wek we` vj qi g qwkÿv_ x `i FZzKvjxb ^v m PZbZv
|
|
- Dorcas Chandler
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 wek we` vj qi g qwkÿv_ x `i FZzKvjxb ^v m PZbZv gwbiv emg FZz ªveRwbZ AwfÁZv bvix `i Rb ^vfvwek Ges GwU cök wzmz Kvi YB n q _v K eqtmwükvj _ K cö Z KwU g qib G ai bi AwfÁZvi fzi w` q h Z nq Ges Zv GKwU wbw` ó mgq ch ší Pj Z _v K Avgv `i ` k ^vfvwekfv eb g q `i Aíeq m FZz ªve ïiæ n q hvq we kl K i zj mgq A_ vr bq _ K GMv iv eqi eqm _ KB GUv ïiæ n q hvq Avgv `i ` ki A bk g q KB FZzKvjxb ^v cwiph v wel q e envwik I cöv_wgk Ávb `Iqv nq bv Av M _ K G wel q bv Rvbvi Kvi Y g q `i bvbv mgm vq co Z nq Avevi mvs wzk Kvi Y g qivi G mgm vq cwievi ev mgv Ri Kv iv mv _ Av jvpbv Ki Z mvnm cvq bv kn ii zj ev K jr ch v q Ges MÖv g g q I bvix `i wb q wewfbœ mgq wewfbœ m PZbZvg~jK Av jvpbv I e envwikfv e ^v m PZbZvg~jK Kg m~wpi Av qvrb Kiv n q _v K GgbwK wek we` vj qi nj ch v q wewfbœ mgq K v úbb Kiv n ji g q `i g a Lye ewk m PZbZv KvR K i bv KviY welqwu wb q g qiv wb R `i g a mivmwi Kv bv Av jvpbv K i bv ev Ki ji muv LyeB mxwgz ch v q wek we` vj qi AwaKvsk g qwkÿv_ xb MÖvg _ K Avmv FZz ªve wel q Zv `i A bk wkqz bzzbfv e Rvbv `ikvi nq; wkš mvgvwrk I cvwievwikfv e R b Avmv welq jv ZB Zv `i Rvbv mxgve _v K bvbv mgm vq Ab `i mv _ hvmv hv M Zv `ii wbw Œq `Lv hvq MÖv gi g Zv kn ii g q `i g a I GKB cöeyzv jÿyxq ZvivI cwiev ii e ov `i KvQ _ K hv wk L Av m, Zv-B ey S _v K Ges AwaKvsk ÿ Î G Rvbv evsv KB Zviv h _ó g b K i d j wek we` vjq ch v q G mi Zviv cybivq G wel q K_v ej Z Pvq bv GB cwiw wz` ó wek we` vjq ch v q g q `i FZzKvjxb m PZbZv Kgb Zv wb q M elyv Kiv AZ ší cö qvrbxq g b n q Q M elyvi cöÿvcu evsjv ` k GL bv eqtmwükvj I cörbbmsμvší wel q Lvjv gjvfv e Lye ewk Av jvpbv Kiv nq bv ez gv b lô _ K `kg köwy ch ší ÔkvixwiK wkÿv I ^v Õ bvgk cvv cȳ Í K G msμvší Av jvpbv i q Q, Z e Zv LyeB mswÿß AvKv i ^v welqk Av jvpbvq ïay eqtmwükv j Q j I g qi gvbwmk Pvc, e w³mz wbivcëvmn cvwievwik I mvgvwrk AvPiY wb q Av jvpbv Kiv n q Q Z e FZzKvjxb ^v mgm v I mev wb q Kv bvikg we ÍvwiZ Av jvpbv bb Mvn A_ bxwz Z G wel q Av jvpbv _vk ji Zv mswÿß wek we` vjq ch v q G wel qi Ici wbw` ó bvix I cömwz 50
2 Kv bv cvv cȳ ÍK bb Kv RB zj _ K cövß G msμvší mxwgz Ávb cök Zc ÿ g q `i m PZb K i Zzj Z cv i bv n j wewfbœ mgq m vwbuvwi b vcwkb wb q wewfbœ ai bi K v úbb cwipvwjz n ji Zv Zgb Kvh Ki f~wgkv cvjb Ki Z cv i bv KviY A b KB G ai bi cövmöv g Avm Z Pvq bv bv Avm Z PvIqvi KviY nqz GB h, hviv K v úbb Av qvrb K i, Zv `i g~j D Ïk _v K m PZb Kiv bq, eis Zv `i cy weávwcz I wewμ Kiv FZz ªve I eqtmwükvj ÔFZz ªveÕ bvixi kix ii mv _ mswkøó GKwU ^vfvwek-cövk wzk NUbv, hv Zvi cörbb-mÿgzvi cwipq enb K i cöwzgv m nq e j GwU gvwmk bv g ewk cwiwpwz A b K G K wcwiqwi e j _v K eqtmwükv j cöwzwu g qi gvwmk ïiæ nq, hv ga eqm ch ší Pjgvb _v K mvaviyz 10 _ K 19 eqi ch ší eqm K eqtmwükvj ejv nq G mgq Q j I g q Df qib kvixwik I gvbwmk wekvk NU Z _v K we kl K i G mgq g q `i gvwmk ïiæ nq zj ch v q lô _ K `kg köwy ch ší mgq Ges eqtmwükvjxb wewfbœ mgm vi K qkwu wb P ms ÿ c Zz j aiv n jv : FZzKvjxb ^v mgm v I cwiph v g q `i FZzKvjxb ^v mev welqwu ez gv b A bk iæ Z i mv _B Av jvwpz n Q wewfbœfv e GKwU wbw` ó eq m GKRb g qi FZz ªve n q _v K FZz ªveKv j g q `i hme mgm vi m ylxb n Z nq, Zvi mgvavbk í G mgq ^v msμvší hme cwiph vi e e v biqv nq Zv-B n jv FZzKvjxb ^v cwiph v bvixi ^v mgm vi GKwU n jv FZz ªve ev gvwmkkvjxb mgm v; hgb, AwZwi³ gvwmk ªve, AwbqwgZ gvwmk cöf wz g bv iwrqv K_vwUi A_ n jv AwZwi³ gvwmk ªve gvwmk mvaviyz GK mßv ni g a fv jv n q hvq wkš Zv bv n q gvwmk ªve 8 w`b ev Zvi P q ewk mgq a i Pj j Zv g bv iwrqv e j MY nq cö_g gvwm Ki mgq ev eqm evovi c ii GwU n Z cv i AwbqwgZ gvwmk ev wcwiqw gvwmk mvaviyz 21 _ K 35 w` bi g a nq KL bv KL bv `y qkw`b Av M-wc Q n Z cv i hw` 21 w` bi Av M ev 35 w` bi c i nq, Z e Zv K AwbqwgZ gvwmk ejv nq G mgq cö qvrbxq wpwkrmv I civgk wb jb mgm vi mgvavb n q hvq ( Lv `Kvi, 2005) bvix I cömwz 51
3 G ai bi ^v mevq g q `i mnvqzv cö`v bi Rb wewfbœ ^v K `ª I wk wbk M o D V Q A b KB FZzKvjxb wewfbœ mgm v wb q ^v K `ª hvq bv ev Lvjv gjvfv e Kv iv mv _ AvjvcI K i bv d j g q `i wewfbœ mgm v gvkv ejv Ki Z nq G mgq FZzKvjxb mgm v I ^v mev : cöÿvcu evsjv `k FZzKvjxb ^v wel q m PZbZv e w i Rb cvv cȳ Í K G msμvší Av jvpbv câg _ K `kg köwy ch ší mswÿßfv e Kiv n q Q câg köwyi eb q eqtmwükvjxb ^v mev wb q mvgvb Av jvpbv Kiv n q Q lô köwyi ÔkvixwiK wkÿv I ^v Õ eb q ÔAvgv `i Rxe b eqtmwükvjõ UvB U j Q j g q `i wk kvi eqmuv KB ewk Zz j aiv n q Q g q `i FZzKvjxb ^v mev wb q Zgb e ov AvKv i Av jvpbv bb mßg köwyi eb q eqtmwükv j Q j g q `i Ici gvbwmk Pvc I e w³mz wbivcëv wb q Av jvpbv i q Q Ges Aóg köwy Z cörbb ^v wb q mswÿßfv e ey bv Kiv n q Q `kg, GKv`k I Øv`k köwy Z G wel q Lye ewk Av jvpbv bb Kv RB `Lv hv Q, cö_gz, Avgv `i cvv cȳ Í K FZzKvjxb ^v mev wb q h Av jvpbv i q Q, G msμvší Z_ I Áv bi Rb g q `i Zvi IciB wbf ikxj _vk Z nq wøzxqz, Avgv `i cvwievwik I mvgvwrk Rxe b g q `i G msμvší wel q A bk mgq Lye fv jvfv e Ávb `Iqv nq bv Avevi A bk mgq fzj e vl vi `Iqv nq d j g qiv cö_g _ KB A bk Am PZb _v K, hv wek we` vjq ch v q G mi Ae vnz _v K cvwievwik I mvgvwrk ms vi g q `i G wel q Av jvpbvq Lvjv gjv nevi e vcv i mskzwpz K i iv L FZz ªveKvj Ges ^v m PZbZv I cövmw½k M elyv eqtmwükvjxb ^v mev Ges wewfbœ mgm v, mgm vi KviY I mgvavb wb q M elyv K ib M elk gvngy`yj nk d qr bvqvlvjx Rjvfz³ kni, knizjx I MÖvg ch v qi wzbwu Í ii wk kviwk kvix `i wewfbœ mgm v I mgvav bi c_ AbymÜvb Ges AwffveK `i g bvfve ch v jvpbv Kiv wqj Zuvi g~j jÿ cwiev ii mv _ m úk Kgb, kvixwik mmm vq Ab Kv iv mv _ Av jvpbv K i wk bv, e w³mz Av jvpbv, FZzKvjxb mgm vmn wewfbœ welq Zuvi M elyvi AvIZvq Av m M elyvi djvd j cviqv hvq, FZzKv j g q `i Rb z j dv GB Wi e e v bb g qiv FZzKvjxb mgm v Kv iv Kv Q ej Z Pvq bv, AwffveKivI G e vcv i D`vmxb _v K (d qr, 2008) wwgm KÕi Z_ Abyhvqx, gvwmk GKwU ^vfvwek cöwμqv niqv m Ë I mgv R welqwu wb q bvbv Kzms vi Av Q d j wk kvixiv ^v SzuwK Z fzm Q I Awbivc` gvz Z i g Zv NUbv NU Q mvgvwrk m PZbZvi Afve, FZzKvjxb ^v cwiph vi mwvk cwi ek bv _vkvq cöwzw`b M o 18 Rb bvix Rivqy K vbmv i gviv hv Q bvix I cömwz 52
4 evsjv ` k g q `i gvwmk ^v e e vcbv cwiw wz AZ ší D ØMRbK vbxq mikvi wefv Mi cwjwm mv cvu BDwbU KZ K RvZxqfv e cwipvwjz GK mgxÿvq `Lv M Q, ` ki cövq 80 kzvsk g q gvwm Ki mgq cy iv bv Kvco e envi K i _v K GgbwK Giv G jv ^v m Zfv e ay q ïkv bvi my hvm cvq bv M elyvq `Lv M Q, gvî 40 kzvsk cwiev i Uq ju e env ii ci mvevb I cvwb w` q nvz avqv nq hlv b cöwz 50 Rb wkÿv_ xi wecix Z 1wU K i Uq ju _vkvi K_v, mlv b Av Q 187 R bi Rb 1wU RvZxqfv e cwipvwjz G M elyvq z ji QvÎQvÎx `i g a ^v AvPiYwewai RvZxq ch v qi wewfbœ kzkiv nvi cwigvc Kiv n q Q G QvovI, G Z nvmcvzv ji m ½ ^v mev`vbkvix Wv³vi I bvm, i Íviuvi Lvevi we μzv I avîx `i ^v AvPiYwewa Ges m e vcwi gvwmk ^v wel q AvPiYwewai RvZxq ch v qi wewfbœ kzkiv nvi cwigvc Kiv n q Q M elyvq `Lv hvq, GK- Z Zxqvsk i Íviuvq Kg Pvix `i mvevb w` q nvz avqvi e e v Av Q 90 kzvsk nvmcvzv j ^v mev`vbkvix `i Rb nvz avqvi e e v _vk ji 5 NÈve vcx nvmcvzvj ch eÿykv j gvî 2 _ K 29 kzvsk ÿ Î mvevb w` q nvz avqvi cök Z cögvy cviqv M Q fvi Z MÖv gi K jrco qv g q `i gvwmkkvjxb wewfbœ mgm v wb q M elyv K ib K ò Bbw wudu Ae gww Kj mv qý BDwbfvwm wui mnkvix Aa vck ivrwmb&n wf gwnz Ges fvbkvjx Avi gwnz Zuviv e jb, G ai bi mgm v ^vfvwek Rxe b wewfbœ cöwzk~jzv ˆZwi Ki Z cv i M elyvq g~jz `Lv nq, g q `i g a h mgm v jv n q _v K m jvi mv _ Av_ -mvgvwrk Ae vi mswkøózv gvu 107 Rb K jr QvÎxi Ici M elyv Kiv nq Zv `i mvÿvrkvi _ K cviqv hvq, 79 Rb (73.8%) g qi wbqwgz wcwiqw nq Ges 28 Rb (26.2%) g qi wcwiqw AwbqwgZ Av_ -mvgvwrk w`k w` qi `Lv M Q, hviv Avw_ Kfv e `ye j mme g q `i g a 32 Rb (76.1%) g qi wbqwgz wcwiqw nq Ges 10 Rb (26.2%) g qi AwbqwgZ wcwiqw nq (wf gwnz I Avi gwnz, 2013) QvÎQvÎx `i eqtmwükvjxb m PZbZv Ges wewfbœ mgm v wb q KvR K ib M elk kvi` fvmy `e cwðz wzwb Zuvi AvwU K j e jb, FZzKvjxb ^v mgm v wb q A bk g qb ^v K `ª hvq bv G e vcv i A bkuvb bxie _v K, hv ciez x mg q Zv `i cörbbkv R bvbv mgm v ˆZwi K i (cwðz, 2014) bvb Rwiqvi GKwU M elyvq `Lv hvq, FZzKvjxb ^v msμvší wel q Kxfv e Q j g q `i Ici cwievi n Í ÿc K i ev cöfve we Ívi K i M elyvwu K ib, bvb Rwiqvi M elk Ig Uwi Uvc M elyvq ejv nq, g q `i FZzKv j mvs wzkfv e M o IVv ` wófw½, cvwievwik wek vm, Av_ -mvgvwrk e e v, Ljvayjv I R bwuk e vcvi jv cöfve d j cwievim`m iv A bk mgqb FZzKvjxb wel q ch vß Ávb iv L bv A bk mgq g q `i G mg q wewfbœ bvix I cömwz 53
5 mgm v wb q Rvbv bv nq bv ev Rvbv ji fzj e vl v `Iqv n q _v K, hv ciez x mg q g ` cöfve d j ( Uvc, 2013) RvZxq wkÿvbxwz 2010-Gi mycvwi ki cªwÿ Z 2014 mvj _ K cö_gev ii g Zv ÔkvixwiK wkÿv I ^v Õ eb q hšb I cörbb ^v m ú K cö qvrbxq Z_ hy³ Kiv nq cörbb I ^v wkÿv Avgv `i ` ki cªÿvc U GL bv A bkuv bzzb Ges A b KB G wel q AvMÖn `Lvq bv A b KB G wel q Rvb Z Pvq bv ev Zv `i Rvbvi my hvmi N U bv Avgv `i ` k GL bv zj Í i wkÿkiv eqtmwükvj, cörbb ^v mev GgbwK g q `i FZzKvjxb ^v welqk Av jvpbv wvkfv e K ib bv Gw` K DËi-Av gwikvi yj jv Z mvk vj nvbwrb-msμvší wel q aviyv `evi Kvh μg biqv n j `Lv hvq, G wel q A b KB AÁ d j ^v msμvší Gme aviyv Qwo q `Iqvi KvR ïiæ n q hvq Dwbk kz Ki k li w` K GB Kvh μ g hy³ nq ^v msμvší welq jv, we kl K i hšb I cörbb ^v wkÿv (gvbœvb 2015) RvwZms Ni D ` v M 1994 mv j Kvq iv Z 178 ` ki cöwzwbwa mgš^ q ÔRbmsL v I DbœqbÕ welqk AvšÍR vwzk m jb AbywôZ nq GB m j b RbmsL v wbqš Y, cwievi cwikíbv, bvixi cörbb AwaKv ii cvkvcvwk cö_gev ii g Zv ˆK kv i cörbb ^v myiÿvi welqwu D V Av m (Bmjvg, 2014) M elyvi D Ïk zj ch v q FZzKvjxb ^v wel q cvv cȳ Í K ms ÿ c aviyv `Iqvi cii A b K FZzKvj I FZzKvjxb wewfbœ mgm v m ú K m PZb nq bv Gi cq bi KviY jv n Z cv i wkÿkiv G wel q K v m Lye fv jv K i covq bv ev cwievi _ KI Lye fv jvfv e evsv bv nq bv d j GK ai bi fvmvfvmv Ávb _v K g q `i Zv Z wek we` vjq ch v q G mi FZzKvjxb wewfbœ mgm vq Zviv Lye ewk m PZb nq bv ZvB G M elyvi g~j jÿ ev D Ïk n jv wek we` vjq Í i g q `i g a FZzKvjxb ^v msμvší Ávb I m PZbZv KZUzKz Zv Lyu R ei Kiv G QvovI, Av iv h D Ï k M elyvwu cwipvwjz n q Q, Zv n jv : wek we` vjq ch v q g q `i g a FZzKvjxb ^v m PZbZv KZUzKz KvR K i; g q `i nj jv Z FZzKvjxb mgm v wb q g q `i g a Av jvpbv KZUzKz Kvh Ki n q _v K; cvv cȳ Í K G msμvší Ávb wek we` vj qi g q `i Rb ch vß wk bv; G msμvší Av jvpbvq Kv bv ai bi cöwzeükzv KvR K i wk bv; Ges g q `i Rb FZzKvjxb ^v I mev wkÿv KZUzKz cö qvrbxq Zv we køly Kiv M elyvi cªkœgvjv GB M elyvq wb œv³ cökœ jv K cöavb cökœ a i m PZbZvi gvîv Lyu R ei Kivi Póv Kiv n q Q, cökœ jv n jv : - FZzKvjxb ^v wel q n ji g qwkÿv_ xiv KZUzKz m PZb? bvix I cömwz 54
6 - G mg q Zviv Kx ai bi mgm v gvkv ejv K i _v K? - G mg q wewfbœ mgm vq Kv bv wpwkrmv wb q _v K wk bv? - wewfbœ mgm v wb q g qiv mncvvx, iæg gu `i mv _ mivmwi Av jvpbv K i wk bv? - Av jvpbvq Kv bvikg cöwzeükzv KvR wk bv? ZvwË K KvVv gv hvmv hvm hvmv hvm Ggb GKwU welq hvi g a Avgiv mevb memgq Wz e _vwk hvmv hv Mi AvIZvwU GZB e vck h, gvby li gb ÍvwË K I mvgvwrk Rxe bi cövq Kv bvwkqzb Gi evb i c o bv ZvB hvmv hv Mi msáv w` qi hvmv hvm K cy ivcywifv e we køly Kiv m e nq bv hvmv hvm kãwui Bs iwr cöwzkã Communication G m Q j vwub ÒKgÿ wbqvó _ K, hvi A_ n jv mvaviy ev Awfbœ A_ev Av`vbcÖ`vb FZzKvjxb ^v welqk Av jvpbvi ÿ Î hvmv hvm welqwu memgqb cö qvrbxq KviY FZzKvjxb wewfbœ mgm v wb q Av jvpbvi ga w` q g qiv GK ai bi hvmv hvm K i _v K G ai bi Av jvpbvq A b K cövqb wbðzc _v K, A_ vr Av jvpbvq mwμq AskMÖnY K i bv A_ vr Zviv G wel q hvmv hv M cövqb wbw Œq _v K D veb cömviy ZË (Diffusion of innovation theory) bzzb Kv bv Avwe vi Kxfv e Qwo q hvq Zv wb q KvR K ib Bfv iu irvm câv ki `kk _ K Dbœq bi wewfbœ g Wj c w_ex Z Qwo q co Z _v K cvkvcvwk Dbœq bi g Wj wn m e AwZ iæz c~y RvqMvI `Lj K i d j GB g Wj wzwb 5wU Í ii K_v e j Qb, hvi gva g Z_ mgv R Qwo q c o; G jv n jv : m PZbZv, AvMÖn I welqwu m ú K Rvbv, wm vší MÖnY, cöv_wgk cixÿy Ges MÖnY ev evwzj G Z Ë i Av jv K ÔFZzKvjxb ^v m PZbZv : wek we` vj qi g qwkÿv_ x `i Ici cwipvwjz GKwU M elyvõ welqwu Av jvpbv Kiv hvq KviY wek we` vj qi g q `i nj jv Z cövqb `Lv hvq, FZzKvjxb wewfbœ mgm vi mgvavb I e e vg~jk wewfbœ mev Kvh μg cwipvwjz nq M elyvi Rwi c Ges mivmwi Av jvpbvq `Lv hvq, AwaKvsk g qb Gme mev bq bv Avevi hviv wb q _v K, Zviv bv R bb wb q _v K ev Ab GKRb e envi K i e ji m K i _v K G cöwÿ Z D veb cömviy ZË wu e vl v Kiv hvq A_ vr g q `i n j Kv bv mevi weávcb `Iqv n j cö_ g g qiv GKwU cy m ú K AewnZ nq welqwu Z AvMÖn ˆZwi n j c i Zviv m m ú K Av iv Z_ Rvbvi Póv K i me k l wm vší bq, cy ev mevwu Zviv MÖnY Ki e bv evwzj Ki e G ÿ Î cy ev mevwu cöv_wgkfv e cixÿv ev e envi K ii wm vší wb Z cv i Rwi c `Lv hvq, Kv bv bzzb cy m ú K g q `i g a irv m i G ZË cöwμqvwu KvR K i bvix I cömwz 55
7 Kc-M vc Kc M vc n jv GKwU aviyv, hv ez gv b Z Zxq we k i `k jvi ^v Kg m~wp Z e eüz n Q AvšÍR vwzk cwievi cwikíbv Kg m~wpi Ask wn m e GwU bvix `i Mf aviy I Mf wb iv ai ga Kvi mgq I cwiez bkxjzvi welqwui Ici g~j dvkvm K i GB aviyvwu KAP vwwr _ K G m Q G Z g~jz cwievi cwikíbv-msμvší Ávb, ` wófw½ I G jvi PP v GB wzbwu wel qi Av jvpbv Kiv nq Z Zxq we k i `k jvi w` K jÿ Ki j `Lv hv e, bvixiv ewk mšívb wb q _v K Ges Kv bvikg Rb wb ivak c wz e envi K i bv Gi c Q b i q Q Av_ -mvgvwrk I mvs wzk KviY (I q Ad, 1988) Zv Qvov, Mf wb ivak e e v mnrjf bv niqvi Kvi YI bvix `i g a G Z AbvMÖn _vk Z cv i Z e Kc-M vc welqwu A bkvs kb wkÿv, emevm vb (MÖvg bvwk kni) Ges cwiev ii Av qi Ici wbf i K i Uª vwwkbvj cwiev i ^vgxi K_vg Zv ev Zvi B Qv ZB bvixiv Mf aviy K i _v K cwievi cwikíbv m ú K Zv `i Kv bv Ávb _v K bv (AviGg, 1986) bvix `i FZzKvjxb ^v mgm v I cwiph vi ÿ Î Kc-M vc welqwu RwoZ wcwiqw wbqwgzkiy I Mf aviy GKm~ Î Muv_v bvix `i mgqg Zv wcwiqw niqvi welqwu wcwiq Wi ïiæ _ K Mf aviy Ges c i wcwiqw wbqwgzki Yi cöwμqv Z hy³ _v K wek we` vjq ch v q g q `i Ici Rwic Ki Z wm q Ges mivmwi Av jvpbvq `Lv M Q, Zv `i A b KB weevwnz Ges welq jv m ú K Lye ewk Rv b bv Gme welq wb q g q `i g a Av jvpbvi Lye ewk nq bv ZvB M elyvwu Z GB ZË wb q Av jvpbv Kiv cövmw½k M elyv c wz M elyvi mwvk c wz wba viy GKwU iæz c~y welq ez gvb M elyvwu Rwic c wz Z cwipvwjz n q Q M elyvi Rb XvKv wek we` vj qi 50 Rb Ges ewikvj wek we` vj qi 30 Rbmn gvu 80 Rb g qwkÿv_ x K gy³ cökœ Kivi gva g FZzKvjxb wewfbœ wel qi Zv `i m PZbZv m ú K Rvbvi Póv Kiv n q Q GKwU cy iv bv wek we` vjq Ges GKwU bzzb wek we` vj qi g qwkÿv_ x `i Ici Rwic K i `yb wek we` vj qi g a m PZbZvi dvivki `Lv n q Q Zv Qvov, n ji g q `i wpwkrmvi Rb `vwqz cövß Wv³v ii mv _ FZz ªveKv j g q `i Kx Kx mgm v nq Ges Kx ai bi civg k i Rb Zuvi Kv Q Av m m wel q K_v ejv n q Q bvix I cömwz 56
8 bgybvqb mgmök I bgybvqb M elyvwui Rb bgybvq bi Rb K v vi ev Q bgybvqb Kiv n q Q M elyvwu wek we` vjq ch v q gvu 80 Rb g qwkÿv_ xi Ici Kiv n q Q Gi g a GKwU cy iv bv (XvKv) Ges GKwU m` cöwzwôz (ewikvj) wek we` vj qi g qwkÿv_ x `i bgybv wn m e wbe vpb Kiv n q Q, hv Z `yb wek we` vj qi g qwkÿv_ x `i ga Kvi m PZbZvi nvi Ges kû i I MÖvgxY Ae v bi cwi cöwÿ Z wkÿv_ x `i g a m PZbZvi cv_ K ei Kiv mnr n q Q Avevi cö_g el Ges kl e l i g qwkÿv_ x `i evqvb K i wek we` vj qi cöv_wgk ch v q Ges cövq kl ch v q G m FZzKvjxb ^v wel q m PZbZvi M vc Kgb _v K Zv fv jvfv e `Lv n q Q XvKv wek we` vj qi cuvpwu n ji cö_g e li 5 Rb Ges kl e l i 5 Rb K i gvu 50 Rb Ges ewikvj wek we` vj qi GKwU n ji cö_g el Ges kl el _ K 15 Rb K i gvu 30 Rb g qwkÿv_ xi mvÿvrkv ii wfwë Z M elyvwu cwipvwjz n q Q G QvovI, XvKv wek we` vj qi evsjv `k-kz qz ˆgÎx n ji `vwqz iz Wv³v ii Bb- Wc&_ mvÿvrkvii biqv n q Q M elyvq cövß Z_ I Z _ i we køly ez gvb M elyvq g qwkÿv_ x `i Ici cwipvwjz Rwic Z _ i cvkvcvwk n j `vwqz cövß Wv³v ii wbweo mvÿvrkvi _ KI DcvË msmön Kiv n q Q G ÿ Î cövß Z_ we køly Kivi gva g m PZbZvi Zzjbvg~jK Ae vi wpî Zz j aiv n q Q AskMÖnYKvix wkÿv_ x Rwi c AskMÖnYKvix XvKv wek we` vj qi 5wU n ji cö_g el Ges kl e l i 5 Rb K i gvu 50 Rb Ges ewikvj wek we` vj qi kl nvwmbv n ji cö_g el Ges kl e l i 15 Rb K i gvu 30 Rbmn me gvu 80 Rb wkÿv_ x K Db y³ cökœ Kivi gva g FZzKvjxb ^v m PZbZvi welqwu Rvbvi Póv Kiv n q Q `Lv M Q, A b KB Lye ewk DËi w` Z Pvq wb Awb Qvi welqwui cwijwÿz n q Q FZz ªveRwbZ mgm v Rwi c AskMÖnYKvix XvKv wek we` vj qi gvu 50 R bi g a `Lv M Q, 39 R bi wbqwgz FZz ªve nq Ges evwk 11 R bi AwbqwgZ m ÿ Î ewikvj wek we` vj qi 30 R bi g a wbqwgz FZz ªve nq 24 R bi Ges AwbqwgZ nq 6 R bi Avgv `i ` k cövq A bk g q `ib G ai bi mgm v n q _v K bvix I cömwz 57
9 XvKv wek we` vjq ewikvj wek we` vjq 11 6 wbqwgz 39 Rb 39 wbqwgz 24 Rb AwbqwgZ 6 Rb 24 AwbqwgZ 11 Rb FZzKvjxb ^v cwiph v wel q Ávb evsjv ` k GL bv A bk g qb Av Q, hviv FZzKvjxb ^ v mev wel q AÁ d j A b KB G wel q cö qvrbxq Ávb iv L bv Rwi c XvKv wek we` vj qi gvu 50 Rb AskMªnYKvixi g a 30 Rb e jb, Zv `i G wel q h _ó Ávb i q Q 12 Rb Lye ewk Rv bb bv Ges 6 Rb G wel q Kv bv gšíe `b wb ewikvj wek we` vj qi 30 Rb wkÿv_ xi g a G wel q Rv bb 25 Rb 3 Rb wkqz Rv bb Avi 2 Rb G wel q Kv bv Ávb iv Lb bv Rv b 25 Rb wkqz Rv b 3 Rb ewikvj wek we` vjq Rv b bv 2 Rb kvixwik mgm v FZzKv j g qiv wewfbœikg mgm vq c o Z e cövqb `Lv hvq, mgm vq co ji A b KB Zv cökvk K i bv ev Kv bvikg MÖvn K i bv G Z cörbb mg q Zv `i bvbvikg fvmvwšíi gvkv ejv Ki Z nq wek we` vjq ch v qi g qiv A bk mgm vq c o Rwi c `Lv M Q, XvKv wek we` vj qi AwaKvsk g qib cue _v, gv_ve _v, ewg ewg fve, Kvgi I nvz cv e _v, LvIqvq AiæwP, Aemv` cöf wz mgm vq co Z nq Rwi c `Lv hvq, Xvwei 20 Rb g q wewfbœ ai bi mgm v gvkv ejv K ib Avi 18 Rb Kv bvikg mgm vqb c ob bv evwk Rv b wkqz Rv b Rv b bv XvKv wek we` vjq Rv b 30 Rb wkqz Rv b 12 Rb Rv b bv 6 Rb bvix I cömwz 58
10 Rb G wel q Kv bv gšíe K ib wb Ab w` K ewikvj wek we` vj qi 28 Rb g q Zv `i G ai bi mgm vi K_v e jb Avi evwk 2 Rb e jb, Zv `i Kv bv mgm v nq bv mgm v nq mgm v nq ej Z mgm v nq 20 R bi mgm v nq bv 18 R bi ej Z Awb QzK 12 Rb 2 28 bv XvKv wek we` vjq Awb QzK ewikvj wek we` vjq mgm v nq 28 R bi mgm v nq bv 2 R bi wewfbœ mgm v wb q mncvvx ev iæg gu `i mv _ Av jvpbv GKRb g q cwiev i _vk j m FZzKvjxb wewfbœ mgm v wb q Av jvpbv Kivi my hvm c ji n j ev nv j m my hvm _v K bv; ev _vk ji cwiev ii Kv iv mv _ Av jvpbv K i Zviv hzuv ^v Q ` Abyfe Ki e, Ab Kv iv mv _ muv bvi n Z cv i A bk mgq cwiev ii FZzKvjxb ^v mev wb q g q `i mv _ Lvjv gjv Av jvpbv Kiv nq bv cvwievwik I mvgvwrk GB wkÿv I AvPiY K jr-wek we` vj q G mi cöfve d j hviv G ai bii cwievi _ K Av mb, Zviv Ab Kv iv mv _I welqwu wb q Av jvpbv K ib bv Rwi c XvKv wek we` vj qi 50 Rb g qi g a gvî 23 Rb G wel q Zvi mncvvx ev iæg gu `i mv _ Av jvpbv K i _v Kb Ges 27 RbB Av jvpbv K ib bv Gw` K ewikvj wek we` vj qi 25 Rb g q Av jvpbv K ib Avi 5 Rb K ib bv d j Am PZbZv wu K _v K Ges Gwo q hviqv welq jv bvbv mg q mgm v ˆZwi K i 30 5 Av jvpbv K i 23 Rb Av jvpbv K i bv 27 Rb Av jvpbv K i 25 Rb XvKv wek we` vjq ewikvj wek we` vjq Av jvpbv K i bv 5 Rb Wv³vwi civgk MÖnY Rwi c `Lv hvq, XvKv ek we` vj qi g q `i FZzKvjxb mgm vq gvî 12 Rb wewfbœ mgm v wb q ^v K `ª wm q Wv³ ³vwi civgk wb q _v Kb evwk 38 Rb Kv bvikg mev bb bv ev civgk MÖnY K ib bv ewikvj wek we` vj qi 30 Rb g qi g a 21 Rb Kv bv mev bb bvix I cömwz 59
11 bv gvî 9 Rb mev wb q _v Kb G `i g a hviv wpwkrmv bb bv, Zviv A b K mgm v Gwo q hvb KD KD G e vcv i Ab KvD K wkqzb Rvbv Z Pvb bv civgk bq civgk bq bv XvKv wek we` vjq civgk bq bv 38 Rb civgk bq 12 Rb Z_ mnvqzvi ebcî cvv ev B Uvi b Ui mvnvh MÖnY ewikvj wek we` vjq wek we` vjq ch v qi g q `i g a Z_ Rvbvi Rb cö qvrbxq AvMÖ M ni NvUwZ `Lv hvq B Uvi bu ev eb covi my hvm _vk ji A b KB G my hvm bb bv, Rwi c welqwu úó n q D V Q XvKv wek we` vj qi gvî 10 Rb g q G wel q Rvbvi Rb ev wewfbœ mgm v mgvav b B Uvi bu ev eb qi mnvqzv wb q _v Kb Avi 40 RbB B Uvi bu e envi K ib bv Gw` K ewikvj wek we` vj qi 30 R bi g a 16 Rb B Uvi b Ui mnvqzv bbb Avi 14 Rb bb bv A b KB Awb Qv ev mgq bv cviqv K Gi KviY wn m e wpwýz K i Qb 21 9 civgk bq 9 Rb civgk bq bv 21 Rb mvnvh mvnvh bbb bb bv mvnvh bb bv 40 Rb mvnvh bb 10 Rb XvKv wek we` vjq 16 ewikvj wek we` vjq 14 mvnvh bbb bv 14 Rb mvnvh bbb 16 Rb FZzKvjxb ^v mev wb q cwipvwjz K v úbb jvi Kvh KiZv FZzKvjxb ^v mev w`e m bvbv mg q zj I K j R bvbv Kg m~wp nv Z biqv nq A bk mgq w`em wn i Av qvwrz Av jvpbv Abyôvb ev mwgbv i wkqz M elyvcî Dc vcb K ib kl Kiv nq Kg m~wp KL bv LwZ q `Lv nq bv Gme Abyôv bi g~j evz v gvby li Kv Q, we kl K i g q `i Kv Q cušqz Q wk bv zj I K jr ch v q m PZbZvi D Ï k Kg m~wp nv Z wb ji wek we` vj q Lye KgB biqv nq XvKv ek we` vj qi g q `i nj jv ZI G welqk Kv bv Abyôvb nq bv ej jb P j Rwi c `Lv hvq, m úªwz Xvwei evsjv `k-kz qz ˆgÎx nj Ges iv Kqv n j m bviv KZ K m PZbZvg~jK Abyôv bi Av qvrb Kiv n ji evwk nj jv Z Av qvwrz Abyôv bi m vwbuvwi b vcwkbb wewμ Qvov Ab Kv bv D Ïk wqj bv XvKv wek we` vj qi AskMÖnYKvix `i 22 Rb FZzKvjxb ^v m PZbZv m wó Z G jv K Kvh Ki bvix I cömwz 60
12 g b K ib Avi evwk 28 Rb g b K ib AKvh Ki Gw` K ewikvj wek we` vj qi g q `i n j GL bv ch ší Kv bv K v úb bi Av qvrb Kiv nq wb, hw`i cövq me g qb K v úbb K Kvh Ki e j g b K ib Kvh Ki Kvh Ki bq Kvh Ki bq 28 Rb Kvh Ki 22 Rb XvKv wek we` vjq m PZbZvi dvivk cövq kzel cy iv bv XvKv wek we` vj qi mv _ m` cöwzwôz ewikvj wek we` vj qi g qwkÿv_ x `i FZzKvjxb ^v m PZbZvi g a h dvivk `Lv M Q Zv GLv b Zz j aiv n jv : M elyvq `Lv M Q, XvKv wek we` vj qi cö_g e l i wkÿv_ xiv kl e l i wkÿv_ x `i _ K A bk ewk Am PZb Zviv FZzKvjxb ^v wel q kl e l i g q `i _ K A bk Kg Rv b Zv Qvov, Kx ai bii mgm v nq m cö kœi DË ii `Lv M Q, cö_g e l i g q `i mgm v GKUz ewk nq Aek Gi g a A b KB DËi w` Z Awb Qv cökvk K i kvixwik mgm vq Wv³vwi civg k i ÿ ÎI `Lv hvq, kl e l i Zzjbvq cö_g e l i g qiv FZzKvjxb gvwmk mgm vq iæg gu ev mncvvx `i mv _ Lye Kg Av jvpbv K i `Lv M Q, Zv `i g a cvwievwik, mvgvwrk I mvs wzk wewfbœ g~j eva KvR K i, hv G wel q Lvjv gjv Av jvpbvq cöwzeükzv ˆZwi K i n ji K v úbb jv m ú K cö Z KiB g bvfve bwzevpk hw`i cö g e l i wkÿv xiv kl e l i wkÿv_ x `i Zzjbvq K v úbb K ewk Kvh Ki g b K i, hlv b kl e l i wkÿv_ x `i g a bwzevpk g bvfveb ewk KvR K i FZzKvjxb ^v m ú K Rvbvi Rb Kv bv wkÿv_ xb Zgb AvMÖn `Lvb wb Rwi c `Lv M Q, 5% g q G m ú K fv jvfv e Rvb Z eb ev B Uvi bu e envi K ib, evwk 95%-Gi g a B m KŠZ~nj bb d j mswkø kó wewfbœ wel q cö_g el I kl e l i wkÿv_ x `i g a Rvbv evsv, ` wófw½ I Abykxj bi ÿ Î A bk M vc ev dvivk `Lv hvq ewikvj wek we` vj qi cö_g el Ges kl e l i gvu 30 R bi Ici cwipvwjz M elyvq `Lv M Q, GLvbKvi g q `i g a m PZbZv XvKv wek we` vj qi g q `i _ K GKUz ewk Zviv Zv `i FZzKvjxb bvbv mgm v wb q mncvvx `i mv _ Av jvpbv bvix I cömwz 61
13 K ib wkš FZzKvjxb ^v mev wb q Lye ewk Z_ Zv `i Kv Q bb, hgbwu bb XvKv wek we` vj qi g q `i Kv QI wbweo mvÿvrkv ii mvgwmök djvdj wbweo ev MfxiZi Av jvpbvq `Lv hvq, XvKv wek we` vj qi n ji g q `i kzkiv 5 RbI FZzKvjxb ^v cwiph v I mgm vq AvevwmK Wv³v ii mv _ `Lv K ib bv ev civgk bb bv hviv mev wb q _v Kb ev civg k i Rb hvb ZvivI c i Avi `Lv K ib bv ˆgÎx n j `Lv M Q, Pvi gv m 70 Rb g qi g a gvî 4/5 Rb G msμvší mgm vq civgk wb Z G m Qb Zvi gv b, AwaKvsk g qb FZzKvjxb mgm v m ú K m PZb bb AvevwmK Wv³vi KZ K mev I civgk MÖnY 5 civgk MÖnY K i 5 Rb 70 civgk MÖnY K i bv 70 Rb cö kœvëiwfwëk djvdj we køly 1. FZzKvjxb ^v wel q n ji g qiv KZUzKz m PZb? cövß Rwic Ges mivmwi Av jvpbvq `Lv M Q, XvKv wek we` vjq Ges ewikvj wek we` vj qi n ji g qiv FZzKvjxb ^v mgm v I cwiph v wel q m PZb bq Zv `i A b KB FZzKvjxb mgm v mgvav bi Dcvq ev wpwkrmv wel q ewk wkqz Rv bb bv 2. G mg q Zviv Kx ai bi mgm vi gvkv ejv K i _v K? Rwi c `Lv M Q, AwaKvsk g qib cue _v, gv_ve _v, ewg ewg fve, Kvgi I nvz-cv e _v, LvIqvq AiæwP, Aemv` cöf wz mgm vq co Z nq Av iv `Lv M Q, AwaKvsk g qb wewfbœ ai bi mgm v gvkv ejv K i G `i g a A b KB K_v ej Z Awb QzK wq jb 3. G mg q wewfbœ mgm vq Kv bv wpwkrmv wb q _v K wk bv? bvix I cömwz 62
14 Rwi c G wel q LyeB nzvkvrbk wpî cviqv M Q h, AwaKvsk g qb wpwkrmv mev MÖnY K ib bv Zv `i KL bv g b nq bv h wpwkrmv I civgk mev biqv cö qvrb n ji Wv³v ii mv _ K_v e j ZvB Rvbv M Q Wv³vi Rvbvb, g q `i G wel q m PZbZv Kg GgbwK Zviv mgm v wb q G ji Kv bv civgk MÖnY K ib bv 4. wewfbœ mgm v wb q g qiv mncvvx, iæg gu `i mv _ mivmwi Av jvpbv K i wk bv? wek we` vjq ch v q g qiv n j FZzKvjxb ^v wel q Lye ewk Av jvpbv K i bv, Rwi ci Z _ welqwu úó n q Q zj _ K Zviv G msμvší hzuzkz R b Qb ev cwievim`m I eüz-evüexi KvQ _ K hzuzkz Z_ cviqv M Q Zv-B h _ó g b K i n ji g qiv d j h Kv bv mgm vq mncvvx ev iæg gu `i mv _ Av jvpbvq Lye ewk AvMÖn `Lvq bv 5. Av jvpbvq Kv bvikg evav Av m wk bv? A bk g qb FZzKvjxb mgm v wb q K_v ej Z Pvb bv KviY Zviv G wel q A ^w Í Abyfe K ib Zv Qvov, A bk g qb ag xq Kvi Y ez gv bi wewfbœ Rb wb ivak e e v ev Ab Kv bv mgm vq Kv bv c wz biqv K BwZevPKfv e ` Lb bv GKRb g q cwievi ev mgvr _ K hzuzkz AR b K i, wvk ZZUzKzB ciez x mg q wb Ri Rxe b cöwzdwjz K i wek we` vjq ch v qi Gi Ab _v nq wb Zv `i g a cvwievwik, mvgvwrk I mvs wzk bvbv evav K KvR Ki Z `Lv M Q Dcmsnvi GB M elyv _ K GKwU welq úó nq h, wek we` vjq ch v q G mi g qiv Zv `i FZzKvjxb mgm v wb q Am PZb cvwievwik I mvgvwrkfv e AwR Z G msμvší Ávb Ges yj ch v qi cvv cȳ ÍK _ K cövß Z_ B g qiv wek we` vjq ch v qi ch vß g b K i Zviv KL bvb Av iv ewk Rvbvi Rb eb ev B Uvi bu e envi K i bv ev Ki Z Pvq bv d j AwaKvsk g q cövqb wewfbœ mgm vq c o G wel q Aek B g q `i m PZbZv e w Ki Z n e Ges mrb wek we` vjq wkÿvqi ^v cwiph vi welq jv AšÍf y³ Kiv cö qvrb Ges G e vcv i wek we` vjq KZ c ÿii ` wó `Iqv DwPZ gwbiv emg cöfvlk, MY hvmv hvm I mvsevw`kzv wefvm, ewikvj wek we` vjq moni27mcjdu@gmail.com bvix I cömwz 63
15 Z_ m~î 1. nvq`vi, kvišíx; mvwgb, mvbdzj, (2015) MY hvmv hvm ZË I cö qvm, cöm Bmw wudu Ae evsjv `k, wøzxq gỳ ªY 2. Avmv`y¾gvb, G Gm Gg I Lv j` gywndïxb 2001, hvmv hv Mi aviyv, wewmww Rwm, XvKv 3. d qr, gvngỳ yj nk, (2008), ÒeqtmwÜKv j wk kvi wk kvwi `i mevhzœó, mvg nvqvibbeøm 4. câg _ K `kg köwy ch ší cvv cȳ ÍK 5. wbivc` gvz Z wbwð Z FZzKvjxb ^v mev wbwðz Riæwi, I qe, 2015, evsjvwbdr24.kg 6. gvbœvb, dvinvbv 2015, ÔwU brvi `i Rb hšbwkÿv K bv cö qvrb?õ, ˆ`wbK fv ii cvzv, I qe, 3 m Þ ^i 7. Bmjvg, Avdmvbv 2014, ÔcÖm½ cörbb ^v wkÿvõ, ˆ`wbK B ËdvK, 8 deªæqvwi, c ôv 8 8. bvmwib, AviRy 2009, RÛvi vwwr, RvZxq MÖš cökvkbv, XvKv 9. evsjv `k wkÿv Kwgkb wi cvu 1974, wkÿv gš Yvjq, MYcÖRvZš x evsjv `k mikvi 10. Mohite, Rajsinh V. and Mohite. Vaishali R. (2013), æcorrelates of the menstrual problems among rural college students of Satara district, US National Library of Medicine enlisted journal ISSN Westoff, Charles F, (1988). Is the KAP Gap real?, Population and Development Review, Vol 14, No 2, PP RM, Cornelius, (1986), Toward an Understanding of the KAP Gap, San Francisco, California 13. Pandit, Mr. Sharad Bhausaheb (2014), æcommon Menstrual Problems among Adolescent students, Journal of Nursing, Vol. IV, Issue I, June Tope, Omotere, (2013), æinfluence OF FAMILY BACKGROUND ON GIRLS ATTITUDE TOWARDS MENSTRUAL HYGIENE IN NIGERIA, Ego Booster Books, 124, Ejirin Road, Ijebu Ode Ogun State, Nigeria. bvix I cömwz 64
Avgiv Avcbvi mš vb K ^vmz RvbvB Gi kªbx [wk Ki bvg] [ kªbxi bvg (D`vnib : mßg, Aóg ]
Welcome Letter [Bengali] Avgiv Avcbvi mš vb K ^vmz RvbvB Gi kªbx [wk Ki bvg] [ kªbxi bvg (D`vnib : mßg, Aóg ] m vwbz AwffveK, ZvwiL Avcbvi Q j A_ev g q K Avgv `i K v m/ kªyx Z ^vmz Rvbv bv n jv GB c Îi
More informationebmjvbb cöwz e`b KwgDwbwU GWz Kkb IqvP SvHj BDwbqb, KvgviL `, wmivrmä b vkbvj W fjc g U cövmövg (GbwWwc) MYmvÿiZv Awfhvb gvt Avãyi idd
ebmjvbb cöwz e`b KwgDwbwU GWz Kkb IqvP SvHj BDwbqb, KvgviL `, wmivrmä gvt Avãyi idd b vkbvj W fjc g U cövmövg (GbwWwc) MYmvÿiZv Awfhvb gyleü gšwjk gvbevwakvi Ges cöv_wgk wkÿv mkj wkÿvi wfwë we k i AwaKvsk
More informationISSN PZz` k el wøzxq msl v AMÖnvqY- cšl 1424, ww m ^i 2017
ISSN 1991-6655 PZz` k el wøzxq msl v AMÖnvqY- cšl 1424, ww m ^i 2017 Dc `óv m úv`k gbryi Avng` m úv`k Avey nvwg` jwzd PZz` k el wøzxq msl v AMÖnvqY- cšl 1424, ww m ^i 2017 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx mf ` v
More informationK vgyb Mv g Um wjt I K vgyb G vcv ijm wjt cøu 4, eøk AvB, ivw 6, mkkb 7, wgicyi, XvKv ( D, c~) 09 GwcÖj 2014
K vgyb Mv g Um wjt I K vgyb G vcv ijm wjt cøu 4, eøk AvB, ivw 6, mkkb 7, wgicyi, XvKv (+23.820106D, 90.364616c~) 09 GwcÖj 2014 1 mvims ÿc (Pjgvb) Avgv `i wkqz iæz c~y wel q D ØM i q Q h jv Z ZvrÿwYKfv
More informationgzvq bi c _ ewâz Rb Mvôxt mywepvi cövwß I GbwRIÕi f wgkv
mvims c gzvq bi c _ ewâz Rb Mvôxt mywepvi cövwß I GbwRIÕi f wgkv µm fvjuvim Ges di `Šm Rvnvb Ges gvp 2017 ODI Ges dri Gi hš_ cö Póvq GB M elyv cîwu ˆZwi Kiv n q Q Development Research Initiative (dri)
More informationM vevj Kivckb e v ivwguvi 2010 mvi-ms c 1
www.ti-bangladesh.org M vevj Kivckb e v ivwguvi mvi-ms c 1 UªvÝcv iwý B Uvib vkbv ji `yb xwz cwigv ci wewfbœ M elyv I m~p Ki ( hgb- `yb xwzi aviyv m~pk 2, Nyl`vZv m~pk 3, M vevj Kivckvb wi cvu 4 ) g a
More informationcvu Drcv` b wb qvwrz bvixi Av_ -mvgvwrk mgm v I m vebv : GKwU ch v jvpbv bvrbxb Avn g`*
evsjv `k Dbœqb mgx v LÐ 32 evwl K msl v 1421 1 f~wgkv cvu Drcv` b wb qvwrz bvixi Av_ -mvgvwrk mgm v I m vebv : GKwU ch v jvpbv bvrbxb Avn g`* hw`i evsjv `k g~jz avb Drcv`bKvix `k, evwywr K dmj wn m e GLbI
More informationBDwbU. evrvirvzkiy M elyv I Z_ e e v Marketing Research and Information System
BDwbU 7 evrvirvzkiy M elyv I Z_ e e v Marketing Research and Information System f~wgkv evrvirvzki Yi Î mwvk mg q h _vchy³ wm vší MÖn Y mwvk I ch vß Z _ i cövc Zvi iyz _ KB evrvirvzkiy Z_ e e vi aviyvwu
More informationcöeü gvwmk wbqwgzkiy mev ev GgAvi I Mf cv Zi msl v wbiƒcy : evsjv `k 2010
cöeü gvwmk wbqwgzkiy mev ev GgAvi I Mf cv Zi msl v wbiƒcy : evsjv `k 2010 mykxjv wms, AvjZvd nv mb, AvBR vk g v Wv wr gu, n`v qz Djøvn f ubqv, gvb Kj føvmd I iæwebv nvmvbb mykxjv wms, fvbm cöwm W U wimvp,
More informationmvi Kv wgwwqv GBW mvwf mm 85/1, mv d qzdjøvn jb, dwkivcyj XvKv-1000
köwgk 1 köwgk Sramik: A BILS Journal, July-December 2015 RyjvB-wW m ^i, 2015 m úv`kxq Dc `óv cwil` gmevndïxb Avn g` gv: gwreyi ingvb f~tv Aa vwckv Rvnvbviv emg ivq i gk P `ª cöavb m úv`k briæj Bmjvg Lvb
More informationg½vi aviyv I gvkv ejv KŠkj cöw Z ØxcP ii bvix
g½vi aviyv I gvkv ejv KŠkj cöw Z ØxcP ii bvix gyw³ gêj f~wgkv Ôg½vÕi aviyv evsjv ` ki ÔDbœqbÕ cwigê j ez gv b cwiwpz GKwU cöcâ ÔDbœqbÕ wwm Kv m i wfzi Ôg½vÕ GKwU wbw` ó Rb Mvôxi Av_ -mvgvwrk I ivr bwzk
More informationLÐ 27 m Þ ^i wbh vm
LÐ 27 m Þ ^i 2016 17 wbh vm wbh vm eªª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv LÐ 27 m Þ ^i 2016-17 eª vk M elyv I g~j vqb wefvm wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv 1 eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv MÖš ^Z eª vk cökvkkvj: m Þ ^i 2016-17
More informationAvwKR AvBwWqvj zj GÛ K jr wm jevm welq t evsjv 1g cî
AvwKR AvBwWqvj zj GÛ K jr wm jevm-2018 köwy-z Zxq welq t evsjv 1g cî cö`ë Aby Q`/KweZv/Qov (cvv eb _ K) c o 1 _ K 4bs µwgk ch ší cö kœi DËi wjlt 1 eûwbe vpwb cökœ (5wU) t 1 5=5 2 cö kœi DËi wjlb (3wU)
More informationmvgvwrk MYZš wiwvi 1 Uvweqvm MvgevU BD. G. mvgvwrk MYZ š i wfwë
mvgvwrk MYZš wiwvi 1 Uvweqvm MvgevU BD. G. mvgvwrk MYZ š i wfwë ISBN 978-984-33-9769-0 evsjv ms iy cökvkbvq: d«wwik-gevu -w duzs (GdBGm) evsjv `k cökvkkvj: XvKv, m Þ ^i 2015 m úv`bv: mvab Kzgvi `vm, Kg
More informationwbh vm eª vk M elyv I g~j vqb wefvm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv LÊ 11 RyjvB 2002
wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv LÊ 11 RyjvB 2002 eª vk M elyv I g~j vqb wefvm MÖš ^Z : eª vk cöökvkkvj : RyjvB 2002 cöökvkk cö Q` gy`ªy : eª vk, M elyv I g~j vqb wefvm 75 gnvlvjx XvKv 1212 : Mvjvg nvwdr
More informationGKv`k el wøzxq msl v AMÖnvqY- cšl 1421, ww m ^i 2014
ISSN 1991-6655 GKv`k el wøzxq msl v AMÖnvqY- cšl 1421, ww m ^i 2014 Dc `óv m úv`k gbryi Avng` m úv`k Avey nvwg` jwzd wbe vnx m úv`k kwddj Avjg GKv`k el wøzxq msl v AMÖnvqY- cšl 1421, ww m ^i 2014 evsjv
More informationwbh vm eª vk M elyv I g~j vqb wefvm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv LÊ 10 deª qvwi 2002
wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv LÊ 10 deª qvwi 2002 eª vk M elyv I g~j vqb wefvm MÖš ^Z : eª vk cöökvkkvj : deª qvwi 2002 cöökvkk cö Q` gy`ªy : eª vk, M elyv I g~j vqb wefvm 75 gnvlvjx XvKv 1212 : Mvjvg
More informationevsjv ` k cöv_wgk ^v mevi Î KwgDwbwU wk wb Ki f~wgkv: AbymÜvb I ch e Y Gg Avey BDmyd *
evsjv `k Dbœqb mgx v LÐ 35 evwl K msl v 1424 evsjv ` k cöv_wgk ^v mevi Î KwgDwbwU wk wb Ki f~wgkv: AbymÜvb I ch e Y Gg Avey BDmyd * 1 f~wgkv mvbg mvnv Ave`yj Lv jk ^v gvby li g wjk AwaKvi MYcÖRvZš x evsjv
More informationwbh vm M elyv I g~j vqb wefvm, eª vk eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv LÊ 22 AvM 2011
wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv LÊ 22 AvM 2011 M elyv I g~j vqb wefvm, eª vk MÖš ^Z : eª vk cöökvkkvj : AvM 2011 cöökvkk mn hvmx m úv`k cö Q` A i web vm I A½m¾v gy`ªy : eª vk, M elyv I g~j vqb wefvm 75
More informationwek e vsk AvBweAviwW * AvBwWG
Av jvpbvi Rb Lmov 1 RyjvB, 2015 e vsk Kvh wewa cwi ekmz I mvgvwrk Kvh wewa Z_ jvf msµvší e vs Ki bxwz cöyqb cvewjk K vuvjm bs [GjBwRwfwcBD fz³ wcgûwcgd cökvm Ki wb ` k Abyhvqx] [RvwiK Z I Kvh Ki] [RvwiK
More informationAvwKR AvBwWqvj zj GÛ K jr wm jevm g köwy welq t evsjv
AvwKR AvBwWqvj zj GÛ K jr wm jevm-2018 1g köwy welq t evsjv gvbe Ub t 1 Kwei bvgmn KweZv gyl wjl t 10 2 Qov/KweZvi c ii jvbb wjl t 10 3 cö kœvëi wjl t 5 4=20 4 ey w` q kã I evk MVb Ki t 5 2=10 5 Kvi wpý
More information- 1 - (1) (2) B 0.80 g /cm 3. C 1.33 g /cm 3. D 2.0 g /cm 3 (3)
- 1 - (1) An astronaut has a mass of 80 kg on Earth. He can jump 10 cm high off the surface of the Earth. When he is on the Moon he can jump higher than this. This is because, on the Moon, (c w_ex Z GKRb
More informationcªwz e`b 101 ivrbxwz Z bvixi cöwzwbwaz : ˆewk K cö vc U evsjv ` ki KiYxq
cªwz e`b 101 ivrbxwz Z bvixi cöwzwbwaz : ˆewk K cö vc U evsjv ` ki KiYxq cökvkk m Uvi di cwjwm WvqjM (wmwcww) evwo 40/wm, ivw 11 avbgwû AvevwmK GjvKv XvKv-1209, evsjv `k dvb: (880 2) 9145090, 9141734,
More informationwbh vm M elyv I g~j vqb wefvm, eª vk eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv LÐ 26 ww m ^i 2015
wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv LÐ 26 ww m ^i 2015 M elyv I g~j vqb wefvm, eª vk MÖš ^Z : eª vk cökvkkvj: ww m ^i 2015 cökvkk: eª vk M elyv I g~j vqb wefvm 75 gnvlvjx, XvKv 1212 cö Q`: gv. Avãyi iv¾vk
More information2q mvgwqk mxu bs t 02. mvßvwnk cov 6ô kªwy. ZvwiL I evi
dvb : wsjuzjx kvlvi cöavb K v úvm t 64210, Mvj m K vv úvm t 66220, 3q K v úvm t 64647 6ô kªwy 2q mvgwqk - 2018 mxu bs t 02 13/05/2018 14/05/2018 15/05/2018 16/05/2018 17/05/2018 19/05/2018 mgq ejv 9.00Uv
More informationbvub P `ª `Ë widvz Avd ivr kl gv: i ûj Avgxb
EDUCATION BRAC Research Report October 2008 cªv_wgk ii MwYZ wel q kªyxwfwëk hvm Zvi cöwzdjb: eª vk cöyxz cvv eb, wk K mnvwqkv I wklb DcKiY ch v jvpbv bvub P `ª `Ë widvz Avd ivr kl gv: i ûj Avgxb BRAC Centre,
More informationKªvgRg cwiez b. ivmx `i ÁvZe
12 Aidv bu wd«i qe mvbu www.orpha.net _ K A ^vfvwek ivm-e vwa, wpwkrmvi Rb cix v-wbix v I Ilya-cZª wel q Ges mviv BD iv c Ab vb wjsk m ú K Avcwb AviI we vwiz Rvb Z cvi eb KªvgRg cwiez b BD iv Rb U wd«i
More informationKEEP PACE WITH. Volume 3, Number.38, 12 Pages. at Michigan State university.
2 3, 98! W \G \ q vk \ b v \(, v v ;, ): j:!, ; W, j v ; ;, \ ;, : z W, x,, G, 38 G v W W WW Y G W X Q G 82, v v G b Y v : W G : Y G X W Y 32 WG G G WG G X x x v v k v x b b b b b b 3 (x ) x, b b, W, v
More informationG j dvb j wmgj QKmg~n c~i Yi. wb ` wkkv. FY kªyxweb vm wefvm, we Kwe, cöavb Kvh vjq, XvKv
G j dvb j wmgj QKmg~n c~i Yi wb ` wkkv FY kªyxweb vm wefvm, we Kwe, cöavb Kvh vjq, XvKv Change of System Date cö_ g kvlvi h mkj Kw úduv i FY köyxweb vm msµvší KvR Kiv n e mb mkj Kw úduv i Date mwvk Av
More informationcöwzeüx e w³ `i Kv R wb qv Mi Zzjbvg~jK myweav Kg ÿ Î cöwzewüzv
cöwzeüx e w³ `i Kv R wb qv Mi Zzjbvg~jK myweav Kg ÿ Î cöwzewüzv AšÍ fz ³Ki Y wb qvmkvix `i Rb AbymiYxq wb ` wkkv cöwzeüx e w³ `i Kv R wb qv Mi Zzjbvg~jK myweav Kg ÿ Î cöwzewüzv AšÍ fz ³Ki Y wb qvmkvix
More informationAvšÍte w³k hvmv hvm I KvD Ýwjs welqk cöwkÿk cöwkÿy KvwiKzjvg
AvšÍte w³k hvmv hvm I KvD Ýwjs welqk cöwkÿk cöwkÿy KvwiKzjvg f~wgkv: evsjv ` ki ^v Lv Z GbwRI nj_& mvwf m Wwjfvwi cöv R± (GbGBPGmwWwc) n Q BDGmAvBwW- Gi e nëg wewb qvm evsjv `k AvqZ bi Zzjbvq wekvj Rb
More informationInside! Your Impact...p 5 How You Raised Awareness...p 9 The Bigger Picture...p 14
Ii! Y I... 5 H Y Ri A... 9 T Bi Pi... 14 W W v B, W W Gi f b i T. i fii) Fi F v (211 iq M, f i D F fii i i i. i, xii W. b 7 201 i f k ik f xiv f i T v 2017 i i i i i, i i i x ff fi fi-v i fi x M Fi W.
More informationH U M A N R I G H T S W A T C H
H U M A N R I G H T S W A T C H ÒAvgvi cvibv... g Zz i Av M wk cv ev?ó weevn, c _K emevm Ges ZvjvK wel q evsjv ` ki ˆelg g~jk AvBb: bvixi eâbv I ÿwzi DcvL vb 1 KwcivBU 2012 wndg vb ivbum IqvP mkj AwaKvi
More informationbvixi cöwz mkj cökvi ˆelg we jvc mb` (wmwi)
bvixi cöwz mkj cökvi ˆelg we jvc mb` (wmwi) Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) 1948 mv ji 10B ww m ^i RvwZms Ni mvaviy cwil` gvbevwakv ii me Rbxb NvlYvcÎ
More information66Zg Awa ekb RvwZmsN mvaviy cwil` fvly kl nvwmbv gvbbxq cöavbgš x MYcÖRvZš x evsjv `k mikvi
66Zg Awa ekb RvwZmsN mvaviy cwil` fvly kl nvwmbv gvbbxq cöavbgš x MYcÖRvZš x evsjv `k mikvi wbdbqk, hy³ivóª kwbevi 09 Avwk b 1418 24 m Þ ^i 2011 2 wem&wgjøvwni ivngvwbi ivwng Avm&mvjvgy AvjvBKzg Ges ïf
More informationRvZxq wek we` vjq MvRxcyi-1704
1g ce fwz wb ` wkkv- 1 RvZxq wek we` vjq MvRxcyi-1704 1g ce gv vm (wbqwgz) cövmöv g fwz wb ` wkkv wk vel : 2014-2015 (RvZxq wek^we` vjq _ K wzb eqi gqv`x mœvzk (cvm) cix vq DËxY Ges Pvi eqi gqv`x mœvzk
More informationDB gb A vû AvBwmwU d«w Uqvi Bwbwm qwuf
DB gb A vû AvBwmwU d«w Uqvi Bwbwm qwuf bvixi gzvqb, GmwWwR Ges Z_ cöhyw³ gwwdj C1 Av qvrk ev ÍevqbKvix ms v g~j welq gwwdj C1: bvixi ÿgzvqb, GmwWwR Ges Z_ cöhyw³ dvwng nvmvbb Dbœq b Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³
More informationewbwd Ui cöm ½ h cökœ ev i ev ib wr Ám Kiv nq
ewbwd Ui cöm ½ h cökœ ev i ev ib wr Ám Kiv nq Frequently asked questions about benefits GB Z_ Bsj vû, I qjm, Uj vû Ges DËi Avqvij v Ûi R b cö hvr U v µwwu (Ki Qvo) wk Ges Avwg wkfv e Zv c Z cvwi? 2 gvî
More informationZ_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ I Avgv `i evsjv `k 9 M. B-cP v mev : ez gv b ` ki mkj Rwgi ik W i Abywjwc AbjvB b msmön Kiv hvq GwU K ejv nq B-cP v c~ e mswkøó `ß ii Kg xmy eo eo ikw eb _ K Z_ mg~n c~e wba vwiz Q
More informationcöwkÿy Kvm wk ivbvg: KwgDwbwU ch v q wø-gylx hvmv hvm ^ Qv me Ki cöwkÿy cwipvjbv MvBWjvBb
cöwkÿy Kvm wk ivbvg: KwgDwbwU ch v q wø-gylx hvmv hvm ^ Qv me Ki cöwkÿy cwipvjbv MvBWjvBb Training on Two-Way Communicationm Facilitator Guideline mgqkvj : 02 w`b ev Íevq b : eª vk, `y h vm e e vcbv I
More informationPvKzix wb q cövqb hme cökœ Kiv nq
PvKzix wb q cövqb hme cökœ Kiv nq GBZ_ Bsj vû, I qjm, Uj vû Ges DËi Avqvij v Ûi ÿ Î cö hvr Avwg wk cbw ev ezbmn nwj W cvevi hvm? 2 Avwg wk e vsk nwj W Z KvR _ K QzwU cvevi hvm? 2 Avgvi cvu bvi Lye kxwnªb
More informationRÛvi, úm, ÿgzv I vcz welqk wpšív : Kgb n Z cv i GKwU Awj½ev`x kni?
RÛvi, úm, ÿgzv I vcz welqk wpšív : Kgb n Z cv i GKwU Awj½ev`x kni? mycöfv RyuB mg qi mv _ mv _ Avgv `i Rxebhvc bi c wzi cvj U hv Q we kl K i, kni Rxe b mb cvj U hviqvi MwZUv AZ ší `ªæZ I jÿyxq A_P mlv
More informationN e w S t u d e n t. C o u n c i l M e n
ZV. XX L GG L 3 942. 25 J b D b v D G... j z U 6 b Y DY. j b D.. L......&. v b v. z " 6 D". " v b b bv D v.... v z b.. k."... 92... G b 92. b v v b v b D ( 6) z v 27 b b v " z". v b L G. b. v.. v v. D
More informationwek e vs Ki myi v bxwzi ch v jvpbv I nvjbvmv`kiy cwi ekmz I mvgvwrk KvVv gv (cö ÍvweZ wøzxq Lmov) Av jvpbvi welq 1 RyjvB, 2015
wek e vs Ki myi v bxwzi ch v jvpbv I nvjbvmv`kiy cwi ekmz I mvgvwrk KvVv gv (cö ÍvweZ wøzxq Lmov) Av jvpbvi welq 1 RyjvB, 2015 kãms ÿc I Av` vÿi G v cm wewc wmgdgm KvW wwwcgd BwmAvi BGBPGmwR BGbAvi BGmwmwc
More information(3) 2 ms -1. Which of the following diagrams shows a possible outcome? wb Pi KvbwU m ve djvdj `LvB? 0 ms -1 2 ms -1 2 ms ms -1 0 ms -1 0 ms -1
Class 9-10 (1) Which of the following contains only fundamental SI units? (wb Pi Kvb wj gšwjk GKK?) A ampere,newton, second (A vw úqvi, wbdub, m KÛ) B. volt, second, kelvin ( fvë, m KÛ, Kjwfb) C. mole,ampere,
More information(fwz Qz QvÎ QvÎx `i Rb we ÍvwiZ wb ` kbv)
vik bst- ^vt Awat/wPtwkt/fwZ / wewwgm/2017-2018/055 GKB vik I Zvwi L jvwfwm³ nb e MYcÖRvZš x evsjv `k mikvi ^v Awa`ßi, gnvlvjx, XvKv www.dghs.gov.bd ZvwiL: 15-10-2017 wlªt (fwz Qz QvÎ QvÎx `i Rb we ÍvwiZ
More informationAin o Salish Kendra (ASK)
Ain o Salish Kendra (ASK) evsjv ` ki wkï AwaKvi cwiw wz welqk BDwcAvi K nvìvi cöwz e`b evsjv ` ki wkï AwaKvi cwiw wz welqk BDwcAvi K nvìvi cöwz e`b G cöwz e`bwu PvBì ivbum A vw fv Kwm Kvqvwjkb KZ K RvwZms
More informationm úv`k Avey nvwg` jwzd wbe vnx m úv`k kwddj Avjg
m úv`k Avey nvwg` jwzd wbe vnx m úv`k kwddj Avjg wøzxq el cö_g msl v ˆR ô-avlvp 1412, Ryb 2005 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx m úv`kxq cwil` mfvcwz I m úv`k wbe vnx m úv`k m`m : Avey nvwg` jwzd : kwddj Avjg : ggzvr
More informationgva wgk wkÿk cöwkÿy- wegw BDwbU- 8 Awa ekb- 1
gva wgk wkÿk cöwkÿy- wegw BDwbU- 8 Awa ekb- 1 f~wgkv wklb m~îmg~n K wk Y-wkLb c wz Z cwiyzkiy Avgiv mk jb Rvwb wk v e e vi ïiy n qwqj ag wk v K K `ª K i Ges ZLb MxR v, gmwr`, gw `i, gv BZ vw` ag xq cöwzôvb
More informationcwipvjbv cl `i cöwz e`b Kv úvwb AvBb, 1994; 184 avivi Aax b evsjv `k wmwkdwiwur GÛ G PÄ Kwgk bi 7 AvM, 2012 Zvwi Li weáwß m vwbz kqvi nvìvi jvdvr myigv wm g U wjwg UW ( Kv úvwb) Gi 15Zg evwl K mvaviy mfvq
More informationmev mnwrkiy ` óvší Kj m Uv ii gva g mev cö`vb
mev mnwrkiy ` óvší Kj m Uv ii gva g mev cö`vb 16496 wzzvm M vm UªvÝwgmb GÛ wwwóªwedkb Kv úvwb wjwg UW mn hvwmzvq: gwš cwil` wefvm I GUzAvB mev mnwrkiy ` óvší Kj m Uv ii gva g mev cö`vb Ryb 2017 cökvkbvq
More informationnvuuvi AwaKvi mve Rbxb gvbevwakvi Wvwe Dwewe Uªv AjsKib mvbdzwïb Avn g` gy`ªy AvBg v wgwwqv 10 Ryb 2008
nvuuvi AwaKvi mve Rbxb gvbevwakvi cöwz e`b ˆmq` gvneyeyj Avjg `eiv BdiBgmb wu gvw_ IqvUmb AjsKib mvbdzwïb Avn g` gy`ªy AvBg v wgwwqv 10 Ryb 2008 Wvwe Dwewe Uªv M elyv `j M elyvi wewfbœ Z_ msmön Ki Z mn
More information. ffflffluary 7, 1855.
x B B - Y 8 B > ) - ( vv B ( v v v (B/ x< / Y 8 8 > [ x v 6 ) > ( - ) - x ( < v x { > v v q < 8 - - - 4 B ( v - / v x [ - - B v B --------- v v ( v < v v v q B v B B v?8 Y X $ v x B ( B B B B ) ( - v -
More informationevsjv ` ki Avq cöe w i UvBg wmwir we køly gv. AvgRv` nv mb *
evsjv `k Dbœqb mgx v LÐ 34 evwl K msl v 1423 evsjv ` ki Avq cöe w i UvBg wmwir we køly gv. AvgRv` nv mb * 1 f wgkv AZby ieÿvbx ** mvgwók A_ bwzk DcvË e envi K i UvBg-wmwiR c~e vfvm (time series forecasting)
More informationgzvq bi Rb mv izv D ` vm Kvw Z ^cœ I KŠkjcÎ (3q ms iy) BD b v Bbw wudu di jvbdjs jvwb s RvwZmsN wk v, weávb I mvs wzk ms v
2006-2015 Kvw Z ^cœ I KŠkjcÎ (3q ms iy) United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization RvwZmsN wk v, weávb I mvs wzk ms v BD b v Bbw wudu di jvbdjs jvwb s m Þ ^i 2007 RvwZmsN wk v, weávb
More informationBmjv gi BwZnvm I ms wz wefv Mi c _K Kvb kz bvb
ivrkvnx wek we` vjq 2017-2018 wk ve l 1g el mœvzk (m vb) /mœvzk kªyx Z fwz cix vq wewfbœ BDwbU / wefv Mi kz mg~n wbgœiƒc: BDwbU A (Kjv Abyl`)-Gi cökœc Îi aiy, cix vi gvbeèb wb ` kbv wbgœiƒc: cix vi c~y
More information(RENOWNED PHILOSOPHER : AL GHAZALI) (The Method : Examination of Different Systems)
BDwbU - 10 wewkó `vk wbk : Avj-Mvhvjx (RENOWNED PHILOSOPHER : AL GHAZALI) cvv - 1 : Rxebx I ipbvkg (Life and works) cvv - 2 : c wz : wewfbœ gzev` cix Y cvv - 3 : cvv - 4 : cvv - 5 : cvv - 6 : cvv - 7 :
More informationg v br g U G vû wi mv m m W fjc g U Bwbwk qwuf (GgAviwWAvB) cªkvkkvj : 2007 wwrvbb : Mvjvg gv dv wkiy, gy`ªy : UªvÝcv i U ISBN:
g v br g U G vû wi mv m m W fjc g U Bwbwk qwuf (GgAviwWAvB) cªkvkkvj : 2007 wwrvbb : Mvjvg gv dv wkiy, gy`ªy : UªvÝcv i U ISBN: 984-300-000808-5 evsjv ` k gyw`ªz g v br g U G vû wi mv m m W fjc g U Bwbwk
More informationmvwdi AvBwWqvj zj GÛ K jr 1g Avš :cvwe K cix v-2016 i wubmn wm jevm
1g Avš :cvwe K cix v-16 kªwy: Z Zxq 1g cî mv: Ávb 2q cî Kw úduvi M` : ivrv I Zvi wzb Kb v c` : Avgv `i GB `k, nv U hve (KweZv, kãv_, k~y vb, evk MVb, mwvk DËi, hy³ey msw ß I eo cökœ) C.W LvZv Abyhvqx k~y
More informationRvZxq wek we` vjq MvRxcyi-1704
RvZxq wek we` vjq MvRxcyi-1704 mœvz KvËi kl ce (wbqwgz) wkÿv Kvh µ g fwz wb ` wkkv (2011-2012 wk vel ) [Pvi eqi gqv`x mœvzk (m vb) cix vq b~ bzg Z Zxq kªyx Z DËxY A_ev wzb eqi gqv`x mœvzk (cvm) I GK eqi
More informationwek wkï cwiw wz 2008 wkïi Aw ÍZ i v
wek wkï cwiw wz 2008 wkïi Aw ÍZ i v wek wkï cwiw wz 2008 K ZÁZv GB cöwz e`b ˆZwi Kiv m e n q Q BDwb m di wfz ii I evb ii eû gvby li civgk I Ae`v bi d j BDwb m di wbgœwjwlz Awdm jv _ K iæz c~y mn hvwmzv
More information69Zg RvwZmsN mvaviy Awa ekb. fvly kl nvwmbv gvbbxq cöavbgš x MYcÖRvZš x evsjv `k mikvi
69Zg RvwZmsN mvaviy Awa ekb fvly kl nvwmbv gvbbxq cöavbgš x MYcÖRvZš x evsjv `k mikvi RvwZmsN m`i`ßi wbd BqK 12 Avwk b 1421 27 m Þ ^i 2014 wemwgjøvwni ivngvwbi ivwng Avmmvjvgy AvjvBKzg Ges Very Good Morning
More informationwbh vzb I ndvr Z g Zz (wbeviy) AvBb, 2013 ch v jvpbv
wbh vzb I ndvr Z g Zz (wbeviy) AvBb, 2013 ch v jvpbv evsjv `k wjm vj GBW GÛ mvwf mm Uªv (eøv ) eøv 1993 mv j cöwzwôz GKwU RvZxq AvBb mev I gvbevwakvi msmvb mviv ` k 19wU Rjv Kvh vjq I AvBb mnvqzv wk wb
More informationcövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµg RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvv cy ÍK evw Ryb 2011 mnvqzvq: BDwb md
cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµg RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvv cy ÍK evw Ryb 2011 mnvqzvq: BDwb md cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµg RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvv cȳ ÍK evw, XvKv cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµg c ôv 1 cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµg Dbœqb: IqvwK s KwgwU 1.
More information^vÿwiz/- (cö dmi W. dviæk-dr-rvgvb PŠayix) iwr ªvi (AwZwi³ `vwqz ) PÆMÖvg-4349, evsjv `k
PÆMÖvg cö KŠkj I cöhyw³ wek we` vjq PÆMÖvg-4349, evsjv `k wb qvm weáwß PÆMÖvg cö KŠkj I cöhyw³ wek we` vjq-gi wbgœewy Z vqx/a vqx c`mg~n c~i Yi wbwg Ë evsjv ` ki cök Z bvmwik `i wbku _ K `ilv Í Avnevb
More informationBengali. cö Z nvb Mf ve v, Rb I kvší _vkzb gvz Z i cö_g ch vq m ú K GKwU wb ` wkkv wkï Avm Q!
Bengali cö Z nvb Mf ve v, Rb I kvší _vkzb gvz Z i cö_g ch vq m ú K GKwU wb ` wkkv wkï Avm Q! ^xk wz GB eb Z ^v welqk ckvrxexe ` ( nj_ cö dkbvj), ckvrxex wewfbœ msmvb, mvaviy I fjv Uvwi msmvb Ges wczv-gvzv
More informationm úv`k Avey nvwg` jwzd wbe vnx m úv`k kwddj Avjg
m úv`k Avey nvwg` jwzd wbe vnx m úv`k kwddj Avjg Z Zxq el cö_g msl v ˆR ô-avlvp 1412, Ryb 2006 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx m úv`kxq cwil` mfvcwz I m úv`k wbe vnx m úv`k m`m : Avey nvwg` jwzd : kwddj Avjg : ggzvr
More informationDaily Register Q7 w r\ i i n i i /"\ HTT /"\I AIM MPmf>riAnpn ^ ^ oikiar <mn ^^^*»^^*^^ _.. *-.,..,» * * w ^.. i nr\r\
$ 000 w G K G y' F: w w w y' w-y k Yk w k ' V 0 8 y Q w \ /"\ /"\ > ^ ^ k < ^^^*»^^*^^ _*-» * * w ^ \\ Y 88 Y Y 8 G b k =-- K w' K y J KKY G - - v v -y- K -y- x- y bb K' w k y k y K y y w b v w y F y w
More informationmgvšíivj Awa ekb (3) Rjevqy I cwi ek cöm½ K wlwe` BÝwUwUDkb evsjv `k, XvKv
mgvšíivj Awa ekb (3) Rjevqy I cwi ek cöm½ K wlwe` BÝwUwUDkb evsjv `k, XvKv Rjevqy cwiez bi SuzwK gvkv ejvq DcK jxq cövwšík Rb Mvôxi mÿgzv e w evsjv `k 06 ww m ^i 2017 cöÿvcu: `vwi`ªzv I DcK jxq Rb Mvôxi
More informationevsjv `k D gy³ wek we` vjq
GgGW cövmövg (Master of Education Program) QvÎ wb ` wkkv (Student Guide) zj Ae GWy Kkb evsjv `k D gy³ wek we` vjq QvÎ wb ` wkkv (Student Guide) cökvkkvj GwcÖj, 2005 cyytgỳ ªY g, 2012 Rvbyqvwi, 2016 cö
More informationM Ygva g w e w WAvi we `ªv ni Dc vcb m s e v`m~î e e nv i i I ci w Wm Kvm A vbvj vb w mm
c U f~w g Jahangirnagar University Journal of Journalism and Media Studies Vol 1 2014 ISSN 2409-479X M Ygva g w e w WAvi we `ªv ni Dc vcb m s e v`m~î e e nv i i I ci w Wm Kvm A vbvj vb w mm D¾ j gð j 1
More information01. Percentage. Percentage (kzkiv)
Percentage (kzkiv) kzkiv (Percentage):- kzkiv wnmve MwY Zi GKwU iæz c~y Ask wewfbœ cöwz hvwmzvg~jk cixÿvq kzkiv Ask _ K cökœ Kiv nq ZvB AZ ší g bv hv Mi mv _ Aa vqwu Abykxjb 01. Ki Z n e kzkiv k ãi A_
More informationmev Lv Z `ybx wz: RvZxq Lvbv Rwic 2010
mev Lv Z `ybx wz: RvZxq Lvbv Rwic 2010 UªvÝcv iwý B Uvib vkbvj evsjv `k `yb xwzwe ivax mvgvwrk Av `vjb `yb xwz _vgvb...glbb M elyv Dc `óv Gg. nvwdr DwÏb Lvb Pqvig vb, Uªvw evw, wuavbwe Aa vck gvrvddi Avng`
More informationR E S E A R C H. Monograph Series LÊ 33 AvM evsjv ` ki Pv kªwgk `i iƒcvš i: cöw Z Kweicš x cvbbkv Pv kªwgk. Bd ZLvi gvngỳ kvnv`y¾vgvb BRAC
R E S E A R C H Monograph Series LÊ 33 AvM 2007 evsjv ` ki Pv kªwgk `i iƒcvš i: cöw Z Kweicš x cvbbkv Pv kªwgk Bd ZLvi gvngỳ kvnv`y¾vgvb BRAC M elyv I g~j vqb wefvm, eª vk eª vk m Uvi, 75 gnvlvjx, XvKv
More informationGCSE BENGALI Higher Tier Paper 1 Listening Test Transcript
SPECIMEN MATERIAL GCSE BENGALI Higher Tier Paper 1 Listening Test Transcript H Specimen 2019 Morning Time allowed: 45 minutes (including 5 minutes reading time before the test) FOR INVIGILATOR S USE ONLY
More informationew evmx `i AwfÁZvq ew D Q`: GKwU wbweo ch e Y
Poverty alleviation Empowerment Human well-being Environment mvgvwrk Agriculture Microfinance Reproductive health Population Action research CFPR/TUP Gender Food and Nutrition Agriculture Microfinance
More informationmnfvmxzvi Avðh gq gzv
mnfvmxzvi Avðh gq gzv Wwf` KvwWª câvkëgxi w` b whi kv jg bmix Z 3000 jvk ag vš wiz I evßvbwrz nevi NUbv D j Li ci cib cöwiz cȳ K h we kl K_v wj jlv n q Q Zv n Q, Ò mb jv Kiv cöwiz `i wk v ïbz, Zv `i ms
More informationGwkqvi Avw`evmx `i welq jv wb q MYgva g AbykxjbKvix `i Rb e envwik wb ` wkkv
Gwkqvi Avw`evmx `i welq jv wb q MYgva g AbykxjbKvix `i Rb e envwik wb ` wkkv KwcivBU 2014 Gwkqvi Avw`evmx `i welq jv wb q MYgva g AbykxjbKvix `i Rb e envwik wb ` wkkv MÖš ^Z : Gwkqv BwÛ Rbvm wccjm c v±
More informationcyw ÍKvi mvwe K cwipq
eûfvwlk wk v cömv ii Rb GW fv Kwm cyw ÍKv: ewâz `i AšÍf y³kiy International cyw ÍKvi mvwe K cwipq International eûfvwlk wk v cömv ii Rb GW fv Kwm cyw ÍKv: ewâz `i AšÍf y³kiy cyw ÍKvi mvwe K cwipq Advocacy
More informationA vkvd U wewa (mvaviy) K c v iu e vswks MÖvnK `i Rb
A vkvd U wewa (mvaviy) K c v iu e vswks MÖvnK `i Rb 1. wnmve Lvjvi Rb GBPGmwewm evsjv `k (e vsk) m ú~y wb Ri ZË veav b e vsk Gi cö`ë dig-g wbqgvejx Abyhvqx cövcövbuiwkc, cvu bviwkc, cövb fu ev cvewjk wjwg
More informationXvKv DËi wmwu K c v ikb wbev P b gqi c`cöv_ x gvnx we. PŠayix. wbe vpbx Bk Znvi. 16 GwcÖj, 2015
XvKv DËi wmwu K c v ikb wbev P b gqi c`cöv_ x gvnx we. PŠayix wbe vpbx Bk Znvi 16 GwcÖj, 2015 1 Aa vq - 1 cörb fvebv _ K cörb kni Aa vq - 2 mvgmöxk ` wófw½ K) cörb ` wófw½ - 1 ïaygvî fvuvi `i gb Rq Kivi
More informationBs iwr fvlv wk v_ x `i Rb Avwj sub cvewjk zjm Kg m~wpmg~ ni g~j vqb. P ovš cöwz e`b m Þ ^i 18, 2012
Bs iwr fvlv wk v_ x `i Rb Avwj sub cvewjk zjm Kg m~wpmg~ ni g~j vqb P ovš cöwz e`b m Þ ^i 18, 2012 evieviv ww. A vk v, wmwbqi M elyv weávbx jwu gviry Kv, wmwbqi M elyv mn hvmx wµw A vb Kbvm, M elyv mnkvix
More information`vwqz kxj grm mø envi
7 GdGI `vwqz kxj grm Avni Yi KvwiMwi wb ` wkkv 7 `vwqz kxj grm mø envi RvwZms Ni Lv` I K wl ms v ivg, 1998 GB Z_ cyw Kvq cö`ë msáv I welqe i gva g ivóªms Ni Lv` I K wl ms v Kvb `k, mxgvbv, bmi ev AÂj ev
More informationISSN: X. evsjvwfkb. LÊ 13 msl v 1 Rvbyqvwi 2014
evsjvwfkb ISSN: 2079-567X LÊ 13 msl v 1 Rvbyqvwi 2014 UKmB Dbœq bi DÌvb I czb: GKwU ch v jvpbv W. Avnmvb nvwee mvims c: UKmB Dbœqb GLb A bkuvb wd K n q hv Q GB e vbv i A bk wbõj D ` vm BwZg a B bqv n q
More informationIslami Banking September 2015 A Journal published by Public Relations Division Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited
Bmjvgx e vswks 1 2 Bmjvgx e vswks Bmjvgx e vswks 1 Islami Banking September 2015 A Journal published by Public Relations Division Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited Rbms hvm wefvm, Bmjvgx e vsk evsjv `k wjwg
More informationPv köwgk I ^ícwiwpz RvwZmË vmg~ ni ivr bwzk I Av_ -mvgvwrk G RÛv
Pv köwgk I ^ícwiwpz RvwZmË vmg~ ni ivr bwzk I Av_ -mvgvwrk G RÛv cökvkk mvmvbwu di Gbfvqib g U A vû wndg vb W fjc g U ( mw) 1/1 cjøex (5g Zjv), wgicyi, XvKv-1216, evsjv `k dvb: +880-2-9026636 d v : +880-2-8060828
More informationAvPiY cwiez bi Rb bkkv ˆZix: K wl, cövk wzk m ú` e e vcbv, ^v Ges cywói Rb. RyjvB 2013
AvPiY cwiez bi Rb bkkv ˆZix: K wl, cövk wzk m ú` e e vcbv, ^v Ges cywói Rb RyjvB 2013 AvPiY cwiez bi Rb bkkv ˆZix: K wl, cövk wzk m ú` e e vcbv, ^v Ges cywói Rb AvPiY cwiez bi Rb bkkv ˆZix: K wl, cövk
More informationRvbv I `Lv. [Knowing and Seeing] [kg_ I we`k b fvebvi c~y v½ MvBW]
www.kalpataruboi.org Rvbv I `Lv [Knowing and Seeing] [kg_ I we`k b fvebvi c~y v½ MvBW] 2 Rvbv I `Lv www.kalpataruboi.org Rvbv I `Lv [Knowing and Seeing] [kg_ I we`k b fvebvi c~y v½ MvBW] cv-ak mqv` Abyev`
More informationInclusive Education Training Manual
Inclusive Education Training Manual cwikíbv I ipbv gvt mv nj ivbv Zcb Kzgvi evob ixbv nvj`vi fvizx emy DËg Kzgvi ivq m úv`bv g nrexb RvwKi Lvb gvt mv nj ivbv wb ` kbv g vby qjv wwõa vwûªqv g nrexb RvwKi
More informationwmwfj AwWU g vbyqvj wmwfj AwWU Awa`ßi evsjv ` ki gnv wnmve-wbix K I wbqš K KZ K cökvwkz
wmwfj AwWU g vbyqvj wmwfj AwWU Awa`ßi evsjv ` ki gnv wnmve-wbix K I wbqš K KZ K cökvwkz wmwfj AwWU g vbyqvj 0.2 gyleü wmwfj AwWU Awa`ß ii e env ii Rb cö_gev ii gz GB AwWU g vbyqvjwu cö Z Kiv n q Q m úöwz
More informationBengali 2004 PUBLIC EXAMINATION. Continuers Level. Section 1: Listening and Responding (30 marks)
Student/Registration Number Centre Number 2004 PUBLIC EXAMINATION Bengali Continuers Level Tuesday 19 October: 2 p.m. Eastern Standard Time Reading Time: 10 minutes Working Time: 2 hours and 50 minutes
More informatione emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî GKv`k-Øv`k kªwy
Any kind of e-book & Software : www.tanbirc Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): www.facebook.com/tanbir.ebooks RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvv cy ÍK evw KZ K Aby gvw`z e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî GKv`k-Øv`k
More informationBDwbU 5. lô _ K `kg kªyx ch ší gva wgk K wl wkÿv wkÿvµg
gva wgk wkÿk cöwkÿy - wegw BDwbU 5 lô _ K `kg kªyx ch ší gva wgk K wl wkÿv wkÿvµg Awa ekb 1 t gvvkm I D` vb km Drcv`b Awa ekb 2 t K wl ebvqb Awa ekb 3 t grm Pvl Awa ekb 4 t nuvm-gyiwm cvjb Awa ekb 5 t
More informationevrv ii hy M wgwwqv evrv ii hy M wgwwqv 1 cövk-k_b
evrv ii hy M wgwwqv evrv ii hy M wgwwqv 1 2 cövk-k_b evrv ii hy M wgwwqv m úv`bv mỳ xß kg v Rvg k`yj Kwig evrv ii hy M wgwwqv mn hvwmzvq mvjvndïxb kwdkzj Avjg iwb `Ë cö_g cökvk gvn 1417 deª qvwi 2011 cökvkk
More informationA_ bwzk cöe w Ges `vwi`ª we gvpb : evsjv `k Ges Px bi mv úªwzk AwfÁZvi GKwU Zzjbvg~jK we k ly
evsjv `k Dbœqb mgx v LÊ 31 evwl K msl v 1420 A_ bwzk cöe w Ges `vwi`ª we gvpb : evsjv `k Ges Px bi mv úªwzk AwfÁZvi GKwU Zzjbvg~jK we k ly 1 f~wgkv gv Ídv Kvgvj gy Rix * ez gvb mg q D P I `xn gqvw` mgwók
More informationc~e cvwk Ív bi cöv_wgk wk v : mikv ii f~wgkv
c~e cvwk Ív bi cöv_wgk wk v 1947-71 : mikv ii f~wgkv W.!!gvQv.!!Lv `Rv LvZyb * Abstract : Primary education plays pivotal role in forming the educational foundation of a nation. Therefore, the infrastructural
More informationPÆMÖvg AÂ j cövk wzk M vm weziy I evrvirvzki Y `yb xwz t evlivev` M vm wm ógm& wjwg UW Gi Ici GKwU we kl mgx v. mvwe K ZZ veavb
PÆMÖvg AÂ j cövk wzk M vm weziy I evrvirvzki Y `yb xwz t evlivev` M vm wm ógm& wjwg UW Gi Ici GKwU we kl mgx v ÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ AvMó,2008 M elyv: gv: Mvjvg
More informationMÖvnK mev I Awf hvm e e vcbv bxwzgvjv
MÖvnK mev I Awf hvm e e vcbv bxwzgvjv RbZv e vsk wjwg UW wfwrj vý wwcvu g U, cöavb Kvh vjq, XvKv cöavb Dc `óv gvt Ave`ym mvjvg wmbi GÛ g v bwrs ww i±i Dc `óv nvmvb BKevj Dc-e e vcbv cwipvjk m úv`bv I mgš^qkvix
More informationbvg: wczv: gvzv: Rb vb: Rb ZvwiL zj Rxeb K jr Rxeb: XvKv wek we` vjq Rxeb: weevn: x: mšívb: kke, Kki, evwo I cwi ek:
- 1 - Rxebe ËvšÍ bvg: wg Uz ingvb wczv: giûg Avãyi ikx` f~&tv gvzv: giûg Av qkv ikx` Rb vb: gyýxmä(weµgcyi) Rjvi AšÍM Z Mªvg: KqvBb, WvKNi: KqvBb, _vbv: wmivrw`luvb Rb ZvwiL: 12 deªæqvix 1952Bs zj Rxeb:
More informationRvZxq wkÿvµg evsjv. GKv`k I Øv`k kªwy
RvZxq wkÿvµg 2012 evsjv GKv`k I Øv`k kªwy RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvv cȳ ÍK evw 1. m~pbv 1.1 h Kvb Kvh Kª gi mdjzv wbf i K i Gi myôz cwikíbvi Dci wk v Kvh µ gi Giƒc cwikíbvb wk vµg wk v_x `i AvMÖn, cöeyzv, mvg_,
More information