(RENOWNED PHILOSOPHER : AL GHAZALI) (The Method : Examination of Different Systems)

Transcription

1 BDwbU - 10 wewkó `vk wbk : Avj-Mvhvjx (RENOWNED PHILOSOPHER : AL GHAZALI) cvv - 1 : Rxebx I ipbvkg (Life and works) cvv - 2 : c wz : wewfbœ gzev` cix Y cvv - 3 : cvv - 4 : cvv - 5 : cvv - 6 : cvv - 7 : (The Method : Examination of Different Systems) `vk wbk `i mgv jvpbv : RM Zi wpišíbzv, Avjøvni Ávb I ` ni cybiæìvb (Criticism of Philosophers : The Eternity of the World, The knowledge of the God and resurrection of the Body) Kvh -KviY (Causality) gvbe cök wz (Human Nature) wzb RMr (The Three worlds) iæz I cöfve (Importance and Influence)

2 evsjv `k Db y³ wek we` vjq gymwjg `k b cvv - 1 Rxebx I ipbvkg (Life and Works) D Ïk GB cvv k l Avcwb Avj-Mvhvjxi Rb ZvwiL, Rb vb BZ vw` m ú K msw ß ey bv w` Z cvi eb Zuvi iwpz MÖš vejxi msl v Ges Zvi g a Kvb& wj cöwm Zv D jøl Ki Z cvi eb f wgkv Avj-Mvhvjx wq jb GMvi kz Ki GKRb cöwm gymwjg `vk wbk Zvu K Ôû¾vZzj BmjvgÕ A_ vr ÔBmjv gi i KÕ ejv nq KviY wzwb Zuvi c~e ezx wpšívwe` `i wew Qbœ gzev `i mgš^ q Bmjv gi cwic~y iƒc Zz j a ib Rxebx (Life) Avj-Mvhvjx 1058 wlª v ã cvi m i Zzm bm ii cv k Mvhvjv bvgk cjøx Z Rb MÖnY K ib Zuvi cy iv bvg Bgvg Avey nvwg` gynv ` web Avn&g` Avj-Mvhvjx Kv iv Kv iv g Z, Mvhvjv bvgk cjøx Z Rb MÖnY Kivq wzwb Mvhvjx bv g cwiwpz Avevi Kv iv Kv iv g Z, Zuvi c~e cyiælmy ÔMvhvjxÕ A_v r m~zv e emvqx wq jb, ZvB wzwb Mvhvjx bv g cwiwpz Z e wøzxq gzwu niqvi m vebvb ekx QvU ejvq wzwb evev K nvivb evevi g Zz i ci evevi eüz Avn& g` mv ne Zuvi jvjb-cvjb I jlvcovi fvi MÖnY K ib wkš Avn& g` mv n ei Avw_ K Ae v Lvivc n q hviqvi Kvi Y Mvhvjx cjøxi g³e Q o Zuvi wb ` k kn ii A ezwbk gv`ªvmvq fwz nb mlv b wzwb gnvgbxlx Avey nv g` Avmdviv qbx, Avey gvnv ` hv ebx cögyl gnvávbx wk Ki wbku Aa qb K ib L vzbvgv dkvn& kv we` Avn g` Be b gvnv ` ivhkvbxi wbku wzwb dkvn& kv i cöv_wgk MÖš mg~n Aa qb K ib wzwb D P wk v jv fi D Ï k Zuvi Rb f wg Z nivb kni Q o ÔRyiRvbÕ kn i hvb mlv b wzwb Avey bqi BmgvC ji wbku wk v MÖnY K ib Zx gav I AmvaviY cöwzfvi AwaKvix Mvhvjx K wzwb cyî- œ n wk v`vb K ib wzwb Avey bqi BmgvC ji wbku h wk v MÖnY K ib Zv bvu AvKv i wjwce K ib RyiRvb kn i wk v AR b k l wzwb hlb evox wdiwq jb ZLb GK`j `mÿ Zuvi Ab vb wrwbmc Îi mv _ bvu wji wb q hvq ZLb wzwb `mÿ mi`v ii Kv Q Zuvi bvu wji Rb Av e`b Rvbvb Ges e jb, G jv Avgvi eo cwikªgjä e, G jv nviv j Avgvi `xn w` bi mkj KóB e _v n q hv e Avgvi AwR Z mkj we` vb G jvi g a i q Q ï b `mÿ mi`vi e ½ K i ej jb, Zzwg Zv ek cov jlv K iq, AwR Z we` v KvM R mwâz i q Q, g b wkqyb bb, Lye Zv c oq Avi nvm Z nvm Z m jv diz w` jb GB e ½vw³i Kvi Y Zuvi g b wb Ri cov jlvi cöwz wb RiB wa vi `Iqvi cöeyzv m wó nj d j wzwb wzb eq ii mg Í bvu wj Ggbfv e AvqË Ki jb hv Zuvi gb _ K Avi gy Q Mj bv Gici wzwb Lvivmv bi AšÍM Z wbkvcyi kn ii Ôwbhvwgqv gv`ªvmvõ-i cöavb wk K gnvávbx (Bgvgyj nvivgvbb Dcvwaavix) Ave`yj gvwj Ki wbku Ávb AR b K ib wbkvcy i Ae vb Gm Gm GBP Gj c ôv - 212

3 gymwjg `k b evsjv `k Db y³ wek we` vjq Kv jb wzwb gšwjk M elyvi m ½ MÖš ipbv ïiæ K ib Zuvi AmvaviY cöwzfvi cwipq c q evm`v `i cöavbgš x Zuv K gvî 34 eqi eq m wbrvwgqv gv`ªvmvi ag Z Ë i Aa vck wbhy³ K ib wkš wkqyw`b cib Avevi wzwb Áv bi müv b ei n q hvb Ges wk v welqk wewfbœ M elyvq AvZ wb qvm K ib wzwb wewfbœ `k cwiågy K i Ávb AR b K ib Ae k l Avevi wbrvwgqv gv`ªvmvq wd i Av mb Ges Aa vcbv ïiæ K ib cöavbgš x dvliæj g~jk ß NvZ Ki nv Z wbnz n j wzwb Lye `ytl cvb Ges wbrvwgqv gv`ªvmv Q o wbr MÖv g wd i hvb Zuvi evox _ K Aí `~ i wzwb GKwU LvbKv vcb K i we` v AR b AvMÖnx wk v_x `i wk v w` q Rxe bi evkx mgq AwZevwnZ K ib GB gnvgbxlx 18 ww m ^i 1111 wlª v ã g Zz eiy K ib ipbvkg (Works) Bgvg Mvhvjx ZË we` v, bxwzwe` v, hyw³we` v, `k b, ag ZË cöf wz wel q QvU eo mëi Lvwb MÖš ipbv K ib GB MÖš wji g a Gn&Bqv-Dj-DjzgywÏb, Zvn&dvZzj dvjvwmdvn&, wkwgqvb-mvõ Av`vZ, GjRvgyj AvIqvg, AvmgvDj nvmvb, nvkxkvzzj iæn, AvRvBeyj gvljykvz, RIqvwniæn KviAvb, BqvKzËvwej dxëvhvmxi, wgbnvryj Av e`xb, ZvwjgywÏ b Kvkdz Djywgj Av LivZ, wgkkvzzj AvbIqvi, we`vqvzzj wn`vqvn&, gv-avbx Avmgvwqjøvn, gvkvwm`yj dvjvwmdv cöf wz D jøl hvm Zvui MÖš mg~ ni g a ÔGn&Bqv-Dj-DjygywÏbÕ (agx q Rxe bi cybr xeb) mgwak iæz c~y Mvhvjx wq jb g~jz GKRb ag ms vik, Bmjvg K e vl v Ki Z wzwb GB MÖš wu ipbv K ib GB MÖ š wzwb Bmjv gi GKwU c~yv ½ fvl cö`vb K ib GQvov wzwb cöpwjz `vk wbk gzev` wj A ^xkvi K ib Ges e jb, GKgvÎ HkxÁvbB m Z i müvb w` Z cv i, Ab wkqy bq ÔZvn&dvZ-Dj-dvjvwmdvn& (`k bi aÿsm) Bgvg Mvhvjxi Avi GKwU iæz c~y MÖš wzwb GB MÖ š cvðv Z i wkqy `vk wb Ki wkqy gzev` K åvší e j cögvy K ib we k i Aw ÍZ, AvZ vi AgiZ BZ vw` welqk gzev `i Av jvpbv GLv b Kiv nq ÔwKwgqvB-mvÕAv`vZÕ ( mšfv M i cikgw Y)-I Zuvi GKLvwb iæz c~y MÖš GB MÖ š wzwb AvZ `k b, ZË `k b, msmvi `k b, bvgvh, hvkvz, ivhv, n¾ BZ vw` wel q Av jvpbv K ib BDwbU - 10 c ôv - 213

4 evsjv `k Db y³ wek we` vjq gymwjg `k b Abykxjbx ipbvg~jk cökœ 1 Mvhvjxi Rxebx I ipbvkg m ^ Ü hv Rv bb ey bv Kiæb msw ß DËig~jK cökœ 1 Mvhvjxi AvZ Rxeb m ú K msw ß ey bv w`b 2 Mvhvjxi D jøl hvm MÖš mg~n wk wk? eû wbev Pbx cökœ mwvk DËi wjlyb 1 Mvhvjx Rb MÖnY K ib K) 1058 wlª v ã L) 1158 wlª v ã M) 1258 wlª v ã N) 1358 wlª v ã 2 Mvhvjx g Zz eiy K ib K) 1111 wlª v ã L) 1212 wlª v ã M) 1211 wlª v ã N) 1122 wlª v ã 3 Mvhvjxi wel vz MÖš K) Gn&Bqv-Dj-DjygywÏb L) Zvn&dvZzj dvjvwmdvn M) wkwgqvb-mvôav`vz N) nvkxkvzzj iæn 4 ZvndvZ-Dj-dvjvwmdvn& A_ K) mšfv M i cikgwy L) `k bi aÿsm M) agx q Rxe bi cybr xeb N) Ic ii KvbwUB bq mwvk DËi 1 K 2 L 3 K 4 L Gm Gm GBP Gj c ôv - 214

5 gymwjg `k b evsjv `k Db y³ wek we` vjq c wz : wewfbœ gzev` cix Y (The Method: Examination of Different Systems) D Ïk GB cvv k l Avcwb wkfv e Mvhvjx mz Ávb jv fi c _ AMÖmi nb Zv ey bv Ki Z cvi eb wzwb wkfv e ag ZvwË K gzev` jvi mgv jvpbv K ib Zv e vl v Ki Z cvi eb `vk wbk `i wkfv e I Kb er b K ib Zv e vl v Ki Z cvi eb Zuvi g Z cök Z mz K wkfv e jvf Kiv hvq Zv Av jvpbv Ki Z cvi eb cvv - 2 f wgkv ÔZvndvZ-Dj-dvjvwmdvn&Õ bvgk MÖ š Mvhvjx wewfbœ m úö`v qi `vk wbk `i gzev `i Zxeª mgv jvpbv K ib Ges Zuv `i gzev `i AmviZv Zz j a ib wzwb GK mskqev`x gb wb q `vk wbk Av jvpbv ïiæ K ib wzwb cö_ g mskq K ib Avgv `i Bw `ªqmg~n K, KviY Bw `ªq Avgv `i cövqb fzj Ávb cö`vb K i hv eyw i gva g Avgiv eys Z cvwi Gici wzwb eyw K mskq Ki Z _v Kb Ges wpšív K ib, wkfv e ev wk gva g eyw i fzj wj Rvbv hvq G Î wzwb Luy R cvb ^qs Avjøvn& K hvi gva g eyw i fzj wj Rvbv m e Mvhvjx ^vaxb wpšív I we e Ki mvnv h RMr I Rxeb K Rvb Z P q Qb ZvB wzwb me wkqyb hvpvb-evqvb K i MÖnY Kivi Póv K i Qb Ae k l gigx AwfÁZvi gva gb cök Z mz K Rvb Z c i Qb wzwb Zuvi c~e ezx ag ZvwË K m úö`vq wj K PviwU fv M wef³ K ib Ges Zv `i ÎæwU wj wb ` k K ib : (1) jvw K ag ZvwË K m úö`vq (2) Zv jgx m úö`vq (3) `vk wbk m úö`vq I (4) mydx m úö`vq (1) jvw K ag ZvwË K m úö`vq ej Z wzwb Avkvwiqv m úö`vq K eyws q Qb Zuvi g Z GB m úö`v qi wpšívwe`my gyzvwhjv `i hyw³ LÛb Ki Z c i Q wvkb, wkš cök Z mz K Rvbvi Rb wbr ^ Kvb gšwjk hyw³ `vuo Kiv Z cv iwb ZvB wzwb Zv `i gzev` MÖnY hvm bq e j evwzj K ib (2) Zv jgx m úö`v qi gzev` K wzwb GB e j cöz vl vb K ib h, Zviv wbwe Pv i g b K ib h h_v_ I AKvU wk vi gva g cök Z mz K Rvbv hvq A_ vr G m úö`v qi gzev` nj wepviwehy³ gzev` hv KLbI cök Z m Z i müvb w` Z cv i bv (3) `vk wbk m úö`vq K wzwb Zxeªfv e mgv jvpbv K i e jb, `vk wbkmy hyw³ w` qb Zv `i gzev`mg~n cö`vb K ib Ges mz K Rvbvi Póv K ib wkš Zviv Dcjwä Ki Z e _ nb h, ïay eyw ev cöáv w` q cig mëvi Ávbjvf Kiv hvq bv GQvov Avw ÍK `vk wbkiv RMr, Avjøvn&i Ávb, ` ni cybiæìvb BZ vw` wel q h gzev` cö`vb K ib wzwb Zvi Zxeª mgv jvpbv K i Zuvi gzev` cö`vb K ib BDwbU - 10 c ôv - 215

6 evsjv `k Db y³ wek we` vjq gymwjg `k b (4) Gici wzwb mydx gzev` m ^ Ü Rvbvi Rb Zv `i D jøl hvm MÖš wj fv jvfv e Aa qb K ib mydx `i g Z, Zb qve vq cök Z mz K h_v_ fv e Rvbv I Dcjwä Kiv hvq Zv `i GB gzev` Zvui wbku MÖnY hvm e j g b nq Ges wzwb GB c _B cök Z mz K Rvbvi Rb AMÖmi nb wzwb K Vvi kª gi gva g mydxev `i ÎæwU wj `~i K i mydxev` K Bmjv gi AšÍf y³ K ib wzwb Zuvi mgkvjxb `vk wbk `i wzbwu ` j wef³ K ib : (1) e ev`x (2) cöz v `k Awek vmx I (3) GKZ ev ` wek vmx Zuvi g Z, `vk wbk `i g~j mgm v nj Zviv wpšívi gšwjk wbqgvejx h_v_ fv e Aa qb K i bv ZvB Zv `i gzev` h_v_ Ávb w` Z cv i bv hgb - (i) e ev`x `i g Z, e i cöz Y wbi c Aw ÍZ Av Q Zviv mªóvq wek vm K i bv Zv `i g Z, e B wpišíb mz Ges e hvwš K wbq g cwipvwjz nq Mvhvjx Zv `i gzev `i mgv jvpbv K i e jb, e bq AvZ vb ev Íe mz (ii) cöz v ` k Awek vmx Avw ÍKiv Avjøvn&i Aw Í Z wek vm K i, wkš Hkx evyxi mz Zv ^xkvi K i bv ZvB Mvhvjx Zv `i gzev` MÖnY hvm bq e j er b K ib (iii) GKZ ev ` wek vmxiv A vwi U ji gzev` Øviv we klfv e cöfvwez e j wzwb Zv `i gzev` er b K ib Z e cöwzwu gzev` Av jvpbvi c~ e wzwb Zv `i gzev` wj cy Lvbycy Lfv e Aa qb I ch v jvpbv K ib Zvici wzwb G jvi AmviZv cögvy K i Zv er b K ib Gm Gm GBP Gj c ôv - 216

7 gymwjg `k b evsjv `k Db y³ wek we` vjq Abykxjbx ipbvg~jk cökœ 1 Mvhvjx wkfv e wewfbœ ag ZvwË K gzev` mgv jvpbv K i er b K ib? Av jvpbv Kiæb msw ß DËig~jK cökœ 1 cök Z mz K Rvbvi Rb Mvhvjx wkfv e AMÖmi nb? 2 Mvhvjx wkfv e Zuvi mgkvjxb `vk wbk `i mgv jvpbv K ib? eû wbev Pbx cökœ mwvk DËi wjlyb 1 Mvhvjx cök Z Ávb jv fi D Ï k cö_ gb mskq K ib K) Bw `ªqmg~n K L) aviyv K M) ms e`b K N) cöáv K 2 Mvhvjx ag ZvwË K m úö`vq K wef³ K ib K) GK fv M L) `yõ fv M M) wzb fv M N) Pvi fv M 3 Mvhvjx `vk wbk m úö`vq K wef³ K ib K) `yõ fv M L) Pvi fv M M) wzb fv M N) cuvp fv M 4 wewfbœ gzev `i Av jvpbv-ch v jvpbv K i wzwb GB wm v ší DcbxZ nb h, cök Z mz K Rvbv hvq K) m PZb Ae vq L) Zb q Ae vq M) ivmvwš^z Ae vq N) A PZb Ae vq mwvk DËi 1 K 2 N 3 M 4 L BDwbU - 10 c ôv - 217

8 evsjv `k Db y³ wek we` vjq gymwjg `k b cvv - 3 `vk wbk `i mgv jvpbv: RM Zi wpišíbzv, Avjøvni Ávb I ` ni cybiæìvb (Criticism of the Philosophers: The Eternity of the World, The Knowledge of the God and Resurrection of the Body) D Ïk GB cvv k l Avcwb RMr m ú K Mvhvjxi gzev` Av jvpbv Ki Z cvi eb Avjøvn m ú K Mvhvjxi aviyv ey bv Ki Z cvi eb ` ni cybiæìvb m ú K Mvhvjxi gzev` e vl v Ki Z cvi eb f wgkv Mvhvjx Zuvi c~e ez x `vk wbk gzev `i Zxeª mgv jvpbv K i Zuvi ÔZvn&dvZ-Dj-dvjvwmdvn&Õ MÖš wu ipbv K ib GB MÖ š wzwb A vwi Uj, dvivex I wmbvi hme gzev` LÛb K ib Zvi g a RM Zi wpišíbzv, Avjøvni Ávb I ` ni cybiæìvb D jøl hvm Zvui g Z, G gzev` wj agx q ` wó KvY _ K LyeB AvcwËRbK hme gymjgvb GB ai bi gzev` mg_ b I cöpvi K ib Zviv cök Z gymjgvb bb Ges Zv `i weiæ K Vvi e e v biqv DwPZ wb æ Mvhvjxi gzev` wj Av jvpbv Kiv nj RM Zi wpišíbzv (The Eternity of the World) gymwjg `vk wbk dvivex, wmbv I Zuv `i Abymvixiv wek vm K ib Avjøvn RM Zi mªóv wkš A vwi U ji gzev `i mg_ b K i Zuviv e jb, RMr m ó n ji RM Zi Kvb KvwjK ïiæ wq jv bv, A_ vr RMr Kvb we kl mg q m ó bq Avm j gymwjg `vk wbkmy A vwi U ji aviyvi mv _ Bmjv gi aviyv K m½wzc~y Kivi Rb B GB gzev` cö`vb K ib Zuv `i g Z, RMr we Í wzi w`k _ K mmxg, Avi w wzi w`k _ K Amxg, AbšÍKvj a i RMr Aw ÍZ kxj A_ vr RM Zi Aw ÍZ Avjøvni gzb AbšÍ Mvhvjx Zuv `i g Zi we ivwazv K i e jb, GKwU wrwbm GKB mv _ mmxg I Amxg `yb-b n Z cv i bv `k I Kvj K wfbœ ˆewk ó i ejv hvq bv Kvj hw` Amxg nq Zvn j `ki Amxg n e Zuvi g Z, `k I Kvj Kvb e bq, e i m ^Ü we kl wzwb e jb, `k K hw` evwn K cöz Yi AvKvi ejv hvq Zvn j Kvj n e AvšÍi cöz Yi AvKvi Zuvi GB AwfgZ Kv Ui mv _ m½wzc~y n ji wzwb `k I Kvj K Avjøvn m ó e j g b K ib Ges G wj Avjøvn Avgv `i g b RM Zi wewfbœ e I aviyvi g a m ^Ü ^iƒc m wó K i Qb Gm Gm GBP Gj c ôv - 218

9 gymwjg `k b evsjv `k Db y³ wek we` vjq Avjøvni Ávb (The knowledge of the God) `vk wbk `i g Z, Avjøvn cig mëv Ges Zvui mvimëv nj wpšíb GB wpšíb ØvivB wzwb me wkqy K Rv bb Ges m wó K ib wzwb hv wkqy Rv bb Zv-B Aw ÍZ kxj n q hvq wpšívi gva gb wzwb RM Zi mg Í wkqy `L Z cvb Mvhvjx Zv `i gzev `i mgv jvpbv K i e jb wpšíb bq, B Qv kw³b nj Avjøvni mvimëv Avjøvn wb Ri B Qvq RMr m wó K i Qb wpšíb B Qv kw³i AbyMvgx AvZ PZbvI B Qv kw³i Ici wbf ikxj Zvui g Z, wpšíb _ K Kvb wkqyi D e m e bq eis B Qvkw³ _ KB RM Zi mg Í wkqi D e `vk wbk `i g Z, Avjøvn ïay mvwe K KB Rv bb, we kl K bq Avjøvni Ávb wpišíb I kvk Z Ges Zuvi Ávb Kvb we kl vb-kvjwbf i bq Avjøvn Kvb NUbv NUvi Av MB Zv aviyv wn m e Rv bb Zv `i g Z, Kvb we kl NUbv h me Kvh -KviY Øviv MwVZ n e m jv wzwb Av M _ KB Rv bb, wkš Kvb we kl NUbv K wzwb Rv bb bv Ges Rvbv Zuvi KvR bq Zgwb we kl e w³ KI wzwb Rv bb bv, wzwb Rv bb mvwe K gvbyl K Ges `k-kvj wbi c fv e Mvhvjx Zv `i g Zi mgv jvpbv K i e jb, Avjøvn& we kl e w³ ev NUbv K Rv bb bv ev Rvb ZB cvi eb bv, G n Z cv i bv, G gzev` MÖnY hvm bq wzwb e jb, Avjøvn B Qv K ib I m wó K ib, wzwb RM Zi cöwzwu a wjkyv KI Rv bb Zvui B QvB me wkqyi KviY Zvui AbšÍ Ávb cöwzwu z`ªvwz z`ª wrwbm K AšÍf y³ K i GRb Zuvi GKZ wewnœz nq bv c w_ex Z GK wpišíb `qvjy wn m eb Avjøvn we` gvb Kv ji cv_ K Øviv Zuvi Áv b Kvb cv_ K m wó Kiv hvq bv ` ni cybiæìvb (Resurrection of the Body) `vk wbk `i g Z, AvZ v Agi Avi `n aÿsmkxj gvby li g Zz i mv _ mv _ AvZ v `n _ K gyw³ c q Zvi c~e ve vq wd i hvq, Avi `n ax i ax i aÿsm n q hvq G Î e n Í I `vh Li e vcvi cy ivuvb gvbwmk e vcvi, GLv b ` ni Kvb cö qvrb bb hw`i KviAv bi Kvb Kvb evyx Z cvi jšwkk Rxeb K cvw_ e A _ e envi Kiv n q Q, wkš Gme evyx K Av wik A _ bv ey S eys Z n e iƒck I cözxkx A _ G jv mvaviy gvby li eysvi myweav _ Kiv n q Q wkš Ávbx e w³ `i Gme evyxi gg v_ eys Z n e Mvhvjxi e³e nj GB mg Í `vk wbk KviAv bi H me evyx K evqvb K i wb q Qb h jv Zv `i gz mg_ b K i wkš gi YvËi ˆ`wnK cybiæìvb K A ^xkvi Kiv P j bv ïay AvZ vb bq, `ni Agi Avjøvn& hw` cö_gevi A_ vr Rb Kv j `n I AvZ v K GK Î m wó Ki Z cv ib Zvn j wøzxqevi A_ vr g Zz i ci cybiæìv bi mgq Kb `n I AvZ vi cybtwgjb NUv Z cvi eb bv? h hyw³ Z wzwb `ywu wfbœ wrwbm K cö_gevi GKwÎZ Ki Z c i Qb mb GKB hyw³ Z wøzxqevii GKwÎZ Ki Z cvi eb Avjøvn me kw³gvb Ges Kvb wkqy Kivi Rb Avjøvni B QvB h _ó Avjøvn& b vq wepvik Avi GB b vq wepv ii ^v _ ` ni cybiæìvb n e BDwbU - 10 c ôv - 219

10 evsjv `k Db y³ wek we` vjq gymwjg `k b Abykxjbx ipbvg~jk cökœ 1 RM Zi wpišíbzv m ú K Mvhvjxi gzev` e vl v Kiæb 2 Avjøvn&i Ávb m úkx q Mvhvjxi gzev`wu ey bv Kiæb msw ß DËig~jK cökœ 1 ms c Avjøvn&i Ávb m ú K Mvhvjxi gzev` e vl v Kiæb 2 ms c ` ni cybiæìvb m ú K Mvhvjxi gzev` Av jvpbv Kiæb eû wbev Pbx cökœ mwvk DËi wjlyb 1 gymwjg `vk wbk dvivex, wmbv I Zv `i Abymvix `i g Z RMr K) Amxg L) mmxg M) DfqB N) KvbwU bq 2 dvivex, wmbv I Zv `i Abymvix `i g Z, Avjøvn&i mvimëv nj K) wpšíb L) B Qvkw³ M) m wó wbcyyzv N) b vq civqyzv 3 Mvhvjxi g Z, Avjøvn&i mvimëv nj K) wpšíb L) B Qvkw³ M) m wó wbcyyzv N) b vq civqyzv 4 ` ni cybiæìvb m e K) dvivexi g Z L) wmbvi g Z M) Mvhvjxi g Z N) A vwi U ji g Z mwvk DËi 1 M 2 K 3 L 4 M Gm Gm GBP Gj c ôv - 220

11 gymwjg `k b evsjv `k Db y³ wek we` vjq cvv - 4 Kvh -KviY (Causality) D Ïk GB cvv k l Avcwb Kvh -KviY m ú K Mvhvjxi aviyv ey bv Ki Z cvi eb Kvh -Kvi Yi g a Kvb Awbevh m úk Av Q wkbv Zv D jøl Ki Z cvi eb f wgkv ÔÔ ` ni cybiæìvb m e bqõõ `vk wbk `i G gzev `i mgv jvpbv Ki Z wm qb Mvhvjx Kvh - KviY m ú K Zuvi gzev` e ³ K ib wnd gi 700 eqi c~ e wzwb Kvh -Kvi Yi Awbevh Zv A ^xkvi K ib cici N U hviqv `ywu NUbvi GKwU Kvh Ges AciwU K h Avgiv KviY e j AwfwnZ Kwi, GUv Avm j Avgv `i Af v mi dj Zuvi g Z, mkj Kv h i KviYB Avjøvn Kvh -KviY m úk `vk wbk `i g Z, Kvh -KviY m úk Avewk K I Awbevh Kvb Kvh B KviY Qvov msnwuz nq bv Kvb Kvh msnwuz n j Zvi Aek B GKUv KviY _vk e Ges GKUv KvR GKUv KviY Øviv msnwuz n e GKUv Kv Ri GKvwaK KviY _vk Z cv i bv A_ vr GKUv Kvh GKUv gvî KviY Øviv msnwuz Ges GKUv KviY GKUvB Kvh msnwuz K i Mvhvjxi g Z, Kvh I Kvi Yi g a Kvb Avewk K Awbevh Zv bb wzwb e jb, Kvh -KviY m úk Avm j NUbvejxi wbqgvbyezx ci úiv Qvov Avi wkqyb bq hgb Lv` MÖnY I zav wbe wë, AvNvZ I e _v G meb cövk wzk e vcvi Ges G jv m ve Zvi e vcvi, Awbevh Zvi Kvb e vcvi bq Avi `vk wbk `i g Z, h nzz cövk wzk e vcvi jv m ve, Avi Kvh -KviYI cövk wzk e vcvi m nzz Kvh KviYI m ve, G jv wbwðz ev Kvb Awbevh e vcvi bq AwfÁZvi gva g Avgiv Rvb Z cvwi GKUv NUbv Avi GKUv NUbvi ci N U wkš GKUv NUbv Avi GKUv NUbvq iƒcvšíwiz n Z cv i bv `vk wbk `i g Z, cvwb wccvmv wbevi Yi KviY; wkš Mvhvjxi g Z, wccvmv wbevi Yi KviY cvwb bq, Avjøvn& Avjøvn&i B Qvkw³ w` qb GwU m úbœ nq Avjøvn& me gq gzvi AwaKvix wzwb hfv e Lykx hv Lykx Ki Z cv ib wzwb Kvb Kvh -KviY m úk w` q wbqwš Z bb Z e mvaviyz A Z ev D U Kvb wkqyb Avjøvn& K ib bv wewfbœ NUbvi m ve Zv m ú K wzwb Avgv `i h aviyv ev Ávb w` q Qb m Abyhvqx NUbv msnwuz nq Ges Avgiv G `i m ve e jb g b Kwi Avi cök Z KviY wn m e Avjøvn& K mbv³ Kwi Mvhvjx Av iv e jb, Kvb cövk wzk e Zv bqb Ggb wk b fvgûjxq Kvb mëvi Kvb wkqyi KviY n Z cv i bv, KviY G jv wb cövy I wbrx e Avi wb cövyy Kvb wkqy Ab wkqyi KviY n Z cv i bv Avjøvn wek cök wz I Gi AšÍfy ³ mg Í wkqyi cwipvjk me wkqyi MwZ-cÖK wzb Zuvi Øviv wbqwš Z Zvui B Qvq cwipvwjz nq cövk wzk Kvh -KviY cöwµqv Zuvi g Z, cøvwubxq wewkiyev `i cöfv e cöfvwez n qb `vk wbkiv Kvh KviY m úk K GK-GK m úk e j g b K ib KviY GwU Kvb GKKagx e ev NUbv bq G nj hš_ cöwµqv, A_ vr KZK wj k Z i mgwó ZvB Kvb KviY m ^ Ü ZLbB Avgv `i c~y Ávbjvf Kiv m e n e BDwbU - 10 c ôv - 221

12 evsjv `k Db y³ wek we` vjq gymwjg `k b hlb Avgiv kz wj m ú K c~y Ávbjvf Kie mvaviy GKUv NUbvi cq bi A bk wj kz GK Î KvR K i Avi GKwU Kvh GKKfv e GKwU KviY ØvivB msnwuz nq bv, GKwU Kvh wfbœ wfbœ A bk KviY ØvivB msnwuz n Z cv i Avi Gme wfbœ wfbœ KviY jv Avgv `i ` wói Avov j _vkv A ^vfvwek bq, Kbbv Avgv `i ` wókw³ LyeB mxwgz cök wzi wewfbœ NUbvi g a hw`i Kvb AvšÍi m úk bb ZeyI G jv myk Lj KviY NUbvejxi g a GKUv c~ev ci wbqgvbyewz Zv i q Q Avi GB wbqgvbyewz Zv KB KviwYK ms hvm ejv nq hlb GB KviwYK ms hvm Awbw` ófv e GwM q hvq ZLb GK ch v q Avgiv Ggb GK Avw` Kvi Yi Aw ÍZ ^xkvi Ki Z eva nb hv _ K me wkqy D Z, A_ vr hv mkj wkqyi KviY, wkš wb R Kvb wkqyi Kvh bq Ges hv RM Zi mkj wkqy _ K wfbœagx `vk wbk `i g Z, GB KviYB nj Avw` KviY hvi mviag nj wpšíb Ges Zuvi GB wpšíb _ KB me wkqyi m wó Mvhvjxi g Z, wpšíb bq, Zuvi B Qv mewkqyi g~j KviY KviY B Qv wpší bi c~e Mvgx Abykxjbx ipbvg~jk cökœ 1 Kvh -KviY m ú K Mvhvjxi gzev` e vl v Kiæb msw ß DËig~jK cökœ 1 ms c Kvh -Kvi Yi ^iƒc m ú K Mvhvjxi gzev` ey bv Kiæb eû wbe vpbx cökœ mwvk DËi wjlyb 1) Mvhvjxi g Z, cöwzwu Kv h i g~j KviY nj K) Avjøvn& L) Zvi c~e ezx NUbv M) Zvi ciezx NUbv N) m KvR wb RB 2 Ab vb `vk wbk `i g Z Kvh -KviY m úk nj K) c~e vci L) m ve M) Awbevh N) we kl 3 Mvhvjx Kvh -KviY m úkx q Zuvi gzev` cö`vb K ib `vk wbk `i Kvb& gzev `i mgv jvpbv Ki Z wm q K) ` ni cybiæìvb m úkx q gzev` L) AvZ v m úkx q gzev` M) Ávb m úkx q gzev` N) wek m úkx q gzev` 4 Mvhvjxi g Z, Kvh -KviY m úk nj K) Awbevh L) Avek Kxq M) m ve N) hšw³k mwvk DËi 1 K 2 M 3 K 4 M Gm Gm GBP Gj c ôv - 222

13 gymwjg `k b evsjv `k Db y³ wek we` vjq BDwbU - 10 c ôv - 223

14 evsjv `k Db y³ wek we` vjq gymwjg `k b cvv - 5 gvbe cök wz (Human Nature) D Ïk GB cvv k l Avcwb Mvhvjx gvby li ^fve K KZ fv M Ges Kb fvm K i Qb Zv e vl v Ki Z cvi eb Mvhvjxi g Z gvby li g~j PvwjKv kw³ wk Zv D jøl Ki Z cvi eb Mvhvjxi g Z gvbyl wkfv e cwic~y gvby l iƒcvšíwiz n Z cv i Zv ey bv Ki Z cvi eb f wgkv Mvhvjxi g Z, gvby li cök wz ev ^fve g~jz PviwU ^fv ei mgš^ q MwVZ : (1) k~k ii ^fve (2) KzKz ii ^fve (3) kqzv bi ^fve I (4) d i Ívi ^fve GRb gvby li g a Avgiv fvj-g `, cvc-cyy bvbv ik gi ˆewPÎ fve `L Z cvb gvbe cök wz Avj Mvhvjxi g Z, gvbyl hw`i `n I AvZ vi mgš^ q MwVZ, Z_vwc GLv b AvZ vi cövavb B ekx Zuvi g Z, Avjøvn hfv e c w_ex K cöwzcvjb K ib, gvby li AvZ vi mfv e `n K cöwzcvwjz K i gvbevz vi mv _ gvbe ` ni wewfbœ A½-cÖZ ½i GK wbweo I A Z m úk i q Q GB m ú K i Rb B gvby li g a bvbv ikg Y ev ^fve `Lv hvq GB ^fv ei g a Kv bvwu Lye fvj hv Zv K mšfv M i m eÿ v P wkl i wb q hvq, Avevi wkqy ^fve GZB g ` h Zv Zv K aÿs mi c _ wb q hvq g Z, GB wewpî ^fve K g~jz Pvi fv M fvm Kiv hvq : (1) BZi cövyxi (k~k ii) ^fve (2) wnsmª Rx ei ^fve (3) kqzv bi ^fve I (4) d ikzvi ^fve gvby li g a wewfbœ ik gi zav I jvf Av Q e jb m Avnvi I wenv ii gz wb œ ai bi Kv R Avb ` cvq I gk j _v K µva Av Q e jb m KzKzi, evn, wmsn BZ vw` wnsmª Rx ei gz gvivgvwi, SMov-weev`, MvjvMvwj, Lyb BZ vw` cvkwek Kv R gë n q I V Kz-g bve wëi Kvi YB gvbyl kqzv bi gz Qjbv, cözviyv, wqbzvb, Pzwi BZ vw` Kv R wjß _v K Avevi eyw I we epbv gzvi Kvi Y gvbyl d ikzvi gz fvj KvR K i Zviv Ávb AR b K i, mr KvR K i Ges Ab K mr Kv Ri Rb DØy K i g ` KvR _ K wb R `~ i _v K Ges Ab K `~ i _vkvi civgk `q A b i fvj Kvgbv K i, A b i Rb wb R K wewj q `q, mkj Kv R Ges mkj Ae vq Avjøvni mš wó Kvgbv K i Mvhvwji g Z, gvby li g a GB mg Í Kz-cÖe wë wj _vkv m Ë I h nzz gvby li g a d i Ív `i gz Áv bi Av jv Av Q m nzz gvbyl B Qv Ki jb mkj Kz-cÖe wë wj K `gb K i Áv bi Av jv Øviv Rxeb cwipvjbv Ki Z cv i hvi d j m Bn jšwkk I cvi jšwkk Rxe b kvwší jvf Ki Z cv i gvby li GB B Qvkw³ LyeB kw³kvjx gvbyl hw` B Qv K i Zvn j mg Í fvj KvR m Ki Z cv i, d j RM Z bvbvwea Kj vy mvwaz nq Avevi GB B Qvkw³B hw` fvj Kv R bv jvwm q g ` Kv R jvmvq Zvn j m cïzzj n q hvq Ges RM Z me Awbó mvab Ki Z _v K Ávb me gvby li g a mgvbfv e _v K bv cöwzwu gvbylb ^Zš, KviY Zv `i Gm Gm GBP Gj c ôv - 224

15 gymwjg `k b evsjv `k Db y³ wek we` vjq AvZ vi wekv ki Íi wfbœ wfbœ hvi AvZ vi wekvk me wb œ Zv K RM Zi Bw `ªqMÖvn e i Áv bb mxgve _vk Z nq GB RvZxq gvby li c Mfxi Ávbv jvpbv Kiv m e bq, KviY Zv Z weåvwší m wó niqvi m ebvb ekx _v K c~y Zvi D PZg ch v q gvbyl ^ÁvmÄvZ kw³ AR b K i GB ch v q AvZ v AZxw `ªq RM Z cö ek K i ev ÍemËv m ú K Rvb Z cv i GKgvÎ bex I mydxivb G ch v q DcbxZ n Z cv ib G ch v q Zviv cök wzi me wkqyi g a I wb R `i AvZ vq Avjøvni cöwzdjb j K ib Avjøvni mv _ Mfxi ms hvm vc bi d j AvZ v cig Avb ` jvf K i Áv bi Av jv K Av jvwkz n Z cvi jb gvby li Avi kvw Íi fq ev cyi v ii jvf _v K bv m cwic~y gvby l cwiyz n Z cv i gvby li `n nj AvZ vi evnb ^iƒc Avi AvZ v nj ` ni cwipvjk µva I jvjmv ` ni `ywu cöavb LZg`Mvi Bw `ªqmg~n enb Kivi Rb B ` ni m wó Avi eyw nj Bw `ªqmg~ ni cwipvjk Avevi Bw `ªqmg~n nj eyw i msev``vzv eyw i m wó AvZ v K mr civgk `Iqvi Rb ZvB we ek-eyw AvZ vi c cö`x ci gz KvR K i AvZ v GB cö`x ci gva g Avjøvni `k b jvf K i Zuvi g Z, AvZ -Abykxj bi gva g h Kvb gvbyl Avjøvni `k b jvf Ki Z cv i Avi GUvB nj gvby li Rb cig cviqv gvby li AvZ v ^ Q Avqbvi gz D¾ j cvc I Ab vq GB ^ Q Avqbv K AÜKviv Qbœ K i Zv j d j gvbyl Avjøvni `k b _ K ewâz nq Aciw` K mr I fvj Kv Ri gva g AvZ vi ^ QZv I mš `h e w cvq Ges gvbyl Avjøvni ˆbKU jvf K i BDwbU - 10 c ôv - 225

16 evsjv `k Db y³ wek we` vjq gymwjg `k b Abykxjbx ipbvg~jk cökœ 1 gvbe cök wz m ^ Ü Mvhvjxi gzev` Av jvpbv Kiæb msw ß DËig~jK cökœ 1 Mvhvjx gvby li ^fve K cöavbz KZ fv M fvm K i Qb Zv ey bv Kiæb 2 gvbe cök wz m ^ Ü Mvhvjxi gzev` ms c e ³ Kiæb eû wbe vpbx cökœ mwvk DËi wjlyb 1 Mvhvjx gvby li ^fve K g~jz fvm K i Qb (K) `yõ fv M (L) wzb fv M (M) Pvi fv M (N) cuvp fv M 2 gvbyl G K Ac ii mv _ SMov-weev` K i KviY Zvi g a Av Q (K) k~k ii ^fve (L) wnsmª cövyxi ^fve (M) kqzv bi ^fve (N) d i Ívi ^fve 3 eyw i msev``vzv nj (K) Bw `ªqmg~n (M) `n (L) AvZ v (N) cök wz 4 Mvhvjx gvbevz v K Zzjbv K i Qb (K) ^ Q cvwbi mv _ (L) ^ Q Rwji mv _ (M) ^ Q Avqbvi mv _ (N) ^ Q gv gi mv _ mwvk DËi 1 M 2 L 3 K 4 M Gm Gm GBP Gj c ôv - 226

17 gymwjg `k b evsjv `k Db y³ wek we` vjq cvv - 6 wzb RMr (The Three Worlds) D Ïk GB cvv k l Avcwb Mvhvjx Kvb& ` wó Z RMZ K wzb fv M fvm K i Qb Zv e vl v Ki Z cvi eb Mvhvjxi gzvbyhvqx wzbwu RM Zi ey bv w` Z cvi eb f wgkv RMr m ^ Ü Mvhvjx h aviyv e ³ K ib Zv g~ jz c- vwubv mi `k b Øviv cöfvwez Mvhvjx RMZ K wzbwu fv M wef³ K ib; (1) Avjg Avj-g~jK (2) Avjg Avj-gvjvKzZ I (3) Avjg Avj-RveviæZ Zuvi g Z, GB wzbwu RMr g~jz GKB mëvi wewfbœ Íi gvî `k- Kv ji w`k _ K Zviv GK Ges Awfbœ (1) Avjg Avj-g~jK ej Z wzwb cwi` k gvb RMZ K eyws q Qb G RMr cwiez bkxj Bw `ª qi gva gb Avgiv G RMZ K Rvb Z cvwi A_ vr G RM Zi NUbvejx I e mg~n K Bw `ª qi gva gb Rvbv hvq (2) Avjg Avj-gvjvKyZ nj wekvinxb kvk Z RMr GUvB nj Avmj RMr GB AbšÍ ev kvk Z RM Zi cöwzdjb-b nj Avjg Avj- g~jk (3) Avjg Avj- RveviæZ nj Avjg Avj-g~jK I Avjg Avj-gvjvKzZ-Gi ga ezx GK RMr GwU Ggb GK RMr hvi Aw Í Z i cöwzdjb N U gvby li Áv bi gva g GwU ev Íe RMr n ji cöz Yi AvIZvaxb GB RM ZB AvZ vi Ae vb Avjg Avj- gvjvkzz _ K gvbevz v G RM Z AvMgb K i Ges G RMr _ KB Avevi wd i hvq Zvi Avw` evm vb ^ M NygšÍ Ae vq I ^Ávq AvZ v ev Íe RM Zi mv _ hvmv hvm K i GUv ^ cœi gva gi g~jz N U _v K wzbwu RMr RM Zi Aw Í Z i wzbwu aib gvî, Avjv`v Avjv`v RMr bq Mvhvjx Nyg K g Zz i fvb g b K ib KviAv b h wewfbœ wrwb mi K_v D jøl Kiv n q Q m wj h ïay iƒck A _ MÖnY Kiv n q Q Zv bq G `i meb Avjg Avj- gvjvkz Z i q Q G Rb B G jv Bw `ªq RM Zi cözxqgvb me wrwbm _ K Avjv`v d i Ív `i g a Kv bv Kv bv d i Ív Avjg Avj- gvjvkzz Ges Kv bv Kv bv d i Ív Avjg Avj- Rveviæ Z evm K i Avm j Mvhvjxi GB gvbevz v GKw` K hgb Avjg Avj-gvjvKzZ Gi g Zv wpišíb ^fv ei bq, Aciw` K Avevi Avjg Avj-g~jK-Gi g Zv `k- Kvj Øviv wbqwš ZI bq gvbevz v `yõ RM Zi Awaevmx Ges `yõ mëvib Askx`vi BDwbU - 10 c ôv - 227

18 evsjv `k Db y³ wek we` vjq gymwjg `k b GB AvZ v cwi` k gvb RM Zi me e I NUbv _ K Avjv`v Gi D e ^qs Avjøvni Av ` k Ges G Kvi YB GwU me Roxq Y weewr Z I Ava vwz K Ym úbœ Abykxjbx ipbvg~jk cökœ 1 RMr m ú K Mvhvjxi aviyv ey bv Kiæb msw ß DËig~jK cökœ 1 Mvhvjx RMZ K Kq fv M fvm K ib G `i msw ß weeiy w`b eû wbev Pbx cökœ 1 Mvhvjx RMZ K fvm K ib K) `yõ fv M L) wzb fv M M) Pvi fv M N) cvup fv M 2 Avjg Avj-g~jK nj K) cwi` k gvb RMr L) ^Mx q RMr M) ga ezx RMr N) KvbwUB bq 3 ga ezx RMr nj K) Avjg Avj-g~jK L) Avjg Avj-gvjvKzZ M) Avjg Avj- RveviæZ N) wzbwub 4 d i Ív `i evm vb nj K) Avjg Avj- g~jk L) Avjg Avj-gvjvKzZ M) Ic ii `ywu N) KvbwUB bq mwvk DËi 1 L 2 K 3 M 4 M Gm Gm GBP Gj c ôv - 228

19 gymwjg `k b evsjv `k Db y³ wek we` vjq cvv - 7 iæz I cöfve (Importance and Influence) D Ïk GB cvv k l Avcwb gymwjg `k b Mvhvjxi f wgkv ey bv Ki Z cvi eb Mvhvjxi Ae`vb Av jvpbv Ki Z cvi eb f wgkv Mvhvjx K ejv nq û¾vzzj Bmjvg A_ vr Bmjv gi i K KviY Zvui AvMgb N U Ggb mg q hlb Bmjv gi wewfbœ wpšív Mvôx Áv bi Dr mi GK GKwU w` Ki Ici we kl iæz w` q wb R `i wpšív fvebv K Bmjv gi Av jv K cökvk K i hvi d j Bmjv gi mvgwmök iƒc cökvwkz bv n q wew Qbœ iƒcb cökvwkz nq Ges gvby li g a weåvwšíi m wó nq Mvhvjx GB mg Í wew Qbœ wpšív Mvôxi wpšív fvebvi fvj w`k wji mgš^q mvab K i Bmjv gi cwic~y iƒc cökvk K i mvaviy gvbyl K weåvwšíi nvz _ K i v K ib Bmjv gi agx q I Ava vwz K wpšívi wekv k Mvhvjxi Ae`v bi Rb KD KD Zuv K gnvbexi ci me kªô gvbyl e j AwfwnZ K ib Mvhvjx GKw` K hgb GKRb mycöwm gymwjg `vk wbk wq jb Zgwb Avevi GKRb ag ms viki wq jb wzwb wewfbœ A bmjvwgk cöfve _ K Bmjvg K i v K ib Zuvi wel vz MÖš ÔGnBqv-Dj-DjygDÏxbÕ ag Z Ë i Ici GKwU wel vz MÖš wzwb ag I `k bi Av jvpbv K i ag K `k bi Ici vb `b Zvui g Z Inxi ÁvbB GKgvÎ Ávb Avi mg Í `vk wbk Ávb K Inxi gva g hvpvb K i MÖnY Kiv cö qvrb Zvui g Z cöávi GKUv wbw` ó mxgv Av Q hvi evb i cöáv h Z cv i bv ZvB cök Z Ávb jv fi Rb ^ÁviI cö qvrb i q Q ZvB wzwb mydxev` K A bmjvwgk cöfve gy³ K i mydxev `i ms vi mvab K ib Ges mydxev` K Bmjv g GKwU m vbrbk Ae v b AwawôZ K ib wzwb AvkÕmvix gzev `i ÎæwU wj `~i K i G gzev` K mg K ib Bgvg Mvhvjx gymwjg `k bi BwZnv m GKRb ^vaxb wpšívwe` Zuvi me w`k we epbv K i Aa vck g vk Wvbvì (Macdonald) Bmjv g Zuvi cöfve K Pvi fv M wef³ K ib : (1) Mvhvjx gymjgvb `i K mg Í A bmjvwgk cöfve gy³ K i KviAvb I nv`xm Aa q bi w` K wdwi q Av bb (2) wzwb `vh Li fxly Avhv ei ey bv w` q gvby li g a f qi m wó K ib hv Z gvbyl ˆbwZK Rxeb hvcb K i Zuvi g Z, `vh Li Av bi fq gvby li ˆbwZK Rxe bi GK g Í eo PvwjKv kw³ wzwb j K iwq jb h, wkw Z gvby li g a GB fq µ gb K g hv Q BDwbU - 10 c ôv - 229

20 evsjv `k Db y³ wek we` vjq gymwjg `k b (3) MvhvjxB mydxev` K i bkxj Bmjv g GKwU mỳ p I mymse v b AwawôZ K ib (4) wzwb mvaviy gvby li Kv Q `k b K mnr eva K i Zv jb hv Z gvbyl `k bi `ye jzv m ú K m PZb n Z cv i Ges ag K `k bi E aÿ vb `q Gi d j mvaviy gvbyl `k b cv Vi cö qvrbxqzv Dcjwä K i Ges `k b RbwcÖqZv jvf K i gymwjg `k b Mvhvjxi iæz we epbv K i wewfbœ cwûzmy Zuvi m ^ Ü wewfbœ gšíe K ib : hgb, wweyii (Deboer) e jb, ÔÔMvhvjx wbtm ` n gymwjg Rvnv bi mev c v D jøl hvm wpšívwe` Avi. G. wbkjmb (R.A. Nicholson) e jb, ÔÔMvhvjx mgybœz e w³ Z i AwaKvix gbxlx Avjøvgv m vi gynv ` BKevj e jb, ÔÔ18Õk kz K Rvg vbxi Kv U h cöpvi Ki f wgkv MÖnY K iwq jb Mvhvjxi f wgkvi Zgwb wqj cöpviagx ÕÕ Ic iv³ Av jvpbvi cöw Z Mvhvjxi Ae`vb K Avgiv wb æv³ K qkwu fv M ms c Av jvpbv Ki Z cvwi : 1 cø UvwbK I A vwi Ujxq wpšívfvebv I hyw³ev `i nvz _ K Mvhvjx Bmjvg K i v K ib mvaviy gvbyl K MÖxK `k bi webókvix cöfve _ K gy³ K i KviAvb I nv`x mi wk vq Zv `i cybtcöwzwôz K ib RbMY K `k b I a g i cv_ K m ^ Ü AewnZ K ib Ges a g i vb `k bi A bk Ic i e j AwfwnZ K ib (2) e n Íi myl Ges `vh Li fq gvbyl K mr Ges ˆbwZK, Ab vq I AwePvi _ K wb R K evuwp q iv L ZvB wzwb gvbyl K `vh Li fqven Avhv ei fq `Lv Zb Ges e n Íi bvbvgylx my Li K_v ïbv Zb Avi gvby li g a ag K mỳ p Kivi Rb Cgvb ev wek vm K Avkv I f qi g a vcb K ib wek vm K Kvh Kix Kivi Rb ag -K g i Ici iæz Av ivc K ib Zuvi g Z ag B Kej GKRb gvbyl K cwic~y gvb e cwiyz Ki Z cv i (3) Mvhvjx ïay gymwjg `vk wbk `ib c~e m~wi wq jb Zv bq, wzwb cvðvz I BD ivcxq `vk wbk `i A bk wpšív fvebvii c~e m~wi wq jb hgb, WKvU, wndg, Kv U, evm m, gvwu bv, c vmkj, Ugvm GKzBbvm cögyl `vk wbk `i wpšív fvebvi c~e vfvm Zuvi wpšív fvebvq cviqv hvq (4) wzwb ^Áv K hyw³ ZK I wepvi-eyw i E aÿ vb `b Zuvi g Z, Inx ev cöz v `kb cök Z Ávb jv fi GK gvî gva g wzwb Av iv e jb, Avjøvn cögb Avjøvni Ávb jv fi mywbwðz c_ Avi GRb B wzwb Ava vwz K Zb qzv Z_v mydxev` K me vwak iæz `b Ges mydxev `i ÎæwU wj `~i K i mydxev` K Bmjv gi GKwU mỳ p Ae v b AwawôZ K ib Gm Gm GBP Gj c ôv - 230

21 gymwjg `k b evsjv `k Db y³ wek we` vjq Abykxjbx ipbvg~jk cökœ 1 Bmjvgx wpšívavivq Mvhvjxi iæz I Ae`vb ey bv Kiæb msw ß DËig~jK cökœ 1 Mvhvjx m ú K wewfbœ cwûzm Yi gšíe e ³ Kiæb 2 Mvhvjx m ú K g vk Wvjv Ûi gšíe ey bv Kiæb eû wbev Pbx cökœ mwvk DËi wjlyb 1 Mvhvjx K ejv nq (K) Bmjv gi i K (M) Bmjv gi iæ 2 Ôû¾vZzj BmjvgÕ A_ (K) Bmjv gi RbK (M) Bmjv gi iæ (L) Bmjv gi f K (N) Bmjv gi wkl (L) Bmjv gi Cgvg (N) Bmjv gi i K 3 Mvhvjxi g Z cök Z Ávb jv fi GKgvÎ Drm nj (K) Inx (L) eyw (M) cöáv (N) AwfÁZv 4 gvbyl K ˆbwZK Rxe bi cöwz AbycÖvwYZ Kivi Rb Mvhvjx gvbyl K fq `Lvb (K) mv ci (L) ev Ni (M) `vh Li (N) jv Ki mwvk DËi 1 K 2 L 3 M 4 M BDwbU - 10 c ôv - 231