Av`gRx cvuk ji wejywß Ges evsjv ` k wkívq bi fwel r 1

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1 Av`gRx cvuk ji wejywß Ges evsjv ` k wkívq bi fwel r 1 W. Aveyj evikvz mvik_v: we k i me e nr cvukj Av`gRx cvukj wejyß Kiv n q Q G NUbv wkívqb we ivaxzvi GK wmgej& cyuwrev`x wek vq bi AvIZvq GK iwlk, GK PwUqv cyuwri wbqvgk f~wgkv Avi mb m ½ evsjv ` ki `ye ËvwqZ A_ bxwzi cöfv ei g a K wl-wkí-mg Drcv`bkxj A_ bxwzi wfwë wewbg vy Am e I `ytmva A_ bxwzi `ye Ëvqb mgvr, ivrbxwz Avi ivóª-e e v KI `ye ËvwqZ K i Q cy iv KvVv gvi G `ye Ëvqb cöwµqv iva Kiv Qvov RbKj vy I wkívqb wbwðz Kiv m e bq welqwu mvgvwrk-ivr bwzk iƒcvš ii m ½ mswk ó GLv b Aš ` wóm úbœ Mfxi gvbwek Yvejxmg mvnmx bz Z i wekí bb wekí bb wb g vn mz vbymüv bi cöwµqv Z ivš^q bi evsjv ` ki mvwe K A_ bxwz µgvmzfv e AwaK nv i `ye Ëvq bi wkkvi A_ bxwzi G `ye Ëvqb ivr bwzk `ye Ëvq bi Kvh Ki Pvwn`v e w K i Q µgea gvb ivr bwzk `ye Ëvqb A_ bwzk `ye Ëvq bi duv` K Ki Q AviI kw³kvjx mgmö wkí I e emv-evwyr e e v GLb Av_ -ivr bwzk `ye Ëvqb ewóz Av_ ivr bwzk-mvgvwrk G `ye Ëvqb iv a wkí-e emv-evwyr Dbœqbmn RbKj vygylx DËi Y ivr bwzk KvVv gvmz cwiez b Ri wi ivr bwzk G cwiez b Dòü`q Aš ` wóm úbœ Mfxi gvbwek Yvejx mg mvnmx `k cöwgk bz Z I RbM Yi Kvh Ki AskMÖnY wbwðz Ki Z n e wej ^ AwaKZi wech qi KviY n Z cv i weavq KvVv gvmz G cwiez b wbwðz Kivi Rb gyw³- ^vaxbzvi c kw³i RbM Yi AvKv v ev evwqz nq Ggb GK Kvh Kix b~ bzg RvZxq Kg m~wp cªyqb I ev evqb Ri wi K ZÁZv ^xkvi: g~j cöeü ipbvkv j cöeükvi welqe i e wbô we k l Y mgv Ri wewfbœ ii wewfbœ ckvi gvby li m ½ Avjvc- Av jvpbv K i Qb cö Z KB wbr ^ gzvgz e ³ K i Qb wb Ri gz K i Zv `i mevi cöwz wbeükvi K ZÁ wewfbœ mg q mswk ó welqvw` wb q wpš v D `ªMKvix cökœ DÌvcb K i hviv we klfv e K ZÁZvq Ave K i Qb Zv `i g a Av Qb W. mv q`yj nk Lvb, Aa vck, gv K wus wefvm, XvKv wek we` vjq; W. kwdk-dr-rvgvb, Aa vck, A_ bxwz wefvm, XvKv wek we` vjq; W. AwfwRr cvïvi, RbwgwZ M elk; W. Rvgvj DwÏb, wnmve weávwb I evsjv `k A_ bxwz mwgwzi Kvh wbe vnk KwgwUi m`m ; Rbve Avqye Avwj, kªwgk bzv; Wv. G K Gg gybxi, m PZb wpwkrmk; W. kkv¼ `vm ß I Rbve G K Gg gvkmy`, mgvr weávwb; Rbve b~i Avn g`, cöv³b QvÎ bzv; Rbve gvngy` Rvgvj Kv `ix, Dc `óv, mw wjz wikmv-f vb PvjK-gvwjK cwil`, Ges W. mvbdyj nk, mgvr-m PZb e emvqx m úv`bvq mn hvwmzvi Rb wewkó mvsevw`k Ai Yvf mikv ii cöwz cöeükvi mwe kl K ZÁ ^ímg q AwZ`ª Z m ú~y cöeüwu K qk`dv UvBc Kivi Rb gvbe Dbœqb M elyv cöwzôv bi Rbve gvrv j nk I gy`ª Y Avw_ K mn hvwmzv cö`v bi Rb Kv kg-bvnvi cöv_wgk wk v cömvi Uªv i BwÄwbqvi Aveyj nv mg, W. Aveyj ûmmvg I byi j AvR gi Kv Q cöeükvi wpifyx GQvov i Z c~y welqwu Z cöeü ipbvq Avgš Y Rvbv bvi Rb mgvr-iƒcvš i Aa qb K `ªi cöavb W. wmivryj Bmjvg PŠayix, Avi we kl K i ZvMv`v w` q DØy Kivi Rb W. Rv n`v Avn g`, Aa vck, BwZnvm wefvm, XvKv wek we` vjq I W. AvKgj nv mb, Aa vck, Avš R vwzk m úk weávb, XvKv wek we` vjq-gi FY Acwi kva 1 mgvr-iƒcvš i Aa qb K `ª Av qvwrz ÔAv`gRx cvukj wejywß Ges evsjv ` k wkívq bi fwel rõ kxl K RvZxq msjv c Dc vwcz/ cwikíbv I Dbœqb GKv Wgx wgjbvqzb, XvKv: 31 ww m ^i 2002/17 cšl 1409 c ôv 1

2 Av`gRx cvuk ji wejywß : hv ejv n q Q Avi hv ejv nqwb Av`gRx cvuk ji ZvuZ msl v wqj 3 nvrvi 300 GwUB wqj we k i me e nr cvukj 2002 mv j KjwU eü K i `Iqv n q Q G NUbv Avgv `i A_ bxwzi mvaviy Kv bv NUbv bq G wb q hv wkqy ejv n q Q Avi hv ejv nqwb, Zv meb ek wkqy i Z c~y ivr bwzk-a_ bwzk wel qi Bw½Z `q welq jv n Q : GK. Z Zxq we k i A_ bwzk Dbœqbmn RbM Yi Kj vymswk ó Ri wi wel q cyy v½ me Z_ cviqv cövq Am e (Dbœq bi c~e kz h Ô ^ QZvi M vivw U,Õ G Î Zv f½ Kiv n Q) `yb. wek vq bi hy M GK PwUqv cyuwri wbtkz wekv k Z Zxq we k i wkívqb-m vebv i Ki Z n e (A_ vr mgmö evrvi-e e v ivl Z n e K `ªi Aaxb; G Î 1bs k Z i Dcw wz Ri wi) wzb. Z Zxq we k i wkívqb cöwµqv i Ki Z wek e vsk-avbgggdmn wewfbœ ms v LyeB Zrci (A_ vr 2 bs kz ev evq b Kvh Ki ga ZvKvix cöwzôvb _vk ZB n e) Pvi. Z Zxq we k i cövš mgvr-a_ bxwz K K `ª GK PwUqv cyuwri Aaxb ivlvi ^v _ Z Zxq we k i wewfbœ ` k A_ bwzk I ivr bwzk `ye Ëvq bi dvu` kw³kvjx KivUvB me kªô cš v (A_ vr 2 bs kz Kvh Kix Ki Z Z Zxq we k wbk ó cyuwri wekvk wbwðz Ki Z n e) cvup. Z Zxq we k ^-PvwjZ Kj vygylx Av_ -mvgvwrk KvVv gvi wfwë wewbg vy `ytmva (1,2,3 I 4 bs kz Kvh Ki n j) Qq. cövš Z Zxq we k i mkj ` k Dbœq bi GKB c wz Kvh Ki bq; my`~i cövš A_ bxwz Z wkí-wekvk i Ki Z cöv š i Kv bv Kv bv A_ bxwz K G RwÝ-cyuwRi wekv k Qvo w` Z n e ( hgb fvi Zi cyuwri wekv ki ^v _ GLv b hlb cvukj eü n e ZLb fvi Z Pvjy n e bzzb cvukj Avgv `i cvukj eü Kiv I fvi Z cvukj cöwzôv Kiv, Dfq ÎB wm vš MÖnY Ki e ga ZvKvix wek e vsk) cvwk vbx GK cyuwrcwz 1951 mv j Zvi cvwievwik bv g Av`gRx cvukj vcb K i G ` k cv Ui Drcv`b e w Z cvukjwu f~wgkv i LwQj Ab w` K ˆe `wkk gy`ªv DcvR b i Ab Zg cöavb gva g wqj cvukjwu cv Ui ißvwb Av qi Dci 35% evbvm fvdpvi (fzz wk) c q cvuwkí jvfrbk wk í iƒcvš wiz nq Av`gRxi Aby cöiyvq Ab vb cvu I myzve Kj vc bi gva g G ` k wkívqb cöwµqv Aby cöiyv c qwqj m wó n qwqj e vck Kg ms v bi my hvm Avi RvZxq cyuwri wekv ki aviv 1971-Gi Av M Gme wkí KviLvbv h _ó jvfrbk cöwzôv b cwiyz nq ^vaxbzvi c i cwðgcvwk vbx gvwjk `i d j hviqv e emv cöwzôvb KjKviLvbv evsjv `k mikvi AwaMÖnY K i ivóªvqë LvZ m wó K i ivóªvqë LvZ cök Zc KvwU KvwU UvKvi m ú` jyé bi kªô Î wn m e `Lv `q mikvwi Avgjv, gš x-ggwc, bzv-kgx, wg ji `yb xwzevr e e vck, Kg KZ v-kg Pvix, wmweg bzv, e emvqx G `i mk jib Kv jv Kviev ii PviY Î iƒcvš wiz nq ivóªvqë LvZ wgj cwipvjb, cwikíbv, µq-weµq Kv bv wkqy ZB kªwgk `i Kv bv ai bi AskMÖnY KLbI wqj bv G ai bi ivóªvqë LvZ Avi hvb nvk mgvrz š i mgv_ K bq beÿb qi `k K wg ji Drcv`b ms KvPb bxwz MÖnY Kiv nq wkš AvgjvZvwš K e qmn wewfbœ ai bi Abyrcv`bkxj e q e w ivlv nq Ae vnz wek e vs Ki wi cv U Gme D j L Kiv nq bv ejv nq, Av`gRxi GK nvrvi 200 KvwU UvKv jvkmvb ev `bvi K_v Zviv Zv `i RyU mkui wi ªvKPvi cövmövg (RyU mkui G vwrv g U µwwu)-gi AvIZvq Av`gRxmn Ab vb ivóªvqë wgj-kjkvilvbv eü Ges/A_ev e w³lv Z n vš i c ôv 2

3 KivUv Avgv `i ` ki Rb Dbœqb mnvqk e j gš e K i 2 A_ vr P~ovš wepv i hv m wói mvg_ bb Zv aÿsm KivUvB Awfó ejv n q Q, 3 nvrvi 300 ZvuZ mw¾z Av`gRx cvukj MZ wzb `k K GK nvrvi 200 KvwU UvKv jvkmvb w` q Q G jvkmvb `~i Ki Z cvi j evsjv `k RyU wgjm& K c v ik bi jvkmvb GK- Z Zxqvsk n«vm cv e (wek e vs Ki e³e )* jvkmv bi G wn me wkfv e Kiv nõj, Zv KLbI cökvk Kiv nqwb mvgvwrk K -`yb xwz ewbwdu cöm½ ev`b w`jvg GgbwK Avw_ K K - ewbwdu-gi wn mei wepvi-we k l Yi Rb RbM Yi wbe vwpz cöwzwbwa `i Kv Q KLbI ck Kiv nqwb Gme wn mecë ii c wz m ú K I Avgiv Rvb Z cvijvg bv cök Zc Av`gRx cvukj Av `Š jvkmvwb cªwzôvb wkbv G wel q e w³mzfv e Avgvi h _ó m `n Av Q KviY jvf- wzi mvaviy cvwumwywzk wn me Zv wb ` k K i bv Avi Av`gRx Z cöz Ges Av`gRx Kw `ªK c iv Kg ms vb, K wl-a_ bxwz Z cv Ui i Z Ges wek e vcx cövk wzk Zš i cök Z Pvwn`v e w BZ vw` we epbvq Ô jvkmvbõ bnv qz ARynvZ gvî Avm j c~ e Dwj wlz Mfxi ivr bwzk-a_ bwzk welqmg~n Kvh Kix Ki ZB Av`gRx K jvkmvbx cöwzôvb wn m e `Lv bv Ri wi n qwqj Av`gRx cvukj wejyß n q Q 30 Ryb (2002) c~e ezx 31 eq i 1 nvrvi 200 KvwU UvKvi jvkmv bi IRynvZ `Lv bv n q Q wkš e wbô wepvi-we k l Y mnvqk n Z cv i Ggb A bk cö qvrbxq Z_ (hzuzkz Rvbv M Q) `Iqv nqwb Mvcb Kiv n q Q Z_ Rvbvi AwaKvi msµvš Avgv `i gvbevwakvi jw NZ n q Q ejv nqwb A bk wkqy hv ej j Av`gRx e Üi c hyw³ `uvo Kiv bv m e nõz bv wm vš MÖn Y i Z c~y hme K_v ejv nqwb, Zvi g a Ab Zg nõj : GK. ejv nqwb, MZ wzb `k K Av`gRx Avq K i Q 3 nvrvi 704 KvwU UvKv (A_P ejv n q Q GK nvrvi 200 KvwU UvKv jvkmv bi K_v); Gi g a ˆe `wkk gy`ªv i q Q `yb nvrvi 238 KvwU UvKvi mgcwigvy `yb. MZ wzb `k K Av`gRx wewfbœ Ki eve` mikvi K cwi kva K i Q 900 KvwU UvKv; e vs Ki my` eve` cwi kva K i Q cövq 370 KvwU UvKv Avi we` yr wej cwi kva K i Q 200 KvwU UvKv wzb. ejv nqwb, Av`gRxi cövq 40 nvrvi kªwgk ekvi Avi wg ji Av k-cv k Kg iz 30 nvrvi gvbyl Kg nxb n j Zv `i cwievi cwirbmn cvup jvl wbf ikxj gvby li wk n e? Pvi. wpš v Kiv nqwb, GjvKvi cvupwu z ji Qq nvrvi QvÎQvÎxi wk vi wk e e v n e? cuvp. wm vš cönykvixiv GKUzKzI fv ebwb h, Av`gRxi cvu-pvwn`v-wbf i GK KvwU K lk cwiev ii wk n e? Qq. wek e vs Ki 25 KvwU Wjvi ÔRyU mkui G vwrv g U µww UiÕ AvIZvq evsjv ` k hlb cvu wkí wejyß n Q wvk ZLbB GKB wek e vsk 25 KvwU Wjvi mvnvh w` Q fvi Zi cvu wkí wekv k 1994 mv j wek e vsk Ab vb mikvwi wkí cöwzôvbmn cvukj ax i ax i eü Kivi K_v e j Q wek e vs Ki cömwµckb nõj, cvukj WvDb mvbr K i Drcv`b gzv KgvI, ivóªvqë cvukj emikvwi Lv Z Q o `vi, wkqy Kj eü Ki (hyw³ hv-b nvk bv Kb) D j L h, wvk Av`gRx eü Kivi mgqb fvi Zi cwðg evsjvq bzzb 4wU cvuwkí 2 G wel q we vwiz `Lyb, Bangladesh Review of Public Enterprise Performance and Strategy: Key Issues and Policy Implications, World Bank: November 2002, Dhaka, PP c ôv 3

4 vcb K i 10 nvrvi kªwg Ki Kg ms vb wbwðz Kiv n q Q Kb? A_ bxwz kv i Kvb Zzjbvg~jK mywe ai (comparative advantage) Kvi Y GgbwU n Q? bvwk ivrbxwz I RvZxq cyuwri wekvk Gme wm v š wbqvgk f~wgkv cvjb K i? mvz. Av`gRx RyU wg ji 300 GKi Rwg I K qk nvrvi KvwU UvKvi A vei m ú `i wk n e? Gme wk c~e cwikwíz? Avgiv Gm ei wkqyb Rvwb bv Kb? K-wKfv e-kzuzkz jyucvu Ki e, muvb GLb `Lvi welq AvU. mikvi I `vzv Mvwô Df qb e j Q, Av`gRx Z eo ai bi `ybx wz n q Q K-KLb-wKfv e `ybx wz K i Q Mvcb ivlv n q Q Gme K_v KvuPvcvU µq, cvurvz `ªe weµq Ges hš cvwz µq I mswk ó wel q wk cwigvy `ybx wz n q Q, G wel q KLbI Kv bv Z`š Kiv nqwb Z e GK_v mz h, MZ wzb `k K hviv Gm ei m ½ RwoZ wq jb Zviv AvbygvwbK 12 nvrvi KvwU UvKvi mgcwigvy `ybx wz K i Qb A_P mikvwifv e jvkmv bi cwigvy ejv n q Q GK nvrvi 200 KvwU UvKv A_ vr Avm j Av`gRxi Kgc 10 nvrvi 800 KvwU UvKv jvf n q Q Gme Z_ mz n j Av`gRx cvukj jvkmvbx nq wkfv e? bq. gvî 170 KvwU UvKv Li P Av`gRx AvaywbwKKiY I eûgvwîwkkiy (BMRI) m e wqj; wkš Zv bv K i wejyß NvlYv Kiv nõj Kb? wek e vcx hlb c vw K I cwjw_ bi wekí wn m e cvu I cvurvz `ª e i Pvwn`v e w cv Q ZLb G ai Yi wm vš Kb? Kvi ^v _? `k. më ii `k KI evsjv ` k 80 jvl ej cvu Drcvw`Z n Zv Avi fvi Z Drcvw`Z n Zv 50 jvl ej GLb fvi Z Drcvw`Z n Q eq i M o 80 jvl ej Avi evsjv ` k Zvi A a K 40 jvl ej A_ vr Avgv `i ` ki Ab Zg cöavb A_ Kix dmj cv Ui Drcv`b Kg Q A_P fvi Z Zv evo Q Avi mlvbkvi cvu wkí wekwkz n Q Gm ei Aš wb wnz KviY wk? Kb G ` ki wkí-k wl aÿsm Kivi G g nvrme? GMvi. ez gv b mikvwi- emikvwi Lv Z QvU-gvSvwi-eo h 70wU cvukj Av Q, cv Ui Afv e A bk mgq m jvi Drcv`b e nz nq cvu msk Ui G KviY `y e va KviY G ` k GLb eq i 40 jvl ej cvu Drcv`b nq, Avi cvuk ji Pvwn`v cövq 30 jvl ej DØ Ë cv Ui cwigvy 10 jvl ej A_P ißvwb nq cövq 17 jvl ej ißvwb hvm Zv 17 jvl ej n j cövq 50 jvl ej Drcv`b niqv DwPZ wkš cök Zc Zv n Q bv Kb? G cª kœi mikvwi DËiUv wk? Zv Qvov mikvwifv e wba vwiz g~j cv Ui gvb f ` gy cªwz 330 UvKv _ K 680 UvKv A_P K lk K `Iqv nq 150 UvKv _ K 200 UvKvi g a (Aš Z (2002) G eqi Zv-B n q Q) G wn m e evsjv ` ki cvupvlx G eqi 100 KvwU UvKvi E aÿ jvkmvb ` eb Avi cv Ui cök Z Drcv`bg~j wepvi Ki j jvkmvb 200 KvwU UvKvi E aÿ n Z cv i K l Ki Rb cv Ui b vh g~j cövwß wbwðz bv Kivi KviY n Q PvivPvjvb DrmvwnZ Kiv, h PvivPvjvb evsjv ` ki Drcvw`Z cvu fvi Zi cvukj jvi KvuPvgv ji Drm-evnK wn m e KvR K i AZGe mgmö g~j wba viy I g~j e e vcbvi welqwu GKw` K hgb `kr cvu wkí aÿs mi KviY, Zgwb Ab w` K PvivPvjvb-mswk ó Mvwômg~n K DrmvwnZ K i G ` k Kv jv A_ bxwzi cömvi I fvi Zi cvu wkí K cwicyó Kivi gva g evi. úó K i ejv bv n ji kvbv hv Q h, cvurvz cy Drcv`b bq, fvi Z KvuPvgvj wn m e cvu ißvwb Kiv KB kªq g b Kiv n Q Aš Z wewrggg m~î ej Q h, AZx Zi Zyjbvq fwel Z fvi Z Avgv `i KvuPvgvj ißvbx e w cv e ( mv j cvu ißvbx n q Q cövq 148 KvwU UvKvi mgcwigvy) Jcwb ewkk A_ bxwz Z cövš A_ bxwz K K `ªi c ôv 4

5 KvuPvgvj mieivnkvix I K `ª Drcvw`Z wdwbkw& Wm&-Gi e envikvix wn m e `Lv n Zv Avgiv wk cvu Kw `ªK Jcwb ewkk Avg ji A_ bxwz Z wd i hvw Q? Avgiv wk Ggb GK Ae vi w` K avwez hlb fviz, _vbj vû Avi Pxb _ K cv Ui e v I cvurvz `ªe Kbv Qvov Avi Dcvq _vk e bv? Zi. A_ bxwzi Kv bv m~îb e j bv, g~j ms hvr bi (value addition) Zzjbvq KvuPvgvj ißvwb kªq cv Ui Î GUv AviI mz KviY cvu cöwµqvki Yi Î Avgv `i 50 eq ii mg AwfÁZv Av Q Avi mb m ½ cwjw_bmn wewfbœ K wîg Zš i Drcv`b, wecyb I e envi wbwl niqvq c w_exe vcx cövk wzk Zš i Pvwn`v µgea gvb PŠÏ. Av`gRx cvukj Pvjy _vkvi mgq, GgbwK MZ 2001 mv ji cv Ui evrvi `i gycöwz 350 UvKv _ K 550 UvKvi g a wqj A_P GLb Zv 120 UvKv _ K 170 UvKvi g a (GjvKv, gvb I mgq f `) DVvbvgv Ki Q Rwgi g~j wn m e ai j cv Ui gycöwz Drcv`b e q nq 600 UvKv _ K GK nvrvi UvKv ch š, Avi Rwgi `vg ev` w` j 300 UvKv _ K 400 UvKvi g a myzivs cvu wewµ K i K lk GLb Avi Drcv`b LiPI cvlv Z cvi Q bv cvukj eü n j cvupvlxi Ae vi AviI AebwZ n e, HwZn evwn cvu wkí aÿsm n e Ges Ô mvbvwj Avuk Mjvi dvum, K l Ki GLb nvumdvumõ Ae v n e ^qs cöavbgš x GK_v bv e j e j Qb, ÔcvU n e bzzb mnmªv ãi Zš Õ Gme ˆecixZ Kb? AKw_Z Z_ Avi cvu Kw `ªK wewfbœ ˆecix Z i ZvwjKv Avi bv evwo q hv ejv n q Q I hv ejv nqwb G `yõ Uv wgwj q `L j GUyKy `y e va bq h, cvumn me ÎB evsjv ` ki Dbœqb we ivax GKwU ivr bwzk-a_ bxwz h _ó mwµq, hlv b wek cuywrev `i ^v_ i v _ `vzv- Mvwôi mš wó I cvu-cªwz hvmx A c vk Z kw³kvjx `kmg~ ni `xn gqvw` ^v_ msi YB g~j j wkívq bi fwel r : AZxZ I ez gv bi wbwi L gy³evrvi A_ bxwz I wek vq bi Zv o G ` k B Zvg a m ó Abyrcv`bkxj LvZ Ges wbk ó cyuwri wekvk kz cwicyó n Q G Kvi YB wkívq bi m vebv KvVv gvmzfv e iƒ j Yxq h, ^vaxbzvi cöv v j G `k wqj cök ZB K wl cöavb gvu RvZxq Drcv` bi 60 fvm Z_v ` ki 80 fvm gvbyl wqj K wl wbf i wzb `kk ci GLb K wli Ae`vb RvZxq Drcv` bi 25 fvm Avi K wli Dci wbf ikxj gvby li msl v 50 fvm A_v r MZ wzb `k K MÖvgxY gvby li Av qi D j L hvm Ask AK wl-kg KvÊ wbf i n q Q A_ bxwzwe` `i A b KB GUv K Dbœq bi gvckvwv e j g b Ki Qb wkš fyj j Pj e bv h, MZ wzb `k K RvZxq Drcv` b wk íi Ae`vb Av `Š ev owb ej jb P j (8 _ K 10%) Avi wkí Lv Zi hme As k A c vk Z ewk cöe w N U Q, m jv cök Z wkílvz wk bv (cökœwu Rv md K b_ G v iv DÌvcb K i Qb 3 ), Zv Zwj q `L Z n e welqwu i Z c~y KviY gšwjk wkí (ev mother industry, hgb Rq `ecy ii gwkb Uzjm& d v±wi A_ev PÆMªv gi B úvz KviLvbv I wr Gg c v U)mn `kr KuvPvgvj wbf i wkí (cvukj) wejyß n Q, A_P we `wk KvuPvgvj wbf i nvjkv wkí ( hgb `wr wkí, ev ˆZwi cvlvk wkí A_ev Rvbvjv `irvi MÖxj evbv bvi KviLvbv A_ev cöhyw³ n vš ii bv g MQv bv cwi ek wech qkvix wkí), hlv b g~j ms hvrb I mvgvwrk Dc hvm AZ š Kg, e w cv Q myzivs mvgwmök KvVv gvwub Ggb hlv b Ggb Kv bv wkí cöwzôvb 3 we vwiz `Lyb, Kenneth J. Arrow, Some Paradoxes of Sustainability : Empirical and Theoretical. evsjv `k A_ bxwz mwgwz KZ K Av qvwrz jvk e³ Zv, XvKv, 18 ww m ^i, 2002 c ôv 5

6 M o DV Q bv hv my` p A_ bwzk Dbœqb wfwëi wb ` kk wkí wekv ki wecix Z hv `ª Z MwZ Z e o Q I evo Q Zv nõj mev LvZ hlv b Rwg-m úwë µq, wbg vy KvR, wiqvj G Umn wewfbœ ai Yi e emv wg j GKK e nëg GB LvZ gvu RvZxq Drcv` b 50 fvm Ae`vb ivl Q G Z `uvov jvuv wk? K wl I wkí Drcv`bkxj LvZ`y Uv wc Q co jv, Avi RvqMv `Lj Ki jv A c vk Z Abyrcv`bkxj mev LvZ m ú`evbiv Kb hb Drcv`bkxj K wl-wk í wewb qv Mi cwie Z RwgRgv Kbv Avi evoxni wbg vy I e emvcvwz Z g bvwb ek Ki jb A_ vr wekwkz nõj GK ai Yi wbk ó cyuwr hlv b wewb qvm evo e wkš Drcv`bkxj wewb qvm wei n q hv e Ges Gi m ½ wbweo mnm úk _vk e we `wk mvnvh wbf izv, Kv jv UvKvi `vcu Ges Gm ei mnvqk ivr bwzk KvVv gvi K wl K wkívq bi wfwë ejv nq A_P wkívq bi wfwë wn m e K wl K KLbI i Z `Iqv nqwb ^vaxbzvi c i K wl Drcv`b wb q evmvo ^i n q Q A bk K wl Z gvu Drcv`b (av bi) e w c q Q wø Y; Z e gv_vwcqy Drcv`b wei mv j gv_vwcqy Pv ji Drcv`b wqj 140 KwR, 30 eqi c i GLb Zv 138 KwR Avgb I AvD ki Rwg K g Q, e o Q ev iv Pvl Drcv`bkxjZv h nv i e o Q Zvi P q A bk ewk nv i e o Q mv ii e envi (8 Y) I mv ii `vg (14 Y) Drcv`b e q hv e o Q Zv Z wn me K l evsv `y i h, K lk GLbI Kb K wl KvR Ki Qb K wl c Y i evrvi g~j cök Z Drcv`b e q guvq wk bv, m wel q m `n Av Q m ez Ab KvbI wekí _vk j G ` ki K lk K wl KvR Q o w` Zb GLv b fzz wk D Q `i wez K bv Rwo qi ïay GUzKz ejv h Z cv i h, hviv fz ywk D Q` Ki Z civgk w` Qb Zviv wkš wb R `i ` k K wl fz ywki cöavb cöe³v : hy³iv óª eq i K wl fz ywki cwigvy 20 wewjqb Wjvi Avi BD ivwcqvb BDwbq b gvu K wl fzz wki cwigvy mgmö mve-mvnvivb Avwd«Kvi mkj ` ki mw wjz gvu RvZxq Av qii ewk h ÔmeyR wec eõ K wl Z AwaK djb wbwðz K i Q, m wec eb wkš Aejywß NwU q Q A bk cörvwzi av bi, n«vm K i Q cövk wzk De izv, webó K i Q Af š ixy grm m ú` (c w_exi PZy_ kxl vb _ K GLb 85Zg v b), Avg`vbx K i Q bzyb bzyb cvkvgvko, cövyˆewpî I Rxe ewpî webó K i Q Avi K wl Drcv`b e w Z cöhyw³mz wel q A bk wkqy ejv n ji K wlms v ii (agrarian reform A _ ) welqwu K me mgq Ae njv A_ev fq Kiv n q Q A_P G ` k, Ab wkqy ev` w` ji, 33 jvl GKi h Lvm K wlrwg I Rjvkq Av Q, hv `wi`ª gvby lib b vh cövc, m wel q KvbI mikvib KLbI Avš wik wq jb bv GK w` K K wlrwgi gvwjkvbvi cywäkiy Avi Ab w` K Lvm Rwgi Rei `Lj G wb q gzvevbiv MÖvgxY gzv KvVv gv Z k³ Ae vb wb q Qb MZ 30 eq i MªvgxY gzvevb I kû i gzvevb `i g a kw³kvjx AvZuvZI m wó n q Q wewfbœ m~ Î G AvuZv Zi ewntcökvk NU e vbxq mikv ii Avmbœ wbe vp b wbk ó cyuwri wekv k GUvI Av ikwu ˆewkó c~y evsjv `kx ms iy MZ wzb `k K av bi Drcv`b wø Y e w c ji MÖvgv j e vck Rb Mvwôi A_ bwzk Ae v greyz nqwb wu K qk gvby li nv Z K wl m ú `i cywäfeb, MªvgxY A_ bxwz Z jy Uiv-UvDU kªyxi wbqš Y gzv e w I Kg ms v bi AcÖZzjZvi Kvi Y K wl-wbf i e vck Rb Mvwôi wf zkvqb I wbt ^vqb (pauperization) cöwµqv Z ivwš^z n q Q wbt ^vwqz K lk eva n q AwfevwmZ n q Qb G m Qb kn i, cö_ g GKv, Av Av G b Qb cwievi-cwirb Gw` K kn i M o I Vwb wkí KjKviLvbv AZGe MÖvg _ K kn i Avmv wbt ^ K lk K Kv Ri müv b Bbdg vj m± i wbgœgryixi Kv R hvm w` Z n q Q, Avi ev mi Rb e Q wb Z n q Q ew myzivs Z_vKw_Z bmivqb Avm j c ôv 6

7 wkqyb bq, GUv Av wik A _ B ew qvqb (slumization, not urbanization 4 ) D j L h, MÖvgxY wf zkvqb I wbt ^vqb cöwµqvi MwZcÖK wz GgbwU _vk j 2020 mv j evsjv ` k kû i RbmsL v n e cövq 9 KvwU, hv Avgv `i 1981 mv ji gvu RbmsL vi mgvb Avi GB XvKv kn ib 2010 mv j RbmsL v n e cövq `yb KvwU (we k i wøzxq e nëg bmix), hvi g a GK KvwU evm Ki e ew Z `ye Ëvq bi duv ` cov jy Uiv A_ bxwz Z wbk ó cy uwr wekv ki GUvI GKwU cöwzdj GLv b A bk wkqyb NU e wkš `kr A_ bxwzi wfwë greyzkiy-dwïó-wkívqb NU e bv G ` ki wk íi BwZnvm cyi bv bq mikvwi c ô cvlkzvq c~e cvwk v b cwðg cvwk v bi e nr cyuwri wbqš Y h wkí LvZ M o I V Zv Zv `i Rb jvfrbk wqj RvZxqKiY Kivi d j 7wU ms vi Aax b ivóªvqë LvZB (A b KB GUv K mgvrz š i mgv_ K e j g b K ib) n q `uvov jv wk íi g~j aviv ivóªvqë Lv Zi g~j aviv wewfbœ Kvi Y wekvk jvf K iwb ivr bwzk cucwiez bi m ½ m ½ emikvwi Lv Z g~jab MVb cöwµqvi mkj euvav ax i ax i AcmvwiZ nq MZ PviwU wkí bxwz Z my úó fv e NvwlZ nq h, ivóvªqë Lv Zi cövavb wbgœ ch v q Avb Z n e, `wk-we `wk wewb qv Mi mkj evav `~ixf~z Ki Z n e Ges mikvwifv e mkj ai Yi my hvm-mywe a wbwðz Kiv n e Avi mb m ½ wek e vs Ki KvVv gvmz G vwrv g U bxwzgvjvmn ivóvªqvë LvZ m úwk Z wewfbœ ai bi d` Gme wbkz Ki Y Rvi mycvwik K i Q Gme mycvwi ki gg e y nõj RvZxq cyuwri wekvk i Ki Z cö_ g ivóªvqë wkí eü n e A_ev weivóªxqkiy n e, Zvici weivóªxqk Z wkí eü n e; Avi Gi gv S RvZxq m ú` jyucvu n q hv e A_P wek e vs Ki evsjv `k cöavb GLbI ej Qb ivóªvqz LvZ bvbv ai Yi A_ bwzk wek wz (economic distortions) m wó K i hv emikvwi LvZ wbf i cöe w K evavmª K i 5 cök Z A _ MZ wzb `k K wkí wekv k we klfv e j Yxq welq wj wbgœiƒc: ivóªvqë LvZ A_ B jyucvu, gzvi Ace envi, fz ywk wbf izv, wbgœdrcv`bkxjzv, Ae e vcbv BZ vw` wewfbœ mgq mikvi Avi (we kl K i gzv MÖn Yi Av M Ges cici) `vzv Mvwô Gme ej ji Gm ei m ½ m ú ³ Avgjv-e e vck Dw Qó fvmx UªW BDwbqb bzv `i wpwýz Kiv I kvw i cö qvrbxqzv KDB eva K ibwb emikvwi Lv Zi wekvk gv bb hzuv bv bzyb emikvwi Lv Zi D e Zvi P q ewk ivóªvqë Lv Zi weivóªxqkiy, hlv b emikvwi gvwjk `i (&Avgjv-ivRbxwZwe `i hvmmvr k) g~j DwÏó nõj nvrvi nvrvi KvwU UvKvi ivóªxq m ú` jyu Kiv, wk íi wekvk bq welqwui me kl m e vrk ó D`vniY we k i me e nr cvukj Av`gRx eü K i Kgc GK KvwU kªgrxex gvby li ^v_ nvbx NUv bv n q Q ivóªvqë wkí cöwzôv bi weivóªxqkiy m úwk Z Aa vck ingvb mvenv bi mv cöwzk M elyv djvdj úófv eb `Lvq h, G ` k mikvi cöwµqvrvzkiy wk í ivóªvqë Lv Zi KvbI abvz K f~wgkvb ^xkvi K i bv G A ^xk wz fwel Zi wkí wekv k gvivz K cöfve dj e; mgwók A_ bxwz Z weivóªxqki Yi abvz K Zgb AwfNvZ bb; ivóªvqë wk íi weivóªxqkiy mgwók A_ bwzk fvimvg nxbzv n«vm K iwb; ivóªvqë LvZ memgq mikvwi m ú` webó K i G K_v mz bq; weivóªxqkiy ciezx K c v ikbmg~ n Avw_ K jvkmvb e w c q Q; weivóªxqki Yi d j wk íi Kg ` Zv e w i 4 G wel q we vwiz `Lyb, Barkat Abul and S Akhter, A Mushrooming Population: The Threat of Slumization Instead of Urbanization in Bangladesh, in The Harvard Asia Pacific Review, Vol 5, Issue 1, 2001: `Lyb d«wvwik ww U új, Ôevsjv ` k ivóªvqë Lv Zi g~j vqb I KŠkjÕ, ˆ`wbK B ËdvK, 24 ww m ^i 2002 c ôv 7

8 cwie Z KviLvbv eü n q Q I Kg ms vb n«vm c q Q; wkí wekv k ivóª I mikv ii f~wgkv, A½xKvi I e w³gvwjkvbvaxb wk íi wekvk Kw `ªK h wecixzag x I A ^ Q bxwz wb ` kbv `Lv hv Q Zv evsjv ` ki fwel r A_ bxwz Z gvivz K FYvZ K cöfve dj e Aa vck ingvb mvenv bi we kl i Z en gš e GLv b D Z Kiv nj: The available evidence on the experience with privatisation suggests that enterprise closure, disemployment, possible accumulation of liabilities with the banks and possible revenue loss may have to be taken into account as part of the price we pay to improve profitability and reduce claims on the public exchequer... However, the positive macro-economic impact of privatisation appears to be far from evident. Reports on the profit and loss accounts of the Sector Corporations from which SOEs are being divested, indicate that in the four years, 1979/ /83, prior to the great wave of privatisation under President Ershad, total profits for 6 sector corporations added up to Tk. 1.5 billion and net profits were earned by the SOEs in three out of these 4 years (World Bank, 1985). In 1982/83, the last year prior to the big privatisations, SOE profits amounted to Tk. 912 million. This does not suggest that SOEs in Bangladesh were always a net drain on the pubic purse. In 1995/96, at the end of the BNP regime and the privatisation of 131 enterprises with a selling value of 1.8 billion, corporation loses increased to Tk. 3.2 billion (IRBD 1996). This suggests that a central argument for SOE privatisation, the reduction of macro-economic imbalances, appears to be invalid, at least in the context of Bangladesh. During this period of divestiture, the volume of bank defaults to the commercial banks has also increased. This suggest that reduction of the size of the state sector and expansion of the private sector have brought no relief to the banking system just as it has brought no relief to the exchequer.. With a few exceptions, privatised units have not significantly improrved performance but have contributed to enterprise closures and disemployment. Private sector default to the banks has increased exponentially whilst private banks have been characterised by more adverse loan portfolios that the NCBs and have been maledicted to large scale insider trading The declared philosophy of the newly constituted Privatisation Board is to get SOEs from the public domain as fast as possible. This approach indicates some indifference as to whether such units, once privatised, are closed down these units will have to account for their accumulated liabilities to the banking system. Such an approach to privatisation implies a certain innocence of vision in charting Bangladesh s future development landscape and the industrial strategy to be located within this design. In the prevailing policy vacuum, the current approach to privatisation thus appears to have introduced an entirely new logic to the divestiture process.. A further hazard to Bangladesh s development prospects arises from the implications of a policy which envisages no future role for public enterprise in the manufacturing sector By the time of the expiry of the Multi Fibre Agreement (MFA) in 2005, Bangladesh will have to establish backward linkages with a modernised textile industry which can produce the yarn and fabric needed to service Bangladesh s RMG sector. Unless Bangladesh can convert its RMG sector from a two-stage processing industry to a three-stage enterprise, after 2005, the rules of origin clause in the WTO could deny Bangladesh s RMG exports entry to a large part of their traditional markets in Europe and North America. This involves putting in place, within Bangladesh, a domestic manufacturing capacity to produce 2 billion metres of fabric. This involves setting up around 375 new weaving mills and 290 new spinning mills, involving an investment of around US$ 5 billion. On all counts, making of most optimistic assumptions, Bangladesh s private entrepreneurs expect to mobilise only a fraction of such resources for which they will need to assume the risk taking burden for realising such a volune of investment. In such circumstances should the state remain idle and make no attempt to put any productive capacity in place,, even if this means a loss of RMG markets to India and China who already preside over large integrated textile industries and are planning major investments for the post-mfa era? The failure to address this dilemma provides the source of the present contradictions inherent in Bangladesh s privatisation policy. This could have potentially fatal implications for Bangladesh s future development (Rehman Sobhan, Privatisation in Bangladesh: An Agenda in Search of a Policy, CPD Occasional Paper Series, August 2002: 16-19). wkí Lv Z mikvwi f~wgkv I mvgwmªk cwi ek KLbI wkí mnvqk wqj bv Avwki `k K hlb ejv n jv h, evwyr I mev Lv Z wewb qv Mi Zzjbvq emikvwi wkílv Z wewb qvm e w cv e 4 Y, ZLb ev e NU jv wvk D ëvwu wekwkz nõj evwyr I mev LvZ; Avi wkí Lv Zi g a idzvwbgylx nvjkv cöhyw³ wbf i kªgnb wvkv`vwi Mv Qi `vkvb`vix wkí wbk ó cyuwr wekv ki G Avi GK bgybv c ôv 8

9 wekv ki avivwu Avgv `i Ggb ch v q wb q M Q h, GLb wk íi P q e emv-evwyr jvfrbk, Avi e emvi P q PvivPvjvb jvfrbk myzivs cyuwri MwZgyL PvivPvjvbgyLx wkívqbgylx bq wkí Lv Z we `wk cyuwr wewb qvm wkígylx wkbv m K_vI cökœmv c we `wk cyuwri eo Rvi 25 kzvsk wewb qvm n Q wkílv Z, Avi Kgc 70 kzvsk e emv q mb m ½ gvic v Pi welq nõj we `wk cyuwr we `kvmz wk bv (bvwk c~ e wewb qvwrz cyuwri Avq), g~jabx `ªe vw`i Avg`vwb KZUzKz BZ vw` cökœ wj DÌvcb Kiv Ri wi Aš Z GRb h, fwel Z Zj-M vm Lv Z h we `wk wewb qvm n Z cv i Zvi fvm ` ki Af š i cö ek Ki e G wbðqzv Kv_vq? ˆe `wkk cyuwri mivmwi wewb qvm eq i cövq 16 KvwU Wjvi (`w Y Gwkqvq me wbgœ bcvj Qvov) A_P cöevmx `i cöwiz A _ i cwigvy 188 KvwU Wjvi Avkve väk NUbv, wkš ûwûmn wewfbœ gy`ªv cvpvi mswk ó Kg Kv Êi k³ wfwë G ÎI `ye Ëvqb e w Ki Q mb m ½ wewfbœ Kvi Y ˆe `wkk wewb qvm m vebvi xy 6 cvkvcvwk GK_vI wbwø avq ejv hvq h, wbr ^ A_ bxwzi wfwë (wkívqb hvi Ab Zg cöavb gvb`ê) `ye j n j ˆe `wkk wewb qvmi AjvfRbK n Z cv i wkí wekv k mikvwi Ae njvi me PÕ DrK ó D`vniY nõj z`ª wkí hv G ` ki wbr ^, m Rbkxj, MwZkxj Gme wkí cvwievwik kªg wfwëk Ges vbxq Pvwn`v guv Z m g A_P Giv me ai Yi mikvwi c ô cvlkzv _ K ewâz Aeva Avg`vwb hgb Gme z`ª wk íi Rb wzki, Zgwb gy`ªv-aeg~j vq bi d j h idzvwb nq, m ÎI G `i wz wek vq bi Zv o `kr Gme z`ª cvwievwik m Rbkxj wkí P~Y -wep~y nevi Avk¼v Av Q m Î GLb _ K e e v bv wb j fwel Z eo ai bi wech q Awbevh Avgv `i ` k wkí Lv Z MVbMZ cwiez bi d j ißvwb evwy R cwiez b N U Q ißvwb K g Q cöv_wgk c Y i, Avi e w c q Q mskxy wfwëi cöwµqvrvzkiy c Y i ißvbx Av qi DrmMZ w`k _ K cvu, cvurvz`ªe I Pv-Gi wejywß N U Q ejv P j; Avi e w c q Q ˆZwi cvkvk ( hlv b Avevi g~j ms hvrb me wbgœ) Lv Z A_ vr ˆZwi cvkvk wkí K ( UBjvwis kc) wkí Lv Z bv ai j ißvwb Av q wk íi Ae`vb n«vm cv e ïé I KvUvgy³ wek vq b AMÖcðv`& ms hvm wk íi Abycw wz Z Avgv `i ˆZwi cvkvk wkí wfwëk idzvwb evwy R h eo ai Yi am bvg Z cv i (2004-Gi c i), G wel q fvebvi h _ó AeKvk Av Q MZ wzb `k K Avgv `i Avš R vwzk evwyr mikvwi wbqš Y _ K emikvwi wbqš Y P j hviqvq Ges mikvi Avg`vwb-idZvwbi wewfbœ wewawb la wkw_j ev cöz vnvi Kivq GKw` K `kr wk íi wekvk wzmö n q Q Ges Ab w` K PvivPvjvb Avi fvm cy wbf i Avg`vwb DrmvwnZ n q Q d j K wli wekvki wzmö n q Q welqmywj i Z mn fve Z n e KviY wek vq bi hy M GKw` K hgb ^- ^v_ cöwzôvi Rb Z Zxq we k i `k jvi evwy R i jovbuv mgvmbœ Zgwb Ab w` K FY-mvnvh cöevn µgn«vmgvb (wrwwwc-i Abycv Z) wekkgvb ivr bwzk-a_ bwzk KvVv gvwub gvbekj vywegyl Ges wkívqb we ivax 6 D j L h, wek vq bi Kvi YB wewb qvmkvixiv PvB eb h_v_ wewb qvm cwi ek G Rb h Z ivwu welq wbwðz Ki Z n e, Zvi cö_gwu ev ` Ab KvbwU evsjv ` k bb cö_gwu, A_ vr ^í gry i kªg Avgv `i GKgvÎ myweavi w`k G Qvov KuvPvgvj, AeKvVv gv, wewfbœ ai bi ïé I Kifvi, kªgam š vlgy³ cwi ek, KvMRc Îi `ª Z PjvP ji wbðqzv, DbœZ e vswks e e v, `ybx wznxbzv ev ^í `ybx wz, AvBbk Ljv, mykvmb, ivr bwzk w wzkxjzv, m e v P gybvdv cövwßi wbðqzv, gybvdv B QvgvwdK e env ii cwi ek G ev ivwu wel q evsjv ` ki Ae v bwzevpk Avevi G K_vI mz h, A bk Î A ^ Q cwi e k we `wk wewb qvm DrmvwnZ nq c ôv 9

10 evsjv ` ki A_ bxwz Z mvgš ev`x Drcv`b m úk q n q Q, wkš wpivpwiz cyuwrev`x Drcv`b m úk wekwkz nqwb; wekwkz n q Q meai bi wbk ó cyuwr hv Drcv`bkxj wewb qv M f~wgkv iv L bv GK PwUqv cyuwrev`x wek vq bi gy³evrvi G ` k RvZxq cyuwr wfwëk wkívqb cöwµqv Z ivš^ q cªwzeük MZ wzb `k K G ` k RvZxq Avq ( gvu I gv_vwcqy) e w c q Q; mikvwi wn m e `vwi `ªi AvcvZb K g Q; e o Q wk vi nvi; n«vm c q Q RbmsL v e w i nvi; wkï g Zy i nvi n«vm c q Q Ges e w c q Q wkï `i wukv `vb; cwievi cwikíbv e envikvix e o Q; gwnjv `i gzvqb I mpjzv ( z`ª FY Kg m~wpi gva g) e w c q Q; Rxe bi Avqy vj e o Q Gme wel q Avgvi wøgz bb, wøgz Av Q Gme wb q YKxZ b KviY G jvi AwaKvs ki m ½ mikvwi m PZb A_ bwzk Kg Kv Êi Zgb Kv bv m úk bb; G jvi AwaKvskB mg qi e vwß Z AwZ mvaviy cöwµqv gvî; Avi G jvi Kv bvwub Kvh KviYMZfv e A_ bwzk wekv ki g~j cöeyzvm~pk bq KvVv gvmz iƒcvš ii wbwi L MZ wzb `k K evsjv ` ki A_ bxwz Z Ggb Kv bv gšwjk cwiez b N Uwb hv w` q ejv hv e h, gvbekj vygylx ^vaxbzvi PZbv ev evwqz n q Q my -mej- PZbvmg f`-nxb gvbyl m wób wqj ^vaxbzvi g~j AvKv v mb AvKv v I ev ezvi `~iz e vck I µgea gvb Avgv `i msweav bi 15bs Aby Q ` ewy Z iv óªi Ab Zg gšwjk `vwqz Ô gšwjk Pvwn`vÕ c wz Z wn me Ki j `vwi`ª we gvp b RvZxq Î mgq jvm e 310 eqi, Avi MÖvgxY `vwi`ª we gvp b mgq jvm e 909 eqi ^vaxbzvi AvKv vi fzi Avi hvb _vk, MÖvgxY `vwi`ª we gvp b 1000 eq ii Kg m~wpi K_v wqj bv cªkœvwzz cökœ mgm vwu Kv_vq? wbðqb ^vaxbzvi MZ 30 eq i ivr bwzk-a_ bwzk Kg Kv Ê eo gv ci Ggb Kv bv Mj` wqj hv G ` k gvbe Kj vy wbwðz Ki Z `qwb wbwðz K iwb K wli Dbœqb I `ª Z wkívq bi wfwë m ez KvVv gvmz iƒcvš i hv N U Q Zv gvbekj vywegyl I wkívqbgylx bq `yb A_ bxwzi ˆel g i wei jovb K i ^vaxb evsjv ` ki Af y`q N U Q G K_v mz Z e MZ wzb `k K wekv ki aviv 14 KvwU gvby li Avgv `i `k K m ez my úófv e `yõfv M wefvwrz K i Q : cö_g fv M Av Qb msl vjny gzvai gvbyl, hv `i msl v n e eo Rvi 10 jvl; Avi wøzxq fv M Av Qb msl v i gzvnxb gvbyl, hv `i msl v n e 13 KvwU 90 jvl myzivs ivr bwzk-a_ bxwzi gvic v P m wó n q Q Ggb GK Ae v hlv b 10 jvl gzva ii wecix Z Av Qb 13 KvwU 90 jvl gzvnxb, Amnvq, `y` kvmö ewâz gvbyl cök Z A _ GB wekvj gzvnxb gvby li m gzv e w A_ev gzvnxb `i gzvqb A_ev inclusion of the excluded G wel q Aš Z A_ bwzk I ivr bwzk-mvgvwrk Kg Kv Êi wbwi L m PZb Kv bv cöqvm KLbI biqv nqwb (cwikíbv `wjj ` v e R hvb _vk bv Kb) D ëv, gzvevb `i gzv e w i eûgylx cö Póv Ae vnz wqj I Av Q Ges Ae v` ó g b n Q h, Zv AviI eûw`b envj _vk e mvgwmök ivr bwzk-a_ bwzk mgxkiy Zv-B wb ` k K i mikv i wbe vwpz I Awbe vwpz wbwe k l hvivb wq jb, mk jb cögvy Ki Z m Pó h, DbœqbB wqj Zv `i cöavb j, Zviv `vwi`ª we gvpb K i Qb Av Mi Zyjbvq AwaK `vwewu wg_ v, h _ó cözviyvg~jk I D Ïk cö Yvw`Z ÔDbœqbÕ n q Q, Z e Zv msl vmwi ôi bq, H 10 jvl gzva ii A_ vr h ÔDbœqbÕ n q Q Zv mvaviy gvby li Rb bq excludd-iv me mgq excluded-b i q M Qb Avi excluded- `i Dbœq bi avivq include Kivi cöqvm gzvai `i Av_ -mvgvwrk ^v_ c ôv 10

11 mswk ôzvi Kvi YB ˆeix Aš f yw³kiy (adverse inclusion)-g iƒcvš wiz n q Q Zv-B hw` bv n e Zvn j cövq 14 KvwU gvby li GÕ ` k Av qi A_ev Lv` MÖn Yi wbwi L 6-7 KvwU gvbyl GLbI `wi`ª Kb? ( gšwjk Pvwn`vi g~j gv bi wbwi L `vwi `ªi wbgœ ilvi gvckvwv Z msl vwu Av iv 2-3 KvwU ewk) cövq 8 KvwU gvbyl GLbI Kvh Z wbi i Ges cök Z wk v-my hvm ewâz Kb? (hw`i G AwaKvi m ú K msweavb my úó wbðqzv `q) cövq 9 KvwU gvbyl cöv_wgk ^v - mevi my hvm ewâz Kb? cöwzeqi h 6 jvl gvbyl G ` k g Zz eiy K ib Zvi A a KB 5 eq ii wkï Kb? AviI j¾vrbk K_v, 50% Î g Zz i KviY `vwi`ª-d yz e vwa wbd gvwbqv (hvi wpwkrmv e q gvî 13 UvKv), Wvqvwiqv (17 UvKv), nvg (12 UvKv), I h²v (900 UvKv) D j L, h²v ivmxi msl vi w`k _ K c w_ex Z Avgv `i Ae vb PZy_ kx l cªvq wzb KvwU ^v i-wbi i gvbyl (hv `i AwaKvskB hyek) GLbI ekvi Kb? cªvq 11 KvwU gvbyl GLbI we`y r myweav ewâz Kb? mxwgz Av qi e ck msl K gvbyl cök Z A _ B `y` kvmö Kb? ` ki AwaKvsk bvix, wkï I cöexy wbwðzfv eb ewâz Kb? e vck Rb Mvwô wbwðzfv eb DË ivëi AwaK nv i wbivcëvnxb n q co Qb Kb? agx q msl vjny, z`ª RvwZmË v I Avw`evmx gvby li eâbv wpi vqx n Q Kb? (kî /Awc Z m úwë AvB bi gvic v P B Zvg a wn `y m cö`v qi 50 jvl gvby li 20 jvl GKi f~-m úwë Rei `Lj n q Q hvi ez gvb evrvi g~j 190 nvrvi KvwU UvKv GB Rvi-`LjKvixiv Avgv `i gvu RbmsL vi gvî 0.4 kzvsk ( gzvevb/ gzvai Mvwôfy³) Avi z`ª RvwZmË vi Avw`evmxiv wk A_ bxwz, wk wk v, wk ^v me w`k _ KB cövš ) Gme eâbv-gyw³i bvgb hw` ivr bwzk-a_ bwzk gyw³ nq, m Î MZ wzb `k K A_ bwzk BwZnvm K gvbe Kj v Y e _ Zvi BwZnvm wn m e AwfwnZ Ki j we kl fyj n e bv G e _ Zv wkívqb cöwµqv `ª ZZi Kivi m ½ mvhyr c~y bq G e _ Zv wkívqb we ivax G nb Ae vq my `imy fwel r mk jib Kvg ; wkš m ez weávbm Z Kv bv cö cyb mw` K mvq `q bv MZ wzb `k K G ` ki msl vmwiô gzvnxb gvbyl AvbyôvwbK Kg ms vb I RxebhvÎvi m~pkmsµvš cwimsl vb hv-b ejyk bv Kb Rxeb cwipvj b AwZkq Kó K k K i Qb, G wel q Kv bvb m `n bb wkš GKB mg q wk A_ bxwz, wk ivrbxwz, wk wk v ms wz me Î GK AvZ NvwZ jyéb ms wz (culture of plundering) Ru K e m Q GB jyúb ms wzi PwiÎ-wbqvgK nõj Kv jv UvKv, mš vm, cwk kw³, Nyl, `ybx wz, Kzkvmb-Ackvmb, `gb-wbcxob BZ vw` Avgiv Rvwb, jyéb cyuwrev` wekv k wbqvgk f~wgkv cvjb K i Q; wkš G- ` k AvZ NvwZ jyéb cöwµqv RvZxq cyuwr wekv k e _ n q Q Zv bv n' j we k i me e nr cvukj Av`gwR eü n e Kb? Kb eü n e `kr e w³lv Zi Kj-KviLvbv? Kb e w³lv Zi wkí cöwzôvb AbyrmvwnZ n e? c ôv 11

12 mvgvwrk-ivr bwzk MYgyLx iƒcvš i ev` w` q fwel r cö c Y Avkvev` e ³ Kiv KwVb, Zv ^vaxbzv Ëvi A_ bxwzi nwijyu ms wzi K qkwu ` k gvb ˆewkó we k ly Ki jb mn R evsv m e evsjv ` ki A_ bxwz Avm j GK Mfxi Ô`ye Ëvq bi duv `Õ (criminalization trap) c o Q `ye Ëvq bi G KvVv gv Z `kr wkívqb m vebv h bb ej jb P j, Zv `ye Ëvq bi ^iƒc we k ly Ki jb mn R Abygvb Kiv hvq: A_ bxwzi `ye Ëvqb (criminalization of economy) wrb q ivl Z I A_ bxwz K AwaKZi `ye ËvwqZ Kivi ^v _ ivrbxwzi `ye Ëvqb (criminalization of politics) n q Q A_ bwzk `ye Ëvqb duv` ivr bwzk `ye Ëvq bi Kvh Kix Pvwn`v (effective demand) e w K i Q; Avi µgea gvb ivr bwzk `ye Ëvqb A_ bwzk `ye Ëvq bi duv` K DË ivëi kw³kvjx Ki Q `ye Ëvq bi G duv` wkí-wekvk mnvqk bq MZ wzb `k K eq i mikvwifv e h 180 nvrvi KvwU UvKvi ˆe `wkk FY-mvnvh G m Q, Zvi 75% jyúb K i Qb A_ bxwz ivrbxwzi `ye Ë Mvwô d j gzvaiiv AwaKZi gzvevb n q Qb Avi gzvnxb `i A gzv e w c q Q gzvnxbiv wkí wekvk PvB Z cv ib, wkš gzvevbiv h wbk ó cyuwri evnk m cyuwr wkívqb we ivax gzvev biv GK ai Yi wbk ó cyuwri (weªd Km cyuwr ev Kwgkb/`vjvj cyuwr) gvwjk n q Qb, h cyuwr Abyrcv`bkxj, Drcv`bkxj wewb qv M hvi Kv bvb f~wgkv bb myzivs wkívqb cövq Am e gzvev biv GLb Kv jv A_ bxwzi GKUv ejq m wó K i Qb, h `yóp µ eq i 60 nvrvi KvwU UvKvi mgcwigvy Kv jv UvKvi m wó nq, hv RvZxq Av qi GK-Z Zxqvsk G ej q hv `i Ae vb ZvivB Avevi 30 nvrvi KvwU UvKvi FY Ljvwc (jyúb ms wz Z hy³ n q Q FY Ljvwc ms wz) GivB eq i 11 nvrvi KvwU UvKvi `ybx wz Z RwoZ; GivB eq i Kgc 20 nvrvi KvwU UvKvi mgcwigvy gy`ªv cvpvi (money laundering) Ki Qb GivB weivóªxªqk Z wk íi gvwjk n Z AvMÖnx, Z e Zv wkí wekv k AvMª ni Kvi Y bq; GivB A_ bxwzi weizvi Rb `vqx GivB Avevi ivóª gzvq _ K Ges/A_ev Zv K e envi K i mikvi KI FY Ljvwc Z iƒcvš wiz K i Qb GivB ivóª gzv I mikvi K e envi K i ivóªvqë wk í wewfbœ ai Yi A_ bwzk wek wz m wó K ib hv AcPq e w Z mnvqk Gme Kv jv A_ bxwzi Kg KvÊ wkívqb we ivax `ye Ë- ewóz mikvi Zvi wewb qvm wm v š hz bv gvbyl K i Z `q Zvi P q A bk ewk i Z `q jyé bi LvZ mg~n K hgb h cwigvy A_ -m ú` wewb qvm K i evsjv `k K m ú~y iƒ c h²v I Kzô ivm gy³ Kiv m e Zv w` q Kbv nq hy wegvb ev RU NvUwZ n e, A_P Abyrcv`bkxj e q DØ Ë n e G me Kvb& ai Yi gvbe-wn Zlx wewb qvm wm vš? G ai bi wewb qvm wm vš wkívqb we ivax gzvevb `ye Ë `i ^v_ wmw i Rb GKwU ivr bwzk ms wzi M o D V Q hv m ú~y fv e MYZvwš K g~j eva we ivax Ges m Kvi YB RvZxq cyuwri wkívqb-gylx wekvk we ivax - hlv b Rxe bi cª qvrbxq wewfbœ wel q cyy v½ Z_ cövwßi AwaKvi cöwzwbqz jw NZ n Q, - hlv b wbe vpb gv bb Kv jvuvkvi cöwz hvwmzv (MZ RvZxq wbe vp b wbe vpb-mswk ó e q cövq 10 nvrvi KvwU UvKv), - hlv b mš vm-mwnsmzv Awbevh I wbz bwgwëk welq, - hlv b MYZvwš K g~j ev ai Aegvbbv mvaviy wbqg, c ôv 12

13 - hlv b mikvwi MYgva g gv bb wz cöpv ii hš, - hlv b MYgva gmn gvbe-gylx mkj gva g `ª Z eü Ki Z nq, - hlv b RbM Yi AskMÖnY welqwu bnv qzb Uv KbBRg ( vmvb), - hlv b mykvmb welqwu AwZgvÎvq D PvwiZ wkš cök ZB g~j nxb, - hlv b ^ QZv I Revew`wnZv bnv qzb Kv R, - hlv b gvby li `y` kv-eâbv Kw `ªK e emv me PÕ jvfrbk, - hlv b ivóª gzvi cwipvj Kiv ^xkvi K ib h, ivóª ch š mš v m g`z w` Z eva, - hlv b cö qvr b gzvai `i MYZš, A_ev MYZš I evwnbx kvm bi mswgkªy, A_ev ˆ ^izš h- Kv bvwub Pj Z cv i gzvnxb Rb Mvwôi ivq _vkzk ev bv _vkzk, BZ vw` G nb A_ bwzk wekvk cöeyzvi wbu dj `uvwo q Q Ggb h, ez gvb Av_ -mvgvwrk-ivr bwzk KvVv gvi g a nq mȳ KvbI fwel r m ú K cö cy G gyn~ Z Am e A_ev Avgiv m ez GKwU eo ik gi mvgvwrk-ivr bwzk msnv Zi mkj kz c~iy K iwq gzvnxb 13 KvwU 90 jvl gvbyl 10 jvl gzvai gvbyl K Awek vm K ib; m ez: N YvI K ib gzvnxb gvbyliv ivóª, mikvi I mswk ó e w³ cöwzôv bi cöwz m ez Av v nvwi q d j Qb Zv `i vf giv Q wkš cökvk cv Q bv gzvnxb gvbyliv GKai Yi ÔZv Z wkqyb hvq Av m bvõ (indifferent) gvby l iƒcvš wiz n q Qb e j AvcvZ ` wó Z g b nq MZ wzb `k K ivr bwzk-a_ bwzk GKwU ˆecixZ m wó n q Q hlv b wu K qk gzvai gvbyl mgvr-a_ bxwz-ivóª K `ye ËvwqZ K i Qb Zviv me kw³gvb Zviv D ëv c _i wbqvgk kw³ wn m e Avwef ~Z n q Qb MY`vwi`ª Zv `i Rb Avwkev ` Ab w` K msl vmwiô ( gzvnxb) gvbyl wzb `kk a i RxebRxweKv cwipvj b hfv e wbiš i AK vš cwikªg K i P j Qb m Rb Zv `i mvnm, ˆah, wbôv, m Rb gzv, I mzzvq gy» n ZB nq cökœ nõj ^vaxbzv PZbvi m ½ mvhyr nxb A_ev wecixzagx GB mgxkiy wk wpi vqx n Z cv i? wzb `k K eq ii BwZnvm we k ly Ki j GB wek vm Rv M h, wekvk cöeyzvi PvKvwU GLb h c _ Nyi Q Zv D ëv w` K Nyi e muvb Awbevh mgvr iƒcvš ii G welqwu wbtm ` n eo gv ci ivr bwzk cwiez b mswk ó Zv K e, KLb, wkfv e NU e ZvB `Lvi welq m ez mvg b AviI GKUv msmövg cöwµqv hv wbwðz Ki e RbKj vygylx evsjv `k cöwzôv, huv wqj ^vaxbzvi g~j AvKv vi gg e A_ bwzk `ye Ëvqb-Gi duv` _ K DËiY e ZxZ gnvwech q iv ai wekí bb wej ^ AwaKZi wech qi KviY n Z cv i RbKj vygylx GB DËi Yi cöavb c~e kz GK ai Yi ivr bwzk cwiez b wbwðz Kiv, h cwiez b mw jb NUv Z n e Dò ü`q, Aš ` wóm úbœ mvnmx `k cöwgk bz Z i m ½ RbM Yi my` p AskMÖnY (substantive public actions) G ai bi ivr bwzk-mvgvwrk iƒcvš ib UKmB wkívqb cöwµqv I gvbekj vyg~lx A_ bxwzi wfwë wewbg vy Ki Z m g GKwU GKvš ch e Y : Dbœqb wpš vi wekí Ávb wfwë cö qvrb wek wbqz cwiezx Z n Q mgvrzvwš K `kmg~ ni msku ciezx wek Av Mi Zzjbvq wfbœ, GK gi K Z wek vqb wek K cvëv Q IjU-cvjU n Q Avgiv cvëvw Q cvëv Q bzv, Avgjv, e emvqx, Kv jv UvKvi gvwjk mvaviy gvbyli Av Mi gz bb 11 m Þ ^i ciezx wek AZx Zi Zzjbvq wfbœ GK gi i wek `Lj Ki Z Pvq Ab mk ji m ú` I evrvi aiv hvk hy³ivóª Biv K c ôv 13

14 hy ïi Ki jv wek AviI bzzb iƒc b e Kgb n e m wek ; Avi m we k evsjv ` k Avgv `i f~wgkv I Dbœqb KŠkj wk n e? aiv hvk AvMvgx Kvj ewm -wdwiw½- Wvbviiv GK hv M c b D V G `k Q o w`j wek e vsk Zvi wb Ri ^v _ i cöwz wbôvevb aiv hvk, Avgv `i me wkqy ZB civgk `Iqv hv `i Af vm A_P hv `i Avgiv cq ` Kwi bv Zviv Avi bb Avgiv wk Ki ev? wb R K Avgv `i wb R `i Pvjv bvi hvm Zv I cö wz KZUzKz? Avgvi aviyv RwUj mgxki Yi Gme welq wpš v I we k l Y Avgv `i c~y gvîvq Mj` Av Q Avgiv cwiez b, iƒcvš i-gi h K_v ejwq Zvi KŠkj wk n e? m ez e vl v-we k l Y Paradigm shift cö qvrb m ez e vl v-we k l Yi Î Avgv `i inherent A gzv I wpš vi ˆ`b Av Q mgvr-iƒcvš i Aa qb K `ªmn A b KB G wel q AMÖYx n Z cv i Z e H shift wbwðz Kivi cö_g I cöavb kz n e mz K wb g vnfv e Avwj½b Kivi hvm Zv AR b Avkvi K_v, G ` ki m PZb ga weë mgv R GK ai Yi AvZ vbymüv bi aviv m wó n q Q wkš mlv bi i q Q AvZ cöeâbv, Qjbv, `v`yj gvbzv, mz vbymüv b e wbôzvi Afve, ˆecixZ, wep ywz Z e wb g vn mz vbymüv bi AvKv Lv Kg n ji Av Q G AbymÜvb cöwµqv Ae vnz _vk j bzzb Ávb wfwë m wó n e h wfwë Z Mfxi g~j vqb wfwëk Pq bi ^vaxbzvi c_ I c wz Avwe Z n e myzivs wb g vn mz AbymÜv bi cöwµqv K Z ivwš^z Ki Z n e Avi mb Avwe Z mz hz iƒpb nvk Zv K MÖnY Kivi gvbwmk KvVv gv m wó Ki Z n e DfqB wbtm ` n GKUv eo gv ci KvR c ôv 14