GKv`k el wøzxq msl v AMÖnvqY- cšl 1421, ww m ^i 2014

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1 ISSN GKv`k el wøzxq msl v AMÖnvqY- cšl 1421, ww m ^i 2014

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3 Dc `óv m úv`k gbryi Avng` m úv`k Avey nvwg` jwzd wbe vnx m úv`k kwddj Avjg GKv`k el wøzxq msl v AMÖnvqY- cšl 1421, ww m ^i 2014

4 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx GKkbGBW evsjv `k-gi mn hvwmzvq ev dw-gi cökvkbv m úv`kxq cwil` Dc `óv m úv`k gbryi Avng` m úv`k Avey nvwg` jwzd wbe vnx m úv`k kwddj Avjg m`m ggzvr Rvnvb Lv `Kvi jyrdzj Lv j` gvnv ` gwreyi ingvb cö Q` Aveyj gbmyi

5 Publication Information Bangladesh Shikhsha Shamoiki (Bangladesh Education Periodical) is published by- Bangladesh Forum for Educational Development (BAFED) in collaboration with Action Aid Bangladesh. Articles for publication in this journal are required to be of high standard and meet the criteria set by the editorial board. The articles are selected in two ways: either these are Collected by BAFED or these can be sent directly to the editor. In both cases, the journal follows a peer review process and is edited by a board of editors. The journal is published from Bangladesh twice a year in Bangla Language and the ISSN of the journal is Another publication of BAFED is Bangladesh Education Journal published in English. This is also published in collaboration with Action Aid Bangladesh. Bangladesh Education Journal follows a peer review process. The journal is published from Bangladesh twice a year in English Language and the ISSN of the journal is ( ). Both the Journals are disseminated widely in print at national and international levels. They have a wide readership among those who are working in the area of education and development, both in the government and outside, as academics, researchers, policy makers, development partners and civil-society members. The contents of both are posted on the website: Bangladesh Shikhsha Samoiki (Bangla Periodical), year-11, number-2, December, 2014 edited by Abu Hamid Latif and Shafiul Alam. Published by Nazmul Haq, Executive Secretary, BAFED, on behalf of Bangladesh Forum for Educational Development. (BAFED) 278/3 Elephant Road (3rd Floor), Kataban, Dhaka Phone: , bafed93@yahoo.com, Website: Printed by Arka, 3/1, Block: F, Lalmatia, Dhaka Phone: Price Tk US$ 5.00

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7 m úv`kxq Avgv `i ` ki wkÿve e v q Ab Zg mgm v nj fwz mgm vñ cvö _wgk, gva wgk, D P-gva wgk GgbwK D P wkÿvi ÿ ÎI G mgm v ckö U cwö Z eqi ww m i^ gv mi ga fvm _ KB Avgiv wewfbœ RvZxq ˆ`wb K ÔfwZh y iõ msev` I msev` cwö Z e`b `L Z cvb `Lv hvq AwffveK `i Kvw ÿz z j fwzi Rb hzwu Avmb i q Q Zvi K qkk Y ewk KvgjgwZ wkï fwzh y AeZxY n Q wkï `i G fwzh y gv-evev-awffvek `i `wy ðšví I D ØM Kg bq z ji cvö _wgk I gva wg K hgb GB wbz wpî I mvsermwik e vcvi, D P wkÿvi cv`cxv wekw e` vjq jv ZI ZvB gj~ welqwu n Q- Awffve Kiv Pvb Zv `i mšví b gvb-m úbœ GKUv wkÿv cwö Zôv b cok GiKg AvKv ÿvi cq b ïay h gavi m úk Av Q Zv bq, cpö iz we ËiI `ikvi g³y evrvi A_b xwzi h y M gvbm Z wkÿvjv f AvMnÖ x gv-evev `i cwuy RI LvUv Z nq cpö iz Ggb GK mgq wqj hlb ` ki czö ší MvÖ g jv ZI A bk gavex wkÿv_x i cwipq c Ö ewkkv I B UviwgwW qu cixÿvi dj ckö v ki ci d z U DVZ A bk `wi`-ª wb wœ eë cwievi _ KI MvÖ gi GB gavex g y Li cwipq cviqv h Zv GRb eva Kwi evsjvq GKwU ceö v`i cpö wjz wqj Ô Mve i cùdjz Õ dvuvi K_v GLb Avi mikg cù cùö wz UZ nq bv GLb me cù cùö wz UZ nq weëevb `i kn i, bvgx-`vgx jz jv Z K qk eqi nj nviqv cv ë QÑ GLb cvewjk cixÿvi dj- GmGmwm ev GBPGmwmÕi dj ÔZvivq Zvivq LwPZÕ Dc ii K_v jvi AeZviYv Kiv nj AwffveK `i ÔcQ `i we` vjqõ wbe vpb cöm ½ `wi`ª gvevevivi Pvb Zv `i mšívb `i fv jv, gvbm úbœ z j cov Z, wkš Zv `i mvg _ Kz jvq bv e j Zv cv ib bv A_ vr cöv_wgk Í i bmi-kni I Dc Rjv Ry o hme kzkz mikvwi cöv_wgk we` vjq i q Q, hlv b cov kvbvi LiP bb ej jb P j A_P mlv b wkÿv`v bi gvb m šívlrbk bq Gme zj K wbweo ch eÿy I cwi`k bi AvIZvq ivl j, zj-cwi ek GKUz DbœZ Ki j, ga g Av qi I wb œweë gvby li mšív biv DbœZ I Avkvbyiƒc wkÿv cz GLb Gme zj ` ki GKUv AcP qi Ask wn m e cöwzfvz n Q A_P MÖvgv ji mikvwi cöv_wgk we` vjq jv Zzjbvg~jKfv e A bk fv jv evsjv `k wkÿv mvgwqkxi ez gvb msl vq Ôwe` vjq- cq `i aviyv: knivâ j `wi`ª cwiev ii cöv_wgk wkÿv cöwzôvb wbe vpbõ kxl K GKwU Z_ g~jk M elyv cöeü cökvwkz n jv G cöe Ü knivâ ji ew Íevmx _ K wb œ-av qi gv-evevi Zv `i mšívb `i wkÿvm úk xq ev Íe wpî cöwzdwjz n q Q Avgv `i wkÿv h K Zv ˆelg g~jk Zvi cö_g ` óvší njñ ïay cöv_wgk Í ib i q Q Zi ik gi wkÿv cöwzôvb we` vj qi ˆelg Qvov i q Q wkÿv DcKi Yi ˆelg GKw` K A bk wkïiv hgb cv Vi Rb cö qvrbxq wkÿv-dckiy I wklbmvgmöx cv Q bv Ab w` K zjmvgx wkï cvv eb qi fv i, b~ â n q hv Q, Zviv eb qi fv i kvixwik cxovq AvµvšÍ n Q Avgv `i ` k KvgjgwZ wkï `i fwz Kiv n Q GLb ÔjUvwiiÕ gva g XvKvi K qkwu z j hlv b weëevb `i wfo, mlv b gav-cöwz hvwmzvi m ½ hvm n q Q juvwi zj cö e ki gy L wkÿv_ x `i ÔjUvwii SoÕ-G, cov Kvg n Z cv i bv GUv g~jz N U Q zj wbe vp bi ÿ Î, we klk i KZ jv z j Pvc covi Rb fv jv z ji msl v ewk n j GB fqski Pvc coz bv

8 Avgv `i `k mgvrzvwš K `k bq, Dbœqbkxj GKwU MYZvwš K ivóª Avgv `i msweav bi abx- `wi`ª-ag -ey -RvwZ wbwe k l wkÿvq mk ji Rb mgvb AwaKv ii K_v D jøl Av Q m ÿ Î cö Z K bvmwi Ki AwaKvi Av Q Zv `i mšívb K GKwU gvuvgywu gvbm úbœ z j fwz Kivi, fv jv wkÿv `evi mrb Avgv `i knivâ ji cöv_wgk we` vjq jvi cöwz AviI gb hvmx niqv `ikvi Gme z j wkÿvi cwi ek DbœZ I wkÿvi gvb Dbœqb Kiv `ikvi cöv_wgk we` vj q wm qi wkï `i hw` cövb fu co Z I KvwPs Ki Z nq Zv AZ ší `yt Li e vcvi Gi wecix Z ` k ïay kn ii bq MÖv gi wk UviMv U b zj w`b w`b cöejfv e MwR q DV Q Avgiv g b Kwi mswkøó KZ cÿ welq jvi w` K bri ` eb Avgv `i wkÿve e vq cöv_wgk _ K D PZi Íi ch ší hgb i q Q fwz mgm v I we` vjq-cq `i mgm v Zgwb i q Q gva wgk ch v q g~j vqb-gi bvbv cixÿv-wbixÿv GmweG Pvjy niqvi ci GLb avivevwnk g~j vq bi Z_v MVbKvjxb g~j vq bi cöwµqv Pj Q Gwel q GKwU cövmw½k cöeü i qq evsjv `k wkÿv mvgwqkxi ez gvb msl vq evsjv `k wkÿv mgwqkx Z evsjv ` ki cöv_wgk we` vj q z W Um KvDwÝj MVb-Gi BwZevPK w`k wb q A bk we Í Z K_v i q Q, wkqz bwzevpk w`ki dz U D V Q Z e welqwu fv jvi m ½ g ` w`k jvi we epbvq ivl Z n e cigz-mwnòzzv, AskMÖnY I MYZš PP vi nv ZLwo niqv hgb `ikvi, Zgwb G-eqm _ K wkï `i AvwZgvÎvq cöwzøw ØZv m PZb bv Kivi K_vI fve Z n e evsjv `k wkÿv mvgwqkxi ez gvb mslvq GKwU iæz c~y cöeü njñ Ôwbiÿigy³ mgvr MV b mikvi I RbM Yi hš_ D ` vm: wkdevi mvÿizv Av `vjb ch v jvpbvõ wkdevi wecø ei gvî `yõeqi ci 1961 mv j wkfv e gvî GK eq ii g a `k K wbiÿigy³ K iwqj Zvi BwZe Ë _ K eysv hvq ` p ivr bwzk Aw½Kvi, mgv Ri mkj gvby li m ú ³Zv, KwVb g bvej I Av`wk K wpšív, wecøex PZbv I ^ Qv mex g bvfve, Z vm I me Í ii wbiÿi gvby li Rb wklb- klv bv KŠkj I mnr eva RxebNwbó DcKiY Qvov wbiÿizv `~ixkiy m e bq wkdevi mvd j i cq b Av ikwu jÿyxq welq nj mwvk bz Z I wecøex PZbv, `k K fv jvevmvi eªz Avgv `i ` k wbiÿizv `~i Kvivi Rb ^vaxbzvi ci _ K bvbv D ` vm MÖn Yi cii GLbI RbmsL vi cövq 40 kzvsk wbiÿi wkdevi wbiÿizv `~ixkiy Av `vjb _ K Avgv `i A bk welq GLbI klvi Av Q e j g b nq Avgiv PvB I ` pfv e cöz vkv Kwi GKw`b, Lye mnmv, Avgv `i `k m ú~y wbiÿigy³ n e

9 m~wp we` vjq-cq `i aviyv: knivâ j `wi`ª cwiev ii cöv_wgk wk v cöwzôvb wbe vpb Zvcm Kzgvi wek vm Qvw`qv wizz evsjv ` ki cöv_wgk we` vj q z W Um KvDwÝj: GKwU ch v jvpbv gvt AvjgMxi nv mb Mvjvg wkewiqv Abyc Kzgvi ZvjyK`vi gva wgk we` vj q MVbKvjxb g~j vqb gvnv ` RvwKi nv mb wbiÿigy³ mgvr MV b mikvi I RbM Yi hš_ D ` vm: wkdevi mvÿizv Av `vjb ch v jvpbv gvnv ` gwreyi ingvb kvn gvt gvcb DwÏb 48-64

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11 we` vjq-cq `i aviyv: knivâ j `wi`ª cwiev ii cöv_wgk wk v cöwzôvb wbe vpb * Zvcm Kzgvi wek vm ** Qvw`qv wizz 1. f wgkv evsjv ` ki ez gvb cöÿvc U wkÿv ÿ Î mvaviy gvby li AskMÖnY, AvMÖn I Drmvn D jøl hvm fv e jÿyxq wewfbœ M elyvq `Lv M Q h, evsjv `k mkj wkïi Rb gšwjk wkÿvi my hvm m wói ÿ Î h _ó AMÖMwZ mvab K i Q evsjv ` ki wkÿvi ÿ Î GKwU eo AR b cöv_wgk I gva wgk wkÿvi my hv Mi ÿ Î MZ wzb `k K Q j- g qi ˆel g i wejywß Aek `vwi`ª mxgvi wb P Ae vbkvix Ges nz`wi`ª cwiev ii wkïiv GLbI A bkvs k wkÿvi my hvm _ K ewâz _vk Q `vwi `ª i Kvi YB we` vj q fwz n qi wkÿv_ xiv S i co Q, Zviv wbqwgz we` vj q Avm Q bv ev covïbvq AskMÖnY Ki Q bv d j wkÿvi ÿ Î ˆel g i m wó n Q gvbm Z wkÿvi Øvi mevi Rb Db y³ Kiv Ges wkÿvq mgzv cöwzôvi ÿ Î we` gvb cöwzeükzvi ^iƒc wpwýz Kiv bv M j Ômevi Rb wkÿvõ GB RvZxq-jÿ ev Íevqb Kiv m e bq (Hossain & Tavakoli, 2008) `ªæZ bmivqy I mvgvwrk MwZkxjZv ez gvb evsjv ` ki Rb GKwU eo P v jä eo eo g UªvcwjUvb kni jv evsjv ` ki A_ bwzk mg w i K `ª hv ` ki Ab vb As ki gvbyl K vbvší i AvK ó K i knivâ j RbmsL vi GB ùxwz ïay A_ bxwzi mv _ m úk hy³ bq eis Ab vb mvgvwrk mvs wzk Dcv`v bi mv _I RwoZ wewfbœ Av qi I wewfbœ mvgvwrk-mvs wzk cöÿvc Ui gvbyl kn i GK Î emevm Ki Z wm q bvbvikg mvgvwrk Bmÿ ˆZwi n Q RxebhvÎvi wfbœzv I ˆewPÎ wewfbœ mvgvwrk MwZaviv ˆZwi Ki Q Ab vb Av_ mvgvwrk I mvs wzk wel qi gz wkÿvi ez gv b µgea gvb bmivqy cöwµqvi mv _ RwoZ Ges Ab Zg Av jvp welq KviY wfbœ Av_ mvgvwrk cöÿvcu wkÿvi ÿ Î wewfbœ Q` ji g a Avjv`v Pvwn`v I cq ` ˆZwi Ki Q mxwgz cwim i wkqy M elyvag x Kv Ri gva g ez gvb wbe Ü knivâ ji `wi`ª cwievi hviv ew Íevmx bq Zv `i mšívb `i cöv_wgk we` vj q fwz i ÿ Î wkÿvcöwzôvb evqvb q Zv `i Pvwn`v I cöwzeükzv we køly Kivi Póv Kiv n q Q 2. cö vcu I D Ïk GKwU M elyvq cövß 2007 I 2009 mv ji Z _ `Lv hvq h GbwRI zj, KwgDwbwU zj ev emikvwi wkðvimv U b z ji P q mikvwi cöv_wgk we` vj q fwz i nvi cövq 18 kzvsk n«vm c q Q AviGbwRwcGm z j fwz i nv i Kvb cwiez b Av m wb 2008 mv ji GWz Kkb IqvP wi cv U `Lv hvq 1998 mvj _ K 2008 mv ji g a we` vj q fwz i ÿ Î mikvwi cöv_wgk * mnkvix Aa vck, wkÿv I M elyv Bbw wudu, XvKv wek we` vjq, XvKv ** wimvp G mvwm qu, wkÿv Dbœqb Bbw wudu, eª vk wek we` vjq, XvKv evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 09

12 we` vj qi RvqMvq cq `i ZvwjKvq G m Q GbwRI zj, wkðvimv U b zj, gv`ivmv I AviGbwRwcGm zj (Ahmed Hossain & Kalam, 2011) we` vj q fwz i ÿ Î GB cwiez bi KviY úó bq kn ii `wi`ª cwiev ii AwffveK `i Zv `i mšívb `i Rb we` vjq e Q biqvi wel q M elyvcöm~z Z _ i Afve i q Q we` vj q fwz i ÿ Î cq `i cwiez b G m Q wkš ; 1. we` vjq cq ` cwiez bi wbqvgk Kx? 2. zj jv Kx ai bi wkÿv`vb Ki Q? 3. AwffveKMY Kx cöz vkv K i mšívb K GB zj jv Z fwz Ki Qb? 4. AwffveKMY Kb mšívb K GB zj jv Z fwz Ki Qb? GB cökœ jvi DËi cviqvi gz h _ô Z_ -DcvË cviqv hvq bv GB M elyvq g~jz `ywu cö kœi DËi Rvbvi Póv Kiv n q Q- 1. `wi`ª cwiev ii mšívb `i Kvb ai bi cöv_wgk we` vj q fwz Kiv nq? 2. `wi`ª cwiev ii mšívb `i Rb we` vjq evqvb qi cq b wk KviY KvR K i? 3. evsjv ` ki cöv_wgk wk vq mv úªwzk AMÖMwZ evsjv ` k wk vq b vqmsmz cö ekvwakv ii Î D jøl hvm AMÖMwZ mvwaz n q Q (cöv_wgk wk vi Î wbu fwz nvi 98 `kwgk 7, evjk `i Î G nvi 99 `kwgk 4 I evwjkv `i Î 97 `kwgk 2) S i covi nvi Kgv bv, wk vpµ mgvwßi Î DbœwZ mvab I cöv_wgk wk vq YMZ gvb e w i Rb ch vß cwigvy e e v MÖnY BZ vw` 2010 mv j evsjv ` k GKwU wk vbxwz MÖnY Kiv n q Q RvZxq wk vbxwz 2010-Gi Av jv K 2013 mv j wk vµg I cvv cȳ ÍK cwigvr b Kiv n q Q mevi Rb wk vi my hvm m wó I S i cov iva Kivi Rb cöv_wgk I gva wgk Í ii mkj wk v_ xi Rb webvg~ j cvv cȳ ÍK mieivn Kiv n q Q wkÿv ÿ Î Z_ -cöhyw³i e envi Kiv n Q cixÿvi djvdj cökvk, cvv cȳ Í Ki wwwruvj ms iy, gvwëwgwwqv köwykÿ, wwwruvj Kb U U cöf wz e envi Kiv n Q cöv_wgk we` vjq jvi Rb cövq 37,000 bzzb wkÿk wb qvm Kiv n q Q cöv_wgk I gva wgk wkÿvq fwz i ÿ Î evsjv `k BwZg a wj½-mgzv AR b K i Q wkï `i cövwzôvwbk wkÿvi m ½ cwipq Kwi q w` Z wcö- zj wkÿv Kvh µg Pvjy Kiv n q Q wkÿv ÿ Î wba vwiz jÿ AR b mikvi mvwe Kfv e RvZxq wkÿvbxwz 2010 ev Íevqb Ki Q evsjv ` ki msweav b webv ez b me Rbxb cöv_wgk wkÿvi K_v ejv n q Q wkÿvlv Z hme P v jä jÿ Kiv hv Q, Zv n jv câg köwy ch ší mgvwßi nvi e w Kiv Ges eq wkÿvi AvIZv I 10 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

13 gvb e w Kiv GLbI kvixwik I gvbwmkfv e we kl Pvwn`v-m úbœ wkï `i D jøl hvm Ask zjwkÿvi AvIZvewnf Z i q Q cöv_wgk I gva wgk Dfq ch v q wkÿvi gvb wbwðzki Yi welqwu GLbI Ab Zg P v jä (Avjg, 2013) 4. evsjv ` k cöv_wgk wkÿvi aviv evsjv ` k ez gv b ZiwU avivi cöv_wgk we` vjq i q Q: AvbyôvwbK we` vjq (cöv_wgk wkÿv Awa`ß ii e e vcbvaxb) 1. mikvwi cöv_wgk we` vjq 2. iwr vw mikvwi cöv_wgk we` vjq 3. bb- iwr vw mikvwi cöv_wgk we` vjq 4. wcwuavb msjmœ cixÿy we` vjq 5. KwgDwbwU cöv_wgk we` vjq e w³ gvwjkvbvq e e vcbvvaxb 6. wkðvimv U b AvbyôvwbK we` vjq (wkÿv gš Yvj qi e e vcbvaxb) 7. Ge Z`vqx gv`ivmv 8. D P gv`ivmv-mshy³ cöv_wgk we` vjq 9. D P we` vjq-mshy³ cöv_wgk we` vjq Dc-AvbyôvwbK we` vjq (GbwRI eÿ ivi wbeübcövß) 10. eª vk-cöv_wgk we` vjq 11. Ab vb GbwRI cwipvwjz Dc-AvbyôvwbK cöv_wgk we` vjq 12. Avb ` zj AvbyôvwbK we` vjq (mgvr Kj vy gš Yvj qi e e vcbvaxb) 13. wkï Kj vy we` vjq gvu we` vj qi aib ANNUAL SECTOR PERFORMANCE REPORT [ASPR-2012] msl v 37, ,168 1, ,133 10,537 2,062 4,366 1,494 4,390 1,936 2, , wkÿv ÿ Î Pvwn`vi cwiez b evsjv ` ki RwUj Av_ mvgvwrk welq jv wkï `i gšwjk wkÿv K cöfvwez K i M elyvq `Lv M Q h, evsjv `k wkï `i we` vj q cö ek DbœxZKi Y Ges we Í ZKi Y A bk GwM q M Q Z e zj Ges evwoi wba vik jvi mswgkö Yi Kvi Y wkïiv gvbm úbœ wkÿvi my hvm I mgzv _ K ewâz _ K hv Q wewfbœ M elyvq `Lv M Q h, `wi`ª wczv-gvzv, we kl K i hv `i evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 11

14 mvÿizvávb Kg ev bb, Zviv mšívb `i jlvcovi LiP Pvjv Z mÿg bq, we` vj qi bxwz wba viyx wel qi mg K AewnZ bq, we` vj qi wkÿke ` I cöavb wkÿ Ki mv _ Zgb hvmv hvm bb, we` vj qi cwi e ki YMZ gvb m ú K úó aviyv bb (Hossain & Tavakoli, 2008) evsjv ` ki wkï `i z j fwz niqvi cöwµqv MZ cövq `yb `kk a i AwffveK, wkÿvwe`, wkÿv cökvmk Ges M elk `i wpšívi welq n q D V Q `ªæZ knivqy, ckv wn m e PvKwii cöwz AvMÖn evsjv ` ki gvby li Rxebhvcb c wz Z e vck cöfve i L Q wkÿv_ xi wkÿv I wkÿv cöwzôvb n q D V Q cwiev ii fwel r cwikíbv Ges Rxebhvcb gv bi Ab Zg m~pk wkÿvi ÿ Î ˆel g i GK bzzb Aa vq wn m e ms hvwrz n q Q cöv_wgk Ges gva wgk ch v q zj jv Z wkï `i fwz cöwµqv AwZwi³ LiP, gvbwmk Pvc, covi Pvc, eqm Abychy³ fwz cvvµg, KvwPs BZ vw` wkï `i z j fwz niqvi cöwµqvi KwVb mgm v wn m e we ewpz n Q GB cöeyzv kni- MÖvg Dfq ÿ ÎB cwijwÿz n Q hw`i mgm vi gvîv Ges e vwß Z cv_ K i q Q kn ii cöv_wgk Ges gva wgk Í ii fwz wb q m ó RwUjZvi cöfve c o Q ga weë I wbgœ Av qi gvby li DciI Awffve Ki zj cq `i cöfvek wn m e KvR Ki Q cwiewz Z Rxe bi Pvwn`v Abyhvqx wkÿvi aib, mikv ii bxwzgvjv, z ji Av Q AwffveK I wkÿv_ xi Pvwn`v I cövwßi AmsMwZ djvd ji K wzz, mybvg, cwiwpwz, wkÿ Ki mybvg, welqwfwëk wkÿ Ki `ÿzv BZ vw` z j wkÿv_ x fwz i ÿ Î iæz c~y f wgkv iv L 5.1 we` vjq-cq `i aviyv mv úwª ZK mg q we` vjq-cq `i aviyv mvivwe k e vckfv e Av jvwpz welq n q D V Q we` vjq cq ` gj~ Z Ggb GKwU aviyv hv wkÿv_x `i wkÿvi Rb czö vwkz I mwy eavrbk cwö Zôvb evqvb qi ÿ Î AwffveK `i v^ axbzv K evsvq AbjvBbwfwËK g³y wek Kvl DBwKwcwWqv Z ejv n q Q, School choice is a term or label given to a wide array of programs offering students and their families alternatives to publicly provided schools, to which students are generally assigned by the location of their family residence. we` vjq-cq ` aviyv GKwU ˆewPÎ c~y Kg m~wp ey bvq e eüz nq hlv b wkÿv_ x I Zv `i Awffve Kiv Zv `i Rb me P q Dc hvmx wkÿvi e e vwu e Q wb Z cv i (State of Wisconsin Legislative Reference Bureau, 1995) we` vjq-cq ` wb q M elyv I wewfbœ cökvi Kvh µg cwipvjbvkvix ms v wd«wg vb dvd Ûkb di GWy Kkbvj P qm we` vjq-cq ` aviyvwu K AwffveK `i Zv `i mšív bi wkÿv cöwzôvb evqvb qi ^vaxbzvi cvkvcvwk cwievi jvi Pvwn`v AviI fvjfv e c~i Yi Rb we` vjq jvi g a mȳ cöwz hvwmzv K DrmvwnZ K i e j D jøl K i Q wd«wg vb dvd Ûkb we` vjq-cq ` aviyvwui m ½ m úwk Z AviI wkqy welq D jøl K i Q; School choice gives parents the freedom to choose their children s education, while encouraging healthy competition among schools to better serve families' needs. School choice lets parents use the public funds set aside for their children's education to choose the schools public or private, near or far, religious or secular that work best for them. (Friedman Foundation for Educational Choice) 12 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

15 we` vjq-cq ` g~jz GKwU wkÿv Kg m~wp hvi gva g wkÿv_ x I AwffveK `i Rb me P q myweavrbk wkÿv e Q biqvi ^vaxbzv wbwðz Kivi gva g wkÿvq mk ji Rb mgzvwfwëk cö ekvwakvi wbwðz Kiv nq c w_exi wewfbœ ` k we klz DbœZ we k we` vjq-cq ` ev Íevq bi Rb mikvwi, emikvwi ch v q wewfbœ cwikíbv MÖnY Kiv nq Ges mikvwi ch v q Gi Rb cö qvrbxq mnvqzv Kg m~wp cwipvwjz nq bvmwik `i we` vjq-cq ` ev Íevq bi g~j `vwqz mikv ii mikvwi wkÿv cöwzôvb QvovI emikvwi wkÿv cöwzôvb jv Z mk ji cö ekvwakvi wbwðz Kivi Rb we` vjq, AwffveK ev Dfq c ÿb we kl mnvqzv cö`v bi gva gi GwU wbwðz Kiv nq hb mkj wkÿv_ x Zv `i cq `mb I myweavrbk we` vj q fwz n Z cv i 5.2 zj-cq `i ˆewk K Ae v 1980i `kk _ KB ivóªxq mevlvzmg~ ni evrvig~wlzv GKwU ˆewk K aviv wn m e iƒc bq Ges ivóª jvi mvgvwrk bxwz wba viy msµvší wm vší MÖn Y e vck cöfve we Ívi K i wkÿv, ^v I Ab vb mvgvwrk- mevi ÿ Î evrvi ˆewkó m~wpz nq (Xiaoxin, 2014) West Ges Yionen (2010) Gi g Z, we` vj qi ˆewPÎ I AwffveK `i cq `i mv _ ez gvb evrvigylx wkÿv ms v ii m úk i q Q hv AwffveK `i Zv `i mšívb `i Rb AviI ewk cq `i my hvm ˆZwi K i d j GKwU we` vjq hw` wkÿv_ x I AwffveK `i Pvwn`v c~i Y e _ nq Zvn j Zviv AviI fv jv my hvm müvb Ki Z cv i Aciw` K, h nzz we` vj qi A_ vqb mivmwi wkÿv_ x fwz i mv _ m úwk Z, m nzz we` vjq jv wkÿv_ x fwz i gva g Zv `i Avq e w i Rb ci ú ii mv _ cöwz hvwmzv K i (as cited in Xiaoxin, 2014; p 6) wkš G ÿ Î cöavb evav n q `uvovq we` vj qi e q enb Kiv we` vj qi e qi Kvi Y AwffveKiv A bk mgq Zv `i mšívb `i Rb cq `mb ev myweavrbk we` vj q fwz Ki Z cv ib bv m ÿ Î eva n qb Zv `i K A cÿvk Z wbgœgv bi we` vj q fwz Ki Z nq GB Ae v DËi Yi Rb cö qvrb nq iv óªi c` ÿc ivóª wkÿv ÿ Î mgzv ervq ivlvi Rb wewfbœ mnvqzvg~jk Kvh µ gi gva g AwffveK I wkÿv_ x `i Rb we` vjq-cq `i ^vaxbzv wbwðz K i mvaviyz gvbm úbœ wkÿv K zj-cq `i g~j KviY wn m e ejv n ji wkÿvi gva g e emv/a_ bwzk mg w Ab Zg iæz c~y KviY zj-cq `i welqwu ivr bwzk Ges Av`wk Kfv e me mgqb wezwk Z DbœZ ` k zj-cq ` welqwu wkÿvi gv bvbœq b BwZevPK f~wgkv i L Q wewfbœ ai bi z ji g a h me z ji cixÿvi djvdj fv jv mbme z j AwffveKMY mšívb K fwz Kiv Z AvMÖnx _v Kb z ji KvQ _ K cövß mev cwigv ci Zgb Kv bv me Rb-M nxz wewa bv _vk ji zj I Awffve Ki cöwz Awffve Ki mš wób G ÿ Î g~j we ep welq myb Wb, hy³ivr, hy³iv óªi gz `k jvi zj-cq `i welqwu wkÿvbxwz Z we epbv Kiv n q _v K zj-cq `i ÿ Î 1980-Gi `kk _ K wpwj Z emikvwi Ges ^vqz kvwmz z ji mikvwifv e e q wbe v ni h cöwµqv Pvjy Kiv n q Q Zv fv jv djvdj e q G b Q Dbœqbkxj `k jv ZI GLb zj-cq `i welqwu wkÿv ÿ Î iæz c~y welq wn m e we ewpz n Q (Hossain, N. & Tavakoli, H. : 2008) Gai bi AviI wkqy D`vniY D jøl Kiv hvq, hgb: evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 13

16 me ai bi gšwjk wkÿvi Rb wdbj v Ûi mikvi A_ vqb K i Ges webvg~ j wkÿv cö`vb Kiv nq myb W b webvg~ j z j wkÿv cö`vb Kiv nq AwffveKiv mšívb K h- Kv bv cq `i we` vj q fwz Kiv Z cv ib Ges wkÿv_ xiv we` vjq cwiez b Ki ji mikvwi A_ vqb Ae vnz _v K wkÿv gš Yvjq czz Mv ji cvewjk m± ii wkÿvi m ú~y A_ vqb K i Ges ivóª emikvwi z ji cöwzwu wkÿv_ xi wkÿvi Rb fizzwk cö`vb K i wpwj mikvi mikvwi Ges emikvwi z ji Rb fz wk wn m e A_ vqb K i zj fvdpvi ev wkÿv fvdpv ii gva g cö_g bq eqi Kvwiqvi me wkïi wkÿv A ezwbk Ges eva Zvg~jK Kvwiqvi emkvwii zj jv mikvwi A_ vq bi Ici m ú~y fv e wbf ikxj Rvg vb, b`vij vû, Bsj vû, Avqvij vû Ges myb W b mikvwifv e z ji Rb A_ vqb Kiv nq hb cwievi ag xq wek vm Abyhvqx mšív bi Rb wkÿv cöwzôvb cq ` Ki Z cv i ejwrqvg, b`vij vû Ges Avqvij v Ûi gz wkqy wkqy BD ivwcqvb ` k zj-cq `i welqwu mvsweavwbk AwaKvi e j we ewpz nq (Friedman Foundation for Educational Choice) 5. 3 zj-cq `i aviyvq evsjv ` ki Ae v evsjv ` ki cöÿvc U we` vjq-cq `i aviyvwui ˆewk K cöÿvcu _ K we epbv Kiv hvq G ÿ Î ˆewk K aviv we epbvq evsjv ` k cö hvr wkqy welq i q Q hgb: eûgylx I we Í Z wkÿve e v: 1947 mv j cvwk Ív bi c~e e½ As k gvî 19,000 cöv_wgk we` vjq wqj GB msl v 1971 mv j hv DbœxZ nq (Sabur & Ahmed, 2010) ^vaxbzvi ci ez gv b evsjv ` k cöv_wgk-ch v q cövq Zi ai bi (DPE, 2012) mikvwi- emikvwi wgwj q gvu 89,712wU cöv_wgk we` vjq i q Q Awffve Ki zjcq `i ÿî hgb we Í Z n q Q, Zgwb KviYI eûgylx wkÿv ÿ Î cökvm bi `vwqz kxjzv: mvaviyz wkÿvi ÿ Î AwffveKMY fv jv djvd ji mv _ cövkmwbk ^ QZv Ges wkÿv_ xi cöwz `vwqz kxjzv Avkv K ib mv úªwzk mg q zj-cq `i ÿ Î hgb wkÿvi gvb Dbœq b cöfve Ki KvR Ki Q, Zgwb cökvmwbk ^ QZv Ges `vwqz kxjzvi GLb we ep welq ˆewPÎ gq wkÿvi gvb m ú K ` wófw½: zj-cq `i ÿ Î AwffveK `i cwiewz Z gvbwmkzvi cöfve `Lv hv Q G ÿ Î ag xq wkÿv cöwzôvb GKwU D jøl hvm D`vniY wkÿv ÿ Î mgzvi cfö ve: wkÿvi ÿ Î AwffveK `i A_ bwzk mvg_ GKwU we ep welq wkÿv ÿ Î mgzv AwRZ n ji GwU mvgvwrk ˆelg ew K i Q h Awffve Ki 14 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

17 mvg_ ewk wzwb gvbm Z we` vj q wkï `i fwz Ki Qb h Awffve Ki Avw_K mv Q ` Kg Zviv A cÿvkz gvbnxb we` vj q mšví b K cvvv Qb (Hossain & Tavakoli, 2008) evsjv ` ki msweav b wkÿv wkÿv-mswkøó weavb wn m e msweav bi wøzxq As ki gšwjk Av`k I ivóªxq bxwz Aa v q webvg~ j I eva Zvg~jK wkÿv msµvší aviv 17-G D jøl Kiv n q Q wkÿvi e vcv i cöz ÿ I cövmw½k mvsweavwbk e³e gšwjk Av` k i 17 bs aviv GLv b ejv n q Q, webvg~ j I eva Zvg~jKfv e GKB ai bi (uniform) MYgyLx me Rbxb wkÿvi Rb ivóª Kvh Ki e e v MÖnY Ki e wkÿvbxwz 2010 wkÿvbxwz 2010-G ejv n q Q- RvwZ, ag, MvÎ wbwe k l Av_ mvgvwrk köwy-ˆelg I bvix-cyiæ li ˆelg `~i Kiv, Amv úª`vwqkzv, wek -åvz Z, mšnv` I gvby l gvby l mngwg Zv eva M o Zvjv Ges gvbevwakv ii cöwz kª vkxj K i Zvjv ˆelg nxb mgvr m wó Kivi j ÿ gav I cöeyzv Abyhvqx vwbk, mvgvwrk I A_ bwzk Ae vb wbwe k l mk ji Rb wkÿv-jv fi mgvb my hvm-myweav AevwiZ Kiv wkÿv K gybvdv AR bi j ÿ cy wn m e e envi bv Kiv mkj wkÿv_ xi g a mg- gšwjk wpšív PZbv M o Zvjv Ges RvwZi Rb mg-bvmwik wfwë m wói j ÿ me avivi wkÿvi cöv_wgk we` vj q K qkwu gšwjk wel q GK I Awfbœ wkÿvµg, cvv m~wp I cvv eb eva Zvg~jKfv e AbymiY GKB D Ï k gva wgk Í ii GKBfv e K qkwu gšwjk wel q cvv`vb 6. kn ii ew Íevmx `wi`ª cwievi I ew Íi evb i emevmkvix `wi`ª cwievi mvaviyz ew Í n Q kn ii wbgœ Av qi Rb Mvôxi Avevm j ew Í Z bvmwik myweav bb ej jb P j Ges Avevmb e e v AZ ší wbgœgvb-m úbœ nq kn ii ew Íi msávq ejv hvq, Slums are areas of housing built on government or private land characterised by low-quality housing, overcrowding, poverty, poor environmental conditions, and limited access to services. (Cameron, 2010) Aciw` K ew Íi evb i `wi`ª cwievi jv hlv b emevm K i mlvbkvi cwi ek A cÿvk Z fv jv emev mi N ii gvb ew Íi P q fv jv AwaKvsk ÿ ÎB Zv cvkv `qvj, cvkv g S I wu bi Pv ji Ges GKvwaK Kÿwewkó n q _v K M vm, cvwb I we`ÿ Zi ˆea ms hvm _v K RbmsL vi NbZ ew Íi P q Kg _v K ZvQvov ew Íi evb i `wi`ª cwievi jvi Avevm j mvgvwrk-mvs wzk cwi ek ew Íi P q DbœZZi nq 7. M elyv c wz GwU GKwU YMZ M elyv c wz g~jz GKwU Aa KvVv gve cökœc Îi gva g DËi`vZv `i mvÿvrkvi MÖnY Kiv n q Q mvÿvrkv ii gva g cövß Z_ YMZ we køly Kiv n q Q cövß Z _ i wfwë Z wkqy Km vwwi mvi-ms ÿc ˆZwi Kiv n q Q evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 15

18 bgybv wbe vpb ez gvb M elyvi Rb XvKv kn ii wbgœweë `i Avevm j wn m e cwiwpz wzbwu GjvKv wbe vpb Kiv nq G jv nj: evçv _vbvaxb mvzvikzj, K vèb g U _vbvaxb fvmvb UK I wgicyi _vbvaxb `yqvixcvov wzbwu GjvKvi cöwzwu _ K 4 Rb K i gvu 12 wu cwievi K GB M elyvi Rb wbe vpb Kiv nq Gÿ Î wb gœv³ ˆewkó m úbœ cwievi jv K `wi`ª cwievi wn m e we epbv Kiv n q Q: 1. GKwU kqbkÿ I GKwU QvU Kÿwewkó Ni K GKwU BDwbU we epbvq GKvwaK BDwbUwewkó evwoi m e v P GKwU BDwb U emevm 2. GKvwaK BDwb Ui Rb GKwU Kgb Uq ju 3. GKvwaK BDwb Ui Rb GKwU Kgb ivbœvni 4. gvwmk Avq 8000 UvKv _ K UvKv 5. fvov evmvq emevm K i 6. Nifvov m eÿ v P 3000 UvKv Z_ msmön cöwµqv GKwU Aa -KvVv gve cökœc Îi gva g mvÿvrkvi MÖnY Kiv nq mvÿvrkvi MÖn Yi c~ e cöv_wgkfv e Rvb Z PvIqv nq h, Zv `i cöv_wgk we` vjqmvgx Kv bv mšívb Av Q wkbv? hw` _v K Zvn j Zv `i N ii Ae v ch eÿy Kiv nq Ges gvwmk Av qi K_v Rvb Z PvIqv nq GB `ywu welq wba vwiz KvVv gvi g a _vk j mb cwiev ii gv qi mvÿvrkvi MÖnY Kiv nq gv q `i mvÿvrkvi biqvi KviY n Q h, G ai bi cwievi jv Z mšív bi jlvcovi wel q evevi P q gv ewk `vwqz cvjb K ib Ges cöv_wgk we` vjq jv ZI gv q `i AskMÖnY K ewk DØy Kivi Póv Kiv nq 8. cövß djvdj 1. kn ii `wi`ª cwiev ii AwffveKiv Zv `i mšívb `i wkÿvi my hvm jv f AvMÖnx Avw_ K Am QjZvi g a I cöwzwu cwievi Zv `i zj Mg bvc hvmx eqmx mšívb `i cöv_wgk we` vj q fwz Kwi q Qb Ges wkÿv Pjgvb ivl Z AvMÖn cökvk K i Qb 2. cövq mkj cwievib Zv `i mšívb `i gvbm Z we` vj q fwz Ki Z AvMÖnx, G ÿ Î cöavb evav we` vj qi LiP Zviv Zv `i mšívb `i ^xk Z-gvbm Z we` vj q fwz Kiv Z cvi Qb bv KviY Avw_ K mxgve Zvi Kvi Y Zviv mme we` vj qi LiP en b Aÿg 3. we` vjq-cq `i ÿ Î AwffveKiv Zv `i Avw_ K mvg_ Abyhvqx fv jv z j fwz Kiv Z Pvb wkš G ÿ Î fvj zj m ú K Zv `i aviyv úó bq ewkifvm ÿ Î Zviv GjvKvq emevmkvix Ab vb `i KvQ _ K Z_ msmön K ib h, Kvb zjwu fv jv Ges Zv `i gzvg Zi wfwë ZB mšív bi Rb zj wbe vpb K ib 16 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

19 4. wkðvimv U b zj A bk cwiev ii Kv Q mvgvwrk gh v`vi (status symbol) wel q cwimwyz n q Q we` vj qi gvb m ú K ^ Q aviyv bv _vkv m Ë I ïaygvî mvgvwrk gh v`v we epbv K i wkqy cwievi hv `i Avw_ K mvg_ Av Q Zviv Zv `i mšívb `i wkðvimv U b z j fwz Kivi Rb AvMÖnx n q DV Qb 5. mikvwi cöv_wgk we` vjq m ú K GKwU bwzevpk aviyv i q Q h, mikvwi cöv_wgk we` vj qi wkÿvi gvb fv jv bq ZeyI cwievi jv mikvwi cöv_wgk we` vjq m ú K AvMÖnx, KviY mlv b cov bvi Rb Kv bv LiP bb 6. A bk mgq cwievi jv `yi Z i Kvi Y Zv `i mšívb `i mikvwi cöv_wgk we` vj q fwz Kivb bv, KviY Gme cwiev ii wkïiv mvaviyz wb RivB GKv ev `j eu a nu U nu U z j hvq wkš AwffveKiv XvKvi iv Ívq wkï `i Gfv e ewk `~ i h Z wbivcëvi Afve eva K ib 7. cwievi jv Zv `i mšívb `i Rb we` vj qi covi cvkvcvwk Zv `i mšívb `i Rb cövb fu wudkb ev KvwPs Kivb G ÿ Î gvwmk LiP wzbkz UvKv _ K GK nvrvi cuvpkz UvKv ch ší n q _v K 8. kn ii ew Í Z emevmkvix `wi`ª cwiev ii wkï `i gz Gme cwiev ii wkïiv Kv bv Avqg~jK Kv R ev eva Zvg~jK M n vjx KvR hgb, N ii ivbœv Kiv, QvU wkï `i `Lv kvbv Kiv Gai bi Kv R wb qvwrz nq bv 9. ew Íi evb i emevmkvix `wi`ª cwievi jv Ges ew Í Z emevmkvix `wi`ª cwiev ii g a mvgvwrk-mvs wzk cv_ K jÿyxq 9. K q KwU Km vww 1. Rvrmœv emg Rvrmœv em gi ^vgx ckvq wmgbwr PvjK Ges cwiev ii GKgvÎ DcvR bÿg e w³ Zv `i cwiev ii gvu Avq AvbygvwbK `k nvrvi UvKv Zviv XvKvi vqx evwm `v Zv `i wzbwu mšívb GK Q j I `yb g q eo Q jwu mœvzk kªwy Z Aa qbiz gs g qwu lô kªwy Z covi mgq we q w` q Qb Ges me P q QvU g qwu ez gv b câg kªwy Z co Q Zvi wzbwu mšívbb mikvwi cöv_wgk we` vj q cöv_wgk wkÿv jvf K i Q mšívb `i cöv_wgk wkÿvi Rb mikvwi cöv_wgk we` vjq e Q biqvi KviY wn m e e jbñ eo Q jwu cöv_wgk we` vj q covi mgq Av kcv k Avi Kvb we` vjq wqj bv Ges Zv `ii Ab Kv bv ai bi we` vj qi Pvwn`v wqj bv gs g qwu K wbkuez x GKwU wkðvimv U b we` vj q fwz Kiv ji ciez x mg q Li Pi mskzjvb Ki Z bv c i Avevi mikvwi cöv_wgk we` vj q fwz Kivb QvU g qwu cö_g _ KB mikvwi cöv_wgk we` vj q co Q evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 17

20 we` vjq-cq `i e vcv i Rv rmœv emg e jb, Kvb z j coj muv Kvb eo welq bq, mikvwi cöv_wgk we` vj q c oi Avwg A bk gvbyl K eo Ae v b h Z ` LwQ A b KB mikvwi z j c oi AvBbRxex, Wv³vi n q Qb, fvj PvKwi Ki Qb GLbKvi evev gvõiv mšívb `i wkðvimv U b z j fwz Kiv Z Pvq wkš mikvwi z ji fv jv jlvcov nq Rv rmœv emg Zvi QvU g qwui cövb fu cov bv eve` gv m AvUkZ UvKv LiP K ib wzwb Zvi mšívb `i Rb mikvwi cöv_wgk we` vj qi wkÿvi gvb wb qi mš ó 2. g bvqviv emg g bvqviv em gi ^vgxi ckvq wmgbwr PvjK cwiev ii gvwmk Avq AvbygvwbK `k nvrvi UvKv Zv `i `ywu mšívbb mikvwi cöv_wgk we` vj q c o eo g qwu PZz_ köwy Z Ges QvU Q jwu cö_g kªwy Z c o Zv `i mikvwi cöv_wgk we` vj q fwz K i Qb, KviY mlv b covi Rb Kv bv UvKv jv M bv wkš Zvi eo g qi Rb AvUkZ UvKv I QvU Q ji Rb wzbkz UvKv cövb fu cov bv eve` cöwzgv m LiP Ki Z nq AviI fv jv z j cov bvi Avw_ K mvg_ bb e j Zviv Zv `i mšívb `i AviI fv jv z j fwz Kivbwb Zviv Zv `i mšívb `i Rb mikvwi cöv_wgk we` vj q cov bvi gvb wb q gvuvgywu mš ó 3. Rvnvbviv Rvnvbviv GKRb M wnyx Zvi ^vgx we ` k kªwg Ki KvR K ib cöwzgv m Zvi ^vgx `k nvrvi UvKv cvvvb Zvi GKwU Kb vmšívb Ges m GKwU wkðvimv U b z j wkï kªwy Z Aa qbiz z ji gvwmk ezb GKkZ câvk UvKv GQvov fwz i mgq fwz wd I eb eve` wzbkz UvKv, BDwbdg eve` cuvpkz I e vm eve` `ybkz UvKv w` Z n q Q wzwb wb R mikvwi cöv_wgk we` vj q câg köwy ch ší cov kvbv Ki ji Zvi mšívb K wkðvimv U b z j fwz K i Qb KviY Zvi Kv Q g b nq wkðvimv U b z ji wkÿvi gvb fv jv wzwb e jb, wkðvimv U b z j ewk ezb bq KviY Zviv fv jv covq hlv b fv jv cov e mlv b ewk ezb b e Avwg AvMvgx eqi Avgvi g q K AviI `vwg z j fwz Kive wzwb Zvi g qi we` vj qi wkÿvi gvb wb q mš ó bb KviY wkÿkiv hzœ bb bv, kvixwik kvw Í `b GKw`b wkÿk Avgvi g q K g iwq jb, Zvi nvz K U i³ SiwQj GKRb gwnjv wkÿk Av Qb, wkÿv_ x `i fqskifv e kvw Í `b wewfbœ mgq zj _ K wewfbœ ai bi eb `q ev Kvb Abyôvb Dcj ÿ e vr `q, wkš m jvi Rb Avgv `i UvKv w` Z nq 18 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

21 4. cvifxb cvifxb GKRb cvkvk Kg x Zvi ^vgx wikkvpvjk Zv `i `yõr bi gvu DcvR b gv m 10/11 nvrvi UvKv 15 eqi a i XvKvi wewfbœ RvqMvq emevmiz cvifxb ez gv b `yb nvrvi cuvpkz UvKv fvov evmvq emevm K ib Zv `i `ywu mšív bi g a QvU Q jwui eqm Pvi eqi Ges eo g qi eqm AvU eqi g qwu GKwU emikvwi ms v cwipvwjz cöv_wgk we` vj q cö_g kªwy Z c o Zvi we` vj q covi Rb Kvb LiP bb, wkš cövb fu cov eve` gv m `ybkz UvKv LiP Ki Z nq GbwRI z j mšívb K fwz Kivi KviY m ú K cvifxb e jb h, Zviv hlb ez gvb Avevm j G m Qb ZLb mikvwi cöv_wgk we` vj q fwz i mgq kl n q wm qwqj GbwRI zjwui GjvKvq fv jv zj wn m e cwiwpz AvMvgx eqi wzwb Zvi `yb Q j- g q KB mikvwi cöv_wgk we` vj q fwz Kiv eb 5. mxgv XvKvi vbxq evwm `v M nea~ mxgv ^vgx emikvwi ms vq Kg iz gvwmk Avq AvU nvrvi UvKv Zv `i `ywu mšív bi g a cuvp eqi eqmx eo g qwu wbkuez x wkðvimv U b z ji wkï kªwy Z c o mlv b gvwmk ezb `ybkz câvk UvKv cixÿvi wdm GKkZ UvKv GQvov fwz wd I cvkvk eve` fwz i mgq QqkZ câvk UvKv w` Z n q Q Zv `i mšívb K wkðvimv U b z j fwz K i Qb, KviY Zviv Rvb Zb h mikvwi cöv_wgk we` vj q wkï kªwy bb Ges mlv b mvz eq ii wb P wkï `i fwz Kiv nq bv AviI fv jv z j fwz Kiv Z cv ibwb, KviY mme z ji LiP Pvjv bvi mvg_ Zv `i bb wzwb Zvi mšív bi wkÿvi gvb wb q Amš ó KviY, Zv e qeûj AvMvgx eqi mšívb K mikvwi cöv_wgk we` vj q fwz Kiv eb 6. Zvmwjgv Zvmwjgv GKwU wkðvimv U b z ji wkÿk Zuvi ^vgx wbg vy kªwgk `yr bi gvwmk gvu Avq c bi nvrvi UvKv Zvmwjgv wek eqi hver XvKvq emevmiz ez gv b Zuvi cwievi wb q wzb nvrvi UvKv gvwmk fvovi GKwU evmvq evm Ki Qb Zuv `i `ywu mšív bi eqm h_vµ g 16 I 10 eo g q D P gva wgk köwy Z Aa qbiz cöv_wgk Í i m wkðvimv U b z j c o Q QvU Q jwu GKwU wkðvimv U b z j Z Zxq köwy Z Aa qbiz z ji gvwmk ezb `ybkz UvKv fwz wd eve` w` Z n q Q GK nvrvi QqkZ UvKv GQvov cövb fu cov eve` gv m PvikZ UvKv I hvzvqvz eve` gv m bqkz UvKv LiP nq GB z j mšívb K fwz K i Qb, KviY zjwu fvj zj wn m e cöwzwôz Zvmwjgv Zuvi mšív bi ez gvb z ji cov kvbvi gvb wb q mš ó evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 19

22 7. mv_x mv_x XvKvi vqx evwm `v Zvi ^vgx ez gv b ekvi Nifvov eve` Zv `i gvwmk Avq evi nvrvi UvKv Zv `i `ywu mšívb QvU Q jwui eqm Qq gvm Ges eo Q ji eqm PŠÏ eqi eo Q j mikvwi cöv_wgk we` vj q Aa qbiz z j covi Rb Kvb ezb w` Z nq bv, wkš cövb fu covi Rb gv m GK nvrvi UvKv w` Z nq GQvov mgvcbx cixÿvq AskMÖnY Ki e weavq zj _ K KvwPs Kiv bvi e e v biqv n q Q mlv b KvwPs wd eve` GK nvrvi cuvpkz UvKv w` Z n q Q wzwb Zvi mšívb K mikvwi cöv_wgk we` vj q fwz Kwi q Qb, KviY mlv b ezb w` Z nq bv Avw_ K mvg_ bv _vkvq AviI fv jv y j fwz K ibwb wzwb Zvi mšív bi we` vj qi wkÿvi gvb wb q mš ó, wkš KvwPs wd ev cövb fu covi wd `qv Zvi Rb KóKi ZvB wzwb Pvq mšív bi Rb AviI Kg LiP ev webv Li Pi wkÿve e v 8. gviædv gviædvi ^vgx ckvq GKRb m vwbuvwi wg x Ges wzwb wb R GKRb M wnyx gvwmk Avq `k nvrvi UvKv `o eqi hver XvKvq emevm Ki Qb gv m wzb nvrvi UvKv evmv fvov eve` w` Z nq Zv `i GKgvÎ mšív bi eqm cuvp eqi m GKwU wkðvimv U b z j bvm vwi Z c o z j fwz i mgq fwz wd eve` wzb nvrvi UvKv, cvkvk eve` cuvpkz UvKv, e vm Ges RyZv eve` cuvpkz UvKv-mn gvu Pvi nvrvi UvKv w` Z n q Q GQvov gvwmk ezb PvikZ UvKv w` Z nq Zv `i mšívb K GB z j fwz Kwi q Qb KviY GjvKvi Awaevmx `i Kv Q ï b Qb h GB zjwu fv jv gv S gv S we `wkiv z j Av m Gme ï b mšív bi Rb GB zjwu e Q wb q Qb AviI fvj z j fwz Kivi B Q wqj wkš D P e qi Kvi Y mlv b fwz Kivb wb wzwb Zvi mšív bi wkÿvi gvb wb q gvuvgywu mš ó, KviY Zv K Zvi mšív bi jlvcovi Rb evowz hzœ wb Z nq bv 9. ivwk`v ivwk`v GKRb M nkg x wek eqi a i XvKvq emevm Ki Qb Zvi ^vgx eu P bb ivwk`v Zvi msmv ii GKgvÎ DcvR bkvix gvwmk Avq AvbygvwbK cuvp nvrvi UvKv evmv fvov eve` w` Z nq `yb nvrvi cuvpkz UvKv Zvi Zi eq ii GKwU Kb v mšívb i q Q, m GKwU mikvwi cöv_wgk we` vj q câg köwy Z Aa qbiz we` vj q covi Rb Kvb LiP bb, wkš mgvcbx cixÿvi KvwPs qi Rb gv m wzbkz UvKv w` Z nq wzwb Zvi mšívb K mikvwi cöv_wgk we` vj q fwz K i Qb, KviY GLv b cov jlvi LiP Kg AviI fv jv z j fwz Kivbwb, KviY mme z j LiP A bk ewk wzwb Zvi mšív bi wkÿvi gvb wb q mš ó 20 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

23 10. Kzjmyg emg Kjz mgy emg Mw nyx Zvi v^ gxi GKwU QvU d ji- `vkvb i q Q gvwmk Avq Avbgy vwbk `k nvrvi UvKv evmvfvov eve` Zv `i gvwmk e q `By nvrvi cvu PkZ UvKv Zv `i `wy U mšví b eo g qi eqm evi Ges QvU Q ji eqm AvU Zviv GKwU mikvwi cvö _wgk we` vj q h_vµ g câg I ZZ xq kwª Y Z c o z j covi Rb Kv bv ezb bb, wkšy Í eo g qi mgvcbx cixÿvi Rb KvwPs wd w` Z nq gv m wzbkz UvKv ZZ xq kwª Y Z coq v QvU Q jwui Rb I cvö B fu KvwPs wd eve` gv m wzbkz UvKv w` Z nq mikvwi cvö _wgk we` vj q mšví b `i fwz K i Qb, KviY GLv b cov kvbvi LiP Kg Zviv Zv `i mšví bi z ji wkÿvi gvb wb q mšó bb KviY IB z j wenvwi Rb Mvôxi mšví biv c o Zvi g Z H wkï `i AvPiYMZ mgm v i q Q GQvov we` vjqwu bvsiv Ges iv ví i Ae v I fv jv bq Zviv Zv `i mšví b `i AviI fv jv z j fwz Ki Z P qwq jb, wkš Li Pi K_v wpšví K i fwz Kivb wb 11. b~irvnvb b~irvnvb GKRb M wnyx Zvi ^vgx GKRb mewr we µzv Kv Ri müv b MÖvg _ K G m Zviv PŠÏ eqi a i XvKvq emevm Ki Qb evmv fvov eve` gvwmk e q wzb nvrvi UvKv Zv `i evi eqi eqmx GKwU g q I `k eqi eqmx GKwU Q j mšívb i q Q g q I Q j GKwU wkðvimv U b z j h_vµ g câg I Z Zxq kªwy Z c o Df qi Rb B z ji fwz wd GK nvrvi `ybkz UvKv I gvwmk ezb `ybkz câvk UvKv GQvov cövb fu covi Rb `yõr bi Rb gvwmk e q GK nvrvi cuvpkz UvKv Zviv hlb emev mi Rb GLv b Av mb ZLb z ji gvb m ú K Zv `i Kvb aviyv wqj bv Zv `i evwoiqvjv e j Q h, GB wkðvimv U b zjwu fv jv, ZvB GLv b fwz K i Qb wzwb Zvi mšív bi z ji wkÿvi gvb wb q mš ó bb KviY wn m e e jb h, zj _ K wewfbœ mgq wewfbœ Kvi Y UvKv PvIqv nq AviI fv jv z j fwz Kivbwb KviY mlv b AviI ewk UvKv jv M Zvi ^vgx LuvR wb q ` L Qb h, mikvwi z j UvKv jv M bv, wkš mlv b jlvcovi gvb AviI ewk Lvivc 12. nvwjgv nvwjgv GKRb cvkvk kªwgk Afv ei Zvobvq QvU ejvq Zvi evevi mv _ Ab vb fvb- evb mn MÖvg _ K XvKvq Av mb cövq PŠÏ eqi a i XvKvq emevm Ki Qb Zvi ^vgx wikkv PvjK, ez gv b ekvi KviY, Zvi wikkvwu Pzwi n q M Q Zv `i gvwmk Avq AvbygvwbK AvU nvrvi UvKv evmv fvov w` Z nq gv m `yb nvrvi UvKv Zv `i GKgvÎ g qi eqm bq eqi m GKwU wkðvimv U b z j Z Zxq kªwy Z c o z j fwz wd GK nvrvi cuvpkz UvKv gvwmk ezb wzbkz UvKv GQvov cövb fu cov I Ab vb LiP eve` gv m AviI GK nvrvi UvKv LiP nq wzwb Zvi mšívb K GB z j fwz K i Qb KviY GjvKvi mevb e j Q GB zjwu fvj GB z ji wkÿkiv cövb fu covb bv ZvQvov mikvwi cöv_wgk we` vjqwu A bk `~ i Aew Z wzwb Zvi mšív bi z ji wkÿvi gvb wb q mš ó, wkš z ji LiP A bk ewk hv Zvi c ÿ enb Kiv m e n Q bv ZvB AvMvgx eqi wzwb Zvi mšív bi zj cwiez b Ki eb evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 21

24 10. mycvwik I Dcmsnvi kn ii ew Íevmx `wi`ª cwievi jvi e vcv i h _ó Z_ -DcvË cviqv M ji ew Íi evb i emevmkvix `wi`ª cwievi jvi e vcv i Zgb Z_ ev M elyv-djvdj mnrjf bq ew Íevmx Rb Mvôxi Av_ mvgvwrk ev RxebhvÎvi gvb Dbœq b wewfbœ ms vi D ` vm cwijwÿz nq, wkš G ai bi `wi`ª cwievi jvi Rb ZZUv D ` vm `Lv hvq bv ew Íi evb i emevmkvix wkší `vwi `ª i w`k _ K ew Íevmx `i gzb ev Zv `i P qi Lvivc XvKv kn i G ai bi RbmsL v KZ Zvi mwvk Z_ Rvbv bv _vk ji Ae v` ó g b nq msl vwu G Kev ib Kg bq Kv RB GB Rb Mvôxi w` KI bri w` Z n e Zv `i cwiev ii wkï `i wkÿvi my hvm w` Z n e GRb mikvwi- emikvwi ch v q D ` vm MÖn Yi `vwe iv L mvgvwrk-mvs wzk Kvi Y GB cwievi jvi AvZ gh v`vi aviyv ew Íevmx `wi`ª cwievi jvi Zzjbvq wfbœ Kv RB Zv `i K ew Íevmx `wi`ª cwiev ii gz Zzjbv K i c` ÿc MÖnY bq eis mgv Ri g~j Rb Mvôxi mv _ Lvc LvB q c` ÿc MÖnY Ki Z n e G ai bi cwievi jv ewkifvm MÖvg _ K vbvbšíwiz n q Av m e j Zv `i XvKv gnvbm ii gz kn ii cöÿvcu eys Z cv i bv ZvB Zv `i wkÿv cöwzôvb jv m ú K m PZb Kivi Rb vbxq ch v q c` ÿc biqv h Z cv i knivâ ji emevmkvix GiKg `wi`ª cwiev ii Avw_ K mÿgzv we epbv K i hv Z Zv `i Pvwn`v Abyhvqx mšívb `i Rb we` vjq wbe vpb Ki Z cv i mrb mikv ii c` ÿc biqv cö qvrb GRb mikvwi- emikvwi Dfq ai bi we` vj q cö qvrbvbyhvqx wkÿv_ x `i e wë, we` vjq K mivmwi Avw_ K mnvqzv ev c ivÿ mnvqzvi gva g we` vj qi e q wbe v ni e e v AwffveK `i we` vjq-cq `i ^vaxbzv wbwðz Ki e knivâ ji `wi`ª Rb Mvôxi g a emikvwi wkðvimv U brvzxq cöv_wgk we` vj q fwz i e vck Pvwn`v cwijwÿz n q Q G ai bi we` vj qi cöwz AwffveK `i AvMÖn hgb evo Q Zgwb G ai bi we` vj qi msl vi w`b w`b evo Q dj ^iƒc knivâ ji wkï `i GKwU eo Ask GLb Gme we` vj qi wkÿv_ x wn m e fwz n Q wkš G we` vjq jv e w³gvwjkvbvq cwipvwjz nq Ges mikv ii Kv bv Abỳ vb MÖnY K i bv e j h_vh_ Z`viwKi evb i _v K ZvB wkðvimv U brvzxq we` vjq jv Z gvbm Z wkÿv wbwðz Kivi Rb h_vh_ c` ÿc MÖnY Kiv cö qvrb XvKv kn ii mikvwi cöv_wgk we` vjq jv B Zvg a wbgœ gv bi I Mwi ei zj bv g cwiwpwz c q Q wkš GB we` vjq jvi cq b mikv ii wecyj e q i q Q ZvB mikvwi cöv_wgk we` vjq jvi gvb Dbœqb cö qvrb mikvwi cöv_wgk we` vj q wkÿv_ x K Kv bv e q enb Ki Z nq bv ZvB G we` vjq jv Z gvbm Z wkÿv wbwðz Kiv M j m jv AwfffveK `i Ab Zg cq ` n e e j aviyv Kiv hvq wkÿv wkïi AwaKvi GB AwaKvi Aek B b vqm½z I mgzvwfwëkfv e ev ÍevwqZ niqv cö qvrb Gi Rb cö qvrb mkj wkïi mgzvwfwëk we` vjq cö ekmg Zvi wbðqzv AwffveK `i ÿ Î Zv `i mšív bi we` vjq wbe vp bi ^vaxbzv wkïi mg-awakvi wbwðz Ki Z cv i wewfbœ 22 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

25 Av_ mvgvwrk-mvs wzk Kvi Y GB ^vaxbzv mxwgz n Q ZvB, bxwz wba vik `i G wel q m PZb n q Ae vi DbœwZi j ÿ M elyvwfwëk c` ÿc biqv cö qvrb Z_ m~î Ÿ Avjg, kvgmyj. (2013). mnmªvã Dbœqb jÿ jv AR b evsjv `k, ˆ`wbK Kv ji KÉ, [ONLINE] enu_id=23&news_type_id=1&index=0 Last accessed 01 December Ÿ Ahmed, M., Hossain, A., Kalam, M.A. (2011) Crossing the Hurdles to Equity with Quality: Policy and Strategy Priorities. In Ahmed, M., (Ed.). Education in Bangladesh: Overcoming Hurdles to Equity with Quality (p ). BRAC University Press, Dhaka. Ÿ Cameron, S. (2010). Access to and Exclusion from Primary Education in Slums of Dhaka, Bangladesh, CREATE Pathways to Access Research Monograph No. 47. University of Sussex, United Kingdom. Ÿ Directorate of Primary Education (DPE) (2012), Bangladesh Primary Education Annual Sector Performance Report (ASPR-2012), Directorate of Primary Education, Government of Bangladesh, Dhaka. Ÿ Friedman Foundation for Educational Choice (n.d) What is School Choice, [ONLINE] Retrived from Last accessed 10 February Ÿ Friedman Foundation for Educational Choice (n.d) How Does School Choice Works in Other Countries, [ONLINE] Retrived from School-Choice/School-Choice-FAQs/How-does-school-choice-work-in-othercountries.pdf. Last accessed 10 February Ÿ Hossain, N. & Tavakoli, H. (2008). School Choice in Bangladesh. (Report for DfID), Oxford Policy Management. Ÿ Ministry of Education (MoE) (2010) National Education Policy 2010, Ministry of Education, Government of Bangladesh, Dhaka. Ÿ Sabur. Z. U. & Ahmed, M. (2010) Debating Diversity in Provision of Universal Primary Education in Bangladesh, CREATE pathways to Access Research Monograph No. 34. Dhaka and Brighton: BRAC University and University of Sussex. Ÿ State of Wisconsin Legislative Reference Bureau. (1995), School Choice in Wisconsin, Information Bulletin 95-3 Ÿ The Campaign for Popular Education (CAMPE). (2008), Education Watch Report 2008, Dhaka. Ÿ Wikipedia. (n.d), School Choice, [ONLINE], Retrived from School_ choice, Last Accessed 15 February Ÿ Xiaoxin, W (2014) School Choice in China: Adifferent Tale?, Routledge, New York. evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 23

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27 evsjv ` ki cöv_wgk we` vj q z W Um KvDwÝj: GKwU ch v jvpbv * gvt AvjgMxi nv mb ** Mvjvg wkewiqv Abyc Kzgvi ZvjyK`vi mvims ÿc evsjv ` ki cöv_wgk we` vjq jv Z z W Um KvDwÝj Kxfv e cwipvwjz n Q Ges z W Um KvDwÝj m ú K mswkøó mk ji g bvfve m ú K Rvbvi Rb YMZ we køl Yi gva g M elyv Kg wu m úv`b Kiv nq D Ïk g~jk bgybvq bi gva g myweavrbk Dcv q `ywu cöv_wgk (MÖvg I kni- Kw `ªK) we` vjq K M elyvi ÿî wn m e wba viy Kiv nq cöv_wgk we` vj q z W Um KvDwÝjmswkøó gvu 64 R bi mvÿvrkvi MÖnY Kiv nq (gš Yvjq/Awa`ß ii D Zb Kg KZ v, gvvch v qi Kg KZ v, _vbv/mnkvix _vbv wkÿv Awdmvi, cöavb/mnkvix cöavb wkÿk, z W UÝ KvDwÝ ji wbe vwpz cöwzwbwa, mvaviy fvuvi wkÿv_ x I AwffveKe `) M elyvq cövß djvd j Rvbv wm q Q, z W UÝ KvDwÝ ji gva g MYZ š i PP v I bz Z wekv ki Rb wkÿv_ x `i g a GB mkj Yvewji wekvk NU Q mevi m ½ wg jwg k KvR Kivi gvbwmkzv, cigzmwnòzzv, wklb- klv bv Kvh µ g wkÿkgûjx K mnvqzv Kivi gvîv e w c q Q mb m ½ we` vj qi wkÿv_ x Abycw wz K g G m Q bzzb wkÿv_ x fwz I wklb- klv bv Kv R Awffve Ki AskMÖnY e o Q we` vj qi cwi ek Dbœqb I wkÿv_ x `i g a D Q vm, Kg ú nv, `vwqz wb q KvR Kivi cöeyzv e w c q Q z W Um KvDwÝj Gi Kg KvÐ MwZkxj I djcöm~ Ki Z D Zb KZ cÿ, gvv ch v qi Kg KZ v, wkÿ Ki AvšÍwiKZvi cö qvrb KviY, we` vjq ch v q mwvk gwbuwis I ZË veav bi Afv e me we` vj qb z W UÝ KvDwÝ ji Kvh µg mwvkfv e n Q bv GB Rb mswkøó mk ji z W Um KvDwÝj m ú K ev Íe aviyvi cö qvrb i q Q ZvQvov wkÿ Ki ^ízv, AwaK köwy cvv`v bi Pvc I Avw_ K eivïmn ek wkqz mxgve Zv i q Q hv M elyvi djvd j Rvbv hvq 1. M elyvi cuf wg I hšw³kzv c w_exi cövq cöwzwu ` ki mkj Í ii wkÿve e vi g a cöv_wgk wkÿvi iæz me vwak wkÿvi ciez x Í i cö e ki Rb cöv_wgk wkÿv cvm cvu ^iƒc (Avn g` I bv_, 2005) cöv_wgk wkÿve e v h- ` k hz myôzfv e `Iqv nq m `k ZZ ewk DbœZ ( emg I Av³vi, 2000) evsjv ` k cöv_wgk wkÿv mvsweavwbkfv e eva Zvg~jK Kiv n q Q hv evsjv ` ki msweavb-gi 17bs Aby Q ` ewy Z Av Q ( nv mb, 2012) gvbm Z cöv_wgk wkÿv wbwðz Kivi Rb mikv ii cÿ _ K bvbvgylx Dbœqb cwikíbv MÖnY Kiv nq ( ` jvqvi, 2011) cöv_wgk wkÿv ev Íevq b mikv ii cvkvcvwk vbxq e w³e M i mgš^ q cöv_wgk we` vj q GmGgwm, wcwuavb, w øc KwgwU Kvh Ki i q Q (cöv_wgk wkÿv Awa`ßi, 2014) 2010 mvj _ K mikvi 6wU D Ïk K mvg b * mn hvmx Aa vck, wk v I M elyv Bbw wudu, XvKv wekwe` vjq, XvKv ** mnkvix wk K, mikvwi cöv_wgk we` vjq, XvKv *** _vbv wbe vnx Awdmvi, Kjv ivqv, mvz xiv *** evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 25

28 i L cöv_wgk we` vjq jv Z Z Zxq, PZz_ I câg köwyi wkÿv_ x `i wb q mivmwi fv Ui gva g z W Um KvDwÝj Pvjy K i Q we k i wewfbœ DbœZ `k `ÿ I g~j eva-m úbœ bvmwik m wói Rb we` vjq ch v q z W Um KvDwÝ ji mwµq PP v Ae vnz i L Q (Bmjvg I wzw_, 2014) y W Um KvDwÝj n jv, wkÿv_ x `i Øviv wbe vwpz GK`j cöwzwbwa hviv wkÿk, wkÿv_ x, we` vjq e e vcbvq wb qvwrz e w³e M i m ½ wg jwg k wb R `i I we` vj qi mvgwmök Dbœq b KvR K i wkÿv_ x `i MYZvwš K g~j eva AR b, bz Z i wekvk, A b i gzvg Zi cöwz kö v cö`k b, we` vj q wkÿv_ x fwz e w, S i cov iva, wkÿvi gvbe w I Dbœqb Kg Kv Ð m ú ³ Kivi Rb mvz Rb wkÿv_ x wbe vwpz n q mvzwu `ß ii (cwi ek msiÿy, cȳ ÍK I wklb-mvgmöx, ^v, µxov I ms wz, cvwb mieivn/msmön, e ÿ ivcy I evmvb ˆZwi Ges Af _ bv I Avc vq b) `vwqz cvjb Ki e ( z W Um KvDwÝj g vbyqvj, 2014) cöv_wgk wkÿv Awa`ß ii (2014) g Z 2010 mv j 100wU, 2011 mv j 741wU, 2012 mv j 13583wU cöv_wgk we` vj q z W Um KvDwÝj wbe vwpz nq 2014 mv j 50 nvrv iii ewk cöv_wgk we` vj q z W Um KvDwÝj MVb Kiv n q Q z W Um KvDwÝj Kbdv i Ý (Ryb, 2012) ZrKvjxb cöavbgš x wbe vwpz z W Um KvDwÝj cöwzwbwa `i fwel Z- bzv wn m e D jøl K ib evsjv `k msev` ms v (26 k Ryb, 2013) _ K Rvbv hvq GwcÖj 2013 ch ší mviv ` ki cöv_wgk we` vjq jv Z 4,06,868 Rb cöwzwbwa wbe vwpz n q Q cöv_wgk wkÿv Awa`ß ii gnvcwipvjk e jb, z W Um KvDwÝj wkÿv_ x `i MYZvwš K g~j eva AR b mn hvwmzv Ki e, we` vj qi jlvcovi cwi ek DbœZ n e Ges S i cov Kg e (e w³mz bvu) ingzzjøvn ( deªæqvwi, 2014) D jøl K ib cöv_wgk we` vj q z W Um KvDwÝj wbe vp b wbe vwpz cöwzwbwa m ú K wkÿk, wczvgvzvi Avkv GB cöwµqvq wkÿv_ x `i g a bz Z i wekvk NU e, MYZvwš K g~j eva AwR Z n e Ges Ac ii gzvg Zi cöwz kö vkxj n q DV e ÔAvgvi AwaKviÕ bv g GKwU GbwRI (A ±vei, 2012) cöv_wgk we` vj qi wbe vwpz z W Um KvDwÝj cöwzwbwa `i `ÿzv e w Z GKwU cöwkÿy Kg kvjvi Av qvrb K ib z W Um KvDwÝj m ú K mäq Kzgvi fšwgk (Rvbyqvwi, 2014) e jb, AvR Ki wkïiv AvMvgx w` bi fwel r GLb Zviv hv wkl e `L e eys e, ZvB Rvb e Ges mfv e M o DV e Avi mybvmwik wn m e M o DV Z wb Ri AwaKv ii cvkvcvwk `vwqz -KZ e jv m ú K ax i ax i m PZb n Z n e mgv Ri cöwz iv óªi cöwz A bk KiYxq Av Q Zv Zv `i g a RvMÖZ n e m` kl n jv z W Um KvDwÝj wbe vpb 2014 cövq cöwzwu cöv_wgk we` vj q ek Drm ei Av g R GB wbe vpb m úbœ nq cöwzeq ii g Zv z W Um KvDwÝ j Rqx m`m iv Zv `i wba vwiz `vwqz jv cvjb Ki e cvkvcvwk cöwzwbwa ^iƒc Zz j ai e we` vj qi hvezxq mgm v m wó Ki e GKwU MYZvwš K g bvfvem úbœ mn hvwmzvgyjk my `i cwi e ki cöwzwu cöv_wgk we` vj qi g Zv Avjx kvikzj mikvwi cöv_wgk we` vj q ek Avb `gyli cwi e k z W Um KvDwÝj wbe vpb m úbœ n q Q fvuvi niqvi Avb `, hvm cöv_x evqvb, djvdj wb q DrKÉv fvu MYbv, bvbv AvjvcPvwiZv G jv mewkqz Lye ewk Dc fvm Kivi g Zv z W Um KvDwÝj wbe vp bi gva g GKw` K hgb wkï `i g a MYZvwš K gyj eva _ K ïiæ K i `vwqz fvi AR b Kivi gvbwmkzv R M I V, Zgwb GKwU MVbg~jK wpšív avivi m wó nq 26 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

29 wel vz wkÿvwe` Rb wwdb (1917) W gv µwm GÛ BWz Kkb eb Z G m ú K e j Qb h nzz cöv_wgk wkÿv mkj wkÿvi wfwë, m nzz GB ch v q M nxz h Kvb c` ÿc RvZxq ch v q A bk iæz enb K i cöv_wgk Í ii wkÿv_ x `i mivmwi fv Ui gva g z W Um KvDwÝj MVb, cwipvjbv I mswkøó mk ji g bvfve Rvbv GKwU mg qvc hvmx AMÖvwaKvi we epbv K i GB M elyv Kg wu m úv` bi D ` vm MÖnY Kiv nq M elyvi djvd ji Ici wfwë K i cöv_wgk wkÿvi m ½ mswkøóiv z W Um KvDwÝ ji Kg KvÐ K AviI MwZkxj I A_ en K i Zvjvi Rb cö qvrbxq c` ÿc MÖnY Ki Z cvi eb 2. M elyvi D Ïk M elyvi D Ïk mg~n wb œiƒc- 1. we` vj q z W Um KvDwÝj Kg KvÐ Kxfv e cwipvwjz n Q Zv Rvbv 2. z W Um KvDwÝj m ú K cöv_wgk wkÿv mswkøó mk ji g bvfve Rvbv 3. M elyv c wz M elyvwu môy fz v e m úv` bi Rb M elkmy YMZ we klø Y c wz e envi K i Qb M elyvi Rb Z_ msmnö Ki Z D Ïk gj~ K (Purposeful Sampling) bgby v wbev Pb c wz Z `wy U cvö _wgk we` vjq wbw`ó K ib mwy eavrbk Dcv q (Convenience Sampling) bgby v wn m e wbev wpz we` vj q z W Um KvDwÝ ji KgK vð Pvjy _vkvmn GKwU MvÖ gi cvö _wgk we` vjq I AciwU kni Kw `Kª cvö _wgk we` vjq `wy U we` vj qi cwö ZwU _ K wzbwu K i (3q, 4_, 5g kwö Y) gvu QqwU kwö Y Kvhµ g ch eÿy Kiv nq caö vb wkÿ Ki mnvqzvq wkÿv_x wbev Pbmn M elyv K Z_ -mg Ki Z cvö _wgk we` vj qi m ½ mswkóø wewfbœ chv qi e w³em K mvÿvrkv ii AvIZvq Avbv n q Q gvu 6 K vuvmwii AšMÍ Z 64 Rb K mwy eavrbkfv e wbev Pb Kiv n q Q M elyvi mvÿvrkvi `vzv wn m e hgb, gšy vj qi/awa`ß ii D Z b KgK Zv, gvv chv qi KgK Zv (_vbv/mnkvwi _vbv wkÿv Awdmvi), we` vj qi caö vb wkÿk, mnkvix wkÿkmy, z W UÝ KvDwÝj cwö Zwbwa, mvaviy wkÿv_x I AwffveKe ` GB M elyvq DcKiY wn m e ckö gœ vjv (B UviwfD wmwwdj) e envi Kiv n q Q cvkvcvwk ch eÿy I WK z g U wiwfd Gi gva g Z_ mwb œ ek Kiv n q Q YMZ M elyvi Z_ mvaviyz mvÿvrkvi, ch eÿy Ges WK z g U wiwfdi gva g Kiv nq (c vub, 2002) m irwg b Z_ msmnö Ki Z M elkmy AskMnÖ Yi gva g ch eÿy c wz c Ö qvm K i Z_ msmnö K i Qb mb m ½ mwg- vª KPvW B UviwfD, WK z g U wiwfd -Gi gva g M elyvi Z_ msmnö Kiv nq 4. M elyvi djvdj I Av jvpbv wbgœwjwlz welqe i Av jv K M elyvi djvdjmg~n wewfbœ Z_ -Dcv Ëi gva g Av jvpbv Kiv n q Q MYZ š i PP v cövß djvd j Rvbv wm q Q wbe vpb, mevi gzvg Zi wfwë Z wm vší MÖnY, G jv MYZ š i PP vi D`vniY G m ú K cöv_wgk we` vj qi GKRb cöavb wkÿk e jb, cöv_ x g bvbqb, wbe vpb, wbe vp b fvu cö`vb, wbe vp bi djvdj Gme wkqz&&b MYZvwš K cöwµqv we` vj qi z W Um evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 27

30 KvDwÝj GB avc jv AbymiY Kivi gva g MYZvwš K cöwµqvi PP v Ki Z cv i MYZ š i A_ RbM Yi kvmb Gi g~jk_v n jv mevi gz K m vb Kiv Ges AwaKvs ki gz Abymv i wm vší biqv evsjv `k GKwU MYZvwš K ivóª MYZš Avgv `i ivóª cwipvjbvi g~jbxwz (W. gvneyev I Ab vb, 2014) me kl cwigvwr Z cöv_wgk wkÿvµg (2012)-G cöv_wgk wkÿvi h 29wU cövwšík hvm Zv wbe vpb Kiv n q Q Zvi 14bs µwg K D jøl Kiv n q Q, ^vaxb I gy³ wpšívq DrmvwnZ niqv Ges MYZvwš K ixwzbxwz Abykxjb Kiv cöv_wgk wkÿv n jv wkÿv AR bi cö_g I cöavb Íi GLv b wkï `i AwR Z wkÿv ciez x Kg ÿ Î cö qvm I Av`k mybvmwik ˆZwi Z f wgkv ivl Z cv i GB cöz vkvq cöv_wgk Í ii wkÿvµg, cvv cȳ ÍK I wkqz e envwik Kg Kv Ð wkÿv_ x `i AskMÖn Yi Ici Rvi cö`vb Kiv n q Q z W Um KvDwÝj MV bi D Ïk n jv wkÿv_ x `i g a MYZ š i PP v ˆZwi Kiv wbe vp bi gva g wkÿv_ xiv cöwzwbwa wn m e A b i mg_ b Kvgbv K i GB cöm ½ wbe vwpz GKRb wkÿv_ xi e³e wqj, Avwg 3q, 4_, 5g köwyi mkj wkÿv_ xi m ½ cwiwpz n qwq, fvu P q nv Z wjlv wjd ju weziy K iwq Ges `qv j cv vi jvwm qwq GKRb mvaviy fvuvi wkÿv_ x e j Q, Avgvi Kv Q A b KB fvu P qwqj, Z e Avwg hv `i e envi fv jv, jlvcovq fv jv Zv `i K Avwg z W Um KvDwÝj wbe vp b fvu w` qwq 2010 mvj _ K cöv_wgk we` vj q mivmwi fv Ui gva g I wkÿv_ x `i AskMÖn Y h z W Um KvDwÝj wbe vp bi gva g cöwz wbwa wbe vp bi e e v ivlv n q Q Zv AwaKvsk mvÿvrkvi`vzvi g Z MYZvwš K ixwzbxwz AR bib ewntcökvk we` vj q wkÿv_ x `i MYZvwš K ixwzbxwzi PP v wel q cöavb wkÿ Ki ` wó AvKl Y Ki j wzwb Av e Mi m ½ e jb, wkï wkÿv_ x `i g a MYZvwš K PP vi m ½ we` vj q wkÿk, mgv Ri gvbyl, mikvi mevi g a B GB PP v _vkv Riæwi we` vj q z W Um KvDwÝj wbe vpbkvjxb wkÿv_ x `i g a Drmvn, DÏxcbv, Kg KvÐ Aek B cöksmbxq Z e wbe vpb ciez x mg q wbe vwpz cöwzwbwa `i m ½ Ab wkÿv_ x `i AskMÖn Y Kg ZrciZv D jøl hvm AMÖMwZ n Q bv YMZ cöv_wgk wkÿv wbwðz Kivi cvkvcvwk hw` wkÿv_ x `i AskMÖn Yi welqwu mkj Íi _ K ZË veavb Kivi e e v _v K Zvn jb wkÿv_ x `i g a MYZvwš K PP v Kiv bv m e Bmjvg a g wbe vpb e e v/myzvwš K e e v m ú K D jøl Kiv n q Q ivm~j (mv) mvnvwe `i nv Z-Kj g MYZvwš K e e v PP v K i wkwl q M Qb (Avjg I Bmjvg, 2006) MYZvwš K g~j eva MYZvwš K g bvfve GKwU e w³mz I mvgvwrk Y G Z AwaKvs ki gzvg Zi wfwë Z wm vší biqv nq d j mgv R kvwší, weivr K i Avgv `i mgvruv K my `ifv e cwipvjbvq mkj K MYZvwš K g bvfve AR b I PP v Ki Z n e (W. gvneyev I Ab vb, 2014) AwaKvskB g b K ib wkÿvi ga w` qb wkÿv_ x `i g a MYZvwš K g~j eva AR b Kiv bv m e mb m ½ e envwik Kg KvÐ we kl K i köwy Z K v Þb wbe vpb, z W Um KvDwÝ j cöwzwbwa wbe vp bi gva g Avbylw½K Kg Kv Ði g a w` qb wkÿv_ xi MYZvwš K g~j ev ai aviyv `Iqv hvq cöv_wgk wkÿv Awa`ß ii GKRb D Z b Kg KZ vi g Z, z W Um KvDwÝj wkÿv_ x `i MYZvwš K g~j eva AR b mn hvwmzv Ki e, we` vj qi jlvcovi cwi ek DbœZ n e wzwb AviI e jb, c w_exi Ab vb 28 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

31 ` ki wkï `i g a MYZ š i PP v I g~j eva AR b Giƒc e e v i q Q wbe vwpz GKRb cöwzwbwai e³e wqj, wbe vp b Rqx n q fv jv jvm Q we` vj q jlvcovi cvkvcvwk m vi `i wb ` kbvq we` vj qi wewfbœ Kv R mevi m ½ wg jwg k AskMÖnY Kie cöv_wgk wkÿvq wb qvwrz cövq me Í ii e w³em g b K ib we` vj q wkï `i bvbv ai bi Kg Kv Ði gva g MYZvwš K g bvfve PP v Kivi my hvm Av Q hgb-we` vj q AvmevecÎ MvQv bv, cwi vi-cwi QbœZv, wewfbœ Abyôvb Av qvrb, µxov, mvs wzk Abyôvb, eb fvrb BZ vw` ÿ Î wkÿv_ xiv MYZš PP vi ewntcökvk NUv Z cv i GQvovI evwo Z evev-gv, fvb- evb Ab mk j wg j Kvb Kv R wm vší wb Z cv i wkÿk `i AwaKvskB g b K ib wkï `i we` vj q I evwo Z MYZvwš K g bvfve AR bi Rb wkÿk I Awffve Ki f wgkv i q Q cvv wel qi welqe i cö qvm Ges we` vj q z W Um KvDwÝj Kvh µ gi mwµqzvi gva g wkÿv_ x `i Dcwi D³ wel q aviyv `Iqv hvq we` vj qi z W Um KvDwÝj MV bi ci _ K wkÿv_ x `i wg j-wg k KvR Kivi cöeyzv e o Q GLb Zviv GKwU wel q wm vší wb Z mevb e m Av jvpbv K i wm vší bq köwykvh µg ch eÿy, wkÿ Ki gzvgz, wkÿv_ x `i gzvgz I we` vj qi z W Um KvDwÝ ji Kg KvÐ ch v jvpbv K i GUv ejvi AeKvk bb h, wkÿv_ xiv me Î kzfvm MYZvwš K g bvfv ei ewntcökvk NUv Z cvi Q köwy Kvh µg cwi`k bi mgq köwyk ÿ nb PB Kivi cöeyzv jÿ Yxq wkÿk KZ K wkÿv_ x g~j vq bi mgq I cvv`v bi mgq Dcw Z wkÿv_ xi A b KB Zv g bv hvm w` q kv b bv Z e, wkÿv_ x `i g a h MYZvwš K g bvfv ei ewntcökvk e w cv Q Zv A ^xkvi Kivi my hvm bb bz Z i wekvk AwaKvsk wkÿ Ki g Z we` vj q z W Um KvDwÝ ji Kvh µg cwipvjbvi gva g wkÿv_ x `i g a bz Z i wekvk NUv bv hvq bz Z i wekvk m ú K cöv_wgk wkÿv Awa`ß ii GKRb D Zb Kg KZ v e jb, z W Um KvDwÝ ji Kg KvÐ wkÿv_ x `i mvg_ I bz Z i Yvewji wekv k mvnvh Ki Z cv i AvR Ki wkïiv fwel Z bz Z i Avm b em e GKwU cöwzôvb, mgvr, ivóª cwipvjbvq `ÿ bz Z i cö qvrb Acwimxg Qv Îi e w³ Z i wekv ki e vcv i wkÿ Ki cöavb KZ e -cöwzwu Qv Îi gav, cöeyzv, ÿgzv I `ÿzv hvpvb K i Zv K mycwipvwjz Ki Z mvnvh Kiv Qv Îi Yvewj I Kg ZrciZv Abyaveb K i wkÿk Qv Îi ˆewkó K we` vj qi bvbv Kv R cö qvm Ki Z cv ib z ji k Ljv iÿvi ÿ Î QvÎiv bvbvfv e AskMÖnY K i wkÿ Ki Kv R mn hvwmzv Ki Z cv i köwy kvm bi Kv R erm ii ïiæ ZB cö Z K köwy Z köwy bzv wbhy³ Kiv köwy wkÿ Ki Kv Ri myweav _ GKvšÍ cö qvrb köwy bzvi mvgvwrk `vq-`vwq Z i cö_g cvv Gfv eb wb Z cv i ( PŠayix, 2008) Aa vck Avãyjøvn& Avey mvqx` z j jlvcov Kivi mgq jvb eªwi _ K eb msmön Kiv cöm ½ e jb, K vm wupvi ezb wb Zb Avi K v Þb eb w`z Gfv eb G KKUv Kv Ri g a w` q wkÿv_ x `i bz Z i Yvewji wekvk n Z cv i cöv_wgk we` vj q z W Um KvDwÝ ji gva g bz Z wbe vpb GKwU BwZevPK w`k wn m e ` L Qb mvÿvrkvi cö`vbkvix mevb we` vj qi wkÿkmy z W Um KvDwÝ ji D`vniY w` q e j Qb, Giƒc Kg KvÐ Ae vnz _vk j Ges wkqz mxgve Zv `~i Kiv M j, cvkvcvwk wkÿv_ x `i wewfbœ Kv R Ask MÖn Y mwµq ivl j Zv `i g a GB YwU wekwkz n Z cv i we` vj q we kl K i wkÿv_ x `i Pvwn`v, cö qvrb, Awf hvm cöf wz köwy cöwzwbwai gva g wkÿk K Rvbv Z cv i wkqz wkqz welq wkÿk K evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 29