GB ` wófw½i Kvi Y wn `y-gymwjg a g mvaviy gvbyl Kv bv f`v f` K ibwb GB f`v f` bv _vkvi d j mgv R weev`i wqjbv Zvi cªgvy cviqv hvi Ôag g½jõ Kv e Ñ ÔÔag ˆnjv Rebiƒcx gv_v qz KvjUzwc nv Z kv f wîkp Kvgvb R _K `ezvmy m f ˆnq v GKgb Avb ` Z cwijv BRvi eªþv ˆnjv gnv `, weòz ˆnj v ckv ^i Av` ^ (Av`g) nbjv k~jcvwy M Yk nbjv MvRx, KvwË K nbjv KvRx dwki nbjv R_gywY ZwRqv Avcb fk, bvi` nbjv kk( kl) DËie ½i AbMªmi gymwjg mgvr 23

26 24 DËie ½i AbMªmi gymwjg mgvr cyi `i nbjv gj&bv (gvijvbv) 19 GB wqj mvaviy wn `y-gymjgv bi mgš^ qi fvebv gymwjg AwfNv Z evsjvi mgvr I ms wzi iƒcvšíi NU ji mgš^ qi fvebv L U LvIqv kªgrxwe gvby li g a wqj Gi d j evsjvq M o D V Q GK mgš^qx ms wzi aviv GB mgš^ qi fvebvi we Ívi N U Q ˆPZb mn eû gyxlxi g a evsjvi mgš^qx gymwjg mgvr h HwZn MZ ms wz wemr b `bwb Zv ^xkvi K i Qb wel vz M elk D c `ªbv_ fævpvh wzwb e j ÔÔBmjvg MªnY Kwi ji GZw` bi AvPvwiZ ag Bnviv Z vm Kwij bv ÕÕ 20 GB mg Í Dcv`vb DËie ½i ag všíwiz gymwjg mgv RI we` gvb ivreskx, KvP, cwjqv Rb Mvôxi gvbyl Bmjvg a g `xw Z nj wvkb wkš `xn w` bi AvPvwiZ `kvpvi wj m ú~y fv e Z vm Kij bv GKw` K Bmjvg MªnY Ab w` K c~e cyiæ li AvPvwiZ `kvpvi cvjb, Ges wn `y mgvr _ K wepz Z niqvi Kvi Y ey wn `y `i ` wó Z Giv n jb Ôbm mlõ ÔÔBy far the majority of the Mahamedans are Shekhs or as the popularly called Nashyas. They are like the greater portion of the Mahamedans of India descended from the Hidu converts to the religion of Mahammad. The titile 'Nashya' is significant. It is generally believed to be the corrupted from 'Nashta' which means 'fallen' or 'degerated' and thus appears to be the most probable nick name which the Hindu subjects of the Hindu principally give their converted co-religionistsõõ 21 H.N. Chowdhury gnvk qi gšíe HwZnvwmK mz GB HwZnvwmK m Z i Av jv K ez gvb bm ml mgvr K wepvi we køly Ki j GL bv eû cªgvy cviqv hvq DËie ½ h gymwjg mgvr K qk cyiæl c~ e ivreskx, KvP, cwjqv mgvr _ K ag všíwik n q Q, Zviv K qk kzvãx cwi q AvaywbK hy M Dcw Z n ji Zv `i HwZn MZ ckv, fvlv, K wó-ms wzi m~²aviv Av Rv enb K i P j Q fvizxq h mgvr e e v mb e e vq mvgvwrk Ae vb cwiez b mnrmva e vcvi bq ÔgbymswnZviÕ weavb gvby li fvm wba viy K i Q G cªm ½ mœngq PvK`v ii gšíe cªwyavb hvm ÔÔkK, n~b, cvvvb, gvmj cªf wz wewfbœ RvwZKzj fvi Z wbr wbr kvmb e e v cªez b K i Q wkš Gi d j fvi Zi mvgvwrk KvVv gvi we kl Kvb cwiez b nqwb ÕÕ 22 me fvizxq GB wbq gi g a DËie½ eive ib _ K Q GB Kvi YB eû wb œey wn `y mgv Ri g Zv DËie ½i ag všíwiz gymwjg mgvri mgvwrk w`k _ K kvwlz n q Q mvgvwrk AeÁvq wekí ckvi K_v fve Z cv iwb d j A_ bwzkfv e ^vej ^x n q mgv Ri D P KvwU Z cª ek Kiv m e nqwb eis GB mgvr hy M hy M A_ bwzk w`k _ K wewfbœ fv e kvwlz n q Q K wl wqj Ôbm mlõ mgv Ri GKgvÎ Aej ^b ez gv b bvbv Kvi Y GB mgv Ri nvz _ K Rwg ewi q M Q Gi d j eo K lk n q Q cªvwšík Pvlx Avi cªvwšíkpvlx kªwg K cwiyz n q Q A_ bwzk cwiez b kxj mgv R `wi`ª mxgvi bx P emevmkvivx Rb Mvôxi e nr AskB Ôbm mlõ mgvr

27 GB mgv R wk vi nvi hrmvgvb ^vaxbzvi c~ e mikvix PvKzwi cviqvi my hvm gymwjg mgv R KgwQj eskvbyµwgk fv e K wl ckvq Ave _vkvi Kvi Y wk vi iæz Giv Dcjwä Ki Z cv iwb wk v cªwzôvbi mfv e M o bv DVvi d j Bs ir Avg j hrmvgvb B wk vi Av jv cª ek K i Pvlxi Q j K Pvl K i L Z n e, jlvcov K i Kx jvf? GB ikg fvebvq I my hv Mi Afv e GB mgvr cq b c o _v K AZx Zi GB fvebv AvR Zgb cªku bq, wkš gvbyl AvR Zv `i mvg_ nvwi q Q Aek G Î AbMªmi gvbwmkzvi KvR K i bvix wk vi Î DËie ½i gymwjg mgvr `viæy fv e wcwq q Av Q G Z hgb i YkxjZv KvR K i Q, Zgwb Av Q Av_ -mvgvwrk `yie v Bmjvgxq `k b wk v Avewk K n ji bm ml mgv R gbyi weav b Kvh Kix _ K Q GLvbKvi bvix Kzgvix Ae vq wczvi Aaxb, hše b ^vgxi Aaxb Avi eva K cy Îi Aaxb _ K Q GB mvgvwrk KvVv gv f` K i bvix mgvr GwM q Avm Z m g nqwb cyiæ li cvkvcvwk K wlk g M n evwoi Kv R bvixi f wgkv Kv bv As k Kg bq ZvB `Lv hvq g qiv GKUy mvevjk n jb M nk g gb w` Z nq ZvB GB mgv R `Lv hvq bvix wk vi cªpû Afve B`vwbs ek wkqy gymwjg cwiev ii g qiv z j G ji `y-gkwu QvÎx ev` w` q Zv `i wkw Z niqvi gvbwmkzvq cªpû Afve j Kiv hvq cª_gzt evwo Z Giv covi cwi ek cvq bv wøzxqzt Avw_ K Kvi Y ebcî wkb Z cv i bv GB mgm v mvgwmªkfv e bm - ml mgv Ri QvÎ-QvÎx `i g a `Lv hvq GB Kvi Y AvaywbK wk vq G `i AskMªnY Avkvbyiƒc bq `wi`ª gymwjg mgvr KwP-KvPv `i MªvgxY g³e gv`ªvmvi wksev cªv_wgk we` vj qi MÛx cwi q D P wk vi Ask MªnY Ki Z cv i bv Gi d j `Lv hvq hv `i zj, K jr, wek we` vj q hviqvi K_v, Zviv Kv Ri müv b cvwo w` Q Ab Kv_vI AvR Ki GB msku bzzb K i `Lv `qwb, mikvwi PvKzwi Z GB mgv Ri my hvm Kg wqj GQvov Bs irx wk vi cªwz AbxnvB wqj g~j KviY ZvB Bs ir Avg j Giv K qk avc cq b c i hvq, hv GL bv mvg j DV Z cv iwb 2004 mv j GB Mªš cökvwkz niqvi ci fvize l msl vjny wel q eû iæz c~y Aa vq ms hvrb n q Q G `i D jøl bv Ki j welqwu Am ú~y _ K hvq ZvB mw` K ` wócvz Kiv Avek e j g b KiwQ ^vaxb fvize l I ivr bwzk mwvk wm v šíi Kvi YI gymwjg mgvr AbMªmi _ K Q GB wpî cökvk c q Q mvpvi KwgwUi wi cv U RbRvwZ wji mv _ msl jny mgv Ri Zzjbvg~jK Av jvpbv K i h wi cvu cö`vb K i Qb Zv Z cwðge ½i Ae vb me P q KiæY 2005 mv j 9B gvp cöavbgš x GK weávwß Øviv fvi Zi gymjgvb `i mvgvwrk, A_ bwzk I wk vmz Ae vi Dci GKwU D P ch v qi KwgwU MVb K i GB KwgwUi mfvcwz wq jb Aemi cövß wepvik kªx iv R `ª mvpvi m`m M bi g a D jøl hvm n jb Avey mv jn kixd whwb Z_ msmª n we k l f wgkv wb qwq jb GB wi cvu mvpvi wi cvu bv g L vz DËie ½i AbMªmi gymwjg mgvr 25

28 G Z mviv fvize l i msl vjny mgv Ri mv _ Zcwkwj RvwZ, DcRvwZ I AbMªmi RvwZ mg~ ni Zzjbvg~jK Av jvpbv K i Qb GB D P ch v qi KwgwU fvize l i wewfbœ iv R i RbmsL vi wbwi L 2001 mv ji RbMYbv Abyhvqx gymjgvb `i kzkiv fvm Zz j a i Q gymjgvbiv Kx ai Yi A_ bwzk Kg Kv Û hy³ Zv ejv n q Q Zv `i Avq I abm úwëi cwigvy Kx ZvI ejv n q Q Zv `i mv izvi nvi, zj Qz Ui nvi, cöm~wz I wkï g Zz i nvimn wewfbœ wel q Av jvkcvz Kiv n q Q mikvwi I emikvwi m± i Zv `i wb qvm KZ cwigvy Zv `Lv bvi mv _ mv _ wewfbœ iv R i Zzjbvg~jK cwimsl vb `Iqv n q Q wewfbœ iv R I.we.wm gymjgvb KZ Ges Zv `i my hvm KZUv n q Q ZvI Rvbv bv n q Q GB wi cv U Zv `i wk v, ^v i Ae vi m ½ e ¼ FY KZUv cvb ZvI `Lv bv n q Q GQvov mikvwi n Í c M o DVv ms v I cöwzôv b gymjgvb `i mvgvwrk, A_ bwzk I wk v Îi Ae vb wel q KwgwU Av jvkcvz K i Q Zv Z Avgiv `L Z cvb fvize l 13.4 kzvsk gymjgvb A_ vr 13 KvwU 78 j GB wekvj Rb Mvôx eû gymjgvb `k _ KI AwaK Giv fvize l i Kvb Kvb As k AwaK Avi Kvb Kvb As k ^í Zv `Lv bvi cvkvcvwk my hvm myweavi w` K ` wó `Iqv n q Q fvi Zi 543 Rjvi g a 9 wu Rjvq 75% AwaK gymjgvb 11wU Rjvq; 50% AwaK, 38wU Rjvq 25Ñ50 kzvsk; 182wU Rjvq 10Ñ25%Gi g a Zvi g a 50Ñ75 kzvsk cwðge ½ 1wU Rjvq I 25Ñ50 kzvsk 5wU Rjvq emevm K i cwðge ½ gvu RbmsL vi 25.2 % gymjgvb ivr wfwëk GB cwimsl vb wb œiƒcñ ivr RbmsL vi kzvsk mikvwi PvKzwi Z Ask cwðge½ Kivjv DËi cö `k wenvi Avmvg SvoLÛ KY vuk w`jøx gnvivóª AÜ«cÖ `k RivU Zvwgjbvo GB wnmve _ K `Lv hv Q me P q fvj Ae v AÜ«cÖ `k Avi me P q Lvivc 26 DËie ½i AbMªmi gymwjg mgvr

29 I KiæY Ae v cwðge ½ wbg g n ji mz hw`i Zzjbv Ki Z j¾v nq ZeyI KiwQ h, Riv U gymjgvb `i PvKzwii msl v 5.4 kzvsk Avi RbmsL v 9.1 kzvsk Avi cwðge ½ mikvwi PvKzwii msl v 2.1 kzvsk hlv b RbmsL v 25.2 kzvsk mvpvi wi cvu cökvwkz niqvi ci cwðge ½i gš x I Avgjv GB wn me K A ^xkvi Kivi Póv KiwQj ciezx Z mz hlb cöwzwôz nj ZLb mikvwi PvKzwi, wk v, ^v I A_ bwzk cwimsl vb g b wb q ejv nj mvpvi KwgwU Z em v Acv ikb I cvæv weziy welq wbie _ K Q mikv ii e³e nj nvrvi nvrvi gymjgvb Mixe gvbyl K Rwgi cvæv I em v K i `Iqv n q Q hw`i GB K_vi hšw³kzv ev Í ei gvwu Z `L j wbùjv cögvwyz n e GKwU D`vniY w` j Zv cwi vi n e 1977 mv j evgd«u mkivi gzvq Avmvi ci cöpzi cwigv Y Rwg em v I cvæv `Iqvi e e v nq G Z cöpzi RvZ`v ii Rwg f Kiv nq 17 GK ii D mg Í Rwg Lvm K i Zvi g a wkqz Ask wewje Ub Kiv nq ciezx Kv j Avgiv hv `Ljvg Zv nj ïay Bmjvgcyi _ K evm WvMiv ch ší cövq 80 nvrvi n±i Rwg cu ywrcwz `i nv Z cökvmwbk g` Z Zz j `Iqv nj hvi wmsnfvm Rwg gymjgvb `i Gig a cvævi Rwg, em vi Rwg, Avw`evwm Rwg, gymjgvb I ivreskx `i Rwg cövq Rei-`Lj ev R ji `v g wewµ Ki Z eva Kiv nj A_ vr ejv h Z cv i GB mg Í Rwg K o biqv n q Q hz Rwg cvæv I em v `Iqv n qwqj Zvi K qk nvrvi Y ekx Rwg K l Ki nvz Qvov nj GKB Ae v cwðge ½i wewfbœ Rjvq I knizwj Z hv c i Av jvpbv Kiv n q Q Rwgnviv gymjgvb `i eu P _vkvi Rb `ywu iv Ív Lvjv ibj; GK kªwgk niqv, wøzxqzt e v¼ _ K FY wb q e emv Kiv Gevi `Lv hvk gymjgvbiv mikvwi I emikvwi e v¼ _ K Kx cwigvy FY c q Qb ivr RbmsL v e v¼ F Y gymjgvb `i Ask cwðge½ Kivjv DËi cö `k wenvi Avmvg R yñkvk xi KY vuk w`jøx gnvivóª AÜ«cÖ `k RivU Zvwgjbvo ivr vb ga cö `k DËie ½i AbMªmi gymwjg mgvr 27

30 nwiqvbv Dwol v wngvpj cö `k cväve Ab vb ivr mviv fviz wk vi Îi Ae vi KiæY mvz _ K lv jv eq ii wkï z j hviqvi ivr wfwëk wnmve GB ikg Ñ mviv fviz 3.26 cwðge ½ 2.84, Kivjv 5.62, DËi cö `k 2.6, wenvi 2.07, Avmvg 2.64, KY vuk 4.26 me P q Lvivc Ae v Avmvg I cwðge ½ A_P GB `yb iv R gymjgvb `i msl v ek fv jv GB AbMªmiZvi cq b eû KviY Ñ cwðe ½ii mvwe K gvb` Ð DËie½ AviI cq bi mvwi Z G Î gymwjg mgvr e wzµg bq G wel q cªl vz M elk wmwik wg kªi Dw³ D jøl ÑÔÔ ZvB Avgiv `L Z cvb Bs ir ivr Z i cª_g w` KB wn `y e emvqx, gnvrb I ckv`vi Mvwô µgvmz fv e Rwg µq wgdwbwmc vwjwu `Lj Kivi `Šj Z wewfbœ PvKzwi n ÍMZ Ki Z m g nq Ges gymjgvbiv wcwq q co Z _v K ÕÕ 23 `k ^vaxb niqvi ci GB ˆelg mvsweavwbk w`k _ K D V M ji DËie ½i `kx gymwjg mgvr mg gh v`vq DËxY n Z cv iwb Zvi eû Kvi Yi g a GKwU D jøl hvm nõj 1947 mv j `k fv Mi ci wkw Z myweav fvmx gymwjg mgvr `k Q o P j hvb, fvi Zi gvwu K fvj e m hviv _ K hvb Zviv cªvq Awkw Z K lk mgvr GB mvaviy K lk mgv Ri g a RvZxq nv i AvaywbK wk vi cªmvi N Uwb ZvB gvbyl eva n q gv`ªvmv wk vi w` K Suy K wq jb GB wk vbxwz wb q wezk i q Q AvaywbK wk v _ K gyl wdwi q biqvi Rb cªv³b CSIR G. ingvb Av c K i e jwq jb ÔÔThe number of Madrasas have proliferated and everyday five to ten people, in areas where the Muslims are living call on you to collect money for the running of the Madrasas. There the students live under the most degrading condition and the content of the education is such that it neither makes them aware of religios history and Islamic culture, nor make them fit for contemporary life. The only job they can do is to become the Imam of Mosque.ÕÕ 24 Aek G Î Av_ -mvgvwrk welq K D c v Kiv hvqbv AvRKvj ek wkqy gv`ªvmvq weávb, Bs irx mn bvbv AvaywbK wk vi e e v Ki ji MªvgxY mgvr e e vi Zgb cwiez b nqwb Z e Gi g a _ KI mvgvb cwigv Y n ji wkqy gvbyl AvaywbK wk vq wkw Z n q Qb G `i g a KD KD zj gvóvi wksev Ab Kvb mikvwi PvKzwi Z Ask MªnY K i Qb G `i AwaKvsk gvbylb Mªvg Q o kn i emevm Ki Qb GLbI GB mg Í Ôbm mlõ mgv Ri gvby li AvZ xq- ^Rb Mªv g _ K M Qb Mªv g _vkv bm ml mgv Ri Ae v Avi `kuv AbMªmi 28 DËie ½i AbMªmi gymwjg mgvr

31 mgv Ri gvby li gz kn i emevmkvix gymwjg mgv Ri g a GL bv MªvgxY ms wzi aviv Ae vnz MªvgxY AvZ xq- ^R bi mv _ G `i m úk GL bv i q Q Aek mg Í Îi gz GLv bi e wzµg `Lv hvq ek wkqy gvbyl Av Qb hviv PvKzwi, e emv wksev Ab Kvb ckvi Kvi Y kn i G m wb Ri mgvr K we Z n q Qb wqbœ K i Qb bvoxi Uvb fz j M Qb mvgvwrk `vqe Zv mvgvb Avw_ K ^v Q ` GB be-evey mgv Ri nv Z Avmvq Giv wbr ^ mgvr _ K gyl wdwi q wb q Qb A_P GB mgv Ri wk vi nvi h LyeB wb œgv bi Zv evsv hvq ermi kni Mªvg me gvu cyt x gvu cyt x gvu cyt x gvu m~î : wewfbœ RbMYYvi wi cvu gvu RbmsL vi Dci RbMYbv cwimsl v b(qk-1) mv ek cwðg w`bvrcyi Rjvq Mo wqj h_vµ g 1961 mv j 17.06, 1971 mv j 22.12, 1981 mv j 26.92, 1991 mv j I 2001 mv j kzvsk (DËi w`bvrcyi Rjvq) QK-1 Abyhvqx MªvgxY bm - ml mgv Ri wk vi Ae v LyeB KiæY Z e ek wkqy msl K gymjgvb Q j g q `i gv`ªvmvq cvvvb gv`ªvmv wk v wb q wez K i kl bb, KL bv ejv nq gv`ªvmvq AvaywbK wk v `Iqv nqbv, KL bv ejv nq, gv`ªvmvq Rw½ ˆZwi Kiv nq, Avevi KL bv ejv nq, GZ eo Kg há Kv_vKvi UvKvq P j? BZ vw` BZ vw` GB cökœ Zz jb Q o `Iqv nq Gi ci GB wel q Z` ší wk cviqv Mj Zv RbMY K Rvbv bvi cö qvrb KI g b K ib bv d j gvby li g b gv`ªvmv m ú K Kvb cwi vi aviyvq M o DV Z cv i bv ez gv b gymwjg mgvr K wkw Z K i M o Zvjvi Rb K `ª I ivr mikvi we klfv e D ` vmx n q Q GB D ` v Mi Kvi Y gv`ªvmvi Dbœqb wel q mikvi bvbv ai bi wpšívfvebv ïiæ K i Q mikv ii GB ïf D ` vm Aek B mvayev` cviqvi hvm, wkš Zv wkfv e ev ÍevwqZ n e cö_ g `Lv hvk gv`ªvmv Qvov gymwjg mgvr K mywkw Z Kiv hvq wkbv? mg Í fvize l gv`ªvmv wk v coyqv `i g a gvî 5 kzvsk gymwjg QvÎÑQvÎx gv`ªvmvi wk v jv fi Rb fwë nq GB cwimsl vb `Lvi ci ejv hvq bv gymwjg mgv Ri jlvcovi cq b civi Rb gv`ªvmv `vqx eis GUv fvev h Z cv i gv`ªvmvi gva g 5 kzvsk gymwjg Q j g q ^v i I wkw Z n Q gv`ªvmvi wk v_x ev` w` q evwk 95 kzvsk gymwjg Q j g qi DËie ½i AbMªmi gymwjg mgvr 29

32 g a cövq 50 kzvsk Q j g q wekvj GB wk v Kg há _ K wkfv e nvwi q hv Q G `i a i ivlvi cö Póv n j gymwjg mgvr cök Z A _ wkw Z n q DV Z cv i g~j h mgm v Zvi `ywu w`k GK, gymwjg `i A_ bwzk KviY; `yb m PZbZvii Afve A_ bwzk h Afve Zv ivzvivwz cwiez b Kiv m e bq, Z e PZbvi wekvk NUv bv m e, hw` mikvi I wkw Z gymwjg mgvr GKv R GwM q Av m, Zvn j Zv m e b Pr GB mgvr h wzwg i Av Q mb wzwg i _ K hv e gymwjg mgvr Zv `i Q j g q `i we` vj q fwë Kivq bv ZvI bq, Avm j AwaKvsk gymwjg cwiev ii Q j g qiv cö_ g MªvgxY g³ e fwë nq GB g³e wkš gv`ªvmv bq, GwU K ejv h Z cv i bvm vwi _ K cövbgvwi wk vi GKwU cöwzôvb h cöv_wgk we` vj q Q j g q `i wb q hviqvi Rb ivóªxq GZ D ` vm Zv wkš AwZ mn R g³e K i bq GB g³ ei cöwz j bv w` q ïay gvî gymwjg `i wkw Z Kie GB fvebv Kv bv w` bb ev ÍevwqZ n e bv Kbbv, g³e cvv kl K i GLvbKvi Q j g q `i GKUv weivu Ask Wªc AvDU n q hvq Zvn j cökœ GB Wªc AvDU K wkfv e eü Kiv hvq Dcvq AwZ mnr n ji m PZbZvi Afv e GB Wªc AvDU Gevi Avgiv DËi w`bvrcyi Rjvi GKwU cwimsl vb `L j eys Z cvie wkfv e wkïiv wk vi RMZ _ K m i hv Q 2010 mv ji DËi w`bvrcyi Rjvq cuvp j cöv_wgk (cö_g _ K câg kªyx) wkïi g a cupvwk nvrvi wkï Wªc AvDU, Avm j gymwjg mgv Ri wbr ^ cwipvjbvq h mg Í gv`ªvmv I g³e P j Zvi A_ wzbwu Drm _ K Av m h_v Ñ GK wdz&iv, hv cöwz gymjgvb igrvb gv m w` q _v Kb hvi g~j avh Kiv nq `yb KwR cqzvwjøk Mªvg Lv` `ª e i Dci aiv hvk GK KwR M gi `vg 10 UvKv Zvn j cöwz gymjgvb K w` Z n e 20 UvKv 45 cqmv hv cövq cöwz gymjgvbb `b `yb) RvKvZ A_ vr wbr ^ Av qi kzkiv AvovBkZvsk `vb Kiv wzb) Puv`v Av`vq GB mg Í UvKv cqmv g³e I gv`ªvmvi Kv R e q nq h nzz Av`vq agx q Drm _ K Kiv nq ZvB g³ e P j GB mg Í wk v K `ª GKRb Aviex wk K _v Kb Gi m ½ GKRb A¼, Bs irx I evsjv wk K wb qvm Ki j cövq 90% Wªc AvDU eü n q hv e GLb cökœ GB mg Í wk Ki gvb b K w` e? nq mikvi K w` Z n e b Pr gymwjg mgvr K Puv`v Av`vq K i Zv `i gvb bi e e v Ki Z n e GB m PZbZvi w`kwu gymwjg wkw Z mgvr PvB jb MªvgxY g³ ei Dbœqb NUv Z cv i Kbbv Aviex I D` y covi ci Zv `i Rb GB gva g covi Kv bv my hvm _v K bv ZvB GB mg Í KwPKvPv Wªc AvDU n q hvq we klzt fvize l i `ywu mybvgab wel vz gv`ªvmv hv `Ie ` I e iwji cweî f wg Z Aew Z Zviv AvaywbK wk v `Iqvi e e v K i Q ZvB `Lv hvq eû gšjvbv mv ne agx q I AvaywbK wk vq mgvb cvi`kx Dci gn j wpšívi h cwiez b Zv wb Pi Í i Avb Z ci jb gymwjg mgvr wk vi RM Z A bkuvb GwM q hv e g³ ei m ½ m ½ gv`ªvmv wk v cöwzôv bi A¼, Bs irx evsjv wk K wb qvm K i agx q I AvaywbK wk v `Iqvi e e v Kiv Zvn j gv`ªvmvi AvaywbK wk v `Iqv nq bv GB hyw³i hgb kl n e, 30 DËie ½i AbMªmi gymwjg mgvr