evsjv Dcm M i iƒczvwë K we k ly

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1 The Dhaka University Journal of Linguistics: Vol.1 No.2 August, 2008 Page : Published on August 2009 Registrar, Dhaka University ISSN Abstract evsjv Dcm M i ZvwË K we k ly L `Kvi Lvqi bœvnvi cöfvlk, fvlvweávb wefvm, XvKv wek we` vjq In Bengali an upasarga- a special kind of prefx- is a vibrant element which is determined as bound morpheme in a morphological consideration. If words are analyzed structurally, the result is outnumbered words, which are mainly constructed by such a prefix. More specifically, most of the terms in Bengali are created with the help of these prefixes. Thus, the main goal of this paper is to provide a structural interpretation of such bound morphemes enriching the words in Bengali. Key words: prefix, bound morpheme, class changing, class maintaining, morphology evsjv fvlvi MZ ii Ab Zg cöavb Av jvp DcmM ZvwË K we epbvq DcmM e (bound morpheme) wn m e cwiwpz cövpxb fvizxq e vki Y DcmM ^vaxbfv e e eüz n Zv Ges k ãi c~ e B h Zv em e Ggb evuavaiv Kvb wbqg wqj bv (cve ZxPiY, 1998) ga fvizxq Avh i G Dcm M i wewfbœ ai bi cwiez b mvwaz n ji be fvizxq Avh i _ K Zv kãmv bi Ab Zg fvwlk Dcv`vb wn m e AcwiewZ Zfv e cö_vmz evsjv e vki Y vb c q Q evsjvfvlv K mvsmvwbk ` wófw½ Z we k l Yi m~pbv wemz kzk _ K n ji DcmM welqk AvYyex wyk we k ly Zgb cwijw Z nq bv ejv hvq, mb Aú~Y Zvi Dcjw B ez gvb cöeü ipbvi Drm GLv b evsjv Dcm M i ZvwË K we k l Y AvaywbK fvlvweáv bi mvsmvwbk c wz Abym Z n q Q 1. cö_vmz e vki Y DcmM fvizxq ms Z e vki Yi Av` k M o IVv evsjv e vkiyb cö_vmz e vkiy bv g cwiwpz G e vki Yi kãzë (morphology) As ki cöavb Av jvp kãmvb cöyvwj k ãi wewfbœ ai bi MVb cöyvwji g a DcmM AZ š i Z c~y iex `ªbv_ VvKz ii (1909: 61) Dw³ ZI Zv Dcjw Kiv hvq: Ògv Qi ỳ ª cvlbv K Zvnvi A½ cöz ½i g a Zz Q ewjqvb eva nq, wkš Zvnv `ib Pjbv Øviv gvq `w Y ev q m y L cðv Z we kl MwZ jvf K i Kej ZvB bq, cövyxzë wer `i Pv L Zvnv Lev K wz nvz cv qib mvwgj ZgbB qy ivcxq Avh fvlvi prefix I fvizxq Avh fvlvi DcmM wj mvaviyz Avgv `i PvL GovBqv hvq ewjqv kã I avzzi m ½ Zvnv `i cövavb m ú~y iƒ c Avgv `i ü`q½g nq bv Ges Zvnviv h m ez Avh fvlvq cö_g eq m ^vaxb kãiƒ c wqj Ges Kvjµ g Le Zv cövß nbqv civwkªz nbqv cwoqv Q, G mskq Avgv `i g b vb cvq bv Ó Dcm M i msáv _ ejv hvq: h me ey ev ey mgwó avzz ev k ãi c~ e e m bzzb kã MVb K i, Zv-B DcmM DcmM K wewfbœ cwêz wewfbœfv e msávwqz K i Qb mybxwzkzgvi P Ævcva v qi (1989: 170) g Z, Òms Z KZK wj Ae q kã Av Q, G wj avzzi c~ e e m Ges avzzi g~j wµqvi MwZ wb ` k Kwiqv Dnvi A _ i cömvi, m ¼vP ev Ab cwiez b Avbqb Kwiqv `q GB Ae q wji g a KZK wj Avevi bvg k ãi mwnz Kvi Ki m ^Ü K we klfv e cökvwkz Kwievi Rb e eüz nq GB Ae q kã K DcmM (prefix)e j Ó gyn ` knx`yj vn(2003: 20) g b K ib, ÒcÖ, civ cöf wz KZK wj kã avzzi c~ e ewmqv GKB avzzi bvbvwea A_ - cökvk K i, Bnvw`M K DcmM e j Ó gynv ` Gbvgyj(1953: 27) nk Dcm M i msávq e j Qb, Ò h mkj Ae q kã bvg k ãi c~ e ewmqv kã wji A _ i m ¼vPb, m cömviy ev Ab Kvb cwiez b mvab K i H mkj Ae q kã K evsjv fvlvq DcmM (prefix) e j Ó

2 gybxi PŠayixi(2001: 8) g Z, Òevsjv fvlvq Ggb wkqy Ae qm~pk kãvsk i q Q hv ^vaxb c` wn m e ev K e eüz n Z cv i bv G wj Ab k ãi Av M e m fvlvq e eüz G me Ae q m~pk kãs kib bvg DcmM Ó mybxwzkzgvi, knx`yj vn, Gbvgyj nk, gybxi PŠayix cögy Li DcmM welqk msáv _ i Av jv K ejv hvq: 1. DcmM GK ai bi Ae q Ges bzzb kã MVb KivB G `i KvR 2. G wj avzz ev k ãi c~ e e m avzz ev k ãi A_ cwiez b K i, KL bv A _ i wewkózv `vb K i Avevi KL bv bzzb A _ i m wó K i 3. DcmM g~jz KZ wj A_ nxb ey ev ey mgwó Ges G wji ^vaxb e envi bb 2. Dcm M i cö_vmz kªyxkiy DrmMZ we epbvq evsjv fvlvq cöpwjz DcmM mg~n K wzbwu kªyx Z web v Kiv nq: evsjv DcmM ; 2) ms Z DcmM I 3) we `kx DcmM 2.1. evsjv DcmM Avh `i AvMg bi c~ e hme Abvh RvwZ Mvôx G ` k evm Ki Zv Zv `i fvlv _ K AvMZ DcmM `kx ev evsjv DcmM wn m e we ewpz nq Gi msl v 21wU hgb - A, ANv, AR, Abv, Av, Avo, Avb, Ave, BwZ, Db, K`, Kz, wb, cvwz, we, fi, ivg, m, mv, my, nv 2.2. ms Z DcmM ms Z _ K AvMZ hme DcmM Zrmg k ãi c~ e e m A_ ewpî mvab K i, m wjb ms Z DcmM 20wU ms Z DcmM evsjv fvlvq cöpwjz hgb- AwZ, Awa, Aby, Ac,Awc, Awf, Ae, Av, D`, Dc, `yt, wb, wbt, civ, cwi, cöwz, cö, we, mg, my, Aš t `Lv hv Q, Av, wb, we, my- G PviwU DcmM evsjv GB ms Z Dfq ÎB we` gvb iy ivlv cª qvrb h, GB PviwU DcmM evsjv I ms Z fvlv Z ez gvb _vk ji ms Z DcmM Zrmg k ãi c~ e Ges evsjv DcmM ïaygvî `kx k ãi c~ e e m bzzb A_ evak kã m wó K i hgbñ evsjv DcmM `kx/evsjv kã MwVZ kã Av QuvUv AvQuvUv wb LiPv wblipv we dj wedj my bvg mybvg ms Z DcmM ms Z kã MwVZ kã Av e Zb AveZ b wb eviy wbeviy we ï weï my cöfvz mycöfvz Dc ii D`vniY _ K `Lv hvq h, evsjv fvlvq DcmM hv M kã Zwii mywbw` ó ixwz ez gvb G ixwzi e wzµg NU j fvlvq i PÊvwj `vl cwijw Z nq GB ixwz Z MwVZ k ã GK ai bi msi Ycš x ˆewkó cwijw Z n ji evsjv k ãi Drm I cwipq wba vi Y GwU GKwU DrK ó cš v wn m e we ewpz n Z cv i 2.3. we `kx DcmM wewfbœ Kvi Y Aviwe, Bs iwr, wnw `, dviwm cöf wz fvlv _ K k ãi mv _ mv _ wkqy DcmM G m evsjv kãm vi e w Z mnvqzv K i Q LvuwU ev wkqyuv wek Z D Pvi Y e eüz Gme DcmM mỳ xn Kvj Gfvlvq cöpwjz _vkvq Ô egvjygõ evsjv fvlvq wg k wm q Q hgb Ñ dviwm : Kvi, `i, wbg, wd Aviwe: Avg, Lvm, jv, Mi Bs iwr: dzj, nvd, nw, mve 3. cvwifvwlk kã I DcmM

3 cvwifvwlk kã fvlvi kãm vi K mg K i we` vqzwbk gê j cöwzwbqz bzzb kv i D ei Kvi Y bzzb wpš v I fvebvi AvMgb NU Q G jvi ˆeÁvwbK fvlv cö`v bi cª qvr b bzzb cwifvlvi m wó n Q evsjvfvlvi cvwifvwlk k ãi w` K ZvKv j G mz cözxqgvb nq h, DcmM GKwU m wókxj Ges eûj e eüz e vkiwyk Dcv`vb evsjv cvwifvwlk k ãi wmsnfvm MwVZ n q Q DcmM hv M hgb Ñ DcmM g~jkã cvwifvwlk kã cö Engineer cö KŠkjx Dr Launching Dr cy Ae Subconscious Ae PZb Awf Accused Awfhy³ we Alternative wekí Dc By- product DcRvZ e Radio ezvi mg Editor m cv`k Aby Grant Abỳ vb my Gold myey cwi Planning cwikíbv cöwz Report cöwz e`b AwZ Slump AwZg `v Av Rotation Ave Zb A Archaic AcÖPwjZ 4. evsjv DcmM : ZvwË K we k ly AvaywbK fvlvweávbx `i g Z aÿwb ciezx GKK kã (word ) bq, (morpheme) (iv gk i Õk, 1980) DcmM K Gfv e msávwqz Kiv hvq, b~ bzg A_ hy³ fvwlk Dcv`vbB n jv (iv gk i Õk, 1980) MVbcªK wz I A_ ` vzbvi wfwë Z K ev ^vaxb (free morpheme) Ges e (bound morpheme) G `ywu kvlvq wef³ Kiv nq iyxq, e hgb ^vaxbfv e e eüz n Z cv i bv, Zv g~ ji c~ e, g a ev c i hy³ n q bzzb A_ evak kã ˆZwi K i, Dcm M i ÎI Zv-B j Yxq wb gœi Av jvpbvq Zv Av iv úó n e 4.1. e wn m e DcmM evsjv fvlvi DcmM bvgavix e wj g~ ji c~ e e m Gi A_ K cwiewz Z K i Ges bzzb A_ Zwi K i Dcm M K Av` cöz q (prefix)i ejv hvq MV b I e g~ ji mshyw³i d j bemwvz g~ ji e vkiy ev c`mz cwie Zb K `ywu chv q kªwykiy Kiv nq 1. m cömvwiz (inflectional morpheme) 2. mvwaz (derivational morpheme) g~ ji mv _ e hy³ Kivi ci wewfbœ e vkiwyk ewkó hgbñ wµqvi Kvj, epb, cyi l, KviK, cöf wz w`kwb ` k Ki j Zv n e m cömvwiz c vš i, g~ ji mv _ e hv M MwVZ g~ j e vkiymz c`web v mi A_ MZ w`k wb ` k Ki j Zv nq mvwaz mvwaz fvlvq AwaK i Z enb K i Kbbv Gi mvnv h fvlvi fvêvi mg nq e g~ ji DcwiD³ wefvr bi ` wó KvY _ K ejv hvq h, evsjv DcmM wj GK ai bi mvwaz d j DcmM ev Av` cªz q g~ ji mv _ hy³ n q mvwaz MVb K i Ges j Kiv hvq, Ges bemwvz mvwaz g~ j KL bv c`mz cwiez b mvwaz nq Ges KL bv Zv AcwiewZ Z _v K c `i GB cwiz bi ˆewP Î i wfwë Z Av` cöz q ev DcmM K `ywu kªyx Z wefvrb Kiv hvq Ñ 1. c` cwiez K (class changing) 2. c` i K (class maintaining) 1. c` cwiez K DcmM (class changing) g~ ji mv _ h me Av` cöz q hy³ n q bemwvz g~ ji c`mz cwiez b mvab K i Zv G kªwyfy³ 2. c` i K DcmM (class maintaining)

4 g~ ji mv _ h me Av` cöz q hy³ n q mshy³ g~ ji c` A zyœ iv L Zv c`i K DcmM wb P 1bs mviwy Z evsjv, 2bs mviwy Z ms Z, 3bs mviwy Z we `kx Ges 4bs mviwy Z cvwifvwlk k ãi c` cwiez K I c` i K Dcm M i f~wgkv D j L Kiv n jv: DcmM / Av` cöz q c` kªwy bemwvz c` kªwy c` cwiez K (cc) c`i K A K Rv we kly A K Rv we kly ci ANv ivg we kl ANvivg we kly cc AR g~l we kly ARg~L we kly ci Abv e wó we kl Abve wó we kl ci Avo bqb we kl Avobqb we kly cc Kz wpš v we kl KzwPš v we kl ci m jvr we kl mjvr we kly cc cvwz jey we kl cvwz jey we kl ci fi `ycyi we kl fi`ycyi we kly cc ivg evkv we kly ivg evkv we kly ci nv fvz we kl nvfvz we kl ci Ave Qvqv we kl AveQvqv we/wey cc/ci BwZ K_v we kl BwZK_v we kl ci mviwy 1 evsjv DcmM DcmM / Av` cöz q c` kªwy bemwvz c` kªwy c` cwiez K(cc) c`i K AwZ jšwkk we kly AwZ we kly ci jšwkk Aby K~j we kl AbyK~j we kly cc Ac e q we kl Ace q we kl ci Awa el we kl Awael we kl ci Ac ms wz we kly Acms wz we kly ci cwi ï we kl cwiï we kl cc `yt PwiÎ we kl `yðwiî we/wey ci/cc cö kvlv we kl cökvlv we kl ci civ ez b we kl civez b we kl ci Dc wkiv we kl Dcwkiv we kl ci wb: A i we kl wbi i we kly cc we ^v` we kl we ^v` we kly cc

5 my kªx we kl mykªx we kly cc cöwz kã we kl cöwzkã we kl ci mviwy 2 ms Z DcmM DcmM / Av` cöz q c` kªwy bemwvz c` kªwy c` cwiez K (cc) c`i K ni ivr we kl ni ivr we kly cc Avg RbZv we kl AvgRbZv we kly cc Mi nvwri we kly MinvwRi we kly ci jv cvëv we kl jvcvëv we kl ci ev R Lei we kl ev RLei we kly cc Lvm gnj we kl Lvmgnj we kly cc mve RR we kl mverr we kl ci wd eqi we kl wdeqi we kly cc e Kjg we kl ekjg we kl ci e` grvr we kl e` grvr we kl cc bv evjk we kl bvevjk we kly cc Kvi Lvbv we kl KviLvbv we kl ci nvd nvzv we kl nv&dnvzv we kly cc dzj evey we kl dzjevey we kl ci mviwy 3 we `kx DcmM Av` cªz q c` kªwy bemwvz c` kªwy g~j kã c` cwie Z K (cc) c`i K cö KŠkjx we kl cö KŠkjx we kl Engineer ci mg cöpvi we kl m cöpvi we kl Broadcast ci Awf fvly we kl AwffvlY we kl Address ci AwZ cövk Z we kl AwZcÖvK Z we kly Super natural Dc hy³ we kly Dchy³ we kly Fair ci A eva we kly Aeva we kly Disobedient ci cwi `k K we kly cwi`k K we/wey Inspector ci/c c Kz cö ivpbv we kl KzcÖ ivpbv we kly Abetment cc wb eviy we kl wbeviy we kl Prevention ci cöwz hvrb we kl cöwz hvrb we kl Adoption ci Av evmb we kl Avevmb we kl Housing ci e AvBwb we kly eavbwb we kly Unclaimed ci Kvi evi we kl Kvievi we kl Business ci AwZ gybvdv we kl AwZgybvdv we kly Extra profit cc AwZ K_v we kl AwZK_v we kly Myth cc A mvg_ we kly Amvg_ we kl Disability cc cwi ewa Z we kl cwiewa Z we kly Enlarged cc cc

6 cöwz we kl cöwz we/wey Facsimile cc/c i mviwy 4 cvwifvwlk kã 5. e wpî I DcmM `ywu c` cwiez K I c` i K DcmM h_v Ñ ARcyKzi I wec_ Gi Af š i MVb wb gœi e wp Îi gva g Dc vcb Kiv n jv: AR cykzi (we kly) (c` cwiez K) AR (e /Av` cöz q) we (e ) wec_ (we kl ) (c` i K) cykzi (we kl ) c_ (we kl ) h nzz Dcm M i gva g MwVZ k ãi cöwzwu ZB DcmM mswk ó c `i A_ cwiez b (semantic change) cöavb f~wgkv cvjb K i Zv-B ZvwË K ` wó KvY _ K DcmM K D³ mwµq I cövavb we vix wn m e wpwýz Kiv hvq hgb- e bzzb A_ wewkó AwZ cövk Z AwZcÖvK Z e AvBwb eavbwb e` grvr e` grvr fi `ycyi ficỳ yi we ^v` we ^v` wb gœ c ` mwµq I cªvavb we vix wn m e Dcm M i Af š i MVb `Lv bvi Rb e wp Îi gva g Dc vcb Kiv nj: AwZ cövk Z (cwiewz Z A_ wewkó ) AwZ (e /DcmM ) cövk Z ( ) Aeva (cwiewz Z A_ wewkó A eva (e /DcmM ) Dc ii D`vniYmg~n _ K `Lv hv Q h, Dcm M i mvnv h MwVZ k ãi cö Z K ÎB DcmM A_ vr, c~e c `i cªvavb cwijw Z n Q Kbbv cöwzwu ÎB c~e c` ev DcmM g~jc `i A _ i cwiez b NwU q bzzb A_ evak kã ˆZwi Ki Q Dcmsnvi cövpxb fvizxq Avh i DcmM wji ^Kxq Aw Z _vk ji Kvjµ g Dcm M i GB ˆewkó jvc cvq Ges µgk GwU avzz ev k ãi c~e Mvgx n q I V (cve ZxPiY, 1998) evsjv fvlvi e eüz wzb ai bi DcmM B bzzb kãmv b i Z c~y f~wgkv cvjb K i, we kl K i cvwifvwlk kã ˆZwi Z DcmM Ab Zg cöavb DcKiY wn m e we ewpz ZvwË K ` wó KvY _ K `Lv hvq, e wn m e e eüz DcmM wj KL bv g~ ji Ôc`cwieZ KÕ KL bv ev Ôc`i KÕ Gi f~wgkv cvjb K i e zz, evsjv kãmv b GKwU m PZb wµqvkxj cöwµqv DcmM, k ãi MZ mš `h weav bi ÎI Gi Dc hvwmzv i q Q; DcmM mn hv M evsjv fvlvq ïay AZx ZB kã m wó nqwb, ez gv b I n Q Ges fwel ZI G cöwµqv Ae vnz _vk e MÖš cwä ûgvqyb AvRv` evk ZË. XvKv: XvKv wek we` vjq cökvkbv ms v ekxi Avj njvj cökvmwbk cwifvlv. XvKv: evsjv GKv Wgx mybxwzkzgvi P Ævcva vq fvlv cökvk ev½vjv e vkiy. KjKvZv: v A vû Kv úbx kªx cve ZxPiY fævpvh evsjv fvlv. KjKvZv: wrávmv G RwÝR wjwg UW Aveyj Kvjvg gbryi gvi k` AvaywbK fvlvzë. XvKv: gvijv eªv`vm iv gk i kõ mvavib fvlvweávb I evsjv fvlv. KjKvZv: cȳ K wecwb gyn ` knx`yj vn ev½vjv e vkiy. XvKv: gvijv eªv`vm Bloomfield, L Language. New York: Holt, Rinehard and winston. Hockett, C. F A Course in Modern Linguistics. New York: Macmillan co Matthews. P.H.1974 Morphology. Cambridge University press,

7 Nida Eugene A Morphology. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press Contact: