wbh vm M elyv I g~j vqb wefvm, eª vk eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv LÐ 26 ww m ^i 2015

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1 wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv LÐ 26 ww m ^i 2015 M elyv I g~j vqb wefvm, eª vk

2 MÖš ^Z : eª vk cökvkkvj: ww m ^i 2015 cökvkk: eª vk M elyv I g~j vqb wefvm 75 gnvlvjx, XvKv 1212 cö Q`: gv. Avãyi iv¾vk A i web vm I A½m¾v: gv. AvKivg nv mb g~j : 50 UvKv gỳ ªY: K_v G UvicÖvBR 1515, cv UievM, `wÿy `wbqv K`gZjx, XvKv-1236 m úv`bv cwil` Dc `óv: Wv. gynv v` gymv m úv`k: Bd ZLvi G PŠayix mn hvmx m úv`k: AvjZvgvm cvkv m`m : gvt AvKivgyj Bmjvg, kwdkzj Bmjvg, Avbœv wgb&r, KvImvi Avdmvbv I kv givb Av e` wbh v mi G msl vwu Z UKmB Dbœqb jÿ mg~n kxl K GKwU we kl cöwz e`bmn 2015 mv ji 5wU, 2014 mv ji 3wU, 2013 mv ji 5wU Ges 2012 mv ji 1wU evqvbk Z M elyv wi cvu vb c q Q gzvg Zi Rb m úv`k ev cökvkk `vqx bb cöeümg~ n Dc vwcz mkj gzvgz M elk ev jlkm Yi GKvšÍ wbr ^

3 m~wpcî m úv`kxq 1 mv úªwzk Lei 3 we kl cöwz e`b UKmB Dbœq b RvwZmsN wba vwiz UKmB Dbœqb jÿ mg~n (Sustainable Development Goals) 8 Av_ -mvgvwrk evsjv ` ki Ae nwjz nvii GjvKvi Rxeb I RxweKv: wm j Ui w`ivb Ges evwbqvps A ji Km vww 16 RÛvi mgzv Ges bvixi ÿgzvq bi AwfhvÎvq cyiæl I evjk `i m ú ³KiY: RÛvi KvqvwjwU A vkkb jvwb s 20 eª vk wkï wb KZb we` vj qi Kvh µ gi Dci GKwU cöviw K AbymÜvb 28 bvixi cöwz eâbv I mwnsmzvi weiæ cöwz iva Mo Z mvgvwrk ms e`bkxjzv m wó Z eª vk Kg m~wpi GKwU g~j vqb 38 be iƒckí cyi bv P v jämg~n: evsjv ` k cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvi Ae v 44 wek Miv gi Mí 54 wm ju wefv Mi wbe vwpz Dc Rjvmg~ n cövšíxq ch v q Ae vbkvix `i m ú K Rvb Z Z_ AvniYg~jK AbymÜvbx M elyv 68 Lvbv ch v q wbivc` cvwbi e envi, cvqlvbv I ^v wewa AvPiY wby q: Kvqvwj UwUf Bbdi gkb wm gi GKwU cö qvm 73 hšb nqivwb Ges G msµvší NUbvi cöwz we` vjqmvgx g q `i Ávb Ges g bvfv ei cwiez b: eª v Ki MEJNIN ( g q `i Rb wbivc` bvmwikz ) Kg m~wpi cöfve g~j vqb 79 ^v I cywó welqk MÖvgxY evsjv ` k gv I bervz Ki h Zœ cwipvwjz KwgDwbwUwfwËK Kg m~wpi AvIZvaxb KwgDwbwU ^v Kg x `i S i covi KviYmg~n ch eÿy 87 evsjv ` ki MÖvgv j gvz `y» cvb DrmvwnZKiY: gvz `y» wekí AvBb-2013 Gi Av jv K AskxRb `i f~wgkv 93 evsjv ` ki g v jwiqvcöey Rjvmg~ n `xn vqx KxUbvkK hy³ gkvwi (Long-lasting insecticide nets) wb Ri Kv Q ivlv Ges Zvi mø env i MÖvgxY RbM Yi g v jwiqv m úwk Z Ávb Ges gkvwi e env ii Af v mi Dci GKwU M elyv cöwz e`b 101

4 wkïi Lv` vfv m gvevbj dvb e env ii gva g gvevbj ^v mev Kvh µg K AwaKZi djcöm~ Kivi Dci GKwU wbixÿvg~jk M elyv 109 evsjv ` k eª vk AZ vek Kxq ^v mev (BGBPwm) Kg m~wpi AvIZvaxb GjvKvmg~ n gv Ges wkï ^v welqk wby vqkmg~ ni ez gvb Ae v 112

5 BRAC wbh vm 2015 ww m ^i;26:1-2 m úv`kxq Avgiv kvkvwff Z eª v Ki wbe vnx cwipvj Ki Dc `óv I eª vk wek we` vj qi A_ bxwz I mvgvwrk weávb wefv Mi Pqvicvimb wewkó K wl-a_ bxwzwe` I M elk W. gvneye nv mb MZ Rvbyqvwi 04, 2016, gvwk b hy³iv óªi wk fj vû wk wb K B šíkvj K i Qb (Bbœvwjjøwn Iqv Bbœv BjvBwn ivwrdb) `xn w`b a i wkse`šíx GB K wl A_ bxwzwe` evsjv ` k K wllv Z Abb mvaviy Ae`vb i L M Qb A_ bwzk Dbœq b wzwb we k bz vbxq f~wgkv cvjb K i M Qb Ôÿz`ª Lvgvi K wl Z Kvh Ki f~wgkv ivl Z mÿgõ GB wpšívavivi wekv k wzwb Ab Zg AMÖMvgx bvqk Lv` wbivcëv wbwðzki b ÿỳ ª Lvgvi jvi gva g ÔmeyR wecø eiõ mydj `wÿy Gwkqvi eû ` k Qwo q w` Z Zvi Ae`vb wqj me Rb ^xk Z RvZxq ch v qi K wl welqk bxwzgvjv cöyq b W. gvneye nv m bi Ae`vb memgq cªiyv n q _vk e W. nv mb Zvi eyv X Kg Rxe bi ek wkqy mgq KvR K i Qb AvšÍR vwzk avb M elyv ms vi m ½ ` ki Uv b wzwb wd i Av mb evsjv ` k, MÖnY K ib eª v Ki wbe vnx cwipvj Ki `vwqz Zvi Kg Rxe bi kl w`b ch ší wzwb eª v Ki wbe vnx cwipvj Ki Dc `óv I eª vk BDwbfvwm wui wwcvu g U Ad B Kvbwg A vû mvk vj mv qý-gi Pqvicvimb wn m e `vwqz cvjb K i M Qb ckvmz Rxe b AvšÍR vwzk avb M elyv cöwzôv b (Bwi) wq jb mgvrweávb wefv Mi cªavb mlv b wzwb AvšÍR vwzk K wl M elyvi Rb civgk g~jk Mvôxi wekv k we kl f~wgkv iv Lb weavbwwgm Gi gnvcwipvjk wn m ei wzwb `vwqz cvjb K i Qb Gwkqvb mvmvbwu Ad GwMÖKvjPvivj B Kv bvwg -Gi bewbe vwpz mfvcwz wn m ei wzwb `vwqz cvjb KiwQ jb XvKv wek we` vjq _ K A_ bxwz Z GgG wwwmö jv fi ci W. gvneye K vgweªr BDwbfvwm wu _ K wcgbpww wwwmö AR b K ib `vwi`ª, MÖvgxY wkí, ÿz`ªfy, K wl Z cöhyw³mz Dbœqb I cövwšík K lk `i Rxebgvb Dbœq b wzwb K qk `kk a i wbweo M elyv K ib 2013 mv j gvwk b hy³ivóª _ K cökvwkz ivrbxwz I A_ bxwzwelqk Møvevj g vmvwrb Ôd ib wbh vm 1

6 m úv`kxq cwjwmõ KZ K we k i me P q cöfvekvjx cuvpk e w³i ZvwjKvq wzwb wbe vwpz nb Zuvi D jøl hvm K qkwu eb n QÑMªv gi gvbyl MÖvgxY A_ bxwz Rxeb RxweKvi ch v jvpbv; evsjv ` ki cjøx Dbœqb : mgm v I m vebv; M í M í A_ bxwz; wek Miv gi Mí; Mwie ` k Mwie gvbyl, Asian rice bowls a returning crisis, Rice research in Asia: progress & prospect, Impact of rice research in Asia, Strategy of development in Bangladesh, Rural economy and Livelihoods insights from Bangladesh. W. nv mb Zvi GgGBP WvUv mu w` q mgwak cwiwpwz c q Qb, hv Zvi cövwzôvwbk ^xk wz GB Z_ DcvËm vi cövq Pvi`kK a i wzwb Mfxi wbôvi m ½ cwiea b I cwigvr b K i Qb, hv jswmuzwwbvj M elyvi ÿ Î wek gvckvwvi cªÿvc U GKwU iæz c~y welq Gai bi M elyv wpwkrmv kv I g bvweáv b e eüz nq, wzwb Zv mdjfv e A_ bxwz Z cö qvm K i Qb, hv cöv qvwmk M elyvi GKwU Abb ms hvrb cövq wzb`kke vcx cwikög K i h mvgvwrk M elyvi Z_ fvðvi wzwb ˆZwi K i Qb, `kxwe `kx A bk M elk GwU e envi Ki Qb ez gv b wej MUm dvd Ûkbmn we k i A bk msmvb GB Z_ fvðvi e envi Ki Q W. gvneye nv m bi GKwU M elyv Kg Did the commodity price spike increase rural poverty? Evidence from a long-run panel in Bangladesh K wl A_ bxwz Rvb v j (AvBGG-B Rvb vj) 2014 mv ji miv M elyvcî wn m e cyi Z n q Q m úªwz BZvwji wgjv b AbywôZ AvBGG- B m jb 2015 Z GK_v NvlYv Kiv n q Q W. gvneye nv m bi wcgbpwwõi welqe wqj K wl Z ØZ KvVv gv Zvi M elyvi jÿ we `y wqj f~wg ms vi bxwz, `vwi`ª, MÖvgxY wkí, MÖvgxY Drcv` b KvVv gvmz cwiez b, ÿz`ªÿy, K wl Dbœqb; we klz K wl Z cöhyw³ Dbœq bi wewfbœ w`k K wl I MÖvgxY Dbœqb m úwk Z wewfbœ wel q Zvi mymfxi M elyv Zv K GKRb K wl I Dbœqb A_ bxwzwe` wn m e ` k-we ` k cwiwpwz G b w` qwqj Dbœqb ÿ Î Zuvi mg M elyv I Ae`vb ciez x cör b i Kv QI cv _q n q _vk e wbh vm cökvkbvq Zvi mymfxi AvMÖn wqj wzwb eª v Ki wbe vnx cwipvjk _vkvkvjxb wbh v mi Avw½ZMZ wewfbœ wel q Zvi ÁvbMf gzvgz cö`vb K i Avvg `i mg K i Qb wbh v mi Dc `óv wn m e Gi 25Zg msl vwui cvûzwjwc wzwb mgq wb q m úv`bv K i w` qwq jb wkš ZLb Avgiv RvbZvg bv h Zv K GZ ZvovZvwo Avgv `i nviv Z n e eª vk M elyv I g~j vqb wefv Mi cÿ _ K Avgiv W. gvneye nv m bi AKvj g Zz Z Mfxi kvk cökvk KiwQ Ges Zuvi cöwz Avgv `i AwšÍg Awfev`b Ávcb KiwQ wbh vm 2

7 BRAC wbh vm 2015 ww m ^i;26:3-7 mv cöwzk Lei eª v Ki cöwzôvzv I Pqvicvimb m vi dr j nvmvb Av e` Iqvì dzw cövbr c jb wbh vm 3 `vwi`ª `~ixki Yi j ÿ Lv` I K wl ÿ Î Ae`v bi ^xk wz ^iƒc Iqvì dzw cövbr dvd Ûkb KZ K ÔIqvì dzw cövbr MÖnY K i Qb eª v Ki cöwzôvzv I Pqvicvimb m vi dr j nvmvb Av e`, KwmGgwR hy³iv óªi AvBIqv U K vwcuvj fe bi njiæ g Av qvwrz Abyôv b dr j nvmvb Av e `i nv Z MZ 16 A ±vei 2015 GB cyi vi Zz j `b Iqvì dzw cövbr dvd Ûk bi Pqvicvimb Z Zxq Rb iæqvb Abyôv b ^vmz e³e cö`vb K ib GB cyi v ii cöe³v big vb evij Mi Kb v Rwb evijm Ges AvBIqv Ui Mf bi Uwi eª vb W D jøl h cöwz eqi wek Lv` w`em Dcj ÿ Iqvì dzw cövbr dvd Ûkb GB cyi vi cö`vb K i _v K Lv` I K wllv Zi bv ej wn m e we ewpz GB cyi v ii Avw_ K g~j AvovB jÿ gvwk b Wjvi wek Lv` cyi vi cö`vb Abyôvb K mvg b i L Iqvì dzw cövbr dvd Ûkb- Gi cÿ _ K cöwzeqi mvz w`be vcx RgKv jv Abyôv bi Av qvrb Kiv nq cyi vi weziyx Abyôv b Ô evijm WvqvjMÕ bv g Lv` Drcv`b, gv bvbœqb, e Ub, bzzb Avwe vi BZ vw` wel q Av jvpbv I gzwewbg q mswkøó ÿ Îi wewkó e w³em Ask

8 mv cöwzk Lei bb Gev ii Wvqvj M g~j Av jvpk wn m e m vi dr j nvmvb Av e` e j Qb Ôeª vkõ cöwzôv I Zvi e o IVvi Mí GB cyi vi cviqvi cªwzwµqvq m vi dr j nvmvb Av e` e jb,ôiqvì dzw cövbr cövwß Avgvi Rb GK cig m vb G cyi vi ïay Avgvi GKvi bv, G cyi vi eª v Ki MZ 43 eq ii Kv Ri ^xk wz m vi Av e` AviI e jb, ÔGB mvdj Muv_vi cq b cök Z bvqk Avm j `wi`ª gvby livb, we klz `vwi `ª i mv _ jovb Kiv mb bvix, huviv Rxe bi cöwzwu ÿ Î evavi m ylxb nb Ges Zv KvwU q I Vb D jøl h, Lv` I K wl Z Amvgvb Ae`vb ivlvi Rb big vb evijm 1970 mv j bv ej kvwší cyi vi jvf K ib wzwb Lv` I K wlweáv b bv ej cyi vi cöez bi cö Íve K iwq jb wkš G-wel q Kvb D ` vm bv biqvq big vb evijm 1987 mv j wb RB Pvjy K ib ÔIqvì dyw cövbrõ wbh vm 4

9 mv cöwzk Lei M elyv I g~j vqb wefv Mi bzzb I qemvbu D Øvab MZ 1 deªæqvix 2015, M elyv I g~j vqb wefv Mi bzzb I qemvbu D Øvab K ib eª v Ki wbe vnx cwipvj Ki Dc `óv W. gvneye nv mb D³ Abyôv b Av iv Dcw Z wq jb eª vk ª v UwR, KwgDwb Kkb Ges A vgcviqvi g U Gi wmwbii cwipvjk Rbve Avwmd mv jn& Abyôv b AviI Dcw Z wq jb M elyv I g~j vqb wefv Mi Rbve Bd ZLvi G PŠayix Kv-AwW bui, GwWwUs GÛ cvewj Kkbm D jøl h, `vwi`ª we gvp b Avgv `i Pjgvb cö Póvq Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ kw³kvjx gva g wn m e KvR Ki Q eª v Ki M elyv I g~j vqb wefv Mi Ávb I Z_ Drm GLb wek gvbwp Î vb K i wb q Q Ges GLb AviI bzzb Avw½ K mb Z_ fvðvi Avgiv e envi Ki Z cvi ev G bzzb I qemvb Ui gva g bzzbfv e GB I qemvb Ui Kvh µg MÖn Yi g~j D Ïk n Q M elyv cökvkbv K AviI e vck Rb Mvôxi gv S cuš Q `Iqv Ges Dbœqb m úwk Z Avjvc- Av jvpbvq M elyv K AviI my úó K i Zvjv GB I qemvbuwu GLb gvevbj _ KI `Lv m eci n e wewfbœ mvgvwrk hvmv hvm gva gi Z_ wewbgq Kiv mnrzi n e wbh vm 5

10 mv cöwzk Lei GWz Kkb IqvP cöwz e`b cökvk (Wvb _ K ev g) Gbvgyj nk, DccwiPvjK, MYmvÿiZv Awfhvb, mgxi iäb bv_, Kg m~wp cöavb, AviBwW, W. K v ivwjb mvbbvim, wwgdavbww evsjv ` ki wkÿv I ^v wefv Mi wug wjwvi, iv k`v K PŠayix, wbe vnx cwipvjk, MYmvÿiZv Awfhvb, GW fv KU gv ÍvwdRyi ingvb, Ggwc, gvbbxq gš x, cöv_wgk I MYwkÿv, KvRx iwdkzj Avjg, mfvcwz W vg, IqvwnDÏxb gvngỳ, cöv³b Dc `óv, ZË veavqk mikvi, W. nv mb wrjøyi ingvb, cöv³b Dc `óv, ZË veavqk mikvi XvKvi AvMviMuvI GjwRBwW-AviwWBwm wgjbvqz b MZ 19 ww m ^i 2015 Zvwi L GWz Kkb IqvP wi cvu Gi cökvkbv Drme AbywôZ nq Gev ii welq wqj, Ômn ªvã Dbœqb _ K UKmB fwel r: cö qvrb gvbm Z cöv_wgk wkÿvi DbœwZi MwZe w Õ cöwz e` b Z_ Zz j a ib MYmvÿiZv Awfhv bi M elk mgxi iäb bv_ G Z 1998 mv j _ K Kiv MYmvÿiZv Awfhv bi Av Mi cöwz e`b jvi m ½ cökvwkz cöwz e` bi Zzjbvg~jK we kølyi Zz j aiv nq Ges GKB m ½ 2014 mv j Kiv Rwi ci Z_ Zz j aiv nq cöwz e` b ejv nq, 2014 mv j 74 `kwgk 5 kzvsk wkÿv_ x mvwe Kfv e hvm Zv AR b K i Q welqwfwëk hvm Zv ZI Av Mi P q fv jv K i Q wkÿv_ xiv wkÿv_ x `i 69 `kwgk 2 kzvsk 2014 mv j MwY Z hvm Zv AR b K i Q, hv 2000 mv j wqj 48 kzvsk KwVb welq wn m e cwiwpz MwY Z hvm Zv evovi nvi 21 `kwgk 2 kzvsk GKBfv e cöv_wgk weávb, evsjv `k I wek cwipq, evsjv I Bs iwr wel q Av Mi P q ewk hvm Zv AR b K i Q wkÿv_ xiv wbh vm 6

11 mv cöwzk Lei cöwz e` b wkqz mycvwik K i ejv nq, wkÿvi YMZ gv bi Ici Rvi w` Z wm q me wkkyi wkÿvq cö e ki AwaKvi I AskMÖn Yi wel q g bv hvm mwi q Avbv hv e bv GL bv cövq 30 jvl wkï we` vj qi evb i, hviv me P q ewk SuywKc~Y cöavb AwZw_i e³ e cöv_wgk I MYwkÿvgš x GW fv KU gv ÍvwdRyi ingvb wkÿk `i wbqwgz K vm biqvi Ici iæz v ivc K i e jb, KZ fvm wkÿk KZ e Ae njv Ki Qb, Zvi Ici M elyv niqv DwPZ MYmvÿiZv Awfhv bi Pqvicvimb KvRx iwdkzj Avj gi mfvcwz Z Abyôv b AviI e³e `b mv ek ZË veavqk mikv ii Dc `óv W. nv mb wrjø yi ingvb, wwgdavbww evsjv ` ki wkÿv I ^v wefv Mi wug wjwvi, W. K v ivwjb mvbbvim wbh vm 7

12 BRAC wbh vm 2015 ww m ^i;26:8-15 we kl cöwz e`b UKmB Dbœq b RvwZmsN wba vwiz UKmB Dbœqb jÿ mg~n (Sustainable Development Goals) bzzb GB 17wU UKmB Dbœqb jÿ mg~n ˆewk K jÿ mg~n wn m e cwiwpwz c q Q Gi D Ïk n Q `vwi`ª wbg ~j Kiv, ÿzav I Amvg NyPv bv, Rjevqy cwiez b Ges cwi ek msiÿ Y Kvh Ki e e v MÖnY Kiv, ^v Ges wkÿv ÿ Î cö ekvwakv ii Dbœqb NUv bv, kw³kvjx cövwzôvwbk KvVv gv ˆZwi Kiv Ges Askx`vwiZ mn AviI welqmg~n K cövavb `Iqv 25 m Þ ^i 2015 Zvwi L RvwZmsN Av qvwrz UKmB Dbœqb welqk kxl m j b we k i 150wUiI AwaK ` ki bz e ` UKmB Dbœq bi bzzb G RÛv-2030 MÖnY K ib mm ½ Zviv UKmB Dbœqb jÿ mg~ni (SDGs) MÖnY K ib RvwZmsN Dbœqb Kg m~wp (BDGbwWwc) wek e vcx mikvimg~n K GB bzzb G RÛv ev Íevq bi MwZc_ wba vi Y mg_ b ` e Ges ciez x 15 eq i G RÛvmg~n K GwM q wb Z mnvqzv Ki e bzzb GB 17wU UKmB Dbœqb jÿ mg~n ˆewk K jÿ mg~n wn m e cwiwpwz c q Q Gi D Ïk n Q `vwi`ª wbg ~j Kiv, ÿzav I Amvg NyPv bv, Rjevqy cwiez b Ges cwi ek msiÿ Y Kvh Ki e e v MÖnY Kiv, ^v Ges wkÿv ÿ Î cö ekvwakv ii Dbœqb NUv bv, kw³kvjx cövwzôvwbk KvVv gv ˆZwi Kiv Ges Askx`vwiZ mn AviI welqmg~n K cövavb `Iqv UKmB Dbœqb jÿ mg~n jÿ 1. Kvb `vwi`ª _vk e bv mkj v b me ai bi `vwi `ª i Aemvb NUv bv UKmB Dbœqb jÿ mg~n n Q GKwU ` p A½xKvi, hv ïiæ niqv Dbœqb Kvh µg h_vh_fv e mgvß Kivi Rb MÖnY Kiv n q Q 2030 mv ji g a mkj ai bi I gvîvi `vwi`ª `~ixki Y GB A½xKvi Kiv n q Q Gi AšÍfy ³ n e SuywKc~Y Ae vq _vkv Rb Mvôxi Rb gšwjk m ú` Ges mevlv Z cö ekvwakvi evov bv, msnvz Ges Rjevqy m úwk Z AvKw K `yn Ubv _ K iÿv c Z Gme Rb Mvôx K mnvqzv cö`vb wbh vm 8

13 we kl cöwz e`b jÿ 2: ÿzavk~b c w_ex UKmB Dbœqb jÿ mg~ ni (SDGs) D Ïk n Q 2030 mv ji g a mkj ai bi ÿzav Ges Acywói Aemvb NUv bv G ÿ Î GUv wbwðz Kiv n e h, mkj gvbyl we klfv e wkï Ges ewk SuywK Z _vkv Rb Mvôx hb mviv eqie vcx h _ó cwigv Y Ges cywóki Lv` cvq Gi gva g UKmB K wli wekvk NU e; ÿz`ª K l Ki RxweKv Ges mvg _ i Dbœqb n e; f wgi UK bvjwr Ges evrvi e e vcbvi ÿ Î mg AwaKvi `Iqv n e ÿzavi Aemvb, Lv` wbivcëv AR b Ges gvbm Z cywó I UKmB K wli cöez b UKmB Dbœqb jÿ mg~ ni (SDGs) D Ïk n Q 2030 mv ji g a mkj ai bi ÿzav Ges Acywói Aemvb NUv bv G ÿ Î GUv wbwðz Kiv n e h, mkj gvbyl we klfv e wkï Ges ewk SuywK Z _vkv Rb Mvôx hb mviv eqie vcx h _ó cwigv Y Ges cywóki Lv` cvq Gi gva g UKmB K wli wekvk NU e; ÿz`ª K l Ki RxweKv Ges mvg _ i Dbœqb n e; f wgi UK bvjwr Ges evrvi e e vcbvi ÿ Î mg AwaKvi `Iqv n e UKmB Dbœqb jÿ mg~ ni Ab vb jÿ jv K GKwÎZfv e cö qv Mi gva g 2030 mv ji g a Avgiv ÿzavi Aemvb Ki Z cvi ev jÿ 3: mȳ ^v Ges myl I mg w ^v mg Rxeb wbwðzkiy Ges mevi Rb myl I mg w UKmB Dbœqb jÿ -3 AvKv ÿv RvMvq mevi Rb ^v Ges myl I mg w wbwðz Kivi mm ½ GKwU ` p A½xKvi e ³ Kiv nq h, 2030 mv ji g a GBWm, h²v, g v jwiqvi gnvgvix Ges Ab vb Quvqv P iv Mi cöv`yf ve wbg ~j Kiv n e Gi Av iv jÿ n Q mevi Rb mve Rbxb ^v myweav cövwß AR b Kiv Ges wbivc` I Kvh Ki Ilya Ges cöwz lak cviqv wbwðz Kiv GB cöwµqvi GKwU AZ vek Kxq Ask n Q cöwz lak ev f vkwm bi Dbœq b M elyv mnvqzv cö`vb Ges mvg _ i g a _vkv Ilya cövwßi cwiwa we Í Z Kiv jÿ 4: gvbm Z wkÿv mvgỳ wqk Ges b vqmsmz I gvbm Z wkÿv Ges mk ji Rb Rxebe vcx wkÿvi my hvm wbwðz Kiv GB jÿ wbwðz K i h mkj g q Ges Q j 2030 mv ji g a webv ez b cöv_wgk I gva wgk we` vjq wbh vm 9

14 we kl cöwz e`b hšb Ges cörbb ^v i ÿ Î mve Rbxb cö ekvwakvi, A_ bwzk m ú ` hgb f wg Ges m úwëi ÿ Î Kiv bvixi mgvb AwaKvi cö`vb Kiv Dbœqb jÿ AR b G jv n Q Acwinvh jÿ e c~ e i P q mikvwi Awdm jv Z GLb bvixiv ewk msl vq KvR Ki Q G ÿ Î mkj A j AviI bvix bz Z ˆZwii Rb Drmvn `Iqv n e hv Z Zv bxwzgvjv I AvBb cöyq b bvixi Ae vb kw³kvjx Ki Z mnvqk nq Ges e nëi RÛvi mgzv cöwzwôz nq Kvh µg mgvß Ki e Gi AviI jÿ n Q mvg_ hvm e wëg~jk cöwkÿ Yi Rb mgvb cö ekvwakvi cö`vb Ges RÛvi I m ú`mz ˆelg `~i Kiv Ges gvbm Z D P wkÿv AR b mve Rbxb cö ekvwakvi AR b Kiv jÿ 5: RÛvi mgzv RÛvi mgzv AR b Ges mkj cövßeq bvix I g qi ÿgzvqb hšb Ges cörbb ^v i ÿ Î mve Rbxb cö ekvwakvi, A_ bwzk m ú ` hgb f wg Ges m úwëi ÿ Î Kiv bvixi mgvb AwaKvi cö`vb Kiv Dbœqb jÿ AR b G jv n Q Acwinvh jÿ e c~ e i P q mikvwi Awdm jv Z GLb bvixiv ewk msl vq KvR Ki Q G ÿ Î mkj A j AviI bvix bz Z ˆZwii Rb Drmvn `Iqv n e hv Z Zv bxwzgvjv I AvBb cöyq b bvixi Ae vb kw³kvjx Ki Z mnvqk nq Ges e nëi RÛvi mgzv cöwzwôz nq jÿ 6: cwi vi cvwb Ges m vwb Ukb mevi Rb cvwb Ges m vwb Uk b cö ekvwakvi wbwðz Kiv mve Rbxbfv e wbivc` Ges hvmvb `Iqvi g Zv cvwb 2030 mv ji g a wbwðz Kiv Gi Rb cö qvrb cöwzwu Í i h_vh_ AeKvVv gv, m vwb Ukb myweavmg~n Ges ^v m Z Af vm DrmvwnZ Kiv cvwbi m ½ m úwk Z B Kv-wm g msiÿy I cybt vcb hgb; AiY, cvnvo, Lvj-wej Ges b`xmg~ ni myiÿv n Q GKwU AZ vek Kxq welq hw` Avgv `i cvwb ^ízv cökg b e e v wb Z nq Dbœqbkxj `k jv Z cvwb e e vcbvi `ÿzvm úbœ I mnvqk UK bvjwri wekv k Drmvn hvmv Z AviI ewk AvšÍR vwzk mn hvwmzvi cö qvrb i q Q wbh vm 10

15 we kl cöwz e`b jÿ 7: mvg_ hvm Ges weï R vjvwb mvg_ hvm, wbf ikxj, UKmB Ges AvaywbK R vjvwb cviqvi ÿ Î mevi cö ekvwakvi wbwðz Kiv mve Rbxbfv e 2030 mv ji g a we`ÿ r cövwß wbwðzkiy Gi A_ n Q weï R vjvwb cövwß Drmnmg~ n wewb qvm Kiv; hgb, mši kw³, evqy Ges _vg vj cviqvi e vck cwim ii cö KŠkj c wz e env i e qmvköq ˆewk K we`ÿ r e envi M n Ges wk í 14 kzvsk n«vm Ki e hvi A_ n Q 1,300 ga g-avk wzi cviqvi cø v Ui e envi n«vm Kiv G ÿ Î mkj Dbœqbkxj iv óª weï R vjvwb Dr mi e envi GKwU iæz c~y jÿ hv cwi ek K mnvqzv cö`vb Ki e Ges GLv Zi cöe w DrmvwnZ Ki e Avi GUv m eci n e AeKvVv gv ewa ZKiY Ges cö KŠkjMZ Dbœq bi gva g jÿ 8: kvfbxq Kg Ges A_ bwzk wekvk (µge w ) me e vcx Ges UKmB A_ bwzk wekvk, Kg ms vb I mevi Rb h _vchy³ Kv Ri e e v Drcv`bkxjZvi D P Íi Ges cöhyw³mz m RbkxjZv AR bi gva g UKmB A_ bwzk µ gvbœwz AR bb UKmB Dbœqb jÿ mg~ ni D Ïk D ` v³v D ` vm DrmvwnZ Ki Z Ges Kg ms vb ˆZwi Z bxwzgvjv K wekwkz Ki Z n e GB cöavb KvRwU Kiv M j Zv Kvh Kifv e ejc~e K kög, `vmz Ges gvbecvpvi wbg~ j mnvqk n e GB wpšív gv_vq i L jÿ _vk e, cwic~y I Drcv`bkxj Kg ms v bi Ges mkj bvix I cyiæ li Rb kvfbxq Kg cwi ek 2030 mv ji g a AR b Kiv jÿ 9: K g v ` vm, m RbkxjZv, AeKvVv gv w wz vck AeKvVv gv, UKmB wkívq b Drmvn cö`vb Ges m RbkxjZv cöwzcvjb A_ bwzk Ges cwi ekmz P v jä gvkvwejvq UK bvjwri wekvk vwqz kxj mgvav bi ÿ Î GKwU wbh vm 11

16 we kl cöwz e`b GLbI 400 KvwU gvbyl B Uvi bu myweav ewâz Ges Dbœqbkxj `k jvi 90 kzvsk gvbyl B Uvi b Ui cö ekvwakvi _ K ewâz Z_ Ges Áv bi RM Z cö ekvwakv ii ÿ Î mgvb my hvm m wó Z GB wwwruvj wefw³i g a mzzeüb GKwU iæz c~y e vcvi PvweKvwV wn m e MY nq hgb bzzb Kg D ` vm I R vjvwb Lv Zi `ÿzv e w UKmB Dbœqb DrmvwnZ Ki Z iæz c~y Dcvqmg~n n Q UKmB wkímg~n msmwvz Kiv Ges ˆeÁvwbK M elyv I m RbkxjZvi ÿ Î wewb qvm Kiv GLbI 400 KvwU gvbyl B Uvi bu myweav ewâz Ges Dbœqbkxj `k jvi 90 kzvsk gvbyl B Uvi b Ui cö ekvwakvi _ K ewâz Z_ Ges Áv bi RM Z cö ekvwakv ii ÿ Î mgvb my hvm m wó Z GB wwwruvj wefw³i g a mzzeüb GKwU iæz c~y e vcvi GB wefw³ wbg~ j Kiv M j m RbkxjZv Ges D ` v³v D ` vm e w cv e jÿ 10: ˆelg mg~n n«vm Kiv ivóª jvi Af ší i Ges wewfbœ ` ki g a ˆelg n«vm Av qi ÿ Î AmgZv n Q GKwU ˆewk K mgm v hvi ˆewk Kfv e mgvavb `ikvi Gi Rb `ikvi Avw_ K evrvimg~n Ges cöwzôvbmg~ ni wbqš Y Ges Ae jvk bi cöwµqvi Dbœqb mvab Dbœqb mnvqzv Ges mivmwi we `kx wewb qvm hme A j cö`vb Kiv nq mlv b Zv me P q ewk cö qvrb m úªmvwiz wefvr b wefw³ Kwg q Avb Z PvweKvwV n Q wbivc` AwffvlY Ges gvby li MwZkxjZv mnr Kiv jÿ 11: UKmB kni Ges KwgDwbwUmg~n kni jv K me e vcx, wbivc`, w wz vck Ges UKmB Kiv AwZ`wi`ªZv KL bvev knivâ j G m K `ªxf~Z nq Ges RvZxq ev bmi mikvi jv GB Rb Mvôx K D³ GjvKvq Avevm bi e e v Ki Z AvcÖvY Póv K i bmi jv K wbivc` Ges UKmB Kivi A_ n Q wbivc` Ges mvg_ hvm evm vb wbwðzkiy Ges ew Íi emwzmg~ ni Dbœqb Kiv G ÿ Î MYcwienb I meyr cvwicvwk K cwi e ki R b I wewb qvm Ki Z n e bmivq bi Rb wbh vm 12

17 we kl cöwz e`b AwaK SuywKc~Y GjvKvi w wz vckzv I Lvc- LvIqv bvi ÿgzv evov bv hgb f - ewóz `kmg~n Ges Øxcivóª jv K Aek B nv Z nvz i L GwM q h Z n e RvZxq bxwzgvjv I KŠkjmg~ n m PZbZv m wó Z Ges mgwš^z e e v wb Z ivr bwzk mw` Qv Ges ewa Zfv e web Í UK bvjwrk vj e e vcbvi gva g GUv GLbI m eci h ˆewk K Mo ZvcgvÎvi e w `yb wwwmö mjwmqv m mxgve ivlv hv e Dc-wkívqb Íi jv Z Gi Rb cö qvrb Riæwi mw wjz Kvh µ gi DbœZ cwikíbv Ges e e vcbvi AskMÖnYg~jK I m e vëg Dcvq ei Ki Z n e jÿ 12: `vwqz kxj fvm, Drcv` bi aib UKmB fvm Ges Drcv` bi aib wbwðz Kiv we k i RbmsL vi GKwU wekvj Ask A` vewa LyeB ^í cwigv Y fvm Ki Q Zv `i gšwjk Pvwn`vi cöÿvc U LyPiv we µzv Ges fv³v Í i ˆewk K Lv` AcPq A a K bvwg q AvbvI AviI ewk `ÿ Drcv`b Ges mieivn e e v M o Zvjvi ÿ Î iæz c~y GB welqwu Lv` wbivcëv K mnvqzv Ki e Ges Avgv `i K vbvšíwiz Ki e GKwU AviI ewk m ú` `ÿzvc~y A_ bxwzi w` K jÿ 13: Rjevqy welqk K g v ` vm RjevqyMZ cwiez b Ges Gi cöfve wby q Riæwi Kvh µg MÖnY AwaK SuywKc~Y GjvKvi w wz vckzv I Lvc-LvIqv bvi ÿgzv evov bv hgb f - ewóz `kmg~n Ges Øxcivóª jv K Aek B nv Z nvz i L GwM q h Z n e RvZxq bxwzgvjv I KŠkjmg~ n m PZbZv m wó Z Ges mgwš^z e e v wb Z ivr bwzk mw` Qv Ges ewa Zfv e web Í UK bvjwrk vj e e vcbvi gva g GUv GLbI m eci h ˆewk K Mo ZvcgvÎvi e w `yb wwmöx mjwmqv m mxgve ivlv hv e Dc-wkívqb Íi jv Z Gi Rb cö qvrb Riæwi mw wjz Kvh µ gi jÿ 14: R ji bx Pi Rxeb gnvmvmi, mgỳ ª Ges mvgyw`ªk m ú `i msiÿy Ges UKmB e envi gnvmvmi jv cövq 30 kzvsk gvbekz K wbtm Z Kve b WvB-A vbw kvly K i _v K wkí wecø ei Avi _ K Avgiv `L Z cvb h gnvmvm ii A ø Z i (acidification) 26 kzvsk e w N U Q mvgyw`ªk `~l Yi wbh vm 13

18 we kl cöwz e`b GKUv wekvj Ask Av m jwfwëk Drmmg~n _ K G ai bi `~ly cöwµqv GKwU D ØMRbK Í i cuš Q Q gnvmvm ii cöwz em wk jvwguv i M o 13,000 UzK iv cøvw Ki er cviqv wm q Q UKmB Dbœqb jÿ mg~n GKwU KvVv gv ˆZwi K i hv UKmBfv e jwfwëk `~ly _ K mvgyw`ªk Ges DcK jxq B Kv wm g K iÿv Ki e GwU msiÿy e e v K e w Ki e Ges gnvmgỳ ªwfwËK m ú `i UKmB e envi evov e AvšÍR vwzk AvB bi mnvqzvq Avgv `i gnvmgỳ ª jv hme P v j Äi gy LvgywL nq Zv Dck gi Póv Kiv n e jÿ 15: ji DciKvi Rxeb UKmBfv e AiY e e vcbv, ï f wgi ÿq iva, f wgÿq _vgv bv Ges msiÿy, Rxe ewpî nvwi q hviqv ivakiy UKmB Dbœqb jÿ mg~ ni D Ïk n Q gvbe emwzi m ½ mshy³ B Kvwm gi msiÿy Ges c~e Ae v wdwi q Avbv hgb 2020 mv ji g a AiY mg~n, Lvjwej, ï f wg Ges cvnvomg~ ni cövk wzk Ae v wdwi q Avb Z n e Rjevqy cwiez bi cöfve Dck g AviI iæz c~y n Q AiY mg~n K UKmBfv e msiÿy Ges ebf wg aÿsm cöwz iva Kivi cöwµqv K GwM q wb q hviqv cövk wzk Avevm Ges Rxe ewpî (biodiversity) nvwi q hviqv Kgv Z Riæwi Kvh µg Aek B wb Z n e KviY G jv n Q Avgv `i common heritage ev mvaviy DËivwaKvi jÿ 16: kvwší, b vqwepvi Ges kw³kvjx msmvb b vh, kvwšíc~y Ges mvgỳ vwqk mgv Ri wekvk UKmB Dbœqb jÿ jvi D Ïk n Q Zvrch c~y fv e meai Yi mwnsmzv n«vm Kiv Ges vqxfv e Ø Ø-msNvZ Ges AwbivcËvi mgvav b mikvi mg~ ni m ½ I KwgDwbwUi wewfbœ ch v q KvR Kiv GB cöwµqvi wbh vm 14

19 we kl cöwz e`b c~ e i P q ez gv b c w_ex ewk cvi úwikfv e mshy³ UK bvjwr Ges Áv bi ÿ Î cö ekvwakv ii DbœwZ n Q wpšívaviv Ges m RbkxjZv wewbg qi GKwU iæz c~y Dcvq Dbœqbkxj ivóª jv K Zv `i FY e e vcbvq bxwzgvjv mgš^ q mnvqzv cö`vb Ges mm ½ ^ ívbœz `k jvi R b wewb qvm DrmvwnZ Kiv n Q UKmB cöe w I Dbœqb AR bi Acwinvh Dcvq PvweKvwV n Q AvB bi kvmb kw³kvjxkiy Ges gvbevwakvi cöwzôv Kiv Gfv e A ea A i cöevn n«vm cv e Ges ˆewk K kvm bi m ½ m ú ³ cöwzôvbmg~ n Dbœqbkxj `k jvi AskMÖnY kw³kvjx n e jÿ 17: jÿ AR b Askx`vwiZ UKmB Dbœq b ˆewk K Askx`vwi Z berxeb mâvi Kiv c~ e i P q ez gv b c w_ex ewk cvi úwikfv e mshy³ UK bvjwr Ges Áv bi ÿ Î cö ekvwakv ii DbœwZ n Q wpšívaviv Ges m RbkxjZv wewbg qi GKwU iæz c~y Dcvq Dbœqbkxj ivóª jv K Zv `i FY e e vcbvq bxwzgvjv mgš^ q mnvqzv cö`vb Ges mm ½ ^ ívbœz `k jvi R b wewb qvm DrmvwnZ Kiv n Q UKmB cöe w I Dbœqb AR bi Acwinvh Dcvq GB jÿ mg~ ni D Ïk n Q DËi-`wÿY Ges `wÿy- `wÿy mn hvwmzv DbœZKiY G ÿ Î mkj jÿ gvîv AR b RvZxq cwikíbvmg~n K mnvqzv w` Z n e AvšÍR vwzk evwy R i DbœwZ- hv Dbœqbkxj `k jv K Zv `i idzvwb evov Z mnvqzv cö`v bi gva g AR b Kiv hv e mve Rbxb wbqgwfwëk Ges mgzvm úbœ evwyr wm g- hv n e b vh, Db y³ Ges mk ji Rb myweavrbk fvlvšíi: AvjZvgvm cvkv wbh vm 15

20 BRAC wbh vm 2015 ww m ^i;26:16-19 evsjv ` ki Ae nwjz nvii GjvKvi Rxeb I RxweKv: wm j Ui w`ivb Ges evwbqvps AÂ ji Km vww * wrbœvz Aviv, inbygv ingvb, gv. kvwkj Avn g`, wkeÿxi Avn g` Ges gvneye nv mb GB M elyvi D Ïk n Q w`ivb I evwbqvps Dc Rjvi nviievmxi Av_ mvgvwrk Ae v Ges Rxeb I RxweKv wbixÿy Kiv G ÿ Î wm vší biqv n qwqj h, Dc Rjv jv Z mkj MÖv gi Lvbvmg~ ni ïgvwii gva g Z_ msm nxz n e wm j Ui nvii AÂj gvby li SuywKc~Y Rxeb-RxweKvi K_v we epbvq wb q eª vk 2011 mv j GKwU cvbju cökí ev Íevq bi wm vší wb qwqj cökíwui bvg `Iqv nq mgwš^z Dbœqb Kg m~wp (AvBwWwc) D Ïk wqj mkj Dbœqb Kg Kv Ði Øviv GKB MÖvg Ges Lvbvmg~n K Kv Ri AvIZvq biqv wbe vwpz Dc Rjvmg~n n Q mybvgm Äi w`ivb Ges nwem Äi evwbqvps Dc Rjv GB cökíwui cöv_wgk D Ïk n Q Av_ -mvgvwrk Ae vi Dbœqb NwU q nvii GjvKvi gvby li UKmB Rxeb-RxweKvi Dcvq wbwðz Kiv AvBwWwc mvgwmök Dbœqb cö Póvi ÿ Î wewea Dbœqb Kvh µg cwikíbv Kiv n q Q AvBwWwcÕi welq jv n Q; wkÿv, ^v, cywó, m vwb Ukb, cwi QbœZv, mvgvwrk ÿgzvqb, gvbevwakvi Ges AvBb mnvqzv, RÛvi Rvw m GÛ WvBfvwiwmwU, Pig `wi`ªzv we gvp bi Rb Aby`vbwfwËK nz`wi`ª Kg m~wp, K wl Z DbœZ KŠkj cö qv M Drmvn cö`vb Ges ÿz`ªf Yi myweav MÖnY Gme Dcv`vb ev Íevq bi gva g eª vk Pvq Ggb GKwU cø vudg ˆZwi Ki Z hlv b AviI Dbœq b mikvi Ges Ab vb bvmwik mgv Ri msmvb Ae`vb ivl Z mÿg nq eª vk g b K i h, Gfv e mgv R `wi`ªzv wbim b GKwU BwZevPK cwiez b m~wpz n e Ges mvgvwrk cv_ K `~ixf Z n e GB M elyvi D Ïk n Q c~ e D jøwlz `yõwu Dc Rjvi nviievmxi Av_ mvgvwrk Ae v Ges Rxeb I RxweKv wbixÿy Kiv G ÿ Î wm vší biqv n qwqj h, Dc Rjv jv Z mkj MÖv gi Lvbvmg~ ni ïgvwii gva g Z_ msm nxz n e Gi d j mikvi Ges Ab vb msmvb KZ K cö`ë mevmg~n Livelihoods in Depressed basins of Bangladesh: A case study of Derai and Baniachang Sylhet. kxl K GKwU M elyv wi cv U i mvi-ms ÿc mvi-ms ÿc K i Qb AvjZvgvm cvkv wbh vm 16

21 evsjv ` ki Ae nwjz nvii GjvKvi Rxeb I RxweKv wrbœvz Aviv I Ab vb M elyvi djvdj _ K `Lv hvq h, w`ivb I evwbqvps Dc Rjv Z `vwi`ª Ges Lv` AwbivcËvi cwiw wz wqj Zxeª evsjv ` ki MÖvgxY GjvKvi P q G cwiw wz h _ó Lvivc ch v q wqj Z e evsjv ` ki Ab vb GjvKvi Zzjbvq M elyv GjvKvq cöwz Lvbvq Rb m~ Î f wgi gvwjkvbv ewk wqj f wgi e Ub wqj LyeB Amg cövq 60 kzvsk Lvbvi Pvl hvm f wg wqj Dc ii w` Ki 5 kzvsk Lvbv gvu f wgi A a KiI ewk wbqš Y Ki Zb g~j vqb Kiv m eci n e eª v Ki mev cö`v bi ÿ Î e vck my hvm wpwýz Kiv hv e G ÿ Î hme DcvË msm nxz n e Zv gvb wba vik (Benchmark) wn m ei e eüz n Z cvi e fwel Z Kvb mg q Zv eª vk Kvh µ gi cöfve wba vik wn m e g~j vqb Kiv h Z cv i Rwic cwipvwjz n qwqj `ywu ch v q w`ivb A ji ïgvwi cwipvwjz nq 2011 mv ji kl ch v q Ges evwbqvps A ji ïgvwi cwipvwjz nq 2012 mv ji cö_gw` K I AvBwWwcÕi Rb Kg m~wp cwikíbv cöyq bi c i DcvË msmö ni Rb cökœc Î Lvbvmg~ ni RbwgwZK ˆewkó mg~n, RxweKvi Rb m ú `i wfwë, Lvbvi Kg ÿg m`m `i Kv Ri Drmnmg~n, DbœZ KŠk ji wewbgq Ges cö ekvwakvi, cvewjk mvwf m cövwß hgb; we` vj q covi myweav, ^v myweav, we`ÿ r ms hvm, RxebhvÎvi mvaviy Ae v, Lvbvi cvwicvwk K Ae v, m vwb Ukb I mȳ ^v, Lv` wbivcëv I `wi`ªzv AšÍfz ³ wqj vbxq mikv ii Dbœqb Kvh µg KZ`~i we Í Z, GbwRI `i cö`ë mvwf mmg~n Ges Ab vb bvmwik mgvr msmv bi Kvh µgi g~j vqb Kiv n q Q M elyvjä djvdj M elyvi djvdj _ K `Lv hvq h, w`ivb I evwbqvps Dc Rjv Z `vwi`ª Ges Lv` AwbivcËvi cwiw wz wqj Zxeª evsjv ` ki MÖvgxY GjvKvi P q G cwiw wz h _ó Lvivc ch v q wqj Z e evsjv ` ki Ab vb GjvKvi Zzjbvq M elyv GjvKvq cöwz Lvbvq Rb m~ Î f wgi gvwjkvbv ewk wqj f wgi e Ub wqj LyeB Amg cövq 60 kzvsk Lvbvi Pvl hvm f wg wqj Dc ii w` Ki 5 kzvsk Lvbv gvu f wgi A a KiI ewk wbqš Y Ki Zb f wgi Drcv`bkxjZv GLv b evsjv ` ki Ab GjvKvi P q Kg, KviY km Drcv`b Kvh µg cwipvwjz nq ï FZz Z mpwfwëk ev iv avb Pv li gva g eq ii ev`evkx mg q wbh vm 17

22 evsjv ` ki Ae nwjz nvii GjvKvi Rxeb I RxweKv wrbœvz Aviv I Ab vb GLvbKvi f wg cwzz Ae vq _v K Gmgq AÂjwU Rjve Ae vq _v K ZLb Zv Kvbai bi km Drcv` bi Rb Dchy³ _v K bv eû f wgnxb Lvbv Aek Rwg Pv li my hvm cvq em v Pv li gva g ZvB `Lv hvq h, Lvbvmg~ ni GKwU eo Ask f wgi gvwjk bv n q eis K lk Z e em vpvlxiv em vpvl _ K ewk wkqz cvq bv; em v biqvi e e vcbvmz weiƒc cöfv ei Kvi Y Ges Amg qi eb vi Kvi Y dm ji ÿwz ev Pvl Ki Z bv cvivi Kvi Y GKwU weivu msl K Lvbv m`m Zv `i Rxeb-RxweKv cwipvjbv K i K wl I AK wllv Zi Kvh vejx Z kög weµ qi gva g hw`i GB GjvKvq h _ó cvwb m ú` i q Q, Z_vwc f wgnxb Lvbvmg~ ni gvq Pvl ev grm m ú` Avni Y mxwgz cö ekvwakvi i q Q KviY grmlvz cöfvekvjx `i Øviv wbqwš Z hviv cvwb m ú` wjr w` q Avq K i Lvbvi ÿ Î `Lv M Q, eû gwnjv Aemi mg q kvk-mewr Ges djdjvw` Lvbvi msjmœ Rwg Z Pvl K i Ges nuvm-gyiwm I cï-cvjb K i Lvbvi evowz DcvR b mnvqzv K i evsjv ` ki Ab vb A ji 95 kzvsk QvÎQvÎxi z j hvevi Zzjbvq GB GjvKvq we` vjq hvevi nvi n Q 70 kzvsk wkï `i eqmmxgv wqj 6-10 eqi Z e wkÿvi gvb wqj wb œ-gv bi KviY eb vi mgq wkÿkiv z j Avm Z cv i bv GK MÖvg _ K Ab MÖv g hviqvuv ïaygvî bškvq niqvq Ges we` vj qi ez bi LiP ewk niqvq QvÎ-QvÎxi Dcw wzi Kg _v K cöv_wgk we` vjq wkÿv mgvwßi c i S i covi nvii Lye ewk wqj Dfq Dc Rjv ZB GK- PZz_ vsk eqi eqmx wkïiv gva wgk we` vj q fwz n qwqj w`ivb A ji P q evwbqvp Oi ^v myweav Zzjbvg~jKfv e fv jv GLv b me P q Kv Q Aew Z nvmcvzv ji `~iz cövq 80 kzvsk Lvbvi ÿ Î wqj Qq wk jvwguvi evwbqvp Oi ÿ Î G msl v n Q 32 kzvsk ^v m Z m vwb Uk bi Ae v Lvivc ^í msl K Lvbvi wbr ^ m vwbuvwi Uq ju wqj GQvov ewkifvmb wqj b`x Ges bvjvi Dci SzjšÍ wbh vm 18

23 evsjv ` ki Ae nwjz nvii GjvKvi Rxeb I RxweKv wrbœvz Aviv I Ab vb GKevi A_ bwzk Ae v fv jv n Z ïiæ Ki j ÿz`ªfy Kg m~wp UKmB n e, we klz K wl K mnvqzv, nuvm Pvl, grm Pvl Ges e emv Kvh µ gi ÿ Î Uq ju d j g Zz i nvi wqj ewk M elyv PjvKvjxb 15 w`b mg qi g a 31 kzvsk Lvbvi GKRb m`m R i AvµvšÍ n qwqj Ges 17 kzvsk k vmbvjxmz iv M AvµvšÍ n qwqj eª vk D jøwlz Dc Rjv `ywu K we klfv e we epbvq wb q Q mgwš^z Dbœqb Kg m~wpi (AvBwWwc) cvbju Kvh µ gi AvIZvq hw` cwikwíz eûgvwîk Kvh µg GKB MÖvgmg~n Ges GKB Lvbvmg~n K K `ª K i cwipvjbv Kiv hvq, eª vk Dc Rjv `ywui Dbœqb evsjv ` ki Ab vb As ki mgvšíiv j wb Z cvi e GwU Zvi Kvh µ gi Kvh KvwiZv K hgb cö`k b Ki e, Zgwb Dbœqb mn hvmxiv ez gvb mg q h `vwe DÌvcb K i ZvI AwR Z n e A_ bwzk Ae v wekv ki Rb hme Kg m~wpi Dci iæz v ivc Ki Z n e ZvÕ nj ÒnZ`wi`ªÓ Ges K wl I Lv` wbivcëv Kg m~wp GKevi A_ bwzk Ae v fv jv n Z ïiæ Ki j ÿz`ªfy Kg m~wp UKmB n e, we klz K wl K mnvqzv, nuvm Pvl, grm Pvl Ges e emv Kvh µ gi ÿ Î K wlr Kvh vejx D PgvÎvq FZzwfwËK weavq Kg m~wp K Kvh Kix g~jab wn m e Qq gv mi FY `Iqvi K_v we epbvq Avb Z n e, Ges `xn gqv`x FY (wzbeqi mg qi) w` Z n e grm cvjb Ges cï cvj b m vwbuvwi myweav Dbœq b Iqvk Kg m~wp K Rviv jv c` ÿc wb Z n e evsjv ` k Ab vb As ki P q nvii A j KwgDwbwU Í ii ^v ^ Qv mex Øviv gšwjk ^v mev w` Z n e KviY ^v mev `vbkvix cöwzôv b GLvbKvi gvby li cö ekvwakvi mxwgz ch v qi, we klz w`ivb A j AwZwi³ cöv_wgk we` vjq vcb K i eª vk Zvi wkÿv Kg m~wpi Kvh µg K GB A j e w Kiv Ges cöz ší MÖvg jvq bškvq zj vcb Kivi D ` vm MÖnY K i Q cjøx mgv Ri mnvqzv wb q eª vk mvgvwrk ÿgzvqb Kg m~wp (wmbwc) Gme mev cö`v bi Rb GKwU cø vudg MVb Ki Z cv i Gfv e Dbœqb Kvh vejxmg~n mgš^q Ges ch eÿy m eci n e wbh vm 19

24 BRAC wbh vm 2015 ww m ^i;26:20-27 RÛvi mgzv Ges bvixi ÿgzvq bi AwfhvÎvq cyiæl I evjk `i m ú ³KiY: RÛvi KvqvwjwU A vkkb jvwb s * iægvbv Avjx GB M elyvi mvaviy D Ïk mg~n wqj cyiæ li Dci wrwkdggj Kg m~wpi cöfve AbymÜvb Kiv G ÿ Î Lvbvq Ges mvgvwrk Í i RÛviMZ f wgkvi cwiez b, RÛviMZ bxwzi cwiez b Ges bvixi weiæ mwnsmzv n«vm we epbvq biqv nq eª vk Zvi Kvh µ gi ïiæ _ KB bvixi ÿgzvq b Ges cövšíxq ch v qi gvby li Dbœq b KvR Ki Q eª v Ki RÛviMZ mgzv AR bi cö Póvi Ask wn m e eª vk RÛvi Rvw m Ges WvBfviwmwU wefvm wewfbœ cökí I cö Póvi gva g bvixi ÿgzvq b 2005 mvj _ K KvR Ki Q RÛvi KvqvwjwU A vkkb jvwb s (wrwkdggj) Kg m~wp n Q Gai Yi GKwU D ` vm ez gv b GB Kg m~wpwu AvUwU Rjvi ev ÍevwqZ n Q GB AvUwU Dc Rjv n Q; eªvþyevwoqv, gqgbwmsn, MvRxcyi, MvBevÜv, bimuv, wmivrmä, ev MinvU Ges dwi`cyi G ÿ Î Kg m~wp ev Íevq bi mgqkvj wqj 2011 _ K 2015 Kg m~wpwu 2011 _ K 2013 ch ší POSITION bv g ev ÍevwqZ n ji, 2013 mv j cybtbvgkiy Kiv nq wrwkdggj wewfbœ Abyôvb I dviv gi gva g wrwkdggj ev ÍevwqZ n q _v K (1) cvwievwik Rxe b RÛvi m PZbZv cöwkÿy Ges Lvbvi Rb Kvh Kix cwikíbv ˆZwi Kiv, (2) DVvb ˆeVK, (3) BDwbqb cwil` m`m `i m ½ ˆeVK, (4) vbxq msevw`k I wgwwqvi m ½ cvwÿk gzwewbgq mfv, (5) QvÎQvÎx, wkÿk-wkwÿkv, zj g v br g U KwgwU Ges AwffveK `i m ½ AbvbyôvwbK Av jvpbv, (6) ccyjvi w_ quvi Ges wmww cö`k b, (7) Lvbv ch eÿy, (8) KwgU g U d jvavc, (9) bvixi weiæ mwnsmzv eü KwgwU MVb Ges vbxq bz Z i m ½ wg j Gi Kvh µg GwM q biqv M elyvi D Ïk mg~n GB M elyvi mvaviy D Ïk mg~n wqj cyiæ li Dci wrwkdggj Kg m~wpi cöfve AbymÜvb Kiv G ÿ Î Lvbvq Ges mvgvwrk Í i RÛviMZ f wgkvi cwiez b, RÛviMZ Exploring men and boys in the journey towards gender equality and women empowerment: gender quality action learning kxl K GKwU M elyv wi cv U i mvi-ms ÿc(2015) mvi-ms ÿc K i Qb AvjZvgvm cvkv wbh vm 20

25 RÛvi mgzv I bvixi ÿgzvq b cyiæl I evjk `i m ú ³KiY iægvbv Avjx bxwzi cwiez b Ges bvixi weiæ mwnsmzv n«vm we epbvq biqv nq G ÿ Î mywbw` ó D Ïk mg~n wqj wb œv³ welq jv Rvbv: M n vjx mswkøó (Lvbvi Kvh vejx Z Ges Lvbvi wkï I e `i `Lv kvbv) Kv R cyiæl `i AskMÖnY, cvwievwik Í i bvixi wm vší biqvi f wgkv K g~j vqb Kiv, ^xk wz `Iqv Ges mg_ b cyiæl `i f wgkv, cvwievwik Í i bvixi A_ bwzk ÿgzvq b cyiæl `i mg_ b, bvixi cöwz mwnsmzv ev hšb nqivwbi weiæ cyiæl `i ms e`bkxjzv I f wgkv M elyv c wz GB M elyvq YevPK M elyv c wz e envi Kiv n q Q DcvË msmö n e envi Kiv nq Km vww Ges dvkvm MÖæc Av jvpbv (GdwRwW) c wz cuvpwu dvkvm MÖæc Av jvpbv m úbœ Kiv nq M n vjxi KvRKg fvmvfvwm Kivi ÿ Î cyiæl `i g bvfve Rvb Z GQvov bvixi wm vší MÖnY cöwµqv Ges ÿgzvq b cyiæl `i f wgkvi G Av jvpbvmg~ n D V G m Q GB M elyvi D Ïk mg~n AR b ev ivwu Km vww m úbœ Kiv n q Q Gi g a AvUwU Kiv n q Q cyiæl RÛvi Rvw m GWz KUi `i (hviv cöwkÿ Y AskMÖnY K i Q) Dc i Ab PviwU Km vww Kiv n q Q M elyvfz³ GjvKvq emevmkvix cyiæl `i Dci hviv wrwkdggj msµvší evz v c q Q Ab vb dviv gi gva g Z e cöwkÿ Yi gva g bq cuvpwu GdwRwWÕi g a GKwU m úbœ Kiv n q Q cyiæl RÛvi Rvw m GWz KUi `i m ½, `ywu Kiv n q Q cyiæl `i mv _ hviv Ab vb Drm _ K wrwkdggj Gi evz v c q Q, wkš wrwkdggj cöwkÿy _ K bq Ab `yõwu GdwRwW wrwkdggj Kvh µg GjvKvi evb i _ K biqv nq wbh vm 21

26 RÛvi mgzv I bvixi ÿgzvq b cyiæl I evjk `i m ú ³KiY iægvbv Avjx M elyvaxb GjvKv bvix `i m ½ M n vjxi KvR fvm K i biqvi ÿ Î Kvh µgfz³ ` ji cyiæl `i BwZevPK g bvfve ` k gvb wqj wecix Z wbqwš Z ` ji cyiæl `i m ½ Av jvpbvq cö_vmzfv e bvix-cyiæ li Kv Ri wfbœzvi ` wófw½ cöwzdwjz n q Q DcvË msm nxz nq MvBevÜv Rjvi Mvwe `MÄ Dc Rjvi `ywu MÖvg _ K MÖvg `ywui g a GKwU wrwkdggj Kvh µ gi AvIZvfz³ wqj Ges Ab MÖvgwU wrwkdggj AvIZvi evb i wqj Kvh µgfz³ MÖvgwU wqj wkecyi BDwbq bi gvnv `ecyi Ges wbqwš Z GjvKvwU wqj GKB Rjvi ZvjyK Kvbcyi BDwbq bi Aaxb myb `v qj MÖvg M elyvjä djvdj M n jx Kvh vejx Z cyiæ li AskMÖnY: bvix `i m ½ M n vjxi KvR fvm K i biqvi ÿ Î Kvh µgfz³ ` ji cyiæl `i BwZevPK g bvfve ` k gvb wqj wecix Z wbqwš Z ` ji cyiæl `i m ½ Av jvpbvq cö_vmzfv e bvix-cyiæ li Kv Ri wfbœzvi ` wófw½ cöwzdwjz n q Q hw`i Dfq ` jib gzvgz wqj A_ DcvR bi gva g cwievi K mnvqzv Kiv cyiæl `i cöavb KvR, Ab w` K M n vjx/lvbvi Kvh vejx n Q bvix `i cöavb `vwqz Kvh µgfz³ ` ji cyiæliv Lvbvi Kvh vejx I hzœavwz i wewea aiy wpwýz K iwqj hv cyiæliv GKKfv e A_ev Zv `i bvix mnkg x `i m ½ wg j m úbœ Ki Z m Pó nq cyiæl Ges bvixi Kg ÿî wpwýz Ki Z wm q Kg m~wp ewnf Z (wbqwš Z) ` ji g a GKwU cöeyzv `Lv hvq GB ` ji cyiæliv cöpwjz MwÐi wefvr bi wfwë Z cyiæl Ges bvixi g a Kg ÿî fvm K i ` L Zviv M n vjxi me KvR bvixi KvR wn m e wpwýz K i Ges M ni evb ii mkj KvR K cyiæl `i KvR wn m e wpwýz K i Aciw` K, Kvh µgfz³ ` ji cyiæliv Lvbv Í ii KwZcq KvR K bvix I cyiæl Df qi KvR e j D jøl K i Qb ZvB, Kvh µgfz³ ` ji cyiæl `i m ½ Av jvpbvq Lvbvi KvR bvixi GKvšÍ wbr ^ Kg GgbwU cöwzdwjz nq wb wbh vm 22

27 RÛvi mgzv I bvixi ÿgzvq b cyiæl I evjk `i m ú ³KiY iægvbv Avjx Kvh µgfz³ ` ji GdwRwWÕi mg q Lvbv Í i wm vší biqvi ÿ Î bvixi hvm Zv m ú K cyiæl AskMÖnYKvix `i BwZevPK g bvfve `L Z cviqv M Q GB `jfz³ ewkifvm AskMÖnYKvix Rvwb q Q, h nzz cwiev ii bvix m`m iv mvivw`b evmvq Ae vb K i ZvB Zv `i c ÿ Lvbvi Pvwn`v evsv m e cyiæliv ewkifvm mgqb evb i _v K ZvB Zv `i c ÿ GUv evsv ek KóKi e wzµg wn m e GKRb wbqwš Z `jfz³ cyiæl AskMÖnYKvix e jwq jb h, hw`i m cöwzw` bi welq wb q Zvi eš qi m ½ civgk K i bv, Z e iæz c~y KwZcq wm v šíi ÿ Î hgb Lvbv givgz, Rwg eük ivlv Ges weµq Kiv ev Mevw`cï µ qi ÿ Î m ed qi m ½ civgk K i bq ed qi m ½ we iva Gov ZB m GgbwU K i _v K cvwievwik Í i wm vší MÖn Yi ÿ Î bvixi f wgkv K DrmvwnZ Ki Z cyiæ li f wgkv: Kvh µgfz³ ` ji GdwRwWÕi mg q Lvbv Í i wm vší biqvi ÿ Î bvixi hvm Zv m ú K cyiæl AskMÖnYKvix `i BwZevPK g bvfve `L Z cviqv M Q GB `jfz³ ewkifvm AskMÖnYKvix Rvwb q Q, h nzz cwiev ii bvix m`m iv mvivw`b evmvq Ae vb K i ZvB Zv `i c ÿ Lvbvi Pvwn`v evsv m e cyiæliv ewkifvm mgqb evb i _v K ZvB Zv `i c ÿ GUv evsv ek KóKi cwievi m úwk Z h Kvb wm vší MÖn Y ZvB cwiev ii bvix m`m `i wm v šíi wel q wrávmv Kiv h Z cv i wecix Z wbqwš Z `jfz³ cyiælmy wm všímöny cöwµqvq bvixi AšÍfz w³ wel q Zv `i iÿykxj g bvfve e ³ K i Qb Zv `i g Z bvix `i mswkøó wel q cö qvrbxq Ávb I AwfÁZv _vk jb ïay wm všímön Y Avm Z cvi eb, Ab _vq Zv `i wm vší MÖnY cöwµqvi evb i ivl Z n e GB me cyiæl Zv `i e³ e i c ÿ mvdvb `q GB e j h, evb ii RMr m ú K Zv `i Kvb aviyv bb, ZvB wm vší MÖn Y Ae`vb ivlvi gz ÿgzv Zv `i bb G `i A b K GgbUvI e j h, bvix `i Kv Q cwievi ev e w³mz wel q gzvgz PvB j cwievi mgm vi m ylxb n e Kbbv bvix cök wz Ggb h cöwz ekx `i Kv Q cvwievwik Mvcb K_v e j `q e wzµg wn m e GKRb wbqwš Z `jfz³ cyiæl AskMÖnYKvix e jwq jb h, hw`i m cöwzw` bi welq wb q Zvi eš qi m ½ civgk K i bv, Z e iæz c~y KwZcq wm v šíi ÿ Î hgb Lvbv givgz, Rwg eük ivlv Ges weµq Kiv ev Mevw`cï µ qi ÿ Î m ed qi m ½ civgk K i bq ed qi m ½ we iva Gov ZB m GgbwU K i _v K bvixi A_ bwzk ÿgzvq b cyiæl `i f wgkv: bvixi Avqea Kg~jK Kvh vejxi ÿ Î Kvh µgfz³ Ges wbqwš Z ` ji cyiæl AskMÖnYKvixMY wfbœ wfbœ g bvfve cö`k b K i Qb Kvh µgfz³ ` ji cyiæl m`m iv bvix `i wbh vm 23

28 RÛvi mgzv I bvixi ÿgzvq b cyiæl I evjk `i m ú ³KiY iægvbv Avjx Avqea Kg~jK Kv R Ask biqv K BwZevPKfv e ` L Qb, wbqwš Z `j G ÿ Î AwaK cö_vmz g bvfve `wl q Q wbqwš Z ` ji cyiæliv Ggb Dw³I K i Qb h, x `i evmvq Ae vb Kiv DwPZ, Kb Zviv ei n e? wb R `i nv Z UvKv cqmv c j Zviv elv U n q hv e hw`i wbqwš Z ` ji mvgvb K qkrb cyiæl G ÿ Î BwZevPK g bvfve `wl qwq jb, Z e Zv `i mk jb wb R `i cwiev ii bvix m`m `i N ii evb i KvR Ki Z `evi cÿcvwz wq jb bv Kvh µgfz³ ` ji KwZcq m`m Zv `i cwiev ii bvix m`m `i N ii evb i KvR Ki Z w` Z DrmvwnZ wq jb GB `jwui KDB msmv i bvixi Av qi cöwz bwzevpk g bvfve `Lvbwb eis wb R `i `vwi `ªi cöwÿ Z GUv K cö qvrb e jb g b K i Qb Dfq `j _ K KD KD GB AwfgZ cvly K i Qb h, hw`i bvix `i cwiev ii ^v _ Avqg~jK Kv R wb qvwrz Kiv `ikvi, Z e Zv `i DwPZ n e Ggb KvR wbe vpb Kiv hv evmvq e m Kiv m eci bvixi weiæ mwnsmzvi cöwzev ` cyiæ li f wgkv: M elyv djvdj _ K `Lv hvq h, wrwkdggj Kg m~wpi Kvi Y AskMÖnYKvixiv KwZcq Kvh vejx K mwnsmzv wn m e g b Ki Qb, hgb bvix `i wei³ Kiv, KU e³e `Iqv, x cuv bv, evj weevn, hšzzk `vwe Kiv Gme K c~ e Zviv iæzi Aciva wn m e fve Zv bv eis G ÿ Î Zv `i mvaviy g bvfve wqj Dc I D jøvwlz eû NUbv n Q e w³mz welq Ges cwiev ii evb i Kv iv G e vcv i n Í ÿc Kiv DwPZ bq wrwkdggj Kg m~wpi cöfve bvixi weiæ mwnsmzvi ÿ Î wewfbœ mvgvwrk gh v`vi AskMÖnYKvix `i Rb wfbœzi wqj wrwkdggj DËi`vZv `i g a Ggb ms e`kxjzvi m wó Ki Z c i Q h Zviv Lvbv Í i bvixi weiæ mwnsmzvi cöwzev` Ki Z c i Q Ges Zv `i mvgvwrk Ae v b _ KI KwgDwbwU Í ii cöwzev` Ki Z c i Q wbh vm 24

29 RÛvi mgzv I bvixi ÿgzvq b cyiæl I evjk `i m ú ³KiY iægvbv Avjx wrwkdggj evz vmg~ ni cöwz cyiæl `i BwZevPK cöwzwµqv _ K ejv hvq h mgv R we klz cyiæl `i g a h_vh_fv e cušq Z Kg m~wp mdj n q Q Kvh µ gi c~ e GB köyxi gvbyl bvixi weiæ mwnsmzvi weiæ Kvb f wgkv KwgDwbwU Í i cvjb K iwb, GgbwK cvwievwik ch v q G e vcv i Kvb K_vI e jwb GZw`b Zviv bvixi weiæ KU K_v ejv, ed cuv bv BZ vw` K cöwzw` bi mvgvwrk Af vm e jb g b Ki Zv ZvB Zviv Gme wel q Kvb Lvivc wkqz Luy R cvqwb mgv Ri gvzeÿivi mvwjk ˆeV K bvixi weiæ mwnsmzv K we epbvq ivl Q Km vww Z GgbUv ` k gvb n q Q Dcmsnvi M elyv _ K `L Z cviqv hvq h, Kg m~wpfz³ `j Ges wbqwš Z ` ji g a RÛviMZ mgzv I bvixi ÿgzvqb welqk g bvfve Ges G m úwk Z Af v mi ÿ Î Zvrch c~y cv_ K we` gvb wqj GB cv_ K cyiæl `i g bvfv ei ÿ Î RÛviMZ mgzv Avbq b Kg m~wpi mvdj wpwýz K i Avð h i e vcvi n Q GB h, Kg m~wp h evz v cö`vb Ki Q Zv cyiæl I bvixi m ú K i Amg ÿgzv K P v jä Ki ji Kg m~wpfz³ ` ji cyiæl AskMÖnYKvixiv GB evz v K fxwzcö` wn m e bqwb, eis Zviv wb R `i g bvfve Ges AvPi Y cwiez b Avb Z cö`wk Z hyw³mg~n eys Z c i Q, c~ e Gme AvPiY KB Zviv Ò ^vfvwekó e j g b Ki Zv wrwkdggj evz vmg~ ni cöwz cyiæl `i BwZevPK cöwzwµqv _ K ejv hvq h mgv R we klz cyiæl `i g a h_vh_fv e cušq Z Kg m~wp mdj n q Q h nzz Kg m~wp m ú `i n ÍvšÍ ii m ½ hy³ bq, eis GwU KvR K i cöej a vbaviyv Ges wek v mi Dci we` gvb g bvfve Ges Af v mi cwiez bi mydj m ú K AewnZ Ki Z Kg m~wp m Pó _v K weavq, GwU g b Kiv nq h, Kvh µ gi mydjmg~n UKmB n e GB welqmg~n cyiæl AskMÖnYKvix `i Km vww _ K cöwzdwjz n q Q hlv b cyiæl AskMÖnYKvix `i cö Yv`bv `Iqv n q Q wrwkdggj evz vmg~n evsvi c i Zv `i AvPiY cwiez b wbh vm 25

30 RÛvi mgzv I bvixi ÿgzvq b cyiæl I evjk `i m ú ³KiY iægvbv Avjx Kg m~wpi mvdj ^ Z I, ev ÍeZv K ^xk wz w` q ej Z nq hw`i Kg m~wpi Kvh µg KwZcq GjvKvq g bvfve I Af v m cwiez b Avb Z mg_ n q Q, Z_vwc Kvh µgfz³ ` ji m`m iv GLbI cöejfv e wcz Zvwš K a vbaviyv ervq i L Q wcz Zvwš K fveavivq eo niqvi Kvi Y HwZn evnx a vbaviyv Zv `i g b Mfxifv e MÖw_Z n q M Q G ÿ Î cövavb c q Q M n vjxi Kvh vejx fvmvfvwm Kiv, wm vší MÖnY cöwµqvq bvixi AskMÖnY, bvixi Rb Dchy³ A_ bwzk cwi ek ˆZwi Kiv Ges bvixi weiæ mwnsmzvi cöwzev` G ÿ Î ev ÍewfwË n Q cyiæliv ZLbB cwic~y fv e eys Z mÿg nq, hlb Zviv Zv `i Af v mi mydj jv c q _v K Gici Zviv m PZbZv ˆZwi Ki Z _v K Zv `i cöwz ekx Ges AvZ xq- ^Rb `i g a G ÿ Î Zviv cövß wrwkdggj evz vmg~n Øviv wb Riv wkfv e DcK Z n q Q Zv D`vniY wn m e Zz j a i Kg m~wpi mvdj ^ Z I, ev ÍeZv K ^xk wz w` q ej Z nq hw`i Kg m~wpi Kvh µg KwZcq GjvKvq g bvfve I Af v m cwiez b Avb Z mg_ n q Q, Z_vwc Kvh µgfz³ ` ji m`m iv GLbI cöejfv e wcz Zvwš K a vbaviyv ervq i L Q wcz Zvwš K fveavivq eo niqvi Kvi Y HwZn evnx a vbaviyv Zv `i g b Mfxifv e MÖw_Z n q M Q GUvB cöwzdwjz n q Q Zv `i g bvfv e h bvix `i Avqg~jK Kv R Ask biqvuv DwPZ bv Zv `i g a cöeyzv `Lv M Q bvix `i mme Avqg~jK KvR mg_ b `Iqvi hme ÿ Î evb ii Kv R cyiæ li mn hvwmzvi `ikvi nq A_ vr bvix `i evb i hviqvuv Zviv mxgve ivl Z m Pó _v K GKBfv e Zviv ivbœvevbœv K ïaygvî bvixi KvR wn m e MY K i Ges evwoi bvix m` m i Dcw wz Z G KvR Kivi `vwqz Zviv Abyfe K i bv GZme ev ÍeZv ^ Z I Kvh µgfz³ ` ji m`m iv Gme cö_vmz RÛviwfwËK f wgkv cwiez bi ch v q i q Q Dcmsnv i ejv hvq h, Kg m~wp GgbwU `vwe Ki Z cv i h, AskMÖnYKvix `i g a Zv `i cöwzw` bi RÛviMZ ` wófw½ we køl Yi cö Yv`bv m wó K i GKai bi mvdj Zviv m~wpz K i Q cyiælmyjf I bvixmyjf HwZn evnx a vbaviyvi P v j Äi gva g Kg m~wpi jÿ n Q wcz Zvwš KZv K AvNvZ Kiv Kg m~wpwui kw³ wbwnz wqj cyiæl `i Kv Q cušqv bvi KŠk ji Dc i G ÿ Î cyiæliv wrwkdgj evz v BwZevPKfv eb wb q Q Zv `i we` gvb HwZn evnx e e vi g~ j AvNvZ wn m e welqwu K Zviv bqwb wbh vm 26

31 RÛvi mgzv I bvixi ÿgzvq b cyiæl I evjk `i m ú ³KiY iægvbv Avjx GB M elyv _ K wrwkdggj Kg m~wpwui h mvdj cöwzwôz n q Q Zv wb ` kbv `q h, GB Kg m~wp `xn mgqe vcx Ae vnz ivl Z n e Ges Gi gva g cwievi I mvgvwrk Í i RÛvi mgzv wbwðz Kiv hv e wbh vm 27

32 BRAC wbh vm 2015 ww m ^i;26:28-37 eª vk wkï wb KZb we` vj qi Kvh µ gi Dci GKwU cöviw K AbymÜvb * `yi`vbv bvwn` I mgxi iäb bv_ eª vk wkÿvkg m~wpi GKwU wdwfwëk bzzb cöv_wgk wkÿv D ` vm n Q wkïwb KZb Gi jÿ n Q hme GjvKvq AbvbyôvwbK we` vjqmg~n eü n q wm q Q, mlv b gvbm úbœ Ges UKmB cöv_wgk we` vjq cöwzôv Kiv GB M elyvq, D³ D ` v Mi gvb wby q wkï wb KZ bi Kvh µg cwigvc Kiv nq AwffveK `i ` wófw½ Ges GB D ` v Mi wbiwew Qbœ UKmB cöeyzvi P v jämg~ni AbymÜv b vb c q Q wkï wb KZb D ` v Mi Ici GUvB cö_g M elyv M elyvi D Ïk GB M elyvi we Í Z D Ïk n Q wkï wb KZb we` vj q wkï `i cö ekvwakvi Ges wkÿvi YMZ wewfbœ w`k m ú K Rvbv wb œv³ mywbw` ó M elyvag x cökœmg~n n Q: 1. AwffveK `i cöÿvc U Ges Lvbvi Av_ -mvgvwrk Ae vi cuf wg Z wkïwb KZb we` vj q Kvb Kvb QvÎ- QvÎx fwz n Q? 2. MÖvgxY evsjv ` ki AwffveK `i Zv `i wkï `i wkï wb KZ b fwz i ÿ Î Kvb Kvb welq cöfvwez K i? 3. Gme we` vjq Kvh µ gi w`k _ K KZLvwb Ae`vb ivl Q Ges gvbm Z cwigv ci wby vqk cöwµqvmg~n Kgb? Gme we` vj qi gvb m ú K AwffveK `i AwfgZ wk? 4. UKmB Ae v bi w`k _ K Gme we` vjqmg~n wk ai bi P v j Äi m ylxb n Q Ges Gme P v jämg~n Kx fv e AwZµg Kiv m eci? An early exploration of Shishu Niketan schools of BRAC kxl K GKwU M elyv wi cv U i mvi-ms ÿc (2014) mvi-ms ÿc K i Qb AvjZvgvm cvkv wbh vm 28

33 eª vk wkï wb KZb we` vj qi Kvh µ gi Dci GKwU cöviw K AbymÜvb `yi`vbv bvwn` I mgxi iäb bv_ M elyv c wz ewkifvm ÿ ÎB wkï wb KZb jv cöz ší v b cöwzôv Kiv n q Q cövavb c q Q mme GjvKv hlv b eª vk cövbgvix we` vjq Aew Z wqj G ÿ Î GKwU Zzjbvg~jK M elyv wwrvbb e eüz n q Q cuvpwu wkï wb KZb Ges cuvpwu KvQvKvwQ Aew Z wkûvimv U b we` vjq M elyvi Rb wbe vpb Kiv n qwqj M elyvq YevPK I cwigvyevpk Dfq c wzi cö qvm Kiv nq cö_gz cuvpwu wkï wb KZb we` vjq D Ïk g~jkfv e wbe vpb Kiv n qwqj bv Uvi Rjvi wzbwu Dc Rjv _ K G jv n Q ebcvov, eovbmövg Ges evmvwucvov hme we` vjq 2013 mv j cöwzwôz n qwqj mme we` vjq jv cövavb c q Q G ÿ Î Ges QvÎ-QvÎxiv GB M elyvkvjxb mg q MÖW-2-G wqj wøzxqz; c~ e D jøwlz Zzjbvg~jK `j MV bi D Ï k wbe vwpz wkï wb KZ bi KvQvKvwQ Aew Z wkûvimv U bmg~n wbe vpb Kiv n qwqj `kwu wkÿv cöwzôv bi cöwzwu MÖvgxY GjvKvq Aew Z cöwzwu wbe vwpz we` vj qi wîkrb QvÎQvÎx _ K cuf wgmz Z_ Rvbvi cwikíbv Kiv n qwqj cöavbz `yõwu Kvi Y Zv m eci nqwb cö_gz: ewkifvm wkûvimv U b jv Z Ges KwZcq wkïwb KZ b MÖW-2-G mywbw` ófv e wbe vpb Kiv n qwqj hv Z wkûvimv U b Ges wkï wb KZ bi g a myôz Zzjbv Kiv m eci nq wøzxqz, gvv ch v q cwi`k bi mgq wkqz wkqz Awffve Ki Dcw wz cviqv hvq wb cwi k l ejv hvq, cuf wg Z _ i Rb QvÎQvÎx `i bgybvi ÿ Î wkï wb KZ bi 144 Rb Ges wkûvimv U bi 108 Rb QvÎQvÎx AšÍfz ³ wqj gvu msl v `uvovq 300 Gi cwie Z 252 R b M elyvjä djvdj ewkifvm ÿ ÎB wkï wb KZb jv cöz ší v b cöwzôv Kiv n q Q cövavb c q Q mme GjvKv hlv b eª vk cövbgvix we` vjq Aew Z wqj Aek cöviw Kfv e GgbwU fvev n qwqj h Gme we` vjq evrvi ev iv Ívi av i cöwzôv Kiv n e Kg m~wp msmvkiv wkï wb KZb we` vjq vc bi wbh vm 29

34 eª vk wkï wb KZb we` vj qi Kvh µ gi Dci GKwU cöviw K AbymÜvb `yi`vbv bvwn` I mgxi iäb bv_ e vcv i ewk D PvKvw ÿ wqj Zviv m ve Zvi evb i ewk we` vjq vcb K i Q Aciw` K wkûvimv U b jv ewkifvm ÿ ÎB Aew Z wqj vbxq evrvi ev g~j mo Ki cv k evwo _ K we` vj qi `~iz Kg _vkvi Kvi Y Ges mok hvmv hvm fv jv nevi Kvi Y A_ bwzkfv e ^ Qj cwiev ii wkïiv wkï wb KZ b bq eis wkûvimv U b fwz nq G ÿ Î Ab vb KviYI we` gvb wqj gvwmk ez bi ÿ Î wkïwb KZb Ges wkûvimv U bi g a Kvb cv_ K wqj bv, we` vj qi Ab vb Li Pi ÿ Î wkûvimv U b LiP ewk wqj wkï wb KZ bi Zzjbvq GKRb bzzb D ` v M eª vk wkÿv Kg m~wpi wkï wb KZb zj wbh vm 30

35 eª vk wkï wb KZb we` vj qi Kvh µ gi Dci GKwU cöviw K AbymÜvb `yi`vbv bvwn` I mgxi iäb bv_ wkï wb KZb Ges wkûvimv U b Dfq KB gvwmk ezb cvevi ÿ Î Awbq gi m ylxb n Z nq Aek GB Awbq gi Íi wkï wb KZ bi P q wkûvimv U bi ÿ Î Kg nq wkûvimv U b Qv Îi cov jlvi LiP wkï wb KZ bi GKRb Qv Îi Li Pi P q wzb Y ewk n q _v K gvwmk ezb ev` w` q wkûvimv U bi Rb GB LiP n Q wkï wb KZ bi P q 5.4 Y ewk welqwu wb q wkï wb KZ bi AwffveK `i m ½ Avjvc-Av jvpbvi cuf wg ˆZwi n Z cv i h nzz Zviv wkï wb KZ bi wkÿvi gv bi cöwz mš ó ZvB Zv `i hyw³ w` q evsv bv mnrzi n e wkï wb KZb Ges wkûvimv U b Dfq KB gvwmk ezb cvevi ÿ Î Awbq gi m ylxb n Z nq Aek GB Awbq gi Íi wkï wb KZ bi P q wkûvimv U bi ÿ Î Kg nq ek wkqz msl K KviY G ÿ Î wpwýz Kiv h Z cv i cö_gz; AwffveKMY eª v Ki A ezwbk we` vjq _ K ezbwfwëk hvevi welqwu mnrfv e wb Z cv i wb G `i g a KwZcq AwffveK gvbwmkfv e AvNvZ cvb KviY Zviv Af Í bb h eª vk we` vjq ezb wb q wkÿv cö`vb Ki Q wøzxqz; Zviv `L Z c q Q h GB ezb cö`v bi gva g ` k gvb huzkz Zviv c q Q ZvÕ n Q g v Ui e` j Zv `i wkïiv GLb Pqvi- Uwej e env ii my hvm c q Q gvî c~ e hgb LvZvcÎ webvg~ j `Iqv nz GLb Avi Zv `Iqv n Q bv Ges wkÿkivi Av Mi mevb i q Q KvQvKvwQ Aew Z wkûvimv U b ev mikvwi cöv_wgk we` vjq jvi ` j Zviv wkï wb KZb K Zzjbv K i Q eª vk cöv_wgk zj jvi m ½ Z ZxqZ; wkï wb KZb we` vj qi AwffveKMY wkûvimv U b jvi AwffveK `i Zzjbvq mšív bi zj wd cö`v b Kg mÿg _v K ZvB, z ji ezb msmö n Kg m~wp msmvk `i KwVb Ae vi m ylxb n Z nq wkï wb KZ bi Kg m~wp msmvk Ges wkÿke `- huviv G ÿ Î cöavb f wgkv cvjb Ki Qb, AwffveK `i GB g g cöwzköæwz cö`vb K i Qb h, eª vk cöv_wgk we` vjq _ K G ÿ Î fv jv AeKvVv gv cö`vb Kiv n e Aek AwffveKe ` Uwej Pqv ii AšÍf zw³ Qvov Kvb cwiez b `L Z cvbwb eª vk cöv_wgk zj jvi g Zv wkï wb KZb z ji Ae vbi wbh vm 31

36 eª vk wkï wb KZb we` vj qi Kvh µ gi Dci GKwU cöviw K AbymÜvb `yi`vbv bvwn` I mgxi iäb bv_ vbxq evwoi gvwj Ki fvov Kiv evmvq Ges Dfq z ji gvjgkjvi GKB cökv ii Kvb we`ÿ r wqj bv Aek Gme we` vj qi köyxkÿ mg~n wqj cök Í Ges mkj we` vj q ch vß msl K Uwej I Pqvi `L Z cviqv M Q Aciw` K AwffveK `i AvKv ÿv Abyhvqx Av jv-evzv mi e e v `L Z cviqv hvq wb Lvevi cvwbi e e v Ges Uq j U my hvm-myweav jv eª vk cöv_wgk we` vj qi Abyiƒc wqj QvÎ-QvÎx `i wbf ikxj _vk Z nq evwoi gvwjk KZ K cö`ë my hvmmyweavi Dc i AwffveKivI Ach vß my hvm-myweavi cöwz Zv `i Am šívl e ³ K i Qb AwffveKMY wkï wb KZ b fv jv my hvmmyweav AvKv ÿv K ib c~e ez x eª vk cöv_wgk z ji myweavi Zzjbvq Ab w` K AeKvVv gvmz Ges D jøwlz my hvmmyweavq wkûvimv U b GwM q i q Q wkï wb KZ bi Zzjbvq wkûvimv U b mg~ ni Uq ju Ges Lvevi cvwbi myweav we` gvb i q Q zjfebwui G ÿ Î B Ui ˆZwi hw`i ewkifvm ÿ Î KvVv gv wqj Amgvß Ges köyxk ÿi AvKvi wqj QvU Ges Kvjvnjc~Y ewkifvm Awffve Ki wkûvimv U b m ú K Zgb ai bi Am šívl wqj bv G ÿ Î mš wói nvi wqj 60% wkï wb KZ bi QvÎQvÎx `i AwffveKiv we` vj q hme cvv cȳ ÍK cov bv nq m m ú K mš ó wq jb bv GdwRwWÕ Z Zviv Rviv jvfv e welqwu Dc vcb K i Qb Zviv D jøl K ib h, wkûvimv U b GbwmwUwe cvv cȳ ÍK wfbœ 5-6wU AwZwi³ eb cov bv nq mb Zzjbvq wkï wb KZ b ïaygvî GbwmwUwe cvv cȳ ÍK cov bv nq Gi m ½ KwZcq m ú~ik cvb mvgmöx `Iqv nq Aek Lvbvi Rwi c `Lv hvq 82 kzvs ki ewk AwffveK wkï wb KZ b e eüz cvv cȳ ÍK Ges Ab vb cvb mvgmöxi wel q mš ó G ÿ Î GgbwU g b Kivi Kvb KviY bb h, Gme Awffve Ki we` vjq cvv µg m ú K h _ó Ávb i q Q, Z e Zv `i Dcjwä n Q ewk eb gv bb n Q Av iv ewk wkÿy Ges Gfv eb Aek KwZcq ÿ Î wkÿk/kg m~wp msmvk ÔmvaviY Áv biõ Dc i AwZwi³ cȳ ÍK mshy³ K i Q AwffveK `i B Qvc~i b wbh vm 32

37 eª vk wkï wb KZb we` vj qi Kvh µ gi Dci GKwU cöviw K AbymÜvb `yi`vbv bvwn` I mgxi iäb bv_ wkûvimv U bi wkÿkiv mvaviyfv e wkï wb KZ bi Zzjbvq ewk wkwÿz Aek wkÿkzvi cwiwai w`k _ K Ges cöwkÿy cövwßi w`k _ K wkï wb KZ bi wkÿkiv wkûvimv U bi mnkg x `i P q GwM q i q Qb mwz ej Z wk wkûvimv U bi wkÿk `i Rb cöwkÿ Yi Kvb ms vb wqj bv Ab w` K, wkï wb KZ bi wkÿkiv ïaygvî eª vk cöv_wgk we` vj qb wkÿkzv K i wb, Zviv eª v Ki wkÿk `i Rb gšwjk cöwkÿy Ges gvwmk wi d«mvi cöwkÿyi MÖnY K i Q Gme wkqzb Zv `i wkûvimv U b wkÿk `i P q ewk hvm wn m e M o Zv j köyxkÿ ch eÿy _ K `Lv hvq h, úób wkÿy-wklb cöwµqvwu wkï wb KZ bi ÿ Î wkûvimv U bi P q fv jv wkï wb KZ bi wkÿv QvÎQvÎx `i köyxk ÿi Kvh µ gi K `ª iv L, cöwzwu QvÎQvÎxi AskMÖnY wbwðz K i Ges h_vh_fv e QvÎQvÎxiv Zv `i Kv Ri gvb m ú K gzvgz c q _v K GQvovI wkï wb KZ b wkÿke ` QvÎQvÎx `i cöwz œnkxj _v K Ges ˆ`wnK kvw Í cö`v b weiz _v K Aciw` K ewkifvm wkûvimv U b wkÿk AeÜzmyjf AvPiY K i Ges cövqkb Zv `i QvÎQvÎx `i kvw Í w` q _v K wkûvimv U b gzvgz `Iqvi cöwµqv, wkÿv_ x `i wklb g~j vqb Ges wcwq q cov wkÿv_ x `i hzœ biqvi cöeyzv- GmeB weij ejv P j Lvbv Rwi c `Lv hvq h, wkï wb KZ bi mkj wbh vm 33

38 eª vk wkï wb KZb we` vj qi Kvh µ gi Dci GKwU cöviw K AbymÜvb `yi`vbv bvwn` I mgxi iäb bv_ wkï wb KZ b AwffveK `i AšÍf yw³ we klz gv q `i Dcw wz wkûvimv U bi P q ewk Zviv hlbb Pvq ZLbB we` vj q Avm Z cv i Ges wkÿk `i m ½ QvÎQvÎx `i cov jlvi AMÖMwZ wel q Avjvc- Av jvpbv Ki Z cv i AwffveK wkÿk `i YMZ w`k Ges köyxk ÿ cvv`vb wel q Zv `i mš wói K_v D jøl K i Qb wkûvimv U bi `yb-z Zxqvsk QvÎQvÎxi Zzjbvq wkï wb KZ bi gvî 4.2 kzvsk QvÎQvÎxi M n wkÿk wqj Aek Lvbv jvi Avw_ K Ae v fv jv bv _vkvi Kvi YI wkï wb KZ bi GKwU ÿz`ª As ki QvÎQvÎx M nwkÿ Ki myweav MÖnY K i _vk Z cv i wkï wb KZ b AwffveK `i AšÍf yw³ we klz gv q `i Dcw wz wkûvimv U bi P q ewk Zviv hlbb Pvq ZLbB we` vj q Avm Z cv i Ges wkÿk `i m ½ QvÎQvÎx `i cov jlvi AMÖMwZ wel q Avjvc-Av jvpbv Ki Z cv i mkj we` vj qb AwffveKe ` gv m GKevi wgwjz n q Zv `i wbr wbr we` vjq m ú K Ges Ab vb cvi úwikfv e m úwk Z welqvw` wb q Av jvpbv K ib wkûvimv U bi Gme KvbwUB `L Z cviqv hvq bv wkûvimv U bi AwffveKMY ewkifvmb Zv `i wkï K z j w` q Avm Z Ges wb q Avm Z hvb GdwRwW jv Z GwU cöwzdwjz n q Q GLv b Av jvpbvq wkÿk `i YMZ w`k Ges köyxk ÿ cvv`v bi welq D V G m Q wkï wb KZb wkÿv_ x `i AwffveK `i A bk ch eÿy wqj hv Zviv Dc vcb K i Qb, wkš wkûvimv U bi wkÿv_ x `i evev-gv we ÍvwiZfv e Gme wel q K_v ej Z cv ib wb Kg m~wp msmvk `i GKwU cöavb KvR n Q gvwmk ezb D Ëvjb Kiv mvaviyfv e AwffveK `ib GKwU wbw` ó w` b we` vj q wm q wciõ `i Kv Q ezb `Iqvi K_v GwU G Zv mn R cvwjz nq bv wba vwiz Zvwi L ewkifvm AwffveKMYB ezb cö`vb K ib bv ezb evkx cov GKwU wbqwgz e vcvi wkûvimv U bi ezb evkx GKwU wbqwgz e vcvi n ji Zv wkï wb KZ bi g Zv G Zv ewk bq G Ae vq wci Ges wkÿkiv cö Póv Pvjvq gvwmk AwffveK mfvi w`bwu Z ezb D Ëvj bi KL bvev Zv `i wkÿv_ x `i Lvbvq wm qi we` vjq ezb msmön Ki Z nq KwZcq ÿ Î wkÿkiv köyxk ÿb wkÿv_ x `i KvQ _ K wbh vm 34

39 eª vk wkï wb KZb we` vj qi Kvh µ gi Dci GKwU cöviw K AbymÜvb `yi`vbv bvwn` I mgxi iäb bv_ ezb Pvb, hw`i Zv eª vk e e vcbv KZ K m ú~y fv e wbwl wkÿk `i cÿ _ K Giƒc cö Póv wkÿv_ x `i Dci bwzevpk cöfve d j ZvB Giƒc cöwµqv eü Ki Z n e Ab w` K wciõiv Abyfe K i h, Zviv A_ msmön Ki Q ÿz`ªfy wciõ `I g Zv hv mgv R Zv `i gh v`vnvbx Ki Q GwU evsv hv Q h, wkÿv welqk wciõiv e _ n q Q mgv Ri Kv Q Zv `i `vwqz I Kvh cöwµqv m ú K aviyv w` Z ÿz`ªfy wciõ `i KvR n Q A_ FY `Iqv Ges Zv Av`vq Kiv, Ab w` K wkÿv wciõ `i KvR wkï `i gvbm Z wkÿv cö`vb Ges wewbg q we` vj qi ezb MÖnY Kiv Aek wkÿv wciõ `i `vwqz cvj bi e _ Zv GKKfv e Zv `i Dci ez vq bv, mgvri G ÿ Î cö Z bq Zv `i Kv Ri aviv eys Z wkûvimv U bi Zzjbvq wkï wb KZ bi ÿ Î Kvh KviYMZ P v jä ewk RwUjai Yi cöavb P v jä n Q gvwmk ezb D Ëvjb Kiv wkûvimv U b wkÿv_ x `i Lvbvi Avw_ K Ae v wkï wb KZb wkÿv_ x `i P q A bk fv jv gvwmk ezb e w I Avi GKwU welq wkï wbe vp bi AwffveK `i cöwzköæwz `Iqv n qwqj h, wkÿvcö`vb wd cöwzwu MÖ W GKB _vk e, wkš hlb Zv evov bv nj ZLb Zv `i mevb AwZwi³ wd w` Z AcviMZv Rvbv jv GwU úó bq h, wciõiv AwffveK `i Kv Q Z_ Mvcb K i wqj bv A_ev eª vk e e vcbv nvvr ezb e w i wm vší wb qwqj wkõbv GwU GLb GKwU bxwzmz cökœ n q M Q GwU bxwzmzfv e fv jv nõz hw` wciõ `i cöwzköæwz iÿv Kiv nz ev Kgc ÿ we` gvb e v Pi wkÿv_ x `i ÿ Î G cöwzköæwz ivlv nz wecix Z wkûvimv U b jv K GB Ae v gvkvwejv Ki Z nq bv, KviY AwffveKiv Rv bb GwU ezb wb q wkÿv`v bi zj Ges wkÿv wd D P MÖ W DËx Y i m ½ m ½ e w cvq Aek wkÿv wd D P MÖ W DËx Y i m ½ m ½ e w cvq Aek wkÿv wd evkx covi GKwU mgm v djvdj ^iƒc, wkÿkiv nq ezb cvq bv bq Zv gv mi c~y ezb _ K ewâz nq cöwz gv m G ÿ Î ewkifvm wkûvimv U bb wkÿk S i covi nvi ewk AwffveKMY wkûvimv U b ezb cö`v b wkqzuv bgbxqzv fvm Ki ji wkï wb KZ b wbh vm 35

40 eª vk wkï wb KZb we` vj qi Kvh µ gi Dci GKwU cöviw K AbymÜvb `yi`vbv bvwn` I mgxi iäb bv_ GgbwU nq bv Zviv cöavb wkÿ Ki m ½ wkÿv wd n«v m `b`ievi Ki Z cv i Gfv e KwZcq AwffveK, hviv wd cö`v b mg_ bb, Zviv wkÿk `i m ½ `b`ievi K ib Ges Zzjbvg~jKfv e Kg wd cö`vb K ib Dfq ai bi we` vj qi DËi`vZvMY Ges GdwRwWÕ Z AskMÖnYKvixMY Zv `i zj jv K Zv `i MÖv gi KvQvKvwQ Aew Z mikvwi cöv_wgk z ji m ½ Zzjbv K i Qb h nzz M elyvaxb wkï wb KZb jv hme MÖv g Aew Z, mlv b Kvb wkûvimv U b bb, ZvB mwbœk Ui MÖvg _ K wkûvimv U b zj wbe vpb Kiv n qwqj d j h Kvb ai bi z ji AwffveK `i c ÿ wkï wb KZ bi m ½ wkûvimv U bi wkÿv cö`v bi gvb Zzjbv Kiv m eci wqj bv mikvwi cöv_wgk we` vjqmg~ ni wb œgvb GB Dfqai bi AwffveK `i Zv `i mšívb `i Gme ezbwfwëk z j cvvv bvi GKwU Ab Zg cöavb KviY hw` GKB MÖv g wkï wb KZb Ges wkûvimv U b _vk Zv ZvÕn j AwffveK `i c ÿ Zzjbv Kivi my hvm _vk Zv G ÿ Î wci Ges wkÿkkiv AwffveK `i KvQvKvwQ wkûvimv U b `L Z h Z Aby iva Ki Z cv i fv jv GKwU Zzjbvg~jK wpî cvevi Rb mycvwikmg~n G ÿ Î wb œv³ mycvwikmg~n ev Íevqb Kivi mycvwik Kiv n q Q: 1. AeKVv gvmz Dbœqb Ki Z n e wkï wb KZb we` vjqmg~ ni, hv Z eª vk cöv_wgk we` vjq, wkûvimv U b Ges mgv Ri Ab vb zj _ K cv_ K Kiv m eci nq Rvbvjv ch ší zj evwowui GKwU Ask BU Øviv ˆZwi Ki Z n e; Ab AskwU wub Øviv zj N ii wfzi-evb i io Ki Z n e Af šíixy `Iqvj iwob Ges h _ó wkÿv mvgmöxc~y _vk Z n e hgb; PvU, g vc Ges Qwe zjmg~ ni ewnt ` ki io mkj z ji Rb GKBiKg n Z n e i Oi mw jb n Z n e evsjv ` ki czvkv Ges eª vk jv Mvi i O Ljvi gvv, wbh vm 36

41 eª vk wkï wb KZb we` vj qi Kvh µ gi Dci GKwU cöviw K AbymÜvb `yi`vbv bvwn` I mgxi iäb bv_ we`ÿ r, a a Ges Lvevi cvwbi myweav Avewk Kfv e _vk Z n e vbxq hme z ji wbr ^ Ljvi gvv i q Q Zv `i m ½ e e v K i wkï wb KZb wkÿv_ x `i Rb mßv n Kgc ÿ 2/3 w`b gvv e env ii AbygwZ wb Z n e 2. RvZxq cvv µg m ú K AwffveK `i evsv bvi cö qvrbxqzv i q Q Zv `i eys Z n e wkÿvi D Ïk QvÎQvÎx `i Nv o eb qi evsv Pvwc q `Iqv bq, wkš Zv `i mvnvh Ki Z n e cök wz I mgvr m ú K eys Z Avb ``vqk I cvi úwik e env ii gva g 3. G ÿ Î AwffveK `i wkï wb KZb z ji wkÿvi gvb m ú K evsv Z n e Zzjbv K i `Lv Z n e h, gvwmk ezb GKB n ji wkûvim U bi Ab vb LiP ek ewk mgv Ri m`m `i wkÿv wd Ges Ab vb wd `Iqvi mÿgzv cöv_wgkfv e cövavb w` Z n e A_ bwzkfv e ^ Qj Lvbvmg~ ni m ½ buiqvk Mo Z n e Ab K_vq ejv hvq h, wkï wb KZ bi QvÎQvÎx `i Ae vb n Z n e ga weë köyx _ K, hlv b evev-gvi K qk eq ii we` vjq wkÿv i q Q Aek Mixe cwiev ii wkï `i Rb fzz wk w` q 25 kzvsk wkÿv_ x Gme Mixe Lvbv _ K biqvi e e v ivl Z n e wbh vm 37

42 BRAC wbh vm 2015 ww m ^i;26:38-43 bvixi cöwz eâbv I mwnsmzvi weiæ cöwz iva Mo Z mvgvwrk ms e`bkxjzv m wó Z eª vk Kg m~wpi GKwU g~j vqb gv. Ave`yj Avwjg I iægvbv Avjx mvgvwrkfv e gvbyl K wmwi (CEDAW) Kb fbkb m ú K AeMZ Ki Z eª vk RÛvi Rvw m GÛ WvBfviwmwU wefvm MvRxcy i GKwU cvbju Kvh µg cwipvjbv K i Q bvixi cöwz mwnsmzv I eâbvi weiæ Rbm PZbZv ˆZwi wqj G Kvh µ gi D Ïk CEDAW cøvudg, evsjv `k As ki Dci Kg iz bvmwik D ` v Mi GKwU m`m msmvb wn m e eª vk wek vm K i h, wmwi mb` ev Íevq bi gva g mkj cökvi RÛviwfwËK ˆelg, mwnsmzv, Amvg Zv Ges AwePvi gy³ GKwU mgvr MVb m e GLv b D jøl h, 1979 mv ji 18 ww m ^i RvwZmsN mvaviy cwil ` M nxz nq bvixi cöwz me ai bi ˆelg `~ixkiy welqk mb` ev Kb fbkb Bs iwr Z G K ejv n q Q Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women ms ÿ c CEDAW Uv M U MÖæc K ms e`bkxj Ki Z wmwiõi Ici Av jvpbvi Av qvrb Kiv nq GB Av jvpbvq Kx K i N ii g a, we` vj q hvevi c _ Ges K vmiæ g hšb nqivbx cöwz iva Kiv hvq m m ú K iæz `Iqv nq mßg köyx _ K Øv`k köyx ch ší gvu 6,243 Rb QvÎQvÎx K GB cwiwpwzg~jk Abyôv bi Rb wbe vpb Kiv n qwqj wmwi welqk Ges cökvk I e w³mz v b hšb nqivbxi Dci 100wU ` j AskMÖnYKvix `i fvm Kiv nq `yõkz KwgDwbwUwfwËK bzv, mvsevw`k, wkÿk, mikvwi Kg KZ v, Bgvg Ges BDwbqb cwil` Pqvig vb I g ^vi K AvUwU ` j wef³ K i cwiwpwzg~jk cöwkÿy `Iqv n qwqj GB cwiwpwzg~jk Kvh µ gi mgqmxgv wqj QvÎQvÎx `i Rb AvovB N Uvi Ges Ab vb `i Rb wqj Pvi N Uve vcx Sensitizing communities to eliminate discrimination and violence against women: an assessment of BRAC s intervention kxl K GKwU M elyv wi cv U i mvi-ms ÿc (2012) mvi-ms ÿc K i Qb AvjZvgvm cvkv wbh vm 38

43 bvixi cöwz eâbv I mwnsmzvi weiæ eª vk Kg m~wpi GKwU g~j vqb gv. Ave`yj Avwjg I iægvbv Avjx bzv, mvsevw`k, wkÿk, mikvwi Kg KZ v, Bgvg Ges BDwbqb cwil` Pqvig vb I g ^vi K AvUwU ` j wef³ K i cwiwpwzg~jk cöwkÿy `Iqv n qwqj GB cwiwpwzg~jk Kvh µ gi mgqmxgv wqj QvÎQvÎx `i Rb AvovB N Uvi Ges Ab vb `i Rb wqj Pvi N Uve vcx M elyvi D Ïk 1. CEDAW Ges hšbnqivwb m ú K D P we` vjq Ges gnvwe` vj qi QvÎQvÎx `i Rvbvi Í i cwiez b wba viy Kiv, Ges 2. KwgDwbwU bz Z, BDwbqb cwil `i Pqvig vb Ges m`m `i Ges MÖv gi MY gvb `i Rvbvi Í i cwiez bmg~n ch eÿy Kiv M elyv c wz GB M elyvwu cwipvwjz n q Q cökí GjvKvi zj I K jr Ges KwgDwbwUi bz e `i Dci cökí GjvKvi AšÍfz ³ MvRxcyi m`i Dc Rjvi cuvpwu BDwbqb- evmvb, evwoqv, c~evbj, wgr vcyi Ges KvDjwUqv _ K Z_ msm nxz nq M elyvi DËi`vZv `i we klz QvÎQvÎx `i ˆ`ePqb c wz Z wbe vpb Kiv n qwqj cöwzwu zj Ges K j Ri iwr ªvi LvZv _ K M elyvi DËi`vZv `i wbe vpb Kiv nq Ges mvÿvrkvi biqv nq Q j I g q `i wbe vpb Kiv n qwqj c _Kfv e MÖvg bzv, Pqvig vb Ges m`m `i bv gi ZvwjKv msmön Kiv n qwqj, GLvb _ K DËi`vZv `i ˆ`ePqb c wz Z wbe vpb Kiv n qwqj gvu QvÎ-QvÎx `i msl v 2011 mv j cwipvwjz ebrjvbb Rwi ci mgq wqj 834 Rb S i cov ev ciez x Z cviqv bv hviqvq GB msl v 2012 mv j cwipvwjz cv U Rwi c `vovq 390 R b GKBfv e, hw`i wcö U 136 Rb MÖvg bzv K DËi`vZv wn m e wbe vwpz Kiv n qwqj, wkš cv U Rwi c G msl v cušqvq 44 R b mkvi Y, 434 Rb DËi`vZvi wfwë Z wcö- U Ges cv U cövß Dcv Ëi g a Zzjbv Kiv n qwqj wbh vm 39

44 bvixi cöwz eâbv I mwnsmzvi weiæ eª vk Kg m~wpi GKwU g~j vqb gv. Ave`yj Avwjg I iægvbv Avjx cyiæ li Zzjbvq Lvbvq bvix `i msl v mvgvb ewk cviqv M Q DËi`vZv `i Lvbvi ewkifvm m`m B gva wgk Íi ch ší wkwÿz wqj Ges Zv `i 34.4% Gi eqm n Q eq ii g a Ab w` K 44% n Q QvÎQvÎx Ges 25% M n vjxi Kv R wb qvwrz wqj GQvov 92% Kvb GbwRIÕi mv _ mswkøó wqj bv M elyvi DcvË msm nxz n qwqj Rwi ci gva g we ÍvwiZ cökœc Îi e envi K i DËi`vZv `i Av_ -mvgvwrk Ges RbwgwZK cövdvbj m ú K Z_ msm nxz nq CEDAW m ú K DËi`vZv `i Ávb Ges hšbnqivwb m ú K I Z_ biqv n qwqj M elyv djvdj DËi`vZv `i Lvbvi RbwgwZK MVb cyiæ li Zzjbvq Lvbvq bvix `i msl v mvgvb ewk cviqv M Q DËi`vZv `i Lvbvi ewkifvm m`m B gva wgk Íi ch ší wkwÿz wqj Ges Zv `i 34.4% Gi eqm n Q eq ii g a Ab w` K 44% n Q QvÎQvÎx Ges 25% M n vjxi Kv R wb qvwrz wqj GQvov 92% Kvb GbwRIÕi mv _ mswkøó wqj bv wmwi (CEDAW) m ú K Áv bi Í ii cwiez bmg~n wmwi (CEDAW) Gi cöavb welq Ges Bmÿ mg~n, wmwi mb ` KqwU Aa vq i q Q, wmwi Pzw³ M nxz nevi eqi, hme msmvb ev cöwzôvb wmwi mb` MÖnY K i Q Zv `i bvg BZ vw` m ú K DËi`vZviv KZUzKz AeMZ Zv Rvbvi Póv Kiv n q Q Kg m~wp Kvh µg cwipvwjz nevi c i wmwi m ú K DËi`vZv `i Áv bi mvgwmök BwZevPK cwiez b h _ó Zvrch c~y wqj Kg m~wpi Kvh µ gi d j ewkifvm DËi`vZv (90%) Zv `i wmwi m úwk Z Ávb e o Q e j Rvwb q Q gvî 7% Gi G m úwk Z Ávb Av Mi gzb wqj GB M elyvi cöfve ch eÿ Y `L Z cviqv M Q h, QvÎ- QvÎx `i Zzjbvq KwgDwbwU bzv `i g a wmwi m úwk Z Áv bi Í i ewk cwiez b `L Z cviqv hvq QvÎ-QvÎx `i 92 kzvsk Ges KwgDwbwU bzv `i 96 kzvs ki Rvbvi Í i e w jÿ Kiv M Q Ab w` K `L Z cviqv M Q h, cökí Kvh µ gi c i QvÎ-QvÎx `i 8 kzvs ki Rvbvi Íi GKB wqj Ges KwgDwbwU bzv `i 2 kzvs ki GKB Rvbvi Íi wqj wbh vm 40

45 bvixi cöwz eâbv I mwnsmzvi weiæ eª vk Kg m~wpi GKwU g~j vqb gv. Ave`yj Avwjg I iægvbv Avjx cökí Kvh µ gi ciez x Z hšb nqivwb welqk Rvbvi Í i DËi`vZv `i g a Zvrch c~y cwiez b `L Z cviqv M Q Rvbvi Í ii cwiez b cyiæl Ges bvixi g a GKB ikg wqj bv GwU `L Z cviqv wm qwqj h cyiæl `i Ávb h _ó e w c q Q bvix `i Zzjbvq Ges n«vm c q Q bvix `i P q Kg gvîvq hme DËi`vZvi Lvbvi Lye Mwie Ae v wqj Zv `i Rvbvi Í i Zvrch c~y cwiez b jÿ Kiv M Q Ab vb ` ji Áv bi ÿ ÎI GB cökí Kvh µ gi GKB ikg cöfve `L Z cviqv wm qwqj Mwie Ges ga weë köyxi 90 kzvs kii ewk DËi`vZv `i Ávb gvîv e owqj wmwi m úwk Z wel q, Aciw` K abx gvbyl `i g a I GKB kzkviv nv i Áv bi e w Í i cwiez b cv_ K `Lv M Q gymwjg `i ÿ Î BwZevPK I bwzevpk cwiez bmg~n wn `y `i P q ewk wqj GB M elyvq cök íi cöfve Rvb Z DËi`vZv `i Rvbvi Drm m ú K AbymÜvb Pvjv bv n qwqj cövq me DËi`vZvB e j Q h GÛ jvbb Rwi ci mgq wmwi m ú K Rvb Z eª vkb wqj Zv `i Rvbvi Drm hw`i Lye KgmsL K DËi`vZv Ab vb Dr mi K_vI e j Q hgb, wuwf, eb, ˆ`wbK cwîkv, cwievi, mgvr, Ab vb GbwRI hšb nqivwb m úwk Z Rvbvi Í i cwiez bmg~n cökí Kvh µ gi ciez x Z hšb nqivwb welqk Rvbvi Í i DËi`vZv `i g a Zvrch c~y cwiez b `L Z cviqv M Q Rvbvi Í ii cwiez b cyiæl Ges bvixi g a GKB ikg wqj bv GwU `L Z cviqv wm qwqj h cyiæl `i Ávb h _ó e w c q Q bvix `i Zzjbvq Ges n«vm c q Q bvix `i P q Kg gvîvq Ab w` K, DËi`vZv `i GK-cÂgvs ki mvgvb AwaK GKwU Ask (22.1 kzvsk) Kvh µg m Z I AcwiewZ Z wqj cv U hšb nqivwbi Dci Rvbvi v ii Mo cyiæl I bvix Df qi ÿ ÎB n«vm cvq GKB ikg cwiez b `L Z cviqv hvq Mwie, ga weë Ges abx köyxi g a GQvov Kvh µg ciez x mg q wn `y `i g a DËi`vZviv ewk IqvwKenvj wqj hlb DËi`vZv `i Kv Q hšb nqivwb m ú K Rvb Z PvIqv nq, ZLb wcö U 33 kzvsk wbfz j DËi `q, Z e cv U 12 kzvs ki ewk mwvk DËi w` qwqj wbh vm 41

46 bvixi cöwz eâbv I mwnsmzvi weiæ eª vk Kg m~wpi GKwU g~j vqb gv. Ave`yj Avwjg I iægvbv Avjx Dcmsnvi cök íi D Ïk wqj mgv Ri gvbyl K wmwi Ges hšb nqivwb m ú K ms e`bkxj Kiv GB cökí QvÎQvÎx Ges mgv Ri bzv `i K `ªwe `y K i Q hviv KxÕbv GB Kvh µ gi gva g wb R `i a vb-aviyvi cwiez b Avb Z mÿg n e M elyvje djvdj QvÎQvÎx Ges KwgwDwbwU bzv `i g a wmwi m úwk Z Áv bi ÿ Î BwZevPK cöfve `L Z c q Q cökí Kvh µ gi Kvi Y hz msl K QvÎQvÎxi wmwi m úwk Z Ávb e o Q Zv KwgDwbwU bzv `i P q ewk bq Zv m Z I, Kvh µ gi Kvi Y KwgDwbwU bzv `i Ávb e o Q GB Kvh µ gi gva g Zviv h ms e`bkxjzv AR b K i Zvi gva g Zviv wcz Zvwš K mgvre e v K cökœwe Ki Z cv i, we klz: wj½mz ˆel g i ÿ Î Kvh µg ciez x mg q hšb nqivwb m úwk Z Áv bi Í i cwiez b ch eÿy Kiv n qwqj wewfbœ wby vq Ki cöwÿ Z cv U Rwi c hšb nqivwbi aviyv, AvPiY, Ges Gi m ½ mswkøó AvBb jv m ú K Rvbvi ÿ Î BwZevPK cv_ K cwijwÿz n q Q Ab w` K, Kvh µ gi ciez x ch v qi hšb nqivwbi cwiywz m ú K aviyv n«vm c q Q hw`i G ÿ Î BwZevPK cwiez b `L Z cviqv M Q, Z e G ÿ Î h _ó msl K DËi`vZv cviqv wm qwqj hv `i Rvbvi ÍiwU Kvh µg cwipvwjz nevi c ii AcwiewZ Z wqj mgv R Mfxifv e cöw_z wcz Zvwš K fveaviv, mvs wzk wek vm, Ges Af vm- hv e w³i g a cörb _ K cörb e vcx we` gvb i q Q; nqzev GB welqwu Rvbvi Í ii cwiez b bv niqv GKwU cöavb KviY wn m e `vqx _v K cökí Kvh µ gi m e v P mgq wqj Pvi N Uv hv KxÕbv Rvbvi Í i Kvw ÿz Kvh Ki cwiez b Avb Z h _ó wqj bv hme DËi`vZvi Rvbvi Íi Kvh µ gi c ii n«vm cvq, Zv `i cöwz Kg m~wp K we kl bri w` Z n e M elyv _ K G ÿ Î e nr cwim i GB ai bi cök íi cö qvrbxqzv we klfv e Abyf Z n q Q G ÿ Î GKwU weivu Rbmgwói Dci `xn mgqe vcx GB Kvh µg cwipvjbv Kiv DwPZ wbh vm 42

47 bvixi cöwz eâbv I mwnsmzvi weiæ eª vk Kg m~wpi GKwU g~j vqb gv. Ave`yj Avwjg I iægvbv Avjx M o, 71 kzvs ki ewk DËi`vZv D jøl K i Q h, Zv `i cwiewz Z Áv bi Í ii Rb eª vk cöavb Drm wn m e KvR K i Q Gi _ K evsv hvq h, GB cök íi mvdj wbf i Ki Q DËi`vZv `i wmwi Ges hšb nqivwb m ú K wkÿvjv fi Dc i wcö U Ges cv U Dfq Rwi ci ÿ ÎB DËi`vZv `i Kv Q hšb nqivwb iv a wk Kiv hvq Zv Rvb Z PvIqv n qwqj wcö U DcvË Abymv i DËi`vZvMY hšb nqivwb iv a m PZbZv M o Zvjvi civgk w` q Q GKB m ½ Zviv c` v cö_vi Dci iæz v ivc K i e j Q GB cö_v hšb nqivwb iva Ki Z mnvqk n e GB civgk cöwzdwjz K i cö_vmz a vbaviyvi hlv b bvixi ÔAMÖnY hvm Õ Ges ÔA kvfbõ cvkvk I AvPiY K `vqx Kiv nq cyiæl KZ K mwnsm AvPi Yi Rb m Kvi Y Zv `i G ÿ Î civgk n Q bvix `i Ôh_vh_ I kvfbxq cvkvk cwiavb Ki Z n e hšb nqivwb _ K iÿv cvevi Rb cv U Rwi c c` v cö_vi cö Ívebvq mvgvb cwiez b G m Q GB g bvfve m úbœ DËi`vZvi msl v 11.3 kzvsk _ K n«vm c q Kg m~wpi c i n q Q 10.3 kzvsk M elyvi DËi`vZvMY hšb nqivwbi ÿ Î we` gvb AvBbmg~n K Kvh Ki Kivi Ges Acivaxi kvw Í wbwðz Kivi civgk `q M o, 71 kzvs ki ewk DËi`vZv D jøl K i Q h, Zv `i cwiewz Z Áv bi Í ii Rb eª vk cöavb Drm wn m e KvR K i Q Gi _ K evsv hvq h, GB cök íi mvdj wbf i Ki Q DËi`vZv `i wmwi Ges hšb nqivwb m ú K wkÿvjv fi Dc i GwU mg_ b hvmvq h, G ai bi cökí K AviI e nr cwim i wb q hviqv DwPZ ZvB, GgbUv Avkv Kiv hvq h, RÛvi ms e`bkxj QvÎ-QvÎx Ges KwgDwbwUi bzviv fwel r cwiez bi wbqvgk wn m e GK Î KvR Ki eb wbh vm 43

48 BRAC wbh vm 2015 ww m ^i;26:44-53 be iƒckí cyi bv P v jämg~n: evsjv ` k cövk&-cöv_wgk wkÿvi Ae v * mgxi iäb bv_, MŠZg ivq, g nvweeyi ingvb, KvRx mv jn& Avn g` I Avn g` gvk&zvk ivrv PŠayix f wgkv I D Ïk GWz Kkb IqvP 2013 Gi cöavb D Ïk n jv, ` k we` gvb cövk&-cöv_wgk wkÿvi Ici GKwU ebrjvbb ˆZwi Kiv, hv fwel Z GB wkÿve e vi AMÖMwZ ch eÿ Y mnvqk n e M elyvwui iæz c~y Av ikwu D Ïk n Q ez gvb e e vq Kvb duvk Av Q wkbv Zv LwZ q `Lv hv h_vh_ cwikíbv cöyqb Ges e e vwui Dbœq b mnvqk f wgkv cvjb Ki e GWz Kkb IqvP 2013 Gi cöavb D Ïk n jv, ` k we` gvb cövk&-cöv_wgk wkÿvi Ici GKwU ebrjvbb ˆZwi Kiv, hv fwel Z GB wkÿv-e e vi AMÖMwZ ch eÿ Y mnvqk n e M elyvwui iæz c~y Av ikwu D Ïk n Q ez gvb e e vq Kvb duvk Av Q wkbv Zv LwZ q `Lv hv h_vh_ cwikíbv cöyqb Ges e e vwui Dbœq b mnvqk f wgkv cvjb Ki e GB M elyvi cöavb cökœmg~n wb P `Iqv n jv: 1. evsjv ` k cövk&-cöv_wgk wkÿvi D e n q Q Kxfv e? cövk&-cöv_wgk wkÿvi ez gvb RvZxq bxwzgvjv Kx? GwU Kxfv e cöyqb Kiv n q Q? wewfbœ mikvwi ms v I mykxj mgv Ri cöwzôvbmg~n G bxwzgvjv cöyq b Kx ai bi f wgkv i L Q? G bxwz cwiez bi Kv bv cö qvrbxqzv i q Q wk? 2. cövk&-cöv_wgk wkÿvq wkï `i cö ekmg Zvi ez gvb Ae v Kx? mg qi wbwi L cö ekmg Zvq Kv bv cwiez b n q Q wk? Gi Av_ -mvgwrk wby vqk jv Kx Kx? Kg cš v, hvmvb, cöwµqv I djvd ji wbwi L cövkcöv_wgk bvbv e e vi g a cv_ K i ^iƒc Kx? 3. cövk&-cöv_wgk wkÿv `Iqv nq Ggb wkÿv cöwzôvbmg~ n Kx ai bi myweav i q Q? wkÿv cöwzôvbmg~ n Kx ai bi wkÿvµg AbymiY Kiv nq, Kx ai bi cvv cȳ ÍK I wkÿvmvgmöx e envi Kiv nq Avi K wklb Kvh µg cwipvjbv K ib? köyxk ÿ Ges köyxk ÿi evb i Kx ai bi wkÿy-wklb c wz Pvjy i q Q? G wkÿve e v m ú K wkÿv_ x `i gv-evev I wkÿk `i AwfgZ Kx? New vision old challenges, the state of pre-primary education in Bangladesh kxl K GKwU M elyv wi cv U i evsjv mvi-ms ÿc (2014) _ K AbywjLb K i Qb AvjZvgvm cvkv wbh vm 44

49 evsjv ` ki cövk&-cöv_wgk wkÿvi Ae v bv_ I Ab vb M elyvi c wz Gev ii Z_ msmö n YMZ I cwigvymz Dfqai bi M elyv c wz I KŠkj e envi Kiv n q Q cwigvymz M elyv c wzi g a i q Q mymse cökœcî e envi K i `ywu Rwic; GKwU n jv cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿv cöwzôvb Rwic, Av ikwu n jv LvbvRwic YMZ AbymÜvb cwipvjbv Kiv n q Q wkqz msl K wkÿv cöwzôv b; hvi g a i q Q wkÿv cöwzôvb I köyxkÿ ch eÿy Ges wkÿk I wkÿv_ x `i gv-evevi mv _ mywbw` ó wel q `jxq Av jvpbv ˆ`ePqb c wz e envi K i cöwzwu aib _ K 300wU K i wkÿvcöwzôvb wbe vpb Kiv nq G Z gvu wkÿv cöwzôv bi msl v `uvovq 1,500wU LvbvRwi ci Rb cöwzwu Dc Rjv/_vbv _ K 12wU K i MÖvg/gnjøv wbe vpb Kiv nq Ges cöwzwu MÖvg/gnjøv _ K 25wU Lvbv wbe vpb Kiv nq cöwzwu wbe vp bb wbqgvbym ˆ`ePqb c wz e envi Kiv nq LvbvRwic cwipvwjz nq 9,000wU Lvbvq YMZ AbymÜvb cwipvjbvq Dc ii cuvp ai bi cöwzwu _ K `ywu K i gvu 10wU wkÿv cöwzôvb biqv nq cöwzôvb jv `ywu Dc Rjvq Aew Z msl vi w`k _ K me vwak niqvq eª vk cövk&-cöv_wgk we` vjq DcvbyôvwbK ai bi cöwzwbwaz K i Q G M elyvi Z_ msmön Kiv nq 2013 mv ji g _ K RyjvB gvm ch ší cöavb djvdjmg~n cövk&-cöv_wgk wkÿvq AwfMg Zv mikvwifv e cövk&-cöv_wgk wkÿvq fwz i eqm cuvp eqi; hw`i cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvq fwz niqv wkï `i eq mi we køly _ K `Lv hvq G `i eqm wzb _ K `k eq ii g a wkÿv_ x `i GK-Z Zxqvs ki eqm cuvp, GK-PZz_ vs ki eqm Qq Ges GK-cÂgvs ki eqm Pvi eqi- Giv mw wjzfv e gvu wkÿv_ xi 77.6 kzvsk cuvp eqi eqmx wkï `i g a cövk-cöv_wg K fwz i MÖm nvi cviqv M Q kzvsk, hv wkÿv_ x `i eq mi e vck ZviZg B wb ` k K i wbu fwz i nvi cviqv wbh vm 45

50 evsjv ` ki cövk&-cöv_wgk wkÿvi Ae v bv_ I Ab vb M Q 52.6 kzvsk MÖm Ges wbu Dfq nvib MÖvgxY GjvKvi Zzjbvq kni GjvKvq ewk G ÿ Î Q j g q f ` Kv bv cv_ K cviqv hvqwb Avw_ Kfv e Ae vm úbœ `i g a fwz i nvi me P q ewk cviqv M Q me P q ewk wkÿv_ x fwz n q Q wkûvimv U b Giv gvu wkÿv_ xi 27.9 kzvsk Gic ib h_vµ g mikvwi we` vjq Avi emikvwi cöwzôvb cwipvwjz DcvbyôvwbK we` vj qi Ae vb h_vµ g 23.1 I 21.7 kzvsk wkÿv_ x GB `yõai bi wkÿvcöwzôv b fwz n q Q gmwr`wfwëk cövk&-cöv_wgk we` vjq Avi gv`ªvmvq fwz n q Q 15.7 kzvsk wkÿv_ x wkÿv_ x fwz i w`k _ K kni GjvKvq cöavb `yõai bi wkÿv cöwzôvb n jv wkûvimv U b (64.3 kzvsk) Ges mikvwi cöv_wgk we` vjq (19.3 kzvsk) Ab w` K MÖvgxY GjvKvq GiKg AšÍZ cuvp ai bi wkÿv-cöwzôvb cviqv M Q GK-PZz_ vsk wkÿv_ x wb q emikvwi ms v cwipvwjz DcvbyôvwbK we` vj qi vb mlv b mevi Dc i DcvbyôvwbK we` vjqmg~ ni wkÿv_ x `i 57 kzvskb fwz n q Q eª vk wek we` vj q cövk&-cöv_wgk we` vjq M elyvfz³ Dc Rjvmg~ n cövk&-cöv_wgk wkÿv Pvjy nq cövq kzel Av M me mv úªwzk mg qi Av M G ai bi wkÿvi we Í wz wqj mxwgz wkÿvcöwzôvb jvi 11 kzvsk cöwzwôz n q Q 2000 mv ji Av M, GKcÂgvsk 2000 _ K 2007 mv ji g a Ges Aewkó 69 kzvsk cöwzwôz nq ciez x mg q hw`i 2008 mv ji Av M mikvwi I emikvwi cöv_wgk we` vjqmg~ n cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvi e e v wqj LyeB AcÖZzj wkš A a K msl K wkûvimv U b, 38.4 kzvsk DcvbyôvwbK we` vjq Ges 30 kzvsk gmwr`wfwëk we` vjq cöwzwôz n q Q 2008 mv ji Av MB bq kzvsk DcvbyôvwbK we` vj qi Ae vb mikvwi A_ev emikvwi cöv_wgk we` vj qi cöv½ Y wbh vm 46

51 evsjv ` ki cövk&-cöv_wgk wkÿvi Ae v bv_ I Ab vb ewkifvm ÿ ÎB cövk&- cöv_wgk köyxi wkÿv- Kvh µg cwipvwjz n q Q köyxk ÿ Aek 10.8 kzvs ki ÿ Î we` vj qi eviv `v, cöavb wkÿ Ki Awdm, we` vjq fe bi Qv`, wmuwo KvVv A_ev Lvjv RvqMv cvv`v bi Rb e envi Kiv n q Q cövq me mikvwi I emikvwi cöv_wgk we` vjq Ges gmwr`wfwëk cövk-cöv_wgk we` vjq I wkûvimv U bi wkÿvkvh µg cwipvwjz n q Q Ggb Kÿ ev v b, hv cy ivcywi BU A_ev BU I wu bi mgš^ q ˆZwi Ab w` K, emikvwi cöwzôvb cwipvwjz cövq me DcvbyôvwbK we` vjq wub Ges Lo w` q ˆZwi cövq 15 kzvsk mikvwi Avi 41.3 kzvsk emikvwi cöv_wgk we` vj q cövk&-cöv_wgk köyxi Rb Avjv`v Kv bv köyxkÿ wqj bv Giv cö_g köyxi wkÿv_ x `i m ½ cövqk GKB mg q cövk-cöv_wgk köyxi wkÿv_ x `i cvv`vb KiwQj Ab wzb ai bi wkÿv cöwzôv bi ÿ Î G ai bi NUbv cviqv hvq wb ewkifvm ÿ ÎB cövk&-cöv_wgk köyxi wkÿv-kvh µg cwipvwjz n q Q köyxk ÿ Aek 10.8 kzvs ki ÿ Î we` vj qi eviv `v, cöavb wkÿ Ki Awdm, we` vjq fe bi Qv`, wmuwo KvVv A_ev Lvjv RvqMv cvv`v bi Rb e envi Kiv n q Q cövq me mikvwi I emikvwi cöv_wgk we` vjq Ges gmwr`wfwëk cövkcöv_wgk we` vjq I wkûvimv U bi wkÿvkvh µg cwipvwjz n q Q Ggb Kÿ ev v b, hv cy ivcywi BU A_ev BU I wu bi mgš^ q ˆZwi Ab w` K, emikvwi cöwzôvb cwipvwjz cövq me DcvbyôvwbK we` vjq wub Ges Lo w` q ˆZwi Pzqvwjøk kzvsk köyxk ÿi mvwe K Ae v cy ivcywi m šívlrbk ayjvevwj I gqjv KvMRcÎmn Acwi Qbœ g S cviqv M Q 56 kzvsk köyxk ÿ mikvwi we` vjq Avi wkûvimv U bi cövq wzb-pzz_ vsk Ges emikvwi we` vj qi 84.6 kzvsk köyxkÿ cwi Qbœ wqj bv cö qvrbxq cövk wzk Av jv Avi evzvm PjvP ji e e v wqj 84 kzvsk köyxk ÿ wkš G `i gvî GK- Z Zxqvs k ˆe`ÿ wzk evwz Avi cvlvi e e v `Lv M Q cövk&-cöv_wgk wkÿvi Rb M o mikvwi we` vjqmg~ n 1.3 Rb, emikvwi we` vj q 1.6 Rb, wkûvimv U b PviRb Ges DcvbyôvwbK I gmwr`wfwëk cövk&-cöv_wgk we` vj q GKRb K i wkÿk wq jb gmwr`wfwëk cövk&-cöv_wgk we` vj qi me wkÿk Ges DcvbyôvwbK we` vj qi 94 kzvsk wkÿk ïay cövk-cöv_wgk cov bvi Rb B wb qvm c qwq jb Ab vb wkÿv cöwzôv bi ÿ Î G nvi gvî mvz kzvsk wbh vm 47

52 evsjv ` ki cövk&-cöv_wgk wkÿvi Ae v bv_ I Ab vb cövq 83 kzvsk we` vj qi cövk&-cöv_wgk Í ii wkÿv_ xiv RvZxq msmxz MvIqvq AskMÖnY Ki Zv Ges 28 kzvsk ÿ Î wkÿv_ xiv RvZxq czvkv D Ëvj b Ask wbz cövk-cöv_wgk ch v qi wkÿk `i `yb-z Zxqvsk bvix bvix wkÿ Ki nvi emikvwi cöwzôvb cwipvwjz DcvbyôvwbK we` vj q me P q ewk (98 kzvsk) Ges gmwr`wfwëk cövk-cöv_wgk we` vj q me P q Kg (25.2 kzvsk) G nvi mikvwi we` vjq I wkûvimv U b cövq 70 kzvsk Ges emikvwi we` vj q 60.9 kzvsk wkÿvµg msµvší welqvejx K `ªxq Kv bv KZ cÿ KZ K wba vwiz wkÿvµg I wbw` ó cvv cȳ ÍK bv _vkvi Kvi Y cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvcö`vbkvixiv wewfbœ cökvkk KZ K cökvwkz bvbv ai bi eb e envi KiZ wîkwu Dc Rjvi cövk&-cöv_wgk we` vjqmg~ n 418 cökvkk KZ K cökvwkz 912wU wk ivbv gi eb e eüz n Z `Lv M Q me vwak msl K cökvkk I cvv cȳ Í Ki mgvnvi `Lv M Q wkûvimv U b; Zvic ib i q Q DcvbyôvwbK I emikvwi wkÿvcöwzôv bi vb me wkÿvcöwzôv b cö qvrbxq msl K wkÿv DcKi Yi `Lv g jwb kzvsk cöwzôv b PvU, 35.8 kzvsk cöwzôv b Ljbv, 34.3 kzvsk cöwzôv b kvixwik Kmi Zi DcKiY, 28.5 kzvsk cöwzôv b wpîv¼b Kivi DcKiY Ges 11.9 kzvsk cöwzôv b Mvb, bvp I bvuk Kivi miävg cviqv M Q DbPwjøk kzvsk wkÿvcöwzôv b G ai bi Kv bv DcKiY cviqv hvqwb cövq 83 kzvsk we` vj qi cövk&- cöv_wgk Í ii wkÿv_ xiv RvZxq msmxz MvIqvq AskMÖnY Ki Zv Ges 28 kzvsk ÿ Î wkÿv_ xiv RvZxq czvkv D Ëvj b Ask wbz `yb-z Zxqvsk cöwzôv b kvixwik Kmi Zi e e v wqj cöwzwu ÿ ÎB emikvwi cöwzôvb KZ K cwipvwjz DcvbyôvwbK we` vjq Ab `i Zzjbvq GwM q wqj Avi me P q wcwq q wqj gmwr`wfwëk cövk&-cöv_wgk we` vjq wbh vm 48

53 evsjv ` ki cövk&-cöv_wgk wkÿvi Ae v bv_ I Ab vb we` vj q wkÿy-wklb e e v G AskwU 10wU we` vj q YevPK c wz e envi K i ˆZwi Kiv n q Q mikvwi, emikvwi, wkûvimv U b, DcvbyôvwbK I gmwr`wfwëk cövk-cöv_wg Ki cöwzwu aib _ K `ywu K i we` vjq wb q G AbymÜvb cwipvjbv Kiv n q Q msl vwa K i Kvi Y eª vk we` vjq DcvbyôvwbK ai bi cöwzwbwaz K i Q ewkifvm cövk&-cöv_wgk we` vjq cö qvrbxq fšz myweavm úbœ wqj bv G jvi g a i q Q cö qvr bi Zzjbvq QvU köyxkÿ Ges cövk&-cöv_wgk wkÿvi Dc hvmx bvbv Kg Kv Ði Rb AcÖZzj RvqMv gmwr`wfwëk cövk-cöv_wgk we` vj q wbw` ó Kv bv köyxkÿ wqj bv, hlv b gmwr `i eviv `vq K vm n Zv hlv b köyxkÿ wqj, mlv bi Zv wklb-evüe bq GQvov wkÿv_ x `i emvi e e vi Zv `i eqm I kvixwik e w i m ½ m½wzc~y wqj bv wkûvimv U b I gmwr`wfwëk cövk&-cöv_wgk we` vj q Q j I g q `i Avjv`vfv e em Z `Lv M Q ch eÿyk Z we` vjq jvi g a eª vk cwipvwjz we` vjq jvi Ae v Zzjbvg~jK fv jv wqj wkÿvµg, cvv eb Avi wkÿy-wklb DcKi Yi g a we` vjq jv Z Kv bv mvgäm Lyuy R cviqv hvqwb wkÿv_ x `i Zzjbvq AcÖZzj eb I Lye KgmsL K wkÿv DcKiY cviqv M Q mikvwi I emikvwi we` vjq Avi gmwr`wfwëk cövk&-cöv_wgk we` vj q wkûvimv U b jv Z bvbv ai bi eb wqj wkš mlv bi wkÿv DcKiY wqj cö qvr bi Zzjbvq Kg eª vk we` vj q cöwzwu wkÿv_ xi Rb cö qvrbxq msl K ebmn Ab vb wkÿv DcKiY wqj cövk&-cöv_wgk wkÿvq e w³lv Z e q mvzvwk kzvs ki ewk wkÿv_ x K cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvi Rb e w³lv Z A_ LiP Ki Z n qwqj Gi g a 76 kzvsk wkÿv_ x wkÿvmvgmöx wkb Z, 53.3 kzvsk zj e vm wkb Z, 45 kzvsk eb wkb Z, 42.4 kzvsk z j fwz n Z, 35.7 wbh vm 49

54 evsjv ` ki cövk&-cöv_wgk wkÿvi Ae v bv_ I Ab vb kzvsk z ji cvkvk evbv Z, 30.2 kzvsk gvwmk ezb w` Z Ges 25.5 kzvsk wkÿv_ x cövb fu wkÿ Ki Rb A_ LiP K iwqj m ú~ik cövb fu wkÿv wkÿve l i cö_g Qq gv m GK-PZz_ vsk cövk&-cöv_wgk wkÿv_ x m ú~ik cövb fu wkÿv wb qwqj G wel q Q j I g q `i g a Kv bv cv_ K cviqv hvqwb MÖvgxY wkÿv_ x `i GK-cÂgvsk Avi kni GjvKvi A a K wkÿv_ x G ai bi wkÿv MÖnY K iwqj mvaviyfv e mg qi Afv e gv-eveviv wkÿv_ x `i cov jlv `Lv kvbvi e vcv i AcivM, Zv- gv-evevi cov jlvi Íi hv-b nvk bv Kb Zv `i GKwU Ask mšívb `i (Zv `i g Z `yóz wkï `i) wbqš Y Kivi KŠkj wn m e m ú~ik cövb fu wkÿ Ki Øvi n qwq jb KD KD g b Ki Zb m ú~ik wkÿvmönykvix wkÿv_ xi cöwz hvwmzvg~jk evrv i wu K _vk Z mnvqk n e M elyvi g~j evz vmg~n mv úªwzk eqi jv Z AwfMg Zvq cöksmbxq AMÖMwZ n q Q Av Mi h Kv bv mg qi Zzjbvq MZ cuvp eq i cövk&-cöv_wgk Í i wkÿv_ x fwz A bk e o Q me Í ii wkï `i g a B G cöeyzv jÿ Kiv M Q hw`i Q j I g q Ges MÖvg I kn ii g a wkÿv_ x fwz i ÿ Î Kv bv cv_ K cviqv hvqwb wkš Dc Rjv Abymv i G ÿ Î e vck cv_ K i q Q gv-evevi wkÿv I Lvbvi Avw_ K Ae vi m ½ z j fwz i hvm evak m úk cviqv M Q A bk wkï GL bv we` vj qi evb i i q Q mv úªwzk mg q hw`i z j fwz i nvi e vckfv e e o Q, wkï `i eo GKwU Ask GL bv cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvi AvIZvi evb i i q M Q Pvi _ K cuvp eqi eqmx we` vjq- ewnf Z wkïi msl v Kgc ÿ 38 jvl wbh vm 50

55 evsjv ` ki cövk&-cöv_wgk wkÿvi Ae v bv_ I Ab vb gv-evev `i GKwU Ask GZ QvU eq m Zv `i mšívb `i z j cvvv Z cö Z bb Zv `i Dcjwä n jv h, cuvp-qq eqi eqmx wkï `i cov jlv w` q fvivµvší Kiv wvk bq Zv `i K m ú ³ Ki Z n e Ljva~jv Avi Avb ``vqk µxov Kg Kv Ð AcÖ Z wkÿv cöwzôvb hlv b cövk&-cöv_wgk wkÿv `Iqvi Rb ewkifvm wkÿvcöwzôv bi cö wz Ach vß mvaviyfv e, we` vjq jv Z fšz myweav, wklb mvgmöx, wkï-evüe köyxkÿ, Avb ``vqk wkÿy-wklb cwi ek, cöwkÿycövß wkÿ Ki Afve i q Q ez gvb Av qvr b gv-eveviv mš ó bb gv-evev `i GKwU Ask GZ QvU eq m Zv `i mšívb `i z j cvvv Z cö Z bb Zv `i Dcjwä n jv h, cuvp-qq eqi eqmx wkï `i cov jlv w` q fvivµvší Kiv wvk bq Zv `i K m ú ³ Ki Z n e Ljva~jv Avi Avb ``vqk µxov Kg Kv Ð `ytlrbkfv e n ji mz h, cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿve e v h Ljvayjv Avi Avb `i ga w` qb klvi GKwU mvgwmök e e v, Zv `Lv Z we` vjq jv e _ n q Q e w³lv Z e q we` gvb wqj gv-evev K cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvi Rb A_ Y Z n q Q Li Pi cöavb wzbwu LvZ n jv fwz wd, gvwmk ezb Avi m ú~ik cövb fu cov, hvi Rb e q n q Q gvu wkÿve qi lvu kzvsk e w³lv Z e qi cv_ K jÿ Kiv M Q MÖvg I kni GjvKvi wkÿv_ x `i g a Ges wkÿvcöwzôv bi aiy Abymv i gv-evevi wkÿv Avi Lvbvi A_ bwzk Ae vi m ½ GB e qi hvm evak m úk i q Q bxwzmsµvší mycvwikgvjv 1. cöwzwu we` vj q cövk&-cöv_wgk wkÿvi Rb hw` Avjv`v köyxkÿ Ges we klvwqz I h_vh_ cöwkÿycövß wkÿk, h _ó msl K I cö qvrbxq me wkÿv DcKiY, AwaKZi Z`viwK Ges civgk cö`vb cöwµqv wbwðz Kiv hvq, Z e Zv we` vjq jvi ez gvb cwiw wzi DbœwZ NwU q gvbm úbœ wkÿv`v bi Rb cö Z Ki Z mnvqk f wgkv cvjb Ki Z cv i 2. gvbm Z cövk&-cöv_wgk wkÿvi Rb cöwkÿycövß wkÿ Ki iæz g b wb q wkÿk cöwkÿ Yi e vck my hvm m wói welqwu we epbv Kiv `ikvi cöv_wgk wkÿk cöwkÿy wbh vm 51

56 evsjv ` ki cövk&-cöv_wgk wkÿvi Ae v bv_ I Ab vb Bbw wudu jv Z c _K Kvm Pvjy K i G KvR Kiv hvq 3. cöv_wgk wkÿvi eq mi cwiwa we epbvq wb q wkïiv hb QqeQi c~y niqvi Av MB cövk&-cöv_wgk wkÿv MÖnY Ki Z cv i Zvi e e v wb Z n e GwU mgqg Zv cöv_wgk wkÿv mgvß Ki ZI mnvqk n e GwU wbwðz Ki Z n j bvbv ai bi cöpviyv KŠkj K iæz w` Z n e 4. bxwzmzfv e cövk&-cöv_wgk wkÿv cöavbz iv óªi `vwqz niqv DwPZ evsjv ` k cöv_wgk wkÿv ev Íevq b mikv ii cÿ _ K bz Z `vbkvix KZ cÿ cöv_wgk wkÿv Awa`ßi KB iv óªi cÿ _ K G e vcv ii cö`vb f wgkv cvjb Ki Z n e 5. mikvi B Zvg a cövk&-cöv_wgk wkÿv mev cö`v bi gvb`ð wba viy K i Q cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿv Av qvrbkvix cöwzôvbmg~n GB gvb ervq ivl Q wkbv Zv `Lv I gvb wbwðz Kiv LyeB iæz c~y Dc Rjv wkÿv Awdmmg~ ni `ÿzv evwo q Zv `i gva g cöwzwu we` vjq ev K `ª e vck AbymÜvb KvR cwipvjbv Kiv cö qvrb 6. ` k cövk&-cöv_wgk wkÿvwe Ív i RvZxq wkÿvbxwz 2010-Gi g~j PZbv g b ivlv `ikvi GB bxwz Z ejv n q Q, AvcvZZ wkqz mg qi Rb cuvp eqi eqmx `i Rb GKeQ ii cövk&-cöv_wgk wkÿv Pvjy Kiv n e hv c i Pvi eq ii wkï `ii AšÍfz ³ K i `yõeqi gqvw` Kiv n e h_vh_ `vwqz kxjzv I Avw_ K mskzjvbmn ez gv b cövk&-cöv_wgk wkÿv Av qvrbkvix cöwzôvbmg~n K mv _ wb q Ab h bxwzmz w`kwb ` kbv jv i q Q, hgb, cö qvmmz KvVv gv, Kg cwikíbv, Askx`vwiZ, cövk-ˆkke hzœ BZ vw` ev Íevq b g bv hvm `Iqv `ikvi cövk&-cöv_wgk wkÿv K eva Zvg~jK wkÿvi AZ vek Kxq I Awe Q` Ask wn m e MÖnY Kiv `ikvi 1990 mv ji AvBbwU ïay cöv_wgk wkÿv K eva Zvg~jK K i Q hv Avevi wbh vm 52

57 evsjv ` ki cövk&-cöv_wgk wkÿvi Ae v bv_ I Ab vb câg köyx ch ší mxgve ez gvb wkÿvbxwz g b cövkcöv_wgk _ K Aóg köyx ch ší eva Zvg~jK wkÿvi AvIZvfz³ Kiv DwPZ ZvQvov ez gv b AvBbwU ZI ÎæwU i q Q Kvb wkÿvcöwzôv bi cöavb B Qv Ki j KviY bv `wl qb h Kvb wkï K fwz bvi Kiv Z cv ib Gi d j kvixwik I gvbwmk cöwzeüx wkïiv we klfv e ˆel g i wkkvi n Z cv i wbh vm 53

58 BRAC wbh vm 2015 ww m ^i;26:54-67 wek Miv gi Mí * gvneye nv mb I Ave`yj ev qm k li Mí gvb Kj wjcub GKRb wek wel vz A_ bxwzwe` ez gv b wzwb Bsj v Ûi mv mkm wek we` vj qi Aa vck AwZ m úªwz evsjv `k B Kvbwg m dvivg-gi m j b G m MÖvgxY iƒcvší ii GK PgKcÖ` we køly Zz j ai jb Zuvi g Z µgn«vmgvb cörbb nvi, µgewa òy Lv` Drcv`b Ges Ae vnzfv e DbœxZ Lvgvi e e vcbvñ dvwu wjwu, dzw GÛ dvg Ñ evsjv ` ki wpëvkl K Dbœqb e vl vq D jøl hvm Dcv`vb Avgv `i Ny i Avmv MÖvg jv Z MÖvgxY Rxeb- RxweKvq GB wzbwu Dcv`v bi f wgkvi K_v Rv i kv i D V G m Q A_ vr, MÖv gi gvby li wbr ^ fvebv I wek wel vz A_ bxwzwe `i fvebvi g a dvivk Zgb GKUv bb e j g b n jv Z e, GB wzbwu Dcv`v bi evb i wkqz Dcv`vb KvR K i Q hv gvb Kj wjcu bi e vl vq vb bv c ji iƒcvšíi M í Avgiv Zz j aivi Póv K iwq GB MÖvg mb MÖvg bq ` k cu MÖvgevsjv cv d jb hb auvauvq c o hviqvi Dcµg nq ˆK kv i cvv cy Í K cov wksev `yb-wzb hy Mi Av Mi `Lv MÖvg Avi ez gvb MÖv gi g a ce ZcÖgvY cv_ K GB MÖvg Zv wvk m-b MÖvg bq cvwbi KjKj aÿwb, el vi R j UBUz ^ yi b`x I cykzi, cvwli Kjie, mvwi mvwi Q bi Ni, Kzwci wugwu g Av jv BZ vw` Zgb Avi PvL coj bv ÔAvgv `i QvU b`x P j euv K euv KÕ GLb fivu n q mvrvmywr Pj Q gv Vi ayjvevwj Z MovMwo, Mv Qi Wvj _ K `ytmvnwmk jvd, cykz i `vcv`vwc I cvwbi Ljvq g Z IVvi Ôg nvrmeõ Av Mi g Zv g~wz gvb bb; HwZn evnx nvwzwz, MvjøvQzU GgbwK G v- `v v Ljv AvaywbKZvi av vq hb Kz cvkvz cwzz Rwg Z cvrvgv, cvävwe Ges Uzwc civ gv`ªvmvi QvÎ wksev LvwjMv q GK`j wkï wµ KU Lj Q MÖvg _ K ax i ax i we`vq wb Q hvîv, cvjvmvb, RvwiMvb I wbh vm 54

59 wek Miv gi Mí gvneye nv mb I Ave`yj ev qm AvRKvj MÖv g Q bi N ii msl v e vck K g Avm Q, Avi Kzwci evwz we`v qi cöni Y Q GgbwK AZx Zi g Zv bv K gy L iægvj Muy R MÖv g XzK Z nq bv- cöwzwu MÖv gi kzvsk N i ^v m Z cvqlvbv Ges cövq cöwzwu N ii Rb my cq cvwbi e `ve Í Av Q cyuw_cvv Avi b eb ev bv Kb - AvRKvj wuwf I gvevbj dvb Dcnvi w` Q wwm& Kv Mvb I a~gavov v wm bgv AvRKvj MÖv g Q bi N ii msl v e vck K g Avm Q, Avi Kzwci evwz we`v qi cöni Y Q GgbwK AZx Zi g Zv bv K gy L iægvj Muy R MÖv g XzK Z nq bv- cöwzwu MÖv gi kzvsk N i ^v m Z cvqlvbv Ges cövq cöwzwu N ii Rb my cq cvwbi e `ve Í Av Q emzevwu h_vm e cwi Qbœ ivlvi GKUv ZvwM` Avgv `i PvL Govj bv Ô ^v B mkj my Li g~jõ- Ggb cwi ek hb mevi Kvg A bk Lvbvq we`ÿ Z ms hvm G m M Q Ges mb m~ Î wuwf I wd«r; A cÿvk Z ^ Qj `i N i iwob wuwf I `vwg dvwb Pvi hlv b we`ÿ Z cušqv Z cv iwb ( hgb: PivÂj I `ym g MÖvg) mlv b mvjvi c v bj jvwm q `y ai mva Nv j guvevi cövyvší cö PóvI jÿyxq Z e wuwf I wwk DbœZ Rxebgv bi evnk n ji Awf hvm Av Q h wm bgv, bvuk I wmwiqvj wk kvi-wk kvwi `i Lvjvgv Vi Ljv K o wb Q `yõ`kk Av MI `vkvb ej Z MÖv gi Kv bv QvU GKUv N i Pvj- Wvj, byb Avi Z ji cmiv A_P 2014 mv j G m Avgv `i `Lv MÖvg jv Z MocoZv 4-5wU `vkvb Ges mb mv _ Kv_vI wuwf I wd«r Pv, PvbvPzi, wpcm, mvevb I cömvawb, AvBmµxg, Kvgjcvbxq GgbwK cöwµqvrvz gkjv ``vi wewµ n Q vbxq nvuevrv ii Ae v AviI DbœZ Ges kn ii cövq me `ªe H mg Í `vkv b cviqv hvq bvukxqzv G m M Q `wi `ªi Rxe bi mvivw`b nvofvov LvUzwbi ci GK`v h w`bgryi mü vi cici weqvbvq Mv Gwj q w`z m GLb Pv, cvb I wmmv iu mv _ K i ga ivz ch ší MÖv gi ev nv Ui `vkv b wuwfi mvg b e m _v K Kv_vI Avevi `vkv bi GK Kv Y K vig evw cvzv Av Q- gv Sgv S w`bgryi, hyek köyx I ekvi cqmvi wewbg q L j wksev A b i Ljv cövyf i Dc fvm K i GK Zey GK bq mvaviyz wm bgv, wuwf ev bvu Ki ïiæ Z GKUv wwm K gvi ev mzk xkiy bvwuk `qv _v K MÖvg weez b DcvL v bi g~j c e hvevi Av M AvgivI GKUv wwm K gvi w` q kyiæ Ki Z wbh vm 55

60 wek Miv gi Mí gvneye nv mb I Ave`yj ev qm Ii vj wnw ª _ K g b n jv h, MÖv gi Av_ -mvgvwrk iƒcvšíi M íi bvq Ki bvg Ôbqv avbõñ hv mpivpi myax mgv R meyr wecøe wn m e cwiwpz we klz m Pi myweav Av Q Ggb A ji MÖvg jv Z Rwg, wj½ I wkÿv f ` Avevje ewbzv Ddkx (D Pdjbkxj) ev Ôbqv avbõ-gi RqMvb I D Q wmz cöksmvq câgyl PvB cwiewz Z cwiw wz ZI g b n Z cv i h MÖvg jv hb GK I Awfbœ Avm j wkš Zv bqñ we klz f -cök wz I RxweKv KŠk ji w`k _ K Giv G K Aci _ K m ú~y Avjv`v `y-gkuv D`vniY `qv hvk ewkifvm MÖv g Ô`yB mšívbb h _óõ Ggb GKUv PZbv ek fv jvfv e MÖvw_Z e j g b n q Q d j, IB mg Í MÖv g Lvbvi m`m msl v eo Rvi 3-4 Rb; gvu RbmsL vq wkïi AbycvZ kzvsk; Kg eqmx RbmsL vi AbycvZ evoší Ges cörbb nvi coší Gi wvk D ëv cwiw wz `Lv hvq wkqz MÖv g ÒAvjøvni Av`g Avjøvn LvIqv ebõ Ñ Ggb iÿykxj g bvfv ei Kvi Y mlv b LvbvcÖwZ m`m msl v 6-7 Rb, cörbb nvi ek DuPz Z Ges DcvR bkvixi Dci fv³vi wbf ikxjzvi AbycvZ A cÿvk Z ewk Kv_vI Lvbvi Av qi wmsnfvm Av m ˆe `wkk iwgu vý _ K ( hgb: gayi Lvjv); Kv_vI Avevi Af šíixy iwgu vý Av qi cöavb PvweKvwV ( hgb: KweiKvwV) ivrkvnxi ZNi MÖv g el v gšmy g 80 fvm Rwg Z cvwb R g bv A_P mybvgm Äi cwðg Kvwkcyi cövq 6 gvm cvwbi wb P _v K mvzÿxivi civb`n Z_v AwaKvsk MÖv g Ddwk avb K l Ki cövy hlv b Lyjbvi gvbjgviv MÖv g Ddwki Dw QóI Luy R cviqv `y i; ZvB e j gvbjgvivi gvbyl bv L q gi Q bv mxgvší Nu l MÖvg jv Z fviz _ K Avmv av bi exr ( hgb: RvgvBevey, ^Y v, wgwb KU) I mlvbkvi K wlávb PvivB c _ G m Pvwli gb Kvovq e Í A_P evsjv ` ki Ab Kv_vI ZgbwU `Lv hvq bv bvqkivr ÔbqvavbÕ Ii vj wnw ª _ K g b n jv h, MÖv gi Av_ -mvgvwrk iƒcvšíi M íi bvq Ki bvg Ôbqv avbõñ hv mpivpi myax mgv R meyr wecøe wn m e cwiwpz we klz m Pi myweav Av Q Ggb A ji MÖvg jv Z Rwg, wj½ I wkÿv f ` Avevje ewbzv Ddkx (D Pdjbkxj) ev Ôbqv avbõ-gi RqMvb I D Q wmz cöksmvq câgyl Gi cq b GKwUgvÎ KviY n jv, ï gšmy g GB Ôbqv avbõ MÖvgevsjvq be w`m šíi m~pbv K i Q e j Zviv g b K i _v K meyr wbh vm 56

61 wek Miv gi Mí gvneye nv mb I Ave`yj ev qm wecø ei Pv` i XvKv mp I mvi wbf i D Pdjbkxj avb Avmvi c~ e Gme MÖv gi K wl Rwg wqj cöavbz GKdmwj; Lv` hvmv bi GKgvÎ Dcvq wqj mbvzb Rv Zi avb meyr wecøe Z_v Ddwki XD Z GLb mb avb f m M Q `y- GKUv MÖvg Qvov GKmg qi cöfvekvjx AvDk av bi Aw ÍZ Kv_vI Luy R cviqv Mj bv; hw` _ KI _v K, Z e wbwðzfv e hv`yn i ZvB e j wkš mbvzb av bi Ôg Zz Õ N U Q Agb K_v ejv hv e bv Avgb gšmy g wkqzuv Aw ÍZ GLbI Av Q ek wkqz MÖv g K lk G ai bi avb K i g~jz gywo, wpov I cvjvii Pv ji Rb ZvQvov, G jvi AwaKvsk ewk cvwb Z wksev cøve bi cii wkqz dmj `q Ges ivmevjvbi AvµgYI A cÿvk Z Kg d j, Ae vcbœ K lk cö qvr bi mgq exr cviqvi Rb Aí Rwg Z Gme av bi Pvl envj i L Q Avi GKUv K_v RwgLÐ jv Ggb Avjv`v h B Qv _vkv m Ë I mel Ð Ddwk Kiv hvq bv e j mbvzb avbb fimv n q `uvovq mb m~ Î mbvzb avb dmj-ˆewp Î i wkqzuv n ji iÿvkep wn m e KvR K i B`vwbs Lv` wbivcëvrwbz Av jvpbvi K `ªwe `y Z P j Avmv cywónxbzv wb q MÖvgevmxi hyw³ A bkuv GiKg: GKmgq cucy i fvz LvIqv wqj cö_g cöv_ bv; cywó Z_v fvimvg Lv` ZvwjKv ZLb wejvwmzv gvî mg qi weez b fv Zi Afve wkqzuv n ji c~iy n q Q e j AvRKvj fv Zi _vjvq hrwkwâz gvq, Wvj, kvkmewr GgbwK Kv jf `ª gvsm I wwg _v K MÖv gi gvbyl Lye mvrvmij cök wzi hviv Lv` wbivcëvi LuywUbvwU wb q gv_v Nvgvq bv ïay GUzKz ev S h, bvqkivr Ddkx avb ev nvbeªxw Zv `i gy L nvwm dvuv Z c i Q bvq Ki cv k cvk bvqk Avgv `i `Lv MÖvg h mỳ ~i AZx Zi mb MÖvg bq, Zvi Ab Zg cöavb KviY iv ÍvNvU I we`ÿ r Avmvi d j MÖv gi Pnviv GK`g cvj U M Q Kw_Z cvk bvqk iv ÍvNvU cvkv, mycök Í I myweb Í nevi d j MÖvg-kni `~iz `ªæZ üvm c q Q Ges e w c q Q Awfevmb Gi d j Drcv`b I DcKiY wewbgq mnr I e qmvköqx n Z c i Q; MÖv g bv wbh vm 57

62 wek Miv gi Mí gvneye nv mb I Ave`yj ev qm Ab GK cvk bvqk AeKvVv gv we`ÿ Zi Kvi Y Mvp AÜKv i XvKv cjøx Rxe b G b Q Av jvi nvzqvwb mp myweavq, we bv` b, A_ bwzk Kg KvÐ cömv i Ges Q j g q `i jlvcovq we`ÿ r G b Q e vck cwiez b GKmgq MÖv gi ivz Lye eo I f qi ivz wqj, GLb QvU I wbf q n q Avm Q n j kn i wm q A bœi ms vb Kiv hv Q; K wl, wkÿv I ^v m úªmviy GgbwK GbwRIi Dcw wz Z ivwš^z n q Q Ab GK cvk bvqk mp m úªmviy G b w` q Q mỳ ~icömvix mydj GKmgq, we klz ïk bv gšmy g, dm ji ÿ Z R ji Afv ei Kvi Y K l Ki Pv L Rj AvmZ; GLb mph š i Rv`y Z avb Mv Q Rj c o, cvzv b o mp, mvi I AvaywbK ex Ri Kvi Y Rwgi Drcvw`Kv kw³ e o M Q, hgb: DbœZ Rv Zi avb 28, 29 wenv cöwz Drcv`b `q gy ewki fvm MÖv g cövq cöwzwu Lvbvq mphš Av Q meyr wecøe I AeKvVv gvi Rb dm ji Drcv`b hgb evo Q Zgwb Avm Q ikgvwi dmj GKdmwj Rwg GLb eûdmwj Rwg ewki fvm MÖvg GLb HwZn MZ Rxebwbe vn (mvewmm UÝ) K wl _ K evwywr K K wl Z DËi Yi A cÿvq Av Q; Kv_vI Avevi muv BwZg a N UI M Q AZxZ I ez gv bi cv_ K GLv bb h K lk Av M ïay c Ui ms K Z dmj eybz; GLb c Ui I nv Ui Bkvivq m dmj djvq Z e B`vwbs K lk Av Mi g Zv dmj cvq bv e j Avd mvm Av Q Kbbv Drcv`bkxjZv g b nq m e v P mxgvi KvQvKvwQ cuš Q M Q bvqkivr Ddwk Zvi hšeb cwi q eva K cv w` q Q weavq K lk bzzb bvq Ki A_ vr bzzb DbœZ ex Ri A cÿvq Av Q Avevi, Ab GK cvk bvqk AeKvVv gv we`ÿ Zi Kvi Y Mvp AÜKv i XvKv cjøx Rxe b G b Q Av jvi nvzqvwb mp myweavq, we bv` b, A_ bwzk Kg KvÐ cömv i Ges Q j g q `i jlvcovq we`ÿ r G b Q e vck cwiez b GKmgq MÖv gi ivz Lye eo I f qi ivz wqj, GLb QvU I wbf q n q Avm Q 2013 mv ji 62 MÖv gi LvbvwfwËK ïgvwi _ K `Lv hvq, gvu Av qi cövq `yb-z Zxqvsk Av m AK wlr LvZ Ges GK-Z Zxqvsk K wl _ K Lvbvi Avq-e q mgxÿv (Household Income and Expenditure, HIES) _ KI Rvbv hvq, GgbwK 1999 mv j Pvlvev` gvu Av qi 53 fvm Ae`vb ivlz; 2006 mv ji g a Zv 34 kzvs k b g hvq; GKB mg q AK wlr Av qi Ae`vb e o Q 36 _ K 51 kzvsk iwgu v Ýi Ae`vbI cövq K qk Y e o Q GUv mwz K_v h AK wlr Avq A cÿvk Z ewk wbh vm 58

63 y wek Miv gi Mí gvneye nv mb I Ave`yj ev qm ˆelg g~jk, wkš AK wlr I iwgu vý _ K wewfbœ mev I c Y i Pvwn`v e w `wi`ª köwyi Avqea b f wgkv i L Zv `i Rxebgv bi DbœwZ NUv Q MÖvg iƒcvší ii Ab GK cvk bvqk GbwRI Ii vj wnw ª _ K cözxqgvb nq h, Ab vb cvk bvq Ki g ZvB MÖvgxY Rxe b GbwRIi cöpð BwZevPK cöfve i q Q 2013 mv ji GK ïgvwi Z `Lv hvq, evsjv ` ki MÖv gi MocoZv cövq 40 kzvsk Lvbv Kv bv bv Kv bv GbwRIi mv _ m úwk Z Avgv `i `Lv 20 MÖv g GB AbycvZ Kv_vI cövq 60 kzvs ki Ici ( hgb: Lyw`qvLvwj, imybwkgyjevwo) wkš MocoZv 45 kzvs ki Kg nevi K_v bq GUv cögvy K i h, MÖvgxb RxweKv I GbwRIi ga Kvi m úk ek Mfxi ïiæ Z ïay ÿz`ªfy w` q Kvh µg ïiæ Kiv _ K GLb ÿz`ª A_ vqb I Ab vb mevq GbwRIi f wgkv m úªmvwiz n q Q, hgb: wkÿv, ^v, bvixi AwaKvi I ÿgzvqb BZ vw` ÿ Î Ii vj wnw ª _ K mikvwi K wl F Yi Zgb f~wgkvi K_v Rvbv Mj bv Ges bv RvbviB K_v, KviY, Mwie köyxi Rb GB FY me Kv j Ges me `vb Ô mvbvi nwiyõ FY c Z Rwg eük `evi cökœ Zv Av QB Zvi Ici Rjv-Dc Rjv m` i `Šov `Šwo, Nyl I Ab vb cöwzk jzvi cvnvo AZGe Ggb cwiw wz Z, Zxeª `ve`v n GKckjv e wói g Zv, GbwRIi ÿz`ª FY wkqzuv n ji f wgnxb I cövwšík Lvbvi Rb hb ^w Íi myevzvm evwo Z e m FY cviqv Ges Zvi mv _ m PZbZvRwbZ Ávb wb q N i div evowz evbvm ˆewK ïay ÿz`ª FY bq, GbwRI KZ K LvmRwgi Rb f~wgnxb `i msmwvz Kiv, `wi`ª I `yt K AvBwb mnvqzv `qv, evj weevn I hšzzk we ivax cöpviyv BZ vw` mevi K_v MÖv gi gvbyl K ZÁ wp Ë ^xkvi K i; Avq-ewnf Z wb ` k K Zviv h ek wkqzuv GwM q M Q Zv Z GbwRIi K wzz K Lv Uv K i ` L bv ÿz`ªfy wb q Avq e w I AK wlr m ú` mâq bi cöksmv Zv Av QB ÔgnvbvqKÕ mikvi bvq Ki Ici gnvbvqk _v K MÖv gi iƒcvší ii cöavb iƒckvi h mikvi G K_vUv cöz ÿ ev c ivÿfv e Ii vj wbh vm 59

64 wek Miv gi Mí gvneye nv mb I Ave`yj ev qm bvq Ki Ici gnvbvqk _v K MÖv gi iƒcvší ii cöavb iƒckvi h mikvi G K_vUv cöz ÿ ev c ivÿfv e Ii vj wnw ª Z D V Av m ejv h Z cv i mikvi n Q ÔgnvbvqKÕ wksev MÖvgxY iƒcvšíi bvu Ki cwipvjk mikvi bv _vk j bvqk I cvk bvqk Av `Š Kv bv f wgkv ivl Z cviz wkbv wksev KZUzKz ivl Z cviz Zv wb q wezk _vk Z cv i, Z e Giv h mikvi bvgk cwipvj Ki m wó Zv wb q m `n bb wnw ª Z D V Av m ejv h Z cv i mikvi n Q ÔgnvbvqKÕ wksev MÖvgxY iƒcvšíi bvu Ki cwipvjk mikvi bv _vk j bvqk I cvk bvqk Av `Š Kv bv f wgkv ivl Z cviz wkbv wksev KZUzKz ivl Z cviz Zv wb q wezk _vk Z cv i, Z e Giv h mikvi bvgk cwipvj Ki m wó Zv wb q m `n bb aiv hvk bvqkivr Ddkx Z_v meyr wecø ei K_v DbœZ RvZ D ve b M elyv I Dbœqb, m úªmviy I Ab vb cöhyw³mz myweav cö`v b wecyj wewb qvm G m Q mikv ii KvQ _ K hw`i GUv wvk h (cöqvz) W. nvmvby¾vgv bi g Zv wewkó weávbxiv Gi cq b gav ev eªbb wn m e KvR K i Qb Ab w` K mikvi Abym Z D`vi Avg`vwb bxwz I wewbqš Y e e vcbvi Rb DbœZ exr, mvi I mphš h_vmg q Pvwn`vg Zv Ges A bkuv Õh_vh_Õ `v g K lk `i nv Z cušqv Z cvi Q ^xkvi Ki ZB n e h GB DcKiY jvi evrvi `yõ`kk Av Mi P q A bk ewk cöwz hvwmzvg~jk n q D V Q Gme wel q Ii vj wnw ª _ K cviqv cöwyavb hvm wkqz Z_ cvv Ki ÁvZv _ ck Kiv hvq: (K) ewki fvm MÖv g AvRKvj 2-3 Rb mv ii wwjvi _v K Ges wwjvi bv _vk ji Av Mi g Zv Amyweav nq bv G Kvi Y h hvmv hvm e e vi Kj v Y wbku evrvi _ K Zwor msmön Kiv hvq; (L) mgqg Zv BDwiqv mvi c Z K lk ewk `vg w` ZI cö Z, A_ vr cyiæ jýavix M elk `i aviyvi wecix Z, K l Ki Kv Q `v gi P q mgq I cwigvyg Zv mvicövwß AwaKZi iæz c~y Ges (M) cövq 90 kzvsk AskMÖnYKvix wegwwwmõi cyi bv mb weziy e e vq Avi wd i h Z Pvq bv K wl KvVv gv Ii vj wnw ª _ K Rvbv hvq h, AbyK j AÂ ji MÖvg jvi cövq kzfv M Rwg AvRKvj Ddwki AvIZvq Ges f wgnxb I cövwšík Pvwl `i cªvq mevb Drmv ni m ½ Ddwk Avev` K i P j Q GUv Aek mwz h meyr wecø ei ïiæ Z SuywK I bvbv SzUSv gjvi Kvi Y DbœZ cöhyw³ cwimön Y Zv `i g a AvMÖn wqj ek Kg; Kv_vI Kv_vI bzzb avb Avjøvni bqvgz bv MRe Zv VvIiv ZB ek wkqz mgq P j hvq wkš kl gk M í Kw_Z Li Mvm ebvg K Q ci `Š oi wbh vm 60

65 wek Miv gi Mí gvneye nv mb I Ave`yj ev qm GK mgq Lvbvi gvu Av qi cövq `yb-z Zxqvsk AvmZ RwgwfwËK Kg KvÐ _ K, A_P AvRKvj Av m GKZ Zxqvs kii Kg bvqkivr Ddwki Kj v Y Kg Rwg w` q Lv` NvUwZ c~iy n Q Avi ZvivB cvkvcvwk _ K cvk bvqk AeKvVv gv I GbwRI Lvgviewnf Z Kv Ri e vck my hvm m wó K i i L Q abx wksev `wi`ª, KDB Avi AvRKvj Rwg Z Ru K e m bb djvd ji g Zv Ddwk wer qi gvjv Mwie köwyi Mjvq kvfv c Z _v K GLb cöwz MÖv gi `wi`ª K lk Drmvnf i ïay D` Z bq, Ddwk ej Z cvmj cövq Zviv P q _v K bzzb Kvb DdwkRvZ Kv `i Kv Q Avm Q; m Rv Zi djb KZ, ivmevjvb cöwz iva ÿgzv Kgb, G RvZ Pv l KZw`b mgq jv M, fvz L Z mȳ ^v`y wk bv Ges G me cixÿvwbixÿv K i Zviv wvk K i G Rv Zi Pvl Pvwj q hv e wk bv GK mgq Lvbvi gvu Av qi cövq `yb-z Zxqvsk AvmZ RwgwfwËK Kg KvÐ _ K, A_P AvRKvj Av m GKZ Zxqvs kii Kg bvqkivr Ddwki Kj v Y Kg Rwg w` q Lv` NvUwZ c~iy n Q Avi ZvivB cvkvcvwk _ K cvk bvqk AeKvVv gv I GbwRI Lvgviewnf Z Kv Ri e vck my hvm m wó K i i L Q abx wksev `wi`ª, KDB Avi AvRKvj Rwg Z Ru K e m bb eo I gvsvwi Pvwl DØ Ë n ÍvšÍi Ki Q AwaK jvfrbk AK wlr Kg Kv Ð Ges Zv `i Rwg em vq Pvl Ki Q K wl köwgk ev `wi`ª AvZ xq ^Rb `wi`ª köwy GKw` K em vq Rwg Pvl K i, Ab w` K duv K duv K AK wlr Kg Kv Ð Xz K c o bzzev gšmywg Awfevmb NUvq nv Z Mvbv `yõ-gkuv MÖvg Qvov Ab me MÖv g Lvbvi gvu Av qi wmsnfvm Av m AK wl _ K ïay ZvB bq, GKw` K em vevrvi we Í Z n Q, Aciw` K em vi kz bgbxq n Z P j Q weavq GKmg qi A`ÿ I kvlyg~jk fvmpvl cö_vi RvqMv `Lj K i wb Q AwaKZi `ÿ I evrvigylx wbw` ó LvRbv, jxr, eük c wz A_ vr, AvRKvj em vpv l Askx`vwiZ g~jk SuywK MÖn Yi P q GKKfv e SyuwK wb q K lk em v Rwg Pvl _ K Avq evovevi g Zv ÔwiwR jýõ Luy R c q Q meyr wecøe h GK wx j K qk cvwl gvi Z cv i muv m ez Zuv `i gv_vq wqj bv cö_gz kögwbweo dmj meyr wecø ei d j kö gi Pvwn`v e w c q Q, A_ vr cöwz BDwbU Rwg Z mbvzb av bi P q Ddwk av b ewk köwgk cö qvrb nq Ab w` K, Lvgvi-ewnf Z Kg Kv ÐiI g~j nvzvi, wkš GB meyr wecøe, KviY, DØ Ë dmj evrvirvz Ki Z ev kû i fv³v `i Kv Q cušqv Z e emv I cwienb Lv Z Kg ms vb ev o myzivs iv ÍvNvU I we`ÿ Zi cömvi K wl I AK wl kög wbh vm 61

66 wek Miv gi Mí gvneye nv mb I Ave`yj ev qm hš_fv e MÖv gi kögevrvi ZwR K i i L Q GKUv D`vniY `qv hvk `yõ`kk c~ e em vpvwl ïay Pv li Rwg cvevi Rb Rwgi gvwj Ki û vi Kj K Z ZvgvK I wukv Muy R w`z; GLb Rwg em v `evi Rb gvwjk em vpvlxi D Vv b cv iv L Avi em vi kz wb q `iklvkwl K i em vpvwl MÖvgxY mgvrkvvv gv h Av Mi g Zv bb GB GKUv D`vniYB Zvi h _ó cögvy MÖv g N U hviqv Ab GKUv weez b we epbvi `vwe iv L Ggwb ZB Rwgi mxgve Zv i q Q Zvi Ici Pj Q ccvivb Rkb bvbv Quy Zvq K wlrwg µgn«vmgvy, hgb: bmivqy, iv ÍvNvU wbg vy I wkíkvilvbvi Rb GgZve vq f wgi e env i I dmjixwz Z ˆecøweK cwiez b G m Q hv K qk `kk c~ e Kíbv Kivi Zgb AeKvk wqj bv MÖv g M j `Lv hvq, emzwfuvi AvKvi ek QvU n q Avm Q Ges emzwfuvq kvkmewr, djg~j djv bv n Q meyr wecø ei av bi av vq h gvq Pvl cövq aivkvqx Ae vq c o wqj, GLb evwoi Avkcv k _vkv Wvev bvjvq cwikwízfv e mb gv Qi Pvl n Q Kv_vI av bi Rwg Z av bi mv _ gv Qi Pvl Ges Rwgi AvBj DuPz i L kvkmewri Pvl n Q Ñ hv K e j w_ªbbiqvb GKUz Lvwj RvqMv c jb M o DV Q bvm vwi ev Mevw`cïi Ni gvu K_v, mg qi weez b cwzz Rwgi cwigvy `ªæZ n«vm cv Q Ges PvlK Z Rwg evo Q me P q eo K_v, f wgi e env i GB ˆecøweK cwiez bi d j bvix mgvr Av Mi P q A bk ewk K i A_ bwzk Kg Kv Ð AskMÖnY Ki Z cvi Q e Z emzwfuvi kvkmewr, bvm vwi wksev gvq Pvl, Mevw`cï cvjb Ñ G meb Zv `i wbqš Y Ii vj wnw ª g Z, Lvbv jv Z gvu kö g bvixi Ae`vb cövq 30 kzvsk GKKv j ÿz`ªfy hgb bvixi ÿgzvq b f wgkv i LwQj, GLb f wgi cwiewz Z e envi wvk mb KvRUvB Ki Q e j g b nq wf j bi f wgkv Rwgi Drcv`bkxjZv n«vm cv Q g b K i K lk Rwg Z AviI ewk K i ivmvqwbk e envi Ki Q Avevi, AZ vwak mvi e env ii KviY Drcv`bkxjZv n«vm cv Q Gw` K wbh vm 62

67 wek Miv gi Mí gvneye nv mb I Ave`yj ev qm mvs wzk AvMÖvmb GgbB h MÖv gi AwaKvsk Lvbvq (we klz mxgvší GjvKvi) wwk-gi Kj v Y cöwz ewk `k fvi Zi wm bgv, bvuk I wmwiqvj GK PwUqv evrvi `Lj K i wb q Q Kv_vI kn ii g Ívb I gv`kvm³ hye Kiv M o e m Q Ges Gi cq b ivr bwzk c ô cvlkzv KvR K i e j MÖvgevmx g b K i Mevw`cïi Afve I PviY f wg K g M Q e j ˆRe mv ii e envi K g hv Q ewki fvm MÖv g K lk GKUv Ô`yóP µõ cwzz Ñ ewk mvi gv b Drcv`bkxjZv n«vm, Avevi Drcv`bkxjZv n«v mi mv _ ewk mv ii e envi m úwk Z Z e wkqz wkqz eyw gvb I mywe epk K lk Rwg Z GKB dmj evievi bv K i wewfbœ dmj dwj q ivmvqwbk mv ii weiƒc cöfve _ K invb cvevi cö Póv wb Q B`vwbs K wl DcKi Yi D P g~j Drcv`b e w Z cöavb AšÍivq ek wkqz MÖv g DcKi Yi DaŸ gylx g~ j i Kvi Y QvU I cövwšík Pvwl em vpvl I Ddwk avb Drcv` b wbiærmvwnz eva Ki Q wf jb wn m e f wgkv ivl Q Pv ji Kj I PvZvj gvwjk `i ÔwmwÛ KUÕ hv K l Ki b vh `vg cövwßi c _ evav ek wkqz MÖv g b`x-bvjv, Lvj-wej f -Dcwi cvwbi Drm n Z cviz, wkš ms v ii Afv e muv nq bv; GLb GB b`x-bvjv fivu n q µgvmz cöfvekvjx `i `L j hv Q LjbvqK wn m e ÔKzkvm biõ KydjI Kg bq AvRKvj gavi cwie Z ivr bwzk we epbvq wkÿvcöwzôv b wkÿk I cöwzôv bi cwipvjbv cl ` wb qvm `qv n Q e j Awf hvm Av Q `y i Rb Avmv mikvwi mnvqzv wezi Y `yb xwz, ^RbcÖxwZ I ivr bwzk AvbyMZ wb q Awf hv Mi AšÍ bb, ZvQvov, B`vwbs Z_vKw_Z AvaywbKZvi AbycÖ ek ev Lvjv Rvbvjv wb RB wf j bi f wgkvq AeZxY n q Q, hgb: HwZn MZ mvgvwrk g~j eva, mngwg Zv, Askx`vwiZ g~jk Avq, mvs wzk Kg KvÐ I wepvimvwjk AvRKvj wkqzuv ûgwki gy L mvs wzk AvMÖvmb GgbB h MÖv gi AwaKvsk Lvbvq (we klz mxgvší GjvKvi) wwk-gi Kj v Y cöwz ewk `k fvi Zi wm bgv, bvuk I wmwiqvj GK PwUqv evrvi `Lj K i wb q Q Kv_vI kn ii g Ívb I gv`kvm³ hye Kiv M o e m Q Ges Gi cq b ivr bwzk c ô cvlkzv KvR K i e j MÖvgevmx g b K i Avevi ivr bwzk cwk kw³i Ici fi K i K wl Rwg Z B Ui fvuv wbg vy, Rjgnj `Lj, wfuv _ K D Q` BZ vw` NUbv wbqwgz MÖvgevsjvq wf jb wn m e KvR Ki Q GKmg qi kvší I mnev mi MÖv g GLb wbh vm 63

68 wek Miv gi Mí gvneye nv mb I Ave`yj ev qm RwUj I KzwUj ivrbxwz ax i ax i XzK Q e j g b Kiv n Q Z e wf jb hz kw³kvjx nvk bv Kb, bvq Ki nv Z Zvi civrq w` qb wm bgvi ev M íi kl nq MÖvgevsjvq AZ wf jb _vkvi cii bvqk I cvk bvqk `i f wgkvi Rb MÖv gi gvbyl Av Mi P q Ôfv jv I mylxõ Av Q e j g b K i GLv b- mlv b evsjv ` ki MÖv gi gvby li Av_ -mvgvwrk weez bi GB Mí wkš e wzµg ev ÔBDwbKÕ bq Ab vb wkqz ` ki AwfÁZvi Av jv K `Lv hvq h, Pvl Rwgi cöku Afve _vkv m Ë I Lvbv jv `vwi`ª ilvi Ic i D V Avm Z mÿg n Z cv i Z e Gi cq b wkqz Kvh -KviY KvR K i, hgb: (K) avbewnf Z dmj, Mevw`cï Ges Lvgvi ewnf Z Drm _ K Avq w` q Avq eûgylx Kiv; (L) meyr wecøe _ K DrmvwiZ ewa Z Av qi GKUv Ask Q j g q `i wkÿvq e q Kiv; (M) Avq e w I `vwi`ª wbim bi g~j wbqvgk wn m e AK wl I kû i kögevrvi _ K ewa Z Avq msmön; (N) `vwi`ª wbim b K wli Dbœqb KŠkj K me P q iæz `qv ïay ^íkvjxb mg qi Lv` wbivcëvi ZvwM ` bq; `xn gqv `i Q j g q `i wkÿvq I AK wlkvr wewb qv Mi Rb ; (O) A cÿvk Z ewk wkwÿz `i Lvgviewnf Z Drm _ K ewk Avq Kiv BZ vw`, BZ vw` Ii vj wnw ª I Ab vb DcvË _ K cviqv weeiyx GB mvÿ `q h Dc iv³ welq jvi m ú~y bv n ji wkqzuv wb úwë n q Q e jb MÖvgevsjvq BwZevPK cwiez bi nviqv eb Q Ab w` K, c w_exi Ab vb Dbœqbkxj ` ki MÖv gi g Zv ( hgb: B j bv, wdwjwcý) evsjv ` ki MÖvg jv Z kniwfwëk Dbœq b mydj Dc P covi ÿ Î Ñ hv K e j wuªkj WvDb B d± - evrvi bvgk cöwzôvb GKUv Kvh Ki gva g wn m e KvR K i Q Z e GUv cwi vifv e g b ivlv `ikvi h, Dc P cov ev wuªkj WvD bi cöfve K iæz c~y fv e mnvqzv w` q Q MYAeKvVv gv, hgb: iv Ív I zj, we`ÿ r Gi d j MÖvgevmx we klz `wi`ª köwy evrv i AskMÖnY K i evrv ii we` gvb wbh vm 64

69 wek Miv gi Mí gvneye nv mb I Ave`yj ev qm MÖv g _vkv gvu Lvbvi cövq A a K Mj GK `k K wbu A_ bwzk DbœwZi ga w` q M Q e j g b Kiv h Z cv i wøzxq cökœ wqj: Kx Kvi Y DbœwZ ev AebwZ N U Q e j Zviv g b K i MÖvgevmxi g Z, DbœwZi cq b ek KUv Dcv`vb KvR K i Q (hv BwZg a we ÍvwiZ Av jvwpzi n q Q) hgb: (K) K wli K wzz (h_v: fv jv dmj, `v gi IVvbvgv Kg; evrvirvz myweav): (L) µgewa òz Kg ms vb/grywi; (M) iwgu vý) ;(N) QvU Lvbv I (O) ^vÿizv my hv Mi mø envi Ki Z mÿg n q Q Avi GKUv K_v Ñ _gvm gy ii BD Uvwcqv _ K ivwkqvi bibwwk Ges mv úªwzk gi vj A_ bxwz zj evievi a i wb qwqj h, HwZn evnx K wl KgyDwbwU Z evrv ii AbycÖ ek AwaKZi ˆelg I `ỳ kv W K Avb e Avgv `i GB eb Z 20wU MÖv gi BwZnvm AšÍZ Zv ej Q e j g b nq bv eis h mg Í MÖv g cy I kö gi evrvi mwvkfv e KvR Ki Z cv iwb ev cvi Qbv m mg Í MÖv g `vwi`ª I AmyLxi AbycvZ A cÿvk Z ewk e j g b nq myzivs, Kgb Av Q MÖv gi gvbyl? 2013 mv j cwipvwjz LvbvwfwËK GKUv ïgvwi _ K Rvbv hvq, DËi`vZv `i (LvbvcÖavb) cövq 60 kzvsk g b K i h, Mj GK `k K Zv `i Lvbvi A_ bwzk DbœwZ N U Q; Aciw` K 13 kzvsk g b K i Zzjbxq mg q Zv `i A_ bwzk Ae vi AebwZ N U Q Zvi gv b, MÖv g _vkv gvu Lvbvi cövq A a K Mj GK `k K wbu A_ bwzk DbœwZi ga w` q M Q e j g b Kiv h Z cv i wøzxq cökœ wqj: Kx Kvi Y DbœwZ ev AebwZ N U Q e j Zviv g b K i MÖvgevmxi g Z, DbœwZi cq b ek KUv Dcv`vb KvR K i Q (hv BwZg a we ÍvwiZ Av jvwpzi n q Q) hgb: (K) K wli K wzz (h_v: fv jv dmj, `v gi IVvbvgv Kg; evrvirvz myweav): (L) µgewa òz Kg ms vb/grywi; (M) iwgu vý) ;(N) QvU Lvbv I (O) ^vÿizv Aciw` K AebwZ nevi cq b cöavb AbyNUK n Q: (K) eo Lvbv; (L) DcvR bkvixi g Zÿ /Amȳ Zv/Abycw wz;i (M) wpwkrmv LiP BZ vw` Gi _ K Avgiv ey S wbjvg h hviv AwR Z m ú` I D`xqgvb my hv Mi g a mgš^q mvab Ki Z c i Q Zv `i jjv UB DbœwZi wukv c i Q; Aciw` K AcviMZv W K G b Q AebwZ I Ô`yM wzõ Gevi ˆel g i K_vq Avmv hvk Ges cö_ g Avq ˆelg cöm½ 2013 mv j LvbvwfwËK ïgvwi ej Q, gv_vwcqz Av qi wbix L wb Pi 40 fvm Lvbv gvu Av qi kzvs ki Askx`vi; ga g 40 kzvsk gvu Av qi cövq 40 kzvsk a i ivl Z mÿg Avi Dc ii `k kzvsk gvu Av qi 30 wbh vm 65

70 wek Miv gi Mí gvneye nv mb I Ave`yj ev qm kzvs ki wb q bq myzivs, Avq ˆelg h Av Q Zv Z Kv bv m `n bb, Z e m ó Avq ˆel g i cq b KvR K i Q iwgu vý, gvq Pvl I e emvevwyr hlv b cuywr I wkÿvi iæz ewk mg qi weez b Avq ˆelg e w c q Q wk bv muv Rvb Z n j Avgv `i K A cÿv Ki Z n e AvMvgx ïgvwi ch ší AvcvZZ GZUzKz ejv eva nq h _ó h MÖvgevmxi g Z Avqewnf ~Z wb ` wkkvi gvb` Ð ˆelg e vckfv e n«vm c q Q Ges ÿî jv n Q: cöv_wgk I gva wgk z j AšÍfz w³, F Yi evrv i my hvm, ^v Kg x I KwgDwbwU wk wb Ki Kj v Y cöv_wgk ^v cwiph v, we bv`b I mev, hgb: wuwf `Lv I gvevbj dv bi e envi BZ vw` gvu K_v, MÖvgxY iƒcvšíi M í mikv ii mywpwšíz bxwzgvjvi BwZevPK dmj wnmv e hw` bvqkivr Ddwk, cvk bvqk AeKvVv gv I GbwRI Ljbvq Ki weiæ bv `uvov Z cviz, Zvn j MÖv gi gvby li Rxeb-RxweKvi Mí n Z cviz A bkuvb Ab ikg MÖv g wvkvbv Kwe iæ iex `ªbv_ VvKz ii mkj mvwnz Kg MÖvg Kw `ªK ÔI Avgvi ` ki gvwu Zvgvi c i VKvB gv_võ- m Zv MÖv gib gvwu Z gv_v VKv bvi Av e`b MÖv gi Rxeb K wl Z_v K l Ki Dbœq b wzwb KL bv wq jb `vk wbk, civgk K KL bv GKwUwf ïay MÖv gi gvby li Rb wzwb K wl e vsk I K wl we` vjq cöwzôv K ib K wl K AvaywbKxKi Y Zuvi P q eo cöe³v KD wq jb e j g b nq bv K lk Z_v K wl Dbœq b Ges mvwe K A _ MÖv gvbœq b wzwb Rvi w` qwq jb g~jz wkÿv, cöwkÿy, K wl FY I mgev qi Ici myzivs, ^vaxbzv gv b MÖv gi Z_v msl vmwiô gvby li Av_ mvgvwrk gyw³; ^vaxbzv gv b MÖv gvbœqb Ab _vq ^vaxbzv A_ nxb ^v B mkj my Li g~j GB Avß evk wu e w³i ejvq hgb mz, ` ki ejvqi Zgb mz Ñ ` ki ^v gv b MÖv gi A_ bxwzi ^v bvb gvgvi P q Kvbv gvgv fvj ïay GB A _ N U hviqv weez b BwZevPK g b n ji Avm j Zv MÖvg GLbI Ae nwjz MÖv gi ewkifvm gvbyl GLbI wbh vm 66

71 wek Miv gi Mí gvneye nv mb I Ave`yj ev qm `wi`ª cök Z MÖv gvbœqb `L Z n j Avgv `i c_ nuvu Z n e Av iv eû`~i - js I q Uz Mv Mí kl K i kvwšíi MÖvg _ K Avgiv wd i Avwm k¼vi kn i h kn ii ÔBwZK_vÕ MÖv gi g Zv bq: ÒB Ui cuvr i jvnvi LuvPvq `viæy gg e v_v GLv b AvKvk bb, GLv b evzvm bb GLv b AÜ Mwji bi K gyw³i AvK~jZv Ó *g~j eb Ôwek Miv gi MíÕ _ K ms ÿwcz wbh vm 67

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73 wm ju wefv Mi wbe vwpz Dc Rjvmg~ n Z_ AvniYg~jK AbymÜvbx M elyv mgxi iäb bv_ M elyvjä djvd j úóz `Lv hvq h, Dbœq bi wewfbœ wb ` kk hgb, RbwgwZ, ^v, wkÿv Ges A_ bwzk ÿ Î wbe vwpz AvUwU Dc Rjv RvZxq M oi _ K GgbwK wm ju wefv Mi M oi _ KI wcwq q wqj ZvB mgwš^z Kvh µ gi Rb Gme Dc Rjv wbe vpb mwvk n q Q ejv h Z cv i G ÿ Î cöv_wgk D Ïk wqj wbe vwpz Dc Rjv jvi me Lvbv Ges mlvbkvi mkj gvby li KvQ _ K Z_ msmön Kiv g~javivi cöv_wgk we` vjqmg~ni GB Z_ msmö ni AšÍf z³ wqj Aek G ÿ Î Z_ msmön mdj nqwb cövq 98% Lvbv Z_ cö`vb Ki ji 30% wkÿv cöwzôvb Kvb Z_ `qwb D jøwlz Z_ fvûv ii AšÍf z³ wqj 339, 436wU Lvbvi cövq 18 jvl gvbyl Ges 772wU g~javivi cöv_wgk wkÿv cöwzôvb Gme Dc Rjvq MÖv gi msl v wqj 1,820wU Ges BDwbq bi msl v wqj 68wU M elyvjä djvdj M elyvjä djvd j úóz `Lv hvq h, Dbœq bi wewfbœ wb ` kk hgb, RbwgwZ, ^v, wkÿv Ges A_ bwzk ÿ Î wbe vwpz AvUwU Dc Rjv RvZxq M oi _ K GgbwK wm ju wefv Mi M oi _ KI wcwq q wqj ZvB mgwš^z Kvh µ gi Rb Gme Dc Rjv wbe vpb mwvk n q Q ejv h Z cv i Dc Rjvmg~ ni Rbmgwói g a eûgywlzv we` gvb i q Q RbMY wzbwu ^Zš GjvKvq emevm Ki Zv mgzj f wg Z 60.4%, nvii GjvKvq 26.5% Ges Pv evmvb/cvnvwo GjvKvq 13.1% RbMY emevm Ki Zv M elyvaxb Lvbvmg~ ni GK-cÂgvs ki KvQvKvwQ wqj A-gymwjg Rb Mvôx Ges Gi 5.4% wqj ÿz`ª-b Mvôx f wg gvwjkvbvi cöÿvc U Lvbvmg~ ni g a e vck cv_ K jÿ Kiv hvq Lvbvmg~ ni 16 kzvsk wqj f wgnxb Dc Rjvmg~ ni gvu Rwgi gvî 1.2 kzvs ki gvwjk n Q bx Pi 40 kzvsk Lvbv Ges Dc ii 5 kzvsk Lvbv 46 kzvsk Rwgi gvwjk wmsnfvm Lvbvi Av qi cöavb Drm wqj K wl KvR A_ev ˆ`wbKwfwËK Kvgjvi KvR Dfq Drm _ K 60% Lvbv Zv `i Rxeb wbe vn Ki Zv Lvbvmg~ ni ewkifvmb cyiæl m` m i Av qi Dci wbf ikxj wqj cövß eq gwnjv `i GKwU ÿz`ª Ask Aek wewfbœ ai bi ckvq wb qvwrz wqj G `i msl vmwiô Ask M n vwji Kv R wb qvwrz wqj wbh vm 69

74 wm ju wefv Mi wbe vwpz Dc Rjvmg~ n Z_ AvniYg~jK AbymÜvbx M elyv mgxi iäb bv_ M elyvaxb Dc Rjvmg~ ni cövq A a K MÖv g g~javivi Kvb cöv_wgk we` vjq (mikvwi, emikvwi ev gv`ªvmv) wqj bv mkvi Y eû msl K BDwbq b wkïwe` vjq AbycvZ h _ó ewk wqj mvaviyfv e QvU QvU MÖvg jv Z Kvb we` vjq `L Z bv cvevi m vebv ewk _v K GbwRI jv MÖvgmg~ n g~javivi we` vjq wbwe k l AbvbyôvwbK we` vjq vcb Kivq we` vjq bb Ggb MÖv gi msl v A a K b g G mwqj Lvbvmg~ ni GK-Z Zxqvs ki Kvb Drcv`bkxj m ú` wqj bv GQvov 22.7% Lvbvq GbwRI mwgwzi m`m wqj cövq 23,000 Lvbv K A_ vr M elyvfz³ Dc Rjvi gvu Lvbvi 6.8% wpwýz Kiv n qwqj hviv eª vk cwipvwjz wmgdwcavi-wubdwc Kg m~wp Z AšÍf yw³i gvb`ð c~iy K iwqj Dc Rjvmg~ n wkÿv ÿ Î AR bi ÿ Î Ges ^vÿizvi Ae v bi RbM Yi Ae v wqj cðvrc` RbmsL vi 58.7% Qq eqi eqmx Ges Zvi P q ewk Zviv Av `Š Kvb we` vj q fwz nq wb, 11 eqi Ges Zvi EaŸ eqmx hv `i msl v 39.5% Zviv cöv_wgk wkÿv m úbœ K iwqj Ges 7.2% hviv 17 eqi I Z`~aŸ eqmx Zviv gva wgk wkÿv mgvß K iwqj mvz eqi eqmx ev Zvi E aÿ _vkv Rb Mvôxi g a ^vÿizvi nvi wqj 40.4% Ges cövß eq `i ^vÿizvi nvi (15 eqi I Z`~aŸ ) wqj 42.5% ZiæY `i GK-Z Zxqvs ki (hv `i eqm eqi) ^vÿiávb wqj bv Ges 32% Lvbvq Kvb AÿiÁvb m úbœ gvbyl `L Z cviqv hvq wb M elyvaxb Dc Rjvmg~ ni cövq A a K MÖv g g~javivi Kvb cöv_wgk we` vjq (mikvwi, emikvwi ev gv`ªvmv) wqj bv mkvi Y eû msl K BDwbq b wkï-we` vjq AbycvZ h _ó ewk wqj mvaviyfv e QvU QvU MÖvg jv Z Kvb we` vjq `L Z bv cvevi m vebv ewk _v K GbwRI jv MÖvgmg~ n g~javivi we` vjq wbwe k l AbvbyôvwbK we` vjq vcb Kivq we` vjq bb Ggb MÖv gi msl v A a K b g G mwqj Gfv e `L Z cviqv hvq h, ewkifvm LvbvB Zv `i emzwfuvi `o wk jvwguvi e vmv a i g a B Kgc ÿ GKwU cöv_wgk we` vjq (AvbyôvwbK ev AbvbyôvwbK) c q hvq g~javivi we` vjqmg~ ni GKwU As k köyxkÿ Ges wkÿk `i ^ízv wqj mȳ úó cövq 60% we` vj qi ÿ Î wzbwu ev Zvi P q Kg köyxkÿ we` gvb wqj Ges GK-Z Zxqvs ki g Zv we` vj q wzbrb ev Zvi P q Kg msl K wkÿk wqj QvÎwkÿ Ki Mo AbycvZ wqj 53 hv mikvwi we` vj qi wbh vm 70

75 wm ju wefv Mi wbe vwpz Dc Rjvmg~ n Z_ AvniYg~jK AbymÜvbx M elyv mgxi iäb bv_ ÿ Î wqj 60 g~javivi `yb-z Zxqvsk we` vj qi ÿ Î cövk&-cöv_wgk wkÿvi Kvb cö wz wqj bv we` vj qi evb i _vkv wkï `i msl v wqj 125,298 Rb G ÿ Î 25.8% wkï wqj 5-14 eqi eqmx hviv KLbB we` vj q fwz nqwb ev cöv_wgk wkÿv mgvc bi c~ e B S i c owqj G `i g a 34.2% wqj cuvp eqi eqmx, 26.5% wqj 6-7 eqi eqmx, 13.9% wqj 8-10 eqi eqmx Ges 25.4% wqj eqi eqmx g q `i P q Q j `i S i covi nvi ewk wqj M elyvaxb Dc Rjv jv Z weï Lvevi cvwb cövwßi Zzjbvq m vwbuvwi cvqlvbvi `y úövc Zv ewk wqj hw`i 14% Lvbvi Dfq ÿ Î AwfMg Zv wqj, 35.7%, Lvbvi Kvb ÿ ÎB AwfMg Zv (access) wqj bv, 44.4% Lvbvi ïaygvî Lvevi cvwbi ÿ Î AwfMg Zv wqj Ges 5.7% Lvbvi ÿ Î KejgvÎ m vwbuvwi cvqlvbvq AwfMg Zv wqj Mwie Ges Mwie bq Dfq Lvbvi ÿ ÎB m vwbuvwi cvqlvbvi Afve ch eÿy Kiv M Q hz jv wby vqk we epbvq biqv n qwqj Zv `i cövq cöwzwui ÿ Î M elyvaxb Dc Rjv jv Z GKwU Ab wui P q D jøl hvm fv e wfbœzi wqj cöwzwu Dc Rjvi Aaxb BDwbqbmg~ ni g a Ges cöwzwu BDwbq bi Aaxb MÖvg jv Z wfbœzv wqj Gi _ K wb ` kbv cviqv hvq h, hw`i Dc Rjvmg~n mgwómzfv e wm ju wefv Mi P q wcwq q i q Q, GgbwK RvZxq M oi P qi, G ÿ Î wewfbœ Í i cövwšíkxkiy ev ev` c o hviqv N U Q mgzjf wg Ges Pv-evMvb/cvnvwo GjvKvi P q nvii A ji gvbyl ewk Ae nwjz M elyvaxb Lvbvmg~ ni 30% Gi ewk Lvbvq 2-3wU ÿ Î Kg m~wpi `ikvi i q Q Ges GKwU ÿz`ª As k (11.4%) Kvb Kg m~wpi `ikvi bb Kg m~wp MÖn Yi m ve GjvKvmg~n n Q wkÿv, Rb ^v, cvwb Ges m vwb Ukb, K wl, wmgdwcavi-wubdwc Ges ÿz`ªfy hw`i GB M elyvq AvBbx ev RÛvi welqk Kvb Z_ msm nxz nq wb, Z e Gme welqk Kg m~wp MÖnY G ÿ Î h_vh_ n Z cv i wbh vm 71

76 wm ju wefv Mi wbe vwpz Dc Rjvmg~ n Z_ AvniYg~jK AbymÜvbx M elyv mgxi iäb bv_ M elyvaxb Dc Rjvmg~ n ewkifvm Lvbv (55.3%) wb R `i m ú ` ÔNvUwZÕi K_v D jøl K i Q G wel q wm v ší Avm Z Zviv wemz eq ii mkj Avq-e qi Drmg~n we epbv K i Q Dc Rjvmg~n hš_fv e wm ju wefv Mi Mo _ K 7.3 kzvsk c q U wcwq q wqj Ges RvZxq M oi P q 19.1 kzvsk c q U wcwq q wqj G ÿ Î P v jä n Q, wkfv e Gme Dc Rjvmg~n K cöv_wgkfv e wm ju wefv Mi m ½ mgzvq Avbv hv e Ges Zvici RvZxq Í ii m ½ mycvwikmg~n 1. Dbœq bi GKwU mvgwmök AwfcÖvq _vk Z n e hv Z Gme Dc Rjvi Ae vi cwiez b N U Dc Rjvmg~ ni g a cv_ K, BDwbqbmg~ ni g a cv_ K, MÖv gi g a cv_ K we epbvq wb q LvbvwfwËK mgwš^z Dbœqb D ` vm MÖnY Kiv hv Z cövwšík ch v q _vkv Ges g~j Dbœqb avivi evb i _vkv gvby li Rb Zv h_vh_ n Z cv i 2. Gme Dc Rjvmg~ n we` gvb eûgvwîk `wi`ª Ae v Ges eâbv GKKfv e mikvi A_ev Kvb RvZxq ev vbxq ch v qi emikvwi ms vi c ÿ gvkvwejv Kiv m eci bq G ÿ Î mgwš^z cö Póvi cö Ívebv Kiv h Z cv i me P q fv jv n e hw` mikvi GB AwfhvÎvq bz Z `q Ges Ab vb ms v I e w³i cö Qbœ kw³ K Kv R jvmvq G ÿ Î e w³lvz K fz j M j Pj e bv mikvi, Dbœqb mn hvmx, Ab vb RvZxq Ges vbxq GbwRI I eª vk GK Î KvR Ki Z cv i Dc Rjvmg~ n GgwWwR jÿ gvîv AR b 3. Dc Rjv, BDwbqb Ges MÖvg GjvKvq we` gvb mikvwi wefvmmg~ ni `ÿzv e w AZ vek K GbwRImg~n Ges Ab vb mswkøó ms vmg~n K mikv ii Kvh µ gi m ú~ik wn m e Zv `i Ae`vb ivl Z m Pó _vk Z n e Ges Gi gva g Kvh µg cöwµqvwu `ªæZZi Ges Kvh Kix n e 4. Av jvp GB M elyvwu _ K cövß Z_ eª vk wewfbœ ch v qi mswkøó mevi m ½ wewbg qi gva g Av jvp Dc Rjvmg~ n eâbvi we` gvb aviv m ú K Zv `i ms e`bkxj K i Zzj Z mÿg n Z cv i wbh vm 72

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79 Lvbv ch v q wbivc` cvwbi e envi Zv niv Av³vi wbh vm 75 M elyvi c wz mviwy 2. ^v wewa AvPiY I vi ˆewkó ^v wewa AvPiY wbivc` I msiw Z g~j Lvevi cvwbi Drm GwU GKwU µm mkkbvj Zzjbvg~jK M elyv Ges M elyvi bgybvq b `Lv hvq 24wU Dc Rjv _ K gvu 960wU Lvbv ˆ`ePqb c wzi (randomly) gva g evqvb Kiv n q Q Gi g a 13wU Dc Rjvq eª vk Iqv ki Kvh µg i q Q Ges evwk 11 wu Dc Rjvq Kv bv Kvh µg bb gvu Lvbvi g a 520wU n jv eª vk Iqvk GjvKvq Ges evwk 440wU Lvbv eª vk Iqv ki Kvh µ gi AvIZvi evb i GB cöwz e` b cö_g ch v qi Dc Rjv jvi mv _ eª vk Iqv ki Kvh µg bb Ggb Dc Rjv jvi g a ^v wewa AvPiY jvi Zzjbvg~jK Ae vb Zz j aiv n q Q Lvbv ch v q Z_ msmö ni gva g n jv e eüz cökœvejx I vb ch eÿy Iqv ki ^v wewa AvPiY jvi vi jvi ey bv bx Pi mviwy Z Zz j aiv n jv: vi ˆewkó eâgv K i bx P eâgvk eâgv K i Dc i wbivc` bq Av m wbk AvµvšÍ bjk c, D y³ Rjvkq _ K msm nxz cvwb hv me mgq dzuv bv nq bv) (1) cvwbi Drm Av m wbkgy³ bjk c A_ev D y³ Rjvkq _ K msm nxz cvwb hv memgq wdëvi Kiv nq/dzuv bv nq cöz vwkz gvb: (1) cvwbi Drm Av m wbkgy³ bjk c A_ev D y³ Rjvkq _ K msm nxz cvwb hv memgq wdëvi Kiv nq/dzuv bv nq + (2) bjk~ ci Pvicv k Kvb Rjve Zv bb (1) cvwbi Drm Av m wbkgy³ bjk c A_ev D y³ Rjvkq _ K msm nxz cvwb hv memgq wdëvi Kiv nq/dzuv bv nq + (2) bjk~ ci Pvicv k Kvb Rjve Zv bb + (3) bjk~ ci Mvov cvkv I dvujwenxb Av`k gvb: (1) cvwbi Drm Av m wbkgy³ bjk c A_ev D y³ Rjvkq _ K msm nxz cvwb hv memgq wdëvi Kiv nq/dzuv bv nq + (2) bjk~ ci Pvicv k Kvb Rjve Zv bb + (3) bjk~ ci Mvov cvkv I dvujwenxb + (4) Dr mi 12 K` gi g a Kvb j vwuªb bb

80 Lvbv ch v q wbivc` cvwbi e envi Zv niv Av³vi Drm n Z cvb Kiv ch ší Lvevi cvwbi e e vcbv evwo Z ^v m Z cvqlvbvi Ae v cvwbi Drm wbivc` bq (Av m wbk AvµvšÍ bjk c, D y³ Rjvkq _ K msm nxz cvwb hv memgq dzuv bv nqbv) cwiev ii KD gjg~î Z v Mi D Ï k j vwuªb e envi K i bv A_ev j vwuªb Av Q Z e Zv Z wis I mø ve bb (1) Av m wbkgy³ Mfxi bjk c/amfxi bjk c A_ev n ÍPvwjZ bjk c A_ev cykzi ev b`xi cvwb cwi kva bi Rb evjyi wdëvi (wcgmgd) A_ev D y³ Rjvkq _ K msm nxz cvwb hv memgq dzuv bv nq j vwuªb Av Q: (1) j vwuªb Av Q + (2) wis I mø vemn Z e IqvUvi wmj bb cöz vwkz gvb: (1) Av m wbkgy³ Mfxi bjk c/amfxi bjk c A_ev n ÍPvwjZ bjk c A_ev cykzi ev b`xi cvwb cwi kva bi Rb evjyi wdëvi (wcgmgd) A_ev D y³ Rjvkq _ K msm nxz cvwb hv memgq dzuv bv nq + (2) wbivc ` cvwb msmön Kiv nq cöz vwkz gvb: (1) j vwuªb Av Q + (2) wis I mø vemn + (3) Kvh Ki IqvUvi wmjmn (1) Av m wbkgy³ Mfxi bjk c/amfxi bjk c A_ev n ÍPvwjZ bjk c A_ev cykzi ev b`xi cvwb cwi kva bi Rb evjyi wdëvi (wcgmgd) A_ev D y³ Rjvkq _ K msm nxz cvwb hv memgq dzuv bv nq + (2) wbivc ` cvwb msmön Kiv nq + (3) bjk~ ci Mvov cvkv I dvujwenxb (1) j vwuªb Av Q + (2) wis I mø vemn + (3) Kvh Ki IqvUvi wmjmn + (4) c vb, mø ve, IqvUvi wmj I `qv j Kvb ` k gvb gj bb Av`k gvb: (1) Av m wbkgy³ Mfxi bjk c/amfxi bjk c A_ev n ÍPvwjZ bjk c A_ev cykzi ev b`xi cvwb cwi kva bi Rb evjyi wdëvi (wcgmgd) A_ev D y³ Rjvkq _ K msm nxz cvwb hv memgq dzuv bv nq + (2) wbivc ` cvwb msmön Kiv nq + (3) bjk~ ci Mvov cvkv I dvujwenxb + (4) wbivc ` cvwb msi Y Kiv nq Av`k gvb: (1) j vwuªb Av Q + (2) wis I mø vemn + (3) Kvh Ki IqvUvi wmjmn + (4) c vb, mø ve, IqvUvi wmj I `qv j Kvb ` k gvb gj bb + (5) j vwuª b `ywu wcu Av Q wbh vm 76

81 Lvbv ch v q wbivc` cvwbi e envi Zv niv Av³vi M elyvi djvdj M elyvi djvd j `Lv hvq h, eª vk Iqvk GjvKvq 5% Lvbv Awbivc` cvwb (Av m wbk AvµvšÍ bjk~c, Db y³ Rjvkq _ K msm nxz cvwb hv memgq dzuv bv nq bv) e envi K i hv eª v Ki Kvh µg bb Ggb GjvKv _ K Zzjbvg~jKfv e Kg (5% ebvg 9%) M elyvi djvd j `Lv hvq h eª vk Iqvk GjvKvq 5% Lvbv Awbivc` cvwb (Av m wbk AvµvšÍ bjk~c, Db y³ Rjvkq _ K msm nxz cvwb hv memgq dzuv bv nq bv) e envi K i hv eª v Ki Kvh µg bb Ggb GjvKv _ K Zzjbvg~jKfv e Kg (5% ebvg 9%) wbivc` Lvevi cvwbi Dr mi g~j PviwU ewkó n jv: (1) cvwbi Drm Av m wbkgy³ bjk c A_ev D y³ Rjvkq _ K msm nxz cvwb hv memgq wdëvi Kiv nq ev dzuv bv nq; (2) bjk~ ci Pvicv k Kvb Rjve Zv bb; (3) bjk~ ci gyluv cvkv I dvujwenxb; (4) Dr mi 12 K` gi g a Kvb j vwuªb bb wkdavbgm c wz Abyhvqx ^v wewa ev DbœZ AvPi Yi g~j PviwU ˆewk ó i mekwu we` gvb _vk j ÓAv`k gvbó ejv nq Ges GB av ci AšÍZ cö_g `ywu g~j ˆewkó Dcw Z _vk j ÒcÖZ vwkz gvbó aiv nq M elyvi djvdj Abyhvqx eª vk GjvKvq cövq 66% Lvbv cöz vwkz gv bi Dc i Av Q hv M elyvq e eüz Zzjbvg~jK GjvKv _ K A bk ewk (66% ebvg 50%) bjk~ ci 12 K`g A_ vr 10 wguv ii g a Kvb j vwuªb _vkv DwPZ bq m ÿ Î eª vk I eª vk ewnf ~Z Dfq GjvKv ZB Kvb iæz c~y cv_ K cwijwÿz nqwb Drm n Z cvb Kiv ch ší cvwbi ^v m Z e e vcbvi avc jv n jv: (1) Av m wbkgy³ Mfxi bjk c ev AMfxi bjk c A_ev n ÍPvwjZ bjk c A_ev cykzi ev b`xi cvwb cwi kva bi Rb evjyi wdëvi (wcgmgd) A_ev D y³ Rjvkq _ K msm nxz cvwb hv memgq dzuv bv nq; (2) wbivc ` cvwb msmön Kiv nq; (3) bjk~ ci gyl cvkv I dvujwenxb; (4) wbivc ` cvwb msi Y Kiv nq eª vk GjvKvq cvwb K wbivc ` msmön I msiÿy K i cövq 65% Lvbv hv Zzjbvg~jK GjvKv (Comparison area) _ K A bk ewk (65% ebvg 52%) eª vk Iqvk Kg m~wp Abyhvqx ^v m Z cvqlvbvi ÿ Î cöz vwkz gvb n jv Kvh Ki IqvUvi wmjmn wis ø ve j vwuªb _vkv G ÿ Î Ab vb ˆewkó jv n jv j vwuª bi gvbm Z e envi A_ vr cwi vi cwi QbœZv Ges `yb MZ wewkó j vwuªb hv wbh vm 77

82 Lvbv ch v q wbivc` cvwbi e envi Zv niv Av³vi er e e vcbvi myweav _ mycvwik Kiv nq M elyvi djvd j `Lv hvq eª vk GjvKvq 75% Lvbv ^v m Z cvqlvbv e envi K i hv Zzjbvg~jKfv e eª vk Iqvk ewnf~ Z GjvKv _ K ewk (75% ebvg 44%) eª vk GjvKvq cövq 94% Lvbv gjz v Mi D Ï k Kvb bv Kvb vqx cvqlvbv e envi K i (wis- ø ve j vwuªb IqvUvi wmjmn A_ev IqvUvi wmj Qvov) hv eª vk Iqv ki Kvh µg bb Ggb GjvKv _ K A bk ewk (94% ebvg 85%) eª vk Iqvk GjvKvq 1% Gi Kg msl K Lvbv Lvjv vb e envi K i gjz v Mi D Ï k G _ K eysv hvq h ewkifvm gvbyl wbw` ó vb e envi K i gjz v Mi Rb Dcmsnvi eª vk Iqvk GjvKvq ewkifvm Lvbvi g a DbœZ AvPi Yi cöeyzv `Lv M Q, we kl K i wbivc` cvwb I cvqlvbv e env ii ÿ Î Z e wbivc` cvwb K SuzwKgy³ ivlvi R b bjk~ ci 12 K` gi g a Kvb j vwuªb vcb bv Kivi e vcv i AviI m PZbZv evov bv `ikvi wbh vm 78

83 BRAC wbh vm 2015 ww m ^i;26:79-86 hšb nqivwb Ges G msµvší NUbvi cöwz we` vjqmvgx g q `i Ávb Ges g bvfv ei cwiez b: eª v Ki MEJNIN ( g q `i Rb wbivc` bvmwikz ) Kg m~wpi cöfve g~j vqb * gv. Ave`yj Avwjg MEJNIN Kg m~wpi mvwe K D Ïk n Q RbmgvMg v b g q ev QvÎx `i hšb nqivwbi weiæ m PZbZv e w Kiv we klz ZiæY Rb Mvôx h bv GBiƒc m PZbZv e w i gva g GKRb e w³ wn m e GKKfv e Ges hš_fv e mgv Ri cwiez bkvix wbqvgqk wn m e KvR Ki Z cv i eª v Ki RÛvi, Rvw m Ges WvBfviwmwU BDwb Ui GKwU cök íi Aax b ZiæY `i, we klz zjmvgx g q `i I mgv Ri gvbyl K hšb nqivwbi wel q ms e`bkxj Ki Z MEJNIN ( g q `i Rb wbivc` bvmwikz ) Kvh µg nv Z biqv nq MEJNIN Kg m~wpi mvwe K D Ïk n Q RbmgvMg v b g q ev QvÎx `i hšb nqivwbi weiæ m PZbZv e w Kiv we klz ZiæY Rb Mvôx h bv GBiƒc m PZbZv e w i gva g GKRb e w³ wn m e GKKfv e Ges hš_fv e mgv Ri cwiez bkvix wbqvgqk wn m e KvR Ki Z cv i GQvov hšb nqivwbi weiæ Zviv cöwzev ` mv Pvi n Z cv i Ges Gme NUbvi weiæ cöwz iva M o Zzj Z cv i G ÿ Î mywbw` ó D Ïk mg~n n Q- wbh vm 79 g q `i Ges Ab vb ^v_ mswkøó `i m PZb I ms e`kxj Kiv h, hšb nqivwb GKwU A ea KvR Ges Zv GKwU mvgvwrk Aciva; hšb nqivwbi wkkvi bvix K ZvrÿwYK mnvqzv cö`vb; hšb nqivwbi weiæ mgv Ri GKwU mgwš^z Ae v bi Rb mvgvwrk `vwqz kxjzv e w KiY, wkÿv cöwzôvbmg~ n hšbnqivwbi weiæ mvgvwrk Av `vjb M o Zvjv; nqivwbi wkkvi bvixi Rb wepvi cviqvi my hvm m wó Kiv M elyvi D Ïk mg~n hw`i MEJNIN Kg m~wp Z g q, we` vjq-wkÿk, AwffveK Ges KwgDwbwUi Ab vb mswkøó `i AšÍfz ³ Kiv n qwqj, Changes in knowledge and attitudes of schools girls towards sexual harassment and its incidence: an impact assessment of the MEJNIN programme kxl K GKwU M elyv wi cv U i mvi-ms ÿc (2013) mvims ÿc K i Qb AvjZvgvm cvkv

84 eª v Ki MEJNIN Kg m~wpi cöfve g~j vqb gv. Ave`yj Avwjg GgbwK cywjk KI, Z_vwc GB M elyvq ïaygvî z ji g q `i AšÍfz ³ Kiv nq GQvov KwZcq ÿ Î zj wkÿk `i AšÍfz ³ Kiv n q Q ev ÍeZv n Q GB h, Avgv `i ` k wkï `i Dci hšb nqivwb, we klz bvix wkïi Dci ˆkke _ K ïiæ nq Ges ˆK kvi mg q me P q ewk hšbnqivwbi NUbv N U ZvB GB M elyvi cöavb D Ïk wqj zjmvgx g q `i hšbnqivwbi NUbvi nvi m ú K AbymÜvb Pvjv bv G ÿ Î mywbw` ó D Ïk mg~n wqj: K) DËi`vZv `i hšbnqivwb m úwk Z aviyvi cv_ K wby q; L) hšbnqivwbi cöwz Zv `i g bvfv ei cwiez bmg~n wba viy Kiv; M) GKwU mywbw` ó mg q hšbnqivwbi wkkvi g q `i msl v we epbvq biqv M elyv c wz M elyvq e eüz n q Q cwigvyevpk c wz M elyvwu cwipvjbvq e envi Kiv n q Q Quasi-experimental M elyv c wz M elyvaxb GjvKv Kg m~wp ev Íevqbvaxb GjvKvq GB M elyvwu cwipvwjz nq GjvKv jv n Q XvKv kn ii jkvb, evçv, ivgcyiv, wljmuvi Ges igbv wbqwš Z ` ji zjmg~n biqv n qwqj gvnv `cyi, AvMviMuvI Ges wgicyi GjvKv _ K z j cö e ki cöÿvcu we epbvq i L MEJNIN Kg m~wp zjmg~n wbe vpb K iwqj bgybvi AvKvi MEJNIN Kg m~wpi AšÍfz ³ wqj 60wU zj Ges Gi g a 20wU zj Av jvp M elyvi Rb wbe vpb Kiv n qwqj ˆ`ePq bi gva g GB zjmg~n K Kg m~wpfz³ wn m e e envi Kiv nq wbqwš Z GjvKv _ K 20wU zj wbqwš Z wn m e wbe vpb Kiv nq h nzz cökí Kvh µg lô _ K beg köyx ch ší `Iqv nq, ZvB Gme köyxi QvÎ-QvÎx `i wbh vm 80

85 eª v Ki MEJNIN Kg m~wpi cöfve g~j vqb gv. Ave`yj Avwjg Kg m~wpi GKwU iæz c~y Ask wqj hšbnqivwbg~jk KwZcq wbe vwpz wel q g q wkÿv_ x `i Ávb e w Kiv Gme wel qi AšÍfz ³ wqj- hšbnqivwb, hšbnqivwbi Rb GKRb g qi m ve eqm, wewfbœ ai bi hšbnqivwbi Rb nqivwbkvixi Rb wewfbœ ai bi kvw Í wk wk, hšbnqivwbi cöwz iv a Kvb Kvb AvBb we` gvb Ges GKRb g q hšbnqivwbi wkkvi n j hme mgm vi m ylxb nq m jv Rvbv Av Q KxÕbv mvÿvrkvi biqv nq mvÿvrkv ii Rb cöwzwu zj _ K 20 Rb QvÎ-QvÎx ˆ`ePq bi gva g wbe vpb Kiv nq wbqwš Z GjvKv ZI GKB c wzi AbymiY Kiv nq Gfv e me gvu DËi`vZvi msl v `uvovq 800 Rb, 400 Kg m~wpfz³ GjvKvi Ges 400 wbqwš Z GjvKvi zj iwróªvi _ K QvÎQvÎx `i ZvwjKv msm nxz nq GQvovI QvÎQvÎx `i S i covi KviY ei Ki Z cöwzwu z ji cöavb wkÿ Ki mvÿvrkvi MÖnY Kiv nq M elyvjä djvdj hšbnqivwb m úwk Z Ávb/aviYv Kg m~wpi GKwU iæz c~y Ask wqj hšbnqivwbg~jk KwZcq wbe vwpz wel q g q wkÿv_ x `i Ávb e w Kiv Gme wel qi AšÍfz ³ wqj- hšbnqivwb, hšbnqivwbi Rb GKRb g qi m ve eqm, wewfbœ ai bi hšbnqivwbi Rb nqivwbkvixi Rb wewfbœ ai bi kvw Í wk wk, hšbnqivwbi cöwz iv a Kvb Kvb AvBb we` gvb Ges GKRb g q hšbnqivwbi wkkvi n j hme mgm vi m ylxb nq m jv Rvbv Av Q KxÕbv M elyvi AviI jÿ wqj AskMÖnYKvix `i Áv bi Zzjbvg~jK wepvi Kiv G ÿ Î cwimsl vbmzfv e M elyvaxb GjvKv Ges wbqwš Z GjvKvq Zvrch c~y cv_ K D jøwlz welqmg~n Rvbvi ÿ Î we` gvb Av Q KxÕbv Zv `Lvi Póv Kiv nq M elyvaxb GjvKvi wmsnfvm DËi`vZv (82.46%) hšbnqivwb m ú K AeMZ, Aciw` K wbqwš Z GjvKvi 48.11% G m ú K AeMZ i q Q GB cv_ K cwimsl vbmzfv e Zvrch c~y wqj evsjv ` k hšbnqivwb cöwz iv a we` gvb AvBb m ú K M elyvaxb Ges wbqwš Z Dfq GjvKvi DËi`vZvMY Kg msl vq Zv `i G wel q AeMZ _vkvi e vcviwu D jøl K i Qb hv h_vµ g 28% I 20% djvdj _ K AviI `Lv hvq h, M elyvaxb GjvKvq hšb nqivwbi weiæ Rvbvi Mo vi n Q 5.35, hlv b wbh vm 81

86 eª v Ki MEJNIN Kg m~wpi cöfve g~j vqb gv. Ave`yj Avwjg wbqwš Z GjvKvq GB vi n Q 4.14, AZGe Zv cwimsl vbmzfv e Zvrch c~y Lvbvi Avw_ K Ae v bi wfwë Z M elyvaxb I wbqwš Z GjvKvi vimg~ ni Zzjbv Kiv nq GB wfwëi ÿ Î we epbvq biqv nq NvUwZ Z i q Q Ggb Lvbv, hme Lvbv KLbI NvUwZ Z _v K bv, ÔAvq-e q mgvb mgvb Ae v bõ (break even) Ggb Lvbv Ges DØ Ë m ú `i AwaKvix Lvbv djvdj _ K `Lv hvq h, M elyvaxb GjvKvq hme DËi`vZv NvUwZ KvwU q DVvi ch vqfz³ Lvbvi evwm `v ev DØ Ë m ú` _vkv Lvbvi m`m Zviv M o cuvpwu mwvk DËi cö`vb K i Q M elyvaxb GjvKvi lô-beg köyx ch ší QvÎQvÎx `i ÿ ÎI mv` k c~y djvdj `L Z cviqv M Q wbqwš Z GjvKvi Zzjbvq Gme DËi`vZv ewk vi c qwqj hšbnqivwbi cöwz g bvfve Pvi c q U wewkó wjkvu j DËi`vZv `i hšbnqivwb m ú K Zv `i gzvgz w` Z ejv n qwqj Gme Dw³i AšÍfz ³ wqj hme welq ZvÕnj- Lvivc gšíe Kiv, D ËRK ev Bw½Zc~Y PvL Bkviv `Iqv, `n úk Kiv, `n úk Kivi cö Póv, AkÖve fvlv e envi, g q `i Ômy `ixõ e j wei³ Kiv, Kvb g q K fq-fxwz `Lv bv, hšb m úk Kiv Ges wg_ v Avkv `Iqv, hšb m úk M o Zvjv, hšb m úk Movi j ÿ AvPiY Kiv wgwwqvb v ii wfwë Z DËi`vZv `i gzvg Zi Íi K wzbfv M fvm Kiv nq: K. Kg h_vh_ gzvgz- hviv wgwwqv bi wb P vi K i Q; L. wbi cÿ gzvgz- DËi`vZv `i hviv gvu v ii wgwwqv bi mgvb vi c q Q Ges hšbnqivwbi cöwz Zv `i h _vwpz ev Ah _vwpz GB `ywu g bvfv ei Kv bvwub cökvwkz nqwb M. AviI h _vwpz g bvfve- DËi`vZv `i g a hviv wgwwqvb v ii ewk vi K i Q wbh vm 82

87 eª v Ki MEJNIN Kg m~wpi cöfve g~j vqb gv. Ave`yj Avwjg M elyvaxb GjvKvi ewki fvm DËi`vZv wbqwš Z GjvKvi Zzjbvq AšÍZc ÿ GKevi wewfbœ ai bi hšbnqivwbi AwfÁZv jvf K i Q e j Rvwb q Q M elyvaxb I wbqwš Z Dfq GjvKvi 60% Gi ewk DËi`vZv wewfbœ ai bi hgb- hšbzvwfwëk Dw³ Kiv, Bw½Zc~Y ` wó wewbgq Ges cyiæl KZ K bvix nb Ív niqv D jøl K i Qb djvdj _ K `Lv hvq h, hšbnqivwbi cöwz 40% Gi ewk DËi`vZv h _vwpz g bvfve cö`k b K i M elyvaxb GjvKvq Aciw` K Kg K i n ji GK-Z Zxqvsk DËi`vZv wbqwš Z GjvKvq GKB cökvi g bvfve cö`k b K i DËi`vZvMY wbi cÿ g bvfve cö`k b K i Q hlv b wbqwš Z GjvKvq GB nvi wqj 18% M elyvaxb GjvKvi DËi`vZvi A a KiI Kg (46%) e j Q h, ÔBw½Zc~Y Pv Li BkvivÕ hšb nqivwb bq Aciw` K wbqwš Z GjvKvq GB nvi wqj 39% GB cv_ K cwimsl vbmzfv e Zvrch c~y wqj GmGgGm ev dv bi gva g Kvb g q K wei³ Kiv hšbnqivwb bq GgbwUi weiæ m ú~y fv e GKgZ nqwb 53%, wbqwš Z GjvKvq nvi wqj 43% GKBfv e, Ô Kvb bvix K my `ixõ ejv hšb nqivwb bqõ Gi m ½ GKgZ n Z cv iwb ev wfbœgz cvly K i Q, M elyvaxb GjvKvi Kgc ÿ 60% DËi`vZv, Acic ÿ wbqwš Z GjvKvq G nvi wqj 40% h _vwpz g bvfve cökv ki ÿ Î h nzz M elyvaxb GjvKv Ges wbqwš Z GjvKvq Zvrch c~y cv_ K i q Q, m nzz Lvbvi Avw_ K Ae vb DËi`vZv `i mvgvwrk Ae v bi cöwÿ Z AviI we køly Kiv n qwqj M elyvaxb GjvKvi ÔAvq-e q mgvb Ae v bõ (break even) Lvbvi DËi`vZviv hšbnqivwbi cöwz AviI ewk h _vwpz AvPiY cö`k b K iwqj wbqwš Z GjvKvi Zzjbvq Ab w` K M elyvaxb GjvKvi 8g Ges 9g köyxi DËi`vZvMY hšbnqivwbi cöwz ewk h _vwpz g bvfve cö`k b K i Q wbqwš Z GjvKvi GKB köyxi DËi`vZv `i Zzjbvq hšb nqivwbi NUbv M elyvaxb GjvKvi ewki fvm DËi`vZv wbqwš Z GjvKvi Zzjbvq AšÍZc ÿ GKevi wewfbœ ai bi hšbnqivwbi AwfÁZv jvf K i Q e j Rvwb q Q M elyvaxb I wbqwš Z Dfq GjvKvi 60% Gi ewk DËi`vZv wewfbœ ai bi hgb- hšbzvwfwëk Dw³ Kiv, Bw½Zc~Y ` wó wewbgq Ges cyiæl KZ K bvix nb Ív niqv D jøl K i Qb M elyvaxb GjvKvi A a Ki Kg DËi`vZv (43%) Ges wbqwš Z GjvKvi 36% wbh vm 83

88 eª v Ki MEJNIN Kg m~wpi cöfve g~j vqb gv. Ave`yj Avwjg M elyvi djvdj _ K `L Z cviqv hvq h, M elyvaxb GjvKvi Zzjbvq wbqwš Z GjvKvi mvgvb ewk msl K DËi`vZv hšbnqivwbi wkkvi nevi c i Kvb cökvi e e v MÖnY K iwb (45% ebvg 44%), hw`i GB cv_ K cwimsl vbmzfv e Zvrch c~y bq Z e `Lv M Q h, 50% DËi`vZv M elyvaxb I wbqwš Z Dfq GjvKv ZB GB mgm v wb q Zv `i gv q `i m ½ Avjvc K i Qb ^í msl K DËi`vZv Zv `i wkÿk Ges eüz `i welqwu Rvwb q Q DËi`vZv cyiæl KZ K `n úk Kivi NUbvi wkkvi n qwq jb bvix K Ômy `ixõ ejv hšb nqivwbi GKwU aib wn m e wpwýz n qwqj Ges M elyvaxb GjvKvi 53% DËi`vZvi Ggb AwfÁZv n q Q Ges wbqwš Z GjvKvi Kgc ÿ 60% DËi`vZvi Giƒc AwfÁZv n q Q GQvovI, GmGgGm ev dv b hšb nqivwbi ÿ Î M elyvaxb Ges wbqwš Z GjvKvq cwimsl vbmzfv e Zvrch c~y cv_ K `L Z cviqv wm qwqj hšb nqivwb cöwz iva M elyvi djvdj _ K `L Z cviqv hvq h, M elyvaxb GjvKvi Zzjbvq wbqwš Z GjvKvi mvgvb ewk msl K DËi`vZv hšbnqivwbi wkkvi nevi c i Kvb cökvi e e v MÖnY K iwb (45% ebvg 44%), hw`i GB cv_ K cwimsl vbmzfv e Zvrch c~y bq Z e `Lv M Q h, 50% DËi`vZv M elyvaxb I wbqwš Z Dfq GjvKv ZB GB mgm v wb q Zv `i gv q `i m ½ Avjvc K i Qb ^í msl K DËi`vZv Zv `i wkÿk Ges eüz `i welqwu Rvwb q Q Ab w` K, G ÿ Î KwZcq DËi`vZv cviqv wm qwqj hviv wewea Kvi Y hšbnqivwbi weiæ Kvb cöwzwµqv e ³ K iwb G ÿ Î GKwU iæz c~y KviY wqj GB h, DËi`vZvMY fq c qwqj h cwiw wz nq Zv Lviv ci w` K hv e M elyvaxb GjvKvi 60% DËi`vZv Ges wbqwš Z GjvKvi 73% DËi`vZv f ewqj h, hw` Zviv hšb nqivwbi weiæ cöwzev` K i Z e cwiw wz Lviv ci w` K P j h Z cv i M elyvaxb GjvKvi GK-Z Zxqvsk DËi`vZv wb R `i mybvg ÿzyœ nevi f q hšbnqivwbi weiæ Kvb cöwzev` Rvbvb wb wbqwš Z GjvKvi Kg K i n ji GK-cÂgvsk DËi`vZv M elyvaxb GjvKvi b vq AvPiY K i Q M elyvaxb GjvKvi Qq kzvsk DËi`vZv f e Q nqivwbi welqwu RvbvRvwb n j AwffveKiv Zv `i z j hviqv eü Ki e, Acic ÿ wbqwš Z GjvKvi 2% Gi GKB ikg aviyv `L Z cviqv hvq wbh vm 84

89 eª v Ki MEJNIN Kg m~wpi cöfve g~j vqb gv. Ave`yj Avwjg zj _ K DËi`vZv `i S i cov M elyvjä djvd j `Lv hvq h, M elyvaxb GjvKvq ewkifvm g qb hšb nqivwb m ú K fv jvfv e AeMZ Ges Gi weiæ h _vwpz g bvfve cvly K i Z e wbqwš Z GjvKvq Gi wecixz wpî `L Z cviqv M Q GQvovI, cök íi AvIZvaxb GjvKvq hšb nqivwb m úwk Z NUbv m ú K AeMZ Kivi nvi cök íi AvIZvgy³ ev wbqwš Z GjvKvi P q h _ó ewk wqj djvdj _ K `L Z cviqv hvq h, ewkifvm DËi`vZv, M elyvaxb I wbqwš Z Dfq GjvKv ZB zj _ K S i covi Rb we q KB cöavb KviY wn m e wpwýz K i G ÿ Î S i covi nvi n Q h_vµ g 76 Ges 71 kzvsk Ab w` K GK-PZz_ vsk M elyvaxb GjvKvi DËi`vZv Ges wbqwš Z GjvKvi 12% DËi`vZv Rvwb q Q h, zj _ K Zv `i S i covi KviY n Q hšbnqivwb M elyvaxb I wbqwš Z Dfq GjvKvq GKwU ÿz`ª As ki DËi`vZv Rvbvq h, wbivcëvi welqwui z j bv hvevi Ab Zg GKwU KviY wkqz wkqz g q K hšb nqivwb _ K euvpvi Rb Rvic~e K we q w` q `Iqv nq Dcmsnvi GB M elyv _ K `Lv hvq h, DËi`vZv ev g q `i Rvbvi ÍiwU M elyvaxb GjvKvq wbqwš Z GjvKvi Zzjbvq ewk wqj hšbnqivwbi mv _ m úk hy³ wewfbœ wel q köyxi g q `i g a Rvbvi ÿ Î AvbycvwZK cv_ K `L Z cviqv M Q `Lv M Q h, M elyvaxb I wbqwš Z Dfq GjvKv ZB Aóg köyx _ K beg köyx ch ší DËi`vZviv hšb nqivwbi msáv m ú K lô Ges mßg köyxi Zzjbvq fvj Ávb iv L M elyvjä djvd j `Lv hvq h, M elyvaxb GjvKvq ewkifvm g qb hšb nqivwb m ú K fv jvfv e AeMZ Ges Gi weiæ h _vwpz g bvfve cvly K i Z e wbqwš Z GjvKvq Gi wecixz wpî `L Z cviqv M Q GQvovI, cök íi AvIZvaxb GjvKvq hšb nqivwb m úwk Z NUbv m ú K AeMZ Kivi nvi cök íi AvIZvgy³ ev wbqwš Z GjvKvi P q h _ó ewk wqj we` vj q hšb nqivwbi gvkvwejvq g qiv wewfbœ c wzi civgk w` q Q hv, z j hvevi c _, wb R `i M n, Kg ÿ Î Ges Ab vb v b hšb nqivwb iv a cö qvm Kiv h Z cv i wbh vm 85

90 eª v Ki MEJNIN Kg m~wpi cöfve g~j vqb gv. Ave`yj Avwjg cwi k l ejv hvq h, MEJNIN Kg m~wp wewfbœ ai bi hšb nqivwb m ú K g q `i AeMZ _vkvi ÿ Î cwiez b Avb Z mg_ n q Q Ges G ÿ Î ` wófw½mz cwiez bi G m Q GB Kg m~wpi Kvi Y hviv nqivwbi wkkvi n q Qb Zv `i m m ú K wi cvu Kivi nvi e w c q Q ZvB, GB m PZbZvg~jK Kvh µg K ` ki me Î Qwo q w` Z n e Ges mb m ½ GKwU mgwš^z Kg cwikíbv nv Z wb Z n e mikvwi I Ab vb RvZxq Ges AvšÍR vwzk msmv bi mgš^ q GB cwikíbvi D Ïk n e we` vjqmvgx g q `i Rb GKwU wbivc` cwi e ki m wó Kiv GB Kg cwikíbvi Ask wn m e wb œv³ KwZcq Kg c wz MÖnY Kiv h Z cv i: K. hšb nqivwbi m ½ hy³ Q j `i/cyiæl `i Giƒc nqivwbi djvdj m ú K Ges we` gvb AvB b Gi kvw Í m ú K AeMZ _vkv `ikvi L. hlb Gai bi nqivwbi NUbv N U ZLb Gi m ú K mswkøó mikvwi ms vmg~n we klz cywjk K ^qswµq f wgkv cvjb Ki Z n e M. G ÿ Î KwgDwbwUi gvbyl KI cy iv cöwµqvi mv _ hy³ Kiv cö qvrb wbh vm 86

91 BRAC wbh vm 2015 ww m ^i;26:87-92 MÖvgxY evsjv ` k gv I bervz Ki h Zœ cwipvwjz KwgDwbwUwfwËK Kg m~wpi AvIZvaxb KwgDwbwU ^v Kg x `i S i covi KviYmg~n ch eÿy * Zvmgxb KvBqyg, Rvwn`yj KvBqyg, gvnv ` bvwmi DwÏb Lvb, nvwmgv-b-bvmwib I wîw`e ivq PŠayix GB M elyvq Ôgv, bervzk I wkï eu P _vkvi cwi ek DbœZKibÕ (IMNCS) Kg m~wp Z hy³ Kvb Kvb wel qi Rb KwgDwbwU ^v Kg xiv S i co Q Zv AbymÜvb Kiv nq IMNCS Kg m~wp Pj Q GiKg 3wU Rjv Z KwgDwbwU ^v Kg x `i Dci Rwic cwipvwjz nq hme ` k wewfbœ ai bi AvbyôvwbK ^v Kg xi mieivn AcÖZzj, mme v b KwgDwbwU ^v Kg xiv Mwie Rb Mvôxi g a ^v cwi mev e w Z iæz c~y f wgkv ivl Z cv i evsjv ` ki e nëg GbwRI eª vk Zvi mdjzvc~y ^v Kg m~wp Z bvix KwgDwbwUwfwËK ^v Kg x `i e envi Ki Q g~j Kg x wn m e eª vk 2008 mv j evsjv ` ki DËiv j MÖvgxY GjvKvmg~ n Ôgv, bervzk I wkï eu P _vkvi cwi ek DbœZKiYÕ (IMNCS) bv g GKwU Kvh µg ïiæ K iwqj KwgDwbwUwfwËK ^v Kg xiv G ÿ Î D³ Kg m~wpi Kvh vejx ev Íevq b iæz c~y f wgkv i LwQj wbh vm 87 GB M elyvq Ôgv, bervzk I wkï eu P _vkvi cwi ek DbœZKibÕ (IMNCS) Kg m~wp Z hy³ Kvb Kvb wel qi Rb KwgDwbwU ^v Kg xiv S i co Q Zv AbymÜvb Kiv nq IMNCS Kg m~wp Pj Q GiKg 3wU Rjv Z KwgDwbwU ^v Kg x `i Dci Rwic cwipvwjz nq GKwU Kg m~wp ewnf Z (wbqwš Z) Rjv ZI GB Rwic cwipvwjz nq hlv b eª vk ^v Kg m~wpi Avewk K ^v cwiph v Kg m~wp (EHC) Pvjy wqj GB Rwi c me gvu, we` gvb 2790 Rb ^v Kg x Ges 387 Rb S i cov ^v Kg x Ask wb qwqj M elyvi D Ïk mg~n M elyvi mvwe K D Ïk wqj KwgDwbwU ^v Kg xiv IMNCS Kg m~wpfz³ GjvKvq Ges Kg m~wpwenxb GjvKv ev wbqwš Z GjvKvq (Avewk K ^v mevfz³ GjvKv ev EHC) wk ai bi DrmvnRbK cvwi ZvwlK c q Q Zv wbixÿv K i `Lv M elyvaxb Rb Mvôxi AšÍfz ³ wqj eª v Ki mkj Retention of community health workers for an intensive community level maternal and new born care programme in rural Bangladesh kxl K GKwU M elyv wi cv U i mvi-ms ÿc (2015) mvi-ms ÿc K i Qb AvjZvgvm cvkv

92 MÖvgxY evsjv ` k gv I bervz Ki h Zœ KwgDwbwU ^v Kg x `i S i covi KviY KvBqyg I Ab vb M elyvfz³ Rjv jv Z S i cov ^v mwekviv Kg iz mwekv `i P q Kgeqmx wqj wecix Z S i cov ^v mwekviv wbqwš Z Rjv jv Z Kg iz mwekv `i Zzjbvq h _ó eq wqj Kg m~wpfz³ Rjv jv Z S i cov ^v mwekv `i mvÿizvi nvi Ges z j hvevi Mo eqi h _ó ewk wqj hme ^v mwekvi eqm Kg wqj Ges wkÿvmz hvm Zv ewk wqj Zv `i KvR Q o hvevi cöeyzvi ewk wqj ai bi KwgDwbwU ^v Kg xe `: ^v mwekv (GmGm), ^v Kg x (Gm K), wbdeb nj_ IqvK vi (GbGBPWweøD) Ges KwgDwbwU w jw ev_ A v Ub W U (wmgmweg) Rwi c ` wó Av ivc Kiv n qwqj KwgDwbwU ^v Kg x `i `ywu ` ji Dci; (1) hme ^v Kg x KvR KiwQj GwcÖj 2011 mv j Ges (2) Rvbyqvwi 2010 Ges GwcÖj 2011 Gi g a hviv KvR Q o P j wm qwqj KwgDwbwU ^v Kg x `i `yõwu ` ji bgybv biqv n qwqj `yõwu Kg m~wpi Kg x ikw _ K GB Rwi c e envi Kiv n qwqj `yb mu cökœgvjv GKwU mu e eüz nq Kg iz ^v Kg x `i Rb Ges Ab wu S i cov ^v Kg x `i Rb cökœgvjvi Dfq m UB mv` k c~y cökœgvjv wqj Z_ msmön Ki Z PvIqv n qwqj hme wel q ZvÕ nj: mvgvwrk RbwgwZK Ges Av_ -mvgvwrk cövdvbj ev cwiwpwz, Avq I e qi aib, KwgDwbwU ^v Kg x wn m e Kv R mš wó c Z hme Dcv`vb cö Yv`bv wn m e Kvh Ki, Kv Ri ÿ Î P v jämg~n, S i covi KviY, mb m ½ mgv R Zv `i MÖnY hvm Zvi e vcv i wbr ^ ` wófw½ M elyvjä djvdj Kg iz Ges S i cov ^v Kg x `i g a RbwgwZK Ges Av_ mvgvwrk ˆewkó mg~ ni g a h _ó cv_ K cwijwÿz nq M elyvfz³ Rjv jv Z S i cov ^v mwekviv Kg iz mwekv `i P q Kgeqmx wqj wecix Z S i cov ^v mwekviv wbqwš Z Rjv jv Z Kg iz mwekv `i Zzjbvq h _ó eq wqj Kg m~wpfz³ Rjv jv Z S i cov ^v mwekv `i mvÿizvi nvi Ges z j hvevi Mo eqi h _ó ewk wqj hme ^v mwekvi eqm Kg wqj Ges wkÿvmz hvm Zv ewk wqj Zv `i KvR Q o hvevi cöeyzvi ewk wqj Kg m~wpfz³ Ges Kg m~wp ewnf~ Z (wbqwš Z) Dfq Rjv jv Z Lvbv cöavb wn m e Kg iz ^v mwekv `i AbycvZ wqj h _ó ewk Gi _ K ` k gvb nq h, Lvbvi cöavb DcvR bkvix ^v mwekv n j Zv `i ÿ Î PvKwi Ae vnz ivlvi cöeyzv ewk wqj eª vk KwgDwbwUwfwËK ^v Kg x nevi Rb hme Dcv`vb cö Yv`bv hywm q Q Zv wbh vm 88

93 MÖvgxY evsjv ` k gv I bervz Ki h Zœ KwgDwbwU ^v Kg x `i S i covi KviY KvBqyg I Ab vb h mkj KwgDwbwU Kg x `i Zv `i wbr KwgDwbwU _ KB biqv n qwqj Zv `i g a wbr KwgDwbwUi cöwz D PgvÎvq AvšÍwiKZv `Lv M Q ez gv b Kg iz 50 kzvs kii ewk ^v mwekv, ^v Kg x, wbdeb nj_iqvk vi Ges KwgDwbwU w jw ev_ A v Ub W Uiv D jøl K i Q h, wb R `i KwgDwbwUi Dbœqb Ges cwiev ii ^v MZ Ae vi Dbœq b Zviv KwgDwbwU ^v Kg xi f wgkv K wbe vpb K i Q ez gvb I S i cov ^v Kg x `i ÿ Î GKBiKg wqj wb R `i cwievi K A_ bwzkfv e mnvqzv cö`v bi Rb 80 kzvs kii ewk ^v mwekv, ^v Kg x, wbdeb nj_ IqvK vi Ges KwgDwbwU w jw ev_ A v Ub W U GB KwgDwbwU ^v Kg xi f wgkvq AeZxY n qwqj h mkj KwgDwbwU Kg x `i Zv `i wbr KwgDwbwU _ KB biqv n qwqj Zv `i g a wbr KwgDwbwUi cöwz D PgvÎvq AvšÍwiKZv `Lv M Q ez gv b Kg iz 50 kzvs kii ewk ^v mwekv, ^v Kg x, wbdeb nj_iqvk vi Ges KwgDwbwU w jw ev_ A v Ub W Uiv D jøl K i Q h, wb R `i KwgDwbwUi Dbœqb Ges cwiev ii ^v MZ Ae vi Dbœq b Zviv KwgDwbwU ^v Kg xi f wgkv K wbe vpb K i Q cövq GKB Abycv Zi KwgDwbwU ^v Kg x Abyfe K i Q h GB ckv MÖn Yi Kvi Y h m vb Zviv mvgvwrkfv e c q Q, muvb GB ckv MÖn Y Zv `i DrmvwnZ K i Q ez gv b wb qvwrz ewkifvm KwgDwbwU ^v Kg x GgbUvB D jøl K i Q Ab vb Abvw_ K Dcv`vbmg~n hv KwgDwbwU ^v Kg x n Z Drmvn hywm q Q ZvÕnj cwiev ii mg_ b, Ges Aemi mgq fvjfv e e env ii my hvm Kg m~wpfz³ GjvKv jv Z ^v mwekv, ^v Kg x Ges wbdeb nj_ IqvK vi `i S i covi ÿ Î fwel Z fv jv PvKwi cvevi D PvKv ÿv cöfvek wn m e KvR K i cövq 95 kzvsk ^v Kg x cq ` K i Q eª vk KwgDwbwU nj_ IqvK vi wn m e KvR Ki Z Zviv fv jv cö Yv`bv c q Q KvR _ K Avq KivUv Zv `i Kv Q iæz c~y, h nzz Zv Lvbvi Rb Avw_ K mnvqzv cö`vb K i Aek Zviv GB ev ÍeZv _ KI cö Yvw`Z Ges mš ó nq h, KwgDwbwU ^v Kg x wn m e KvR Ae vnz ivl j h mgv R Zviv emevm Ki Q Zvi mev KivI m eci n Q ^v mwekviv D jøl K i h, wba vwiz ezb bv _vkvi Kvi YB Zviv PvKwi Ae vnz ivl Z e _ nq ez gv b Kg iz gvî 5 kzvsk KwgDwbwU ^v Kg x Rvbvq h Zviv G KvR Ae vnz ivl Z B QzK bq wbh vm 89

94 MÖvgxY evsjv ` k gv I bervz Ki h Zœ KwgDwbwU ^v Kg x `i S i covi KviY KvBqyg I Ab vb KwgDwbwUwfwËK ^v Kg x `i PvKwi Qvovi cöavb KviY wqj A_ bwzk IMNCS Rjv jvi ewkifvm S i cov KwgDwbwUwfwËK ^v Kg x ALywk wqj Av qi cwigvy m ú K Ges wm vší bq PvKwi Q o `Iqvi KvR Qvovi ÿ Î AviI hme KviY wqj Zv n Q ^v Kg x wn m e `vwqz mg~n Ges Kv Ri Pvc KwgDwbwUwfwËK ^v Kg x `i PvKwi Qvovi cöavb KviY wqj A_ bwzk IMNCS Rjv jvi ewkifvm S i cov KwgDwbwUwfwËK ^v Kg x ALywk wqj Av qi cwigvy m ú K Ges wm vší bq PvKwi Q o `Iqvi KvR Qvovi ÿ Î AviI hme KviY wqj Zv n Q ^v Kg x wn m e `vwqz mg~n Ges Kv Ri Pvc ^v mwekv `i 50 kzvsk Ges ^v Kg x `i 70 kzvs kii ewk hviv IMNCS Rjv jv Z Kg iz wqj Zv `i S i covi KviY wqj `vwqz mg~n, KZ e Ges Kv Ri Pvc Gme Kvi Y Zviv wm vší bq PvKwi Q o `Iqvi M elyvfz³ GjvKvi 8 kzvsk ^v mwekv Ges ^v Kg x hviv PvKwi Q o M Q, Rvwb q Q h, Kv Ri ÿ Î Zviv ZË veavb wb q Lywk wqj bv KwgDwbwUi Lvbvmg~ n cö ekvwakv i mgm v K KwgDwbwU ^v Kg xiv KvR Qvovi KviY wn m e D jøl K i Q Kg m~wp Kvh µ gi Pvi eqi c ii ^v mwekv `i g a cö Yv`bvi Dcv`vbmg~n AcwiewZ Z wqj Kg m~wpfz³ Rjv jv Z hlb IMNCS Kg m~wp Pvjy n qwqj, ZLb EHC Kg m~wpi we` gvb ^v mwekviv Ges KwZcq bzzb hvm Zvm úbœ bvix bzzb Kg m~wp Z hvm`v b ^ Qvq GwM q G mwqj Zv `i D P Av qi AvKv ÿv wqj Zv `i wb qv Mi mg q GUv iæz c~y wqj Zv `i K m PZb Kiv h, Zv `i cöv_wgk f wgkv n e GKRb ^ Qv mexi g Zv, Avw_ K DrmvncÖ`vb n e Kg m úv`bwfwëk Ges Zv `i wba vwiz Kvb ezb _vk e bv GUv Kiv n j KwgDwbwU ^v Kg xi KvR _ K D P Av qi åvší aviyv Gwo q hviqv m eci n Zv G ÿ Î GgbwUI Avkv Kiv nq h, ^v mvgmöx wewµi gva g bm` A_ cviqv hv e DrmvnfvZv wn m e hgb KwZcq gšwjk Ilya, Rb wbqš Y ewo, mjvbb, Wwjfvwi wku, Mf aviy cixÿvi w ªc BZ vw` M elyvaxb GjvKvq mkj KwgDwbwUwfwËK ^v Kg xi Mo Avq GB Drm _ K h _ó cwigv Y ewk n q _v K wbh vm 90

95 MÖvgxY evsjv ` k gv I bervz Ki h Zœ KwgDwbwU ^v Kg x `i S i covi KviY KvBqyg I Ab vb ez gv b Kg iz cövq 95 kzvsk KwgDwbwU ^v Kg xb Pvq eª v Ki ^v Kg x wn m e KvR Pvwj q h Z M elyvq `L Z cviqv hvq h, Ab vb Abvw_ K welqmg~n hv Zv `i cöfvwez K i KwgDwbwU ^v Kg xi Kv Ri cöwz m jv n Q cwievi _ K mg_ b cviqv Ges Aemi mgq K h_vh_fv e Kv R jvmv bvi my hvm cviqv IMNCS Gi g Zv Kvh µ g Drmvn cö`vb Kg m~wp G ai bi bm` cövwß e e v KwgDwbwU ^v Kg x `i Rb Ae vnz ivl Z cv i hv Z Zviv Kg m~wp Q o bv hvq ez gv b Kg iz cövq 95 kzvsk KwgDwbwU ^v Kg xb Pvq eª v Ki ^v Kg x wn m e KvR Pvwj q h Z M elyvq `L Z cviqv hvq h, Ab vb Abvw_ K welqmg~n hv Zv `i cöfvwez K i KwgDwbwU ^v Kg xi Kv Ri cöwz m jv n Q cwievi _ K mg_ b cviqv Ges Aemi mgq K h_vh_fv e Kv R jvmv bvi my hvm cviqv G ÿ Î Ab vb Drm _ K Avw_ K Drmvn cövwß S i covi nvi e w Ki e, Kbbv Mixe cwievi _ K AvMZ Gme KwgDwbwU ^v Kg x g~jz Póv Ki Q wbr cwievi K mnvqzv `evi Rb wkš Abvw_ K welqmg~n hgb mvgvwrk ^xk wz, mnvqzvg~jk ZË veavb Ges Kg m~wp Kg x `i Øviv cöwkÿy hv Z KwgDwbwU ^v Kg x `i e w³mz Dbœqb ev wekvk N U Ggb Ae v h Kvb KwgDwbwUwfwËK ^v Kg x Kg m~wpi mvd j i Rb iæz c~y Dcmsnvi GKwU mv_ K KwgDwbwU ^v Kg x Kg m~wpi Rb cö qvrb GKwU Drmvn cö`vb AeKvVv gv hv mwµq _vk e e w³mz, KwgDwbwU ch v q Ges ^v c wz Í i hv hš_fv e mgv R gvbyl K cö Yv`bv hvmv e KwgDwbwU ^v Kg x nevi Rb Ges mgwš^z D ` vm _vk e KwgDwbwU ^v Kg x `i KvR K eû eqie vcx UKmBfv e Ae vnz ivlvi wb Ri e nëi ^v Kg m~wp QvovI GKwU wekvj cwim ii GbwRI wn m e eª vk mvgvwrk Dbœq bi wewfbœ w`k wb q KvR Ki Q mgv R eª vk GKwU myôz Ges mgwš^z cö Póvi D ` vm wb q Q mnvqzv cö`v bi Rb hv KwgDwbwUwfwËK ^v Kg x `i wb qvm Ges Kv R a i ivlv K UKmB Ki e M elyvq hw`i `L Z cviqv wm q Q h, Avw_ K Drmvn cö`vb KwgDwbwUwfwËK ^v Kg x `i S i covi ÿ Î GKwU iæz c~y Dcv`vb wn m e KvR K i cwiw wzi Dbœqb NUv Z G ÿ Î Ab vb Abvw_ K Drmvn cö`v bi welq i q Q hv cövavb cvevi `vwe iv L IMNCS Kg m~wpwu GB M elyvjä wbh vm 91

96 MÖvgxY evsjv ` k gv I bervz Ki h Zœ KwgDwbwU ^v Kg x `i S i covi KviY KvBqyg I Ab vb djvdj _ K Z_ wb q bm` Drmv ni cwigvy e w K i Q Aek eª vk K GB ewa Z Avw_ K Drmvn cö`v bi cwigvy K iÿv K i h Z n e Ges GB Kg m~wpfz³ GjvKvmg~ n eª v Ki Ab vb hme ^v Kg m~wp Kvh µg cwipvjbv Ki Q Zv `i ÿ Î fzz wki e e v Kiv h Z cv i Z_vwc eª v Ki A bk ^v Ges Dbœqb Kg m~wp i q Q, KwgDwbwU ^v Kg x `ii Gme eû Kg m~wp Z AšÍfz ³ Kiv h Z cv i GUv Zv `i Kv Ri Pvc evov Z cv i Ges Gfv e G ÿ Î Kg m~wpi e e vcbvi g a cö qvrb n e GB wel q iæz v ivc Kivi KwgDwbwU ^v Kg x `i cö Yv`bv w` Z wewea Drmvn cö`vbkvix gva gi hymcr e envi Ges wewfbœ ai bi Drmvn cö`vbkvix gva gi Kvh KvwiZvi Dcjwä Kg m~wp K mnvqzv Ki e Zv `i f wgkv Ges `vwqz mg~n úófv e GKwÎZ Ki Z wbh vm 92

97 BRAC wbh vm 2015 ww m ^i;26: evsjv ` ki MÖvgv j gvz `y» `vb DrmvwnZKiY: gvz `y» wekí AvBb Gi Av jv K AskxRb `i f~wgkv * dvnwg`v Av³vi I AvwZqv ingvb wbh vm 93 f~wgkv: bervzk wkïi eu P _vkv, e w I wekv k gvz `y» `v bi f~wgkv AwØZxq gvz `y»i wekí wn m e evrvirvzk Z wkïlv` mg~ ni evnvwi weávcb, Abychy³ evrvirvzkiy I DrmvwnZKiY A bk ÿ ÎB wkï K gvz `y» `v bi ÿ Î gv qi cq ` K cöfvwez Ki Z cv i ZvQvov, A ^v Ki cwi e k ˆZwi gvz `y» wekí Lv` ev Breast Milk Substitute ev BMS msµg Yi SzuwK e w K i hv wkïi g Zz ch ší W K Avb Z cv i bervz Ki Rxeb, ^v Ges eyw i wekv k wekí wkïlv ` i bwzevpk cöfve we epbv K i 1981 mv j wek ^v ms v The International Code of Marketing of BMS cöyqb K i evsjv `k we k i cö_gw` Ki `k wji g a Ab Zg wn m e 1984 mv j BMS Ordinance1984 ev gvz `y» wekí Aa v `k-1984 cöyqb K i hv BMS Code bv g cwiwpz BMS Code Gi AviI Rviv jv cö qv Mi gva g gvz `y» wek íi e envi Kgv bvi j ÿ 2013 mv j evsjv `k mikvi gvz `y» wekí Aa v `k-1984 Aejyß K i BMS Law-2013 ev gvz `y» wekí AvBb-2013 cöyqb K i GB AvBbwU gvz `y» wekí, wkïlv`, evwywr Kfv e cö ZK Z wkïi evowz Lv` I Dnv e env ii miävgvw` (wecyb wbqš Y) AvBb-2013 bv g cöpwjz AvBb cöyq b GwM q _vk ji, evsjv ` k GB AvBb cö qv Mi AMÖMwZ LyeB gš i ez gvb Ae v we epbvq gvz `y» wekí AvB bi cö qvm evov bvi Rb eª v Ki Advocacy for Social Change (ASC) Kg m~wp Promote BMS Code Implementation bv g GKwU cökí ïiæ K i GB cök íi j I D Ïk nj Role of Stakeholders in promoting breast-feeding in light of the Breast Milk substitutes (BMS) Law in rural areas (2014) kxl K GKwU M elyv wi cv U i mvi-ms ÿc mvi-ms ÿc K i Qb dvnwg`v Av³vi

98 evsjv ` ki MÖvgv j gvz `y»`vb DrmvwnZKiY dvnwg`v Av³vi I AvwZqv ingvb mvgvwrk hvmv hvm I cöpv ii gva g bxwz wba vik I wpwkrmk `i K gvz `y» wekí AvBb cö qv Mi e vcv i DrmvwnZ Kiv I ey Ki `ya wkï `i LvIqv Z gv q `i K DØy Kiv GB cök íi gva g BMS Code cö qv Mi ÿ Î AskxRb `i AbycÖvwYZ Kivi Kvh Ki Kg - KŠkj cöyq bi w`k-wb ` kbv cö`v bi D Ï k eª v Ki M elyv I g~j vqb wefvm ez gvb M elyvwu cwipvjbv K i GB M elyvq wb œv³ welqmg~ ni Dci Av jvkcvz Kiv n q Q- gvz `y» wekí AvBb m ú K AskxRb `i Rvbvi cwiwa wbiƒcy; GB AvBb cö qv Mi ÿ Î Zv `i ` wófw½/g bvfve Ges ev Íevq b ez gvb PP v ev Abykxjb m ú K Rvbv; ey Ki `ya LvIqv bv ev Íevq b Aby cªiyv `vbkvix I cöwzeükzv m wó ev evav`vbkvix welqmg~n wpwýzkiy M elyv c wz ez gvb M elyvwu 2014 mv ji Rvbyqvwi- deªæqvwi gv m cwipvwjz nq M elyv GjvKv wn m e biqv nq wm ju Rjvi `ywu Dc Rjv (weqvwbevrvi I dâzmä) I h kvi Rjvi `ywu Dc Rjv (m`i I kvk v) YevPK M elyv (Qualitative method) c wzi gva g wpwkrmk, mwekv, cjøxwpwkrmk, wmwfj mvr b, Dc Rjv ^v I cwievi cwikíbv Kg KZ v, ag xq I KwgDwbwU ev vbxq bzv, we µzv cöwzwbwa, `vkvb`vi, `yõeq ii Kg eqmx wkïi gv, evev I cwiev ii m`m `i wbku _ K mymfxi mvÿvrkvi (in-depth interview) Ges `jxq Av jvpbvi (focus group discussion) gva g DcvË msmªn Kiv n q Q ZvQvov MÖv gi mvaviy `vkvb, Ily ai `vkvb, nvmcvzvj, evrvi I Ab vb cvewjk vb jv _ K ch eÿ Yi gva g wkqz Z_ msmön Kiv n q Q M elyvjä djvdjmg~n ez gvb M elyvq `Lv hvq h, AwaKvsk DËi`vZv gv qivb IYCF i (Infant and Young Child Feeding) wbh vm 94

99 evsjv ` ki MÖvgv j gvz `y»`vb DrmvwnZKiY dvnwg`v Av³vi I AvwZqv ingvb AbymÜvb _ K cövß DcvË Abymv i AwaKvsk gv qivb gvz `y» wekí cy mg~n (BMS) LvIqv bvi ^í gqv`x A_ev `xn gqv`x Kzdj m ú K GK`gB AewnZ bb GQvovI j Ki j `Lv hvq h, wm j U emevmkvix gv q `i _ K h kv i emevmkvix gv q `i g a wkï `i gvz `y» ev K wîg `ya LvIqv bv m úwk Z me ai bi Ávb A cÿvk Z Kg mycvwikgvjv m ú K h _ó Ávb iv Lb wkš ev Í e Abykxjb Kivi ÿ Î ZZUv DØy bb AwaKvsk ^v mev`vbkvix, wmwfj mvr b Ges Dc Rjv ^v I cwievi cwikíbv Kg KZ vmyi g b K ib h wkïi cö_g Qq gvm eqm ch ší ïaygvî gv qi ey Ki `ya LvIqv bv (Exclusive Breast Feeding/EBF) m úwk Z Ávb Ges GB m úwk Z ev Íe Abykxj bi g a GLbI we Íi dvivk we` gvb YevPK AbymÜvb _ K cövß DcvË Abymv i AwaKvsk gv qivb gvz `y» wekí cy mg~n (BMS) LvIqv bvi ^í gqv`x A_ev `xn gqv`x Kzdj m ú K GK`gB AewnZ bb GQvovI j Ki j `Lv hvq h, wm j U emevmkvix gv q `i _ K h kv i emevmkvix gv q `i g a wkï `i gvz `y» ev K wîg `ya LvIqv bv m úwk Z me ai bi Ávb A cÿvk Z Kg GB M elyvq wkï `i EBF wbwðz Kivi ÿ Î KZ jv cöwzeükzv Ges Qq gvm eq mi Av M wkï `i gvz `y» wekí cy mg~n LvIqv bvi AvMÖ ni KviY jv wpwýz Kiv n q Q cöavb K qkwu KviY nj- (1) gv q `i ÔAch vß ey Ki `yaõ welqk Z_vKw_Z aviyv (2) wkïi AbeiZ Kvbœv (3) wkïi Amy Zv A_ev AcywóRwbZ Kvi Y ey Ki `ya Uvb Z bv cviv (4) gv qi Amȳ Zv A_ev Acywó (5) hgr/c~y mg qi Av M Rb v bv/kg IRb wb q Rb v bv wkï (6) wmrvwiqvb wkï (7) Ôey Ki `ya LvIqv j gv qi `n mšôe bó nqõ e j gv q `i aviyv (8) Kg Rxex gv (9) wkÿv Ges m PZbZvi Afve (10) wpivpwiz (ag xq I mvs wzk) fzj aviyv Ges PP v (11) cwiev ii e qvt Rô m` m i R` (12) gv qi g Zÿ (13) gv qi ašh nxbzv Ges (14) cö_gevi gv niqv gv q `i ÿ Î mšívb K ey Ki `ya w` Z j¾v eva me ai bi AskxRb `i g Z, gv qiv mvaviyz wpwkrmk Ges Uwjwfk bi weávc bi gva g gvz `y» wekí cy mg~n m ú K Rvb Z cv i I wkï K Zv LvIqv Z DØy nq M elyvq AskMÖnYKvix `i Z_ Abymv i ewki fvm ÿ Î bervz Ki R b i mv _ mv _ wkï K gvz `y» wekí cy mg~n LvIqv bv ïiæ Kiv nq wkqz wkqz ÿ Î wkïi 6 gvm eq m wbh vm 95

100 evsjv ` ki MÖvgv j gvz `y»`vb DrmvwnZKiY dvnwg`v Av³vi I AvwZqv ingvb hlb wkï K evowz Lvevi LvIqv bv ïiæ Kivi cvkvcvwk gvz `y» wekí cy mg~n LvIqv bv ïiæ Kiv nq Kg Rxex gv q `i hlb gvz Z Kvjxb QzwU k l Kg ÿ Î wd i h Z nq ZLb gvz `y» wekí cy mg~n LvIqv bv ïiæ Kiv nq ZvQvov wewfbœ nvmcvzvj I wk wb K Rb bqv AwaKvsk bervzk KB R b i mv _ mv _ gvz `y» wekí cy mg~n LvIqv bv ïiæ K i GB M elyvq wkïi gv Ges cwiev ii Ab vb m`m `i gvz `y» wekí cy mg~n (BMS) LvIqv Z AbycÖvwYZ K i Ggb wkqz KviY Zz j aiv n q Q Gi g a Ab Zg nj (1) A b KB gvz `y» wekí cy mg~n LvIqv bv K ÔDbœZ Av_ mvgvwrk ghv `vi cözxkõ wn m e we epbv K i (2) gvz `y» wekí cy mg~n Drcv`bKvix Ges Avg`vwbKviK Kv úvwb jvi AvMÖvmx evrvirvzkiy bxwzgvjv (AvK lyxq Uwjwfkb weávcb Ges gvz `y» wekí c Y i AvK lyxq KŠUv/ gvok) (3) gvz `y» wekí cy mg~n LvIqv bvi ÿ Î wpwkrm Ki civgk (4) c~ e gvz `y» wekí cy mg~n LvIqv bvi AwfÁZvm úbœ gv, cöwz ekx Ges AvZœx qi civgk (5) wkïi ^v I e w wb q gv q `i AwZwi³ D ØM (6) wewfbœ nvmcvzvj I wk wb K cöm ei ÿ Î ^v mev`vbkvix `i cöfve (7) wkïi gvz `y» wekí cy mg~n LvIqvq Avm³ n q cov (KviY wkkyiv gvz `y» wekí LvIqvq Lye `ªæZ Avm³ nq) (8) gvz `y» wekí cy mg~n LvIqv Z gv ev cwiev ii Ab vb m`m `i Rb A cÿvk Z Kg mgq Ges kö gi cö qvrb nq (9) ÔïaygvÎ gvz `y» wkïi mwvk e w I wekv ki Rb h _ó bqõ e j A bk gv q `i aviyv BZ vw` M elyvjä djvdj _ K `Lv hvq h, ÔgvZ `y» wekí Aa v `k-1984õ m ú K AskxRb `i Áv bi cwiwa LyeB mxwgz AwaKvsk AskMÖnYKvix GB AvBb m ú K mvgvb Rv b Ggb wk KD KD GB m ú K KL bvb wkqz kv bwb GKgvÎ e wzµg gvz `y» wekí c Y i we µzv cöwzwbwa Avðh fv e Zviv GB e vcv i we ÍvwiZ Ávb iv L Ges Kvb Kvb ÿ Î GB AvBb j Nb nq m wel q meb Rv b ZvQvov gvz `y» wekí AvBb-2013 m ú K GKRb wmwfj wbh vm 96

101 evsjv ` ki MÖvgv j gvz `y»`vb DrmvwnZKiY dvnwg`v Av³vi I AvwZqv ingvb gvz `y» wekí AvBb j N bi Rb Kviv `vqx, GB e vcv i wewfbœ AskxRb wfbœ wfbœ gz w` q Qb Z e AwaKvsk AskxRb wpwkrmk, `vkvb`vi, Ilya we µzv, mwekv Ges gvz `y» wekí cy mg~n Drcv`bKvix Ges Avg`vwbKviK Kv úvwb jv KB GB AvBb j NbKvix wn m e wpwýz K ib mvr b ev ` KDB Zgb wkqz kv bb wb GgbUvB `Lv M Q ez gvb M elyvq `Lv hvq h, wmwfj mvr b Ges Dc Rjv ^v I cwievi cwikíbv Kg KZ vmy gvz `y» AvBb ev Íevq b Zv `i wb R `i f~wgkv m ú K AewnZ bb iæz c~y welq nj A b KB GB AvBb evsjv ` k ev Íevq bi ÿ Î m `n cökvk K i Qb Kv iv Kv iv g Z gvz `y» wekí cy mg~n LvIqv bv eü KivUv ïaygvî GB AvBb ev Íevq bi gva g Kiv m e bq eis Gi cvkvcvwk gvz `y» wekí cy LvIqv bvi ÿwzki w`k m ú K mkj ch v q m PZbZv evov Z n e Ab w` K cjøxwpwkrmk, ag xq I KwgDwbwU ev vbxq bzv, `vkvb`vi Ges wkïi eveviv GB AvBb ev Íevq bi ÿ Î BwZevPK I Avkvev`x g bvfve cökvk K i Qb gvz `y» wekí AvBb j N bi Rb Kviv `vqx, GB e vcv i wewfbœ AskxRb wfbœ wfbœ gz w` q Qb Z e AwaKvsk AskxRb wpwkrmk, `vkvb`vi, Ilya we µzv, mwekv Ges gvz `y» wekí cy mg~n Drcv`bKvix Ges Avg`vwbKviK Kv úvwb jv KB GB AvBb j NbKvix wn m e wpwýz K ib grvi e vcvi nj hlb wpwkrmkmy AvBb j NbKvix wn m e Ab wpwkrmk `i K wpwýz K ib ZLb AvBb j NbKvix wpwkrmk `i K emikvix, wbeüb ewnf ~Z, ww cøvgv, `yb xwzmö I Amvay we kl Y AvL vwqz K ib M elyvq AskMÖnYKvix AskxRb `i ` wó Z gvz `y» wekí cy mg~n Drcv`bKvix Ges Avg`vwbKviK Kv úvwb jv _ K cövß Kwgkb, wewfbœ ai bi Dcnvi Ges Avw_ K cö Yv`bv GB AvBb f½ Ki Z mswkøó e w³my K cöfvwez K i AskMÖnYKvix GKRb wpwkrmk GB A bwzk A_ bwzk m úk K Give and take policy ev `Iqv I biqvi bxwz bv g AwfwnZ K ib wkïi ^v wel q gvevevi wpwkrm Ki Dci wbf ikxjzv K cyuwr K i Kv úvwb jvi gvz `y» wekí c Y i evrvirvzkiy KŠkj wba viy K i ZvQvov GB M elyvq `Lv hvq we µzvkg x mivmwi gv-evevi wbku gvz `y» wekí c Y i PUK`vi Z_ wbh vm 97

102 evsjv ` ki MÖvgv j gvz `y»`vb DrmvwnZKiY dvnwg`v Av³vi I AvwZqv ingvb wb q nvwri nq m e vcwi wewfbœ AskxRb `i `qv Z_ _ K Kv úvbx jvi gvz `y» wekí c Y i evrvirvzkiy KŠkj Ges ^v mev`vbkvix, `vkvb`vi I Ilya we µzvi mivmwi RwoZ _vkvi GKwU cwi vi wpî cviqv hvq QK 1. gvz `y» wekí e e vcî cö`v bi wekí c wz (Drm: h kvi m` ii GKRb wpwkrm Ki KvQ _ K cövß) gvz `y» wekí AvBb j N bi mv _ ez gv b wpwkrmkmy wb R `i m ú ³Zvi cögvy Gov Z e e vc Î Kv bv ai Yi gvz `y» wekí c Y i K_v bv wj L Kv úvwb jv _ K mieivnk Z GKwU d g ( gvz `y» wekí cy mg~ ni wbh vm 98