mvgvwrk MYZš wiwvi 1 Uvweqvm MvgevU BD. G. mvgvwrk MYZ š i wfwë

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1 mvgvwrk MYZš wiwvi 1 Uvweqvm MvgevU BD. G. mvgvwrk MYZ š i wfwë

2 ISBN evsjv ms iy cökvkbvq: d«wwik-gevu -w duzs (GdBGm) evsjv `k cökvkkvj: XvKv, m Þ ^i 2015 m úv`bv: mvab Kzgvi `vm, Kg m~wp mgš^qkvix, GdBGm evsjv `k hvmv hvm: nbwik gvbnvk, AvevwmK cöwzwbwa, GdBGm evsjv `k ey web vm I gỳ ªY: w ªK& G mvwm qum&, wgicyi, XvKv fvlvšíi: kvnrv`v Gg. AvKivg cö Q `i Qwe: d«wwik wmjb, d Uv Avj Uv welqe i Rb wbr wbr Aa v qi jlkiv GKKfv e `vqe GLv b Dc vwcz gzvg Zi mv _ d«wwik-gevu -w duzs-gi gzvgz cö qvrbxqfv e GK bvi n Z cv i

3 mvgvwrk MYZš wiwvi 1 Uvweqvm MvgevU BD. G. mvgvwrk MYZ š i wfwë

4 m~wp gyleü 4 1. mvgvwrk MYZš Kx? 8 2. g~j PZbv ^vaxbzv mgzv/ b vh Zv GKZv Ab vb wpšívaviv g~j PZbv jvi PP v mgv Ri wewfbœ g W ji g a Zzjbv evrvi cuywrev` I MYZš D`vi bwzk Ae vb iÿykxj Ae vb mvgvwrk MYZš I MYZvwš K mgvrzš _gvm gqvi-gi mvgvwrk MYZ š i ZË ïiæi welq Av cw K D`vi bwzkzvev` ebvg mvgvwrk MYZš 88

5 4.3 AcÖvmw½K Av jvpbv: g~j PZbv, gšwjk AwaKvi I gva g Îqx BwZevPK I bwzevpk bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzv iv óªi KZ e wewfbœ iv óªi g Wj hy³ivóª hy³ivr Rvg vwb Rvcvb myb Wb Dcmsnv i ïiæ 137 MÖš cäx 140 mnvqk MÖš wU g~j kã 147 wmwi Ri cöksmv 148 jlk cwiwpwz 150

6 cö_g evsjv ms i Yi gyleü mvgvwrk MYZš GKwU mve Rbxb I AvšÍR vwzk aviyv GwU GB ` p wek^vm enb K i h, kög I cuywri g a m úk ïay GKwU ` kb bq eis mkj ` ki ivr bwzk wezk I ev ÍeZv K GKwU iƒc w` q _v K AvšÍR vwzkfv e A½v½xfv e RwoZ A_ bxwz, wek^xq P v jä Ges wek^-cwi eóbkvix hvmv hvm buiqv K i ez gvb cöwÿ Z c~ e i h Kv bv mgq I Ae vi Zzjbvq mvgvwrk MYZš A bk ewk cövmw½k wîk eq ii AwaK mgq Gwkqvq KvR Kivi AwfÁZvq `Lv hvq, d«wwik-gevu -w duzs (GdBGm) GKwU kvwšíc~y I vqx Dbœq b Ges Rvg vwb, BD ivc I Gwkqvi g a mg SvZv MfxiZi Ki Z Ae`vb ivl Q 2014 mv ji GwcÖj gv m GdBGm AvbyôvwbKfv e XvKv/evsjv ` k Gi Kvh vjq Pvjy K i GwU Gwkqvq G Kev i bzzb mn hvmx ms vmg~n K mv _ wb q, GdBGm evsjv `k mvgvwrk b vqwepv ii Ici AšÍf y³g~jk msjv ci mâvjbvi jÿ wba viy K i Q Gi K `ª i q Q kögvwakvi, UKmB Dbœqb I AvšÍR vwzk mnvqzv GKwU AjvfRbK cöwzôvb wn m e, GdBGm evsjv `k mvgvwrk MYZ š i gzev` I g~j ev ai cöwz A½xKvie Avgv `i Kv Ri Ask wn m e Avgiv hlv bb _vwk bv Kb Avgiv mvgvwrk MYZ š i ˆewkó mg~n m ú K vbxq I wek^xq wezk K DÏxwcZ Ki Z Pvq GB wez K i K `ª h mkj cökœ i q Q: GKzk kz K mvgvwrk MYZš Kx A_ enb K i? Gi K `ªxq g~j eva I D Ïk wk wk? GwU ev ÍweK A _ wkfv e ev Íevqb Kiv h Z cv i? evsjv ` k Avgv `i Kv Ri jÿ AR bi Rb GdBGm wbqwgzfv e cökvk dvivg I msjv ci Av qvrb K i hlv b mykxj mgvr, MYgva g I ivr bwzk bxwzwba vik `i ga n Z wewfbœ AskxRb `i GK Î Avgš Y Rvbv bv nq GKwU we kl ` wó `Iqv nq hyek köyx I MYZvwš K evsjv ` k Zv `i f~wgkvi Ici GB gzwewbgq Avgv `i we klfv e Drmvn hvmvq, KviY evsjv ` ki msweavb Abyhvqx ` ki PviwU g~jbxwzi `ywub n jv MYZš I mgvrzš 1971 mv ji ^vaxbzv hy I ciezx MYZvwš K AwfÁZvi cöwÿ Z evsjv `k GB wek^xq Av jvpbvq A bk Ae`vb ivl Z cv i Ges evsjv ` ki AwfÁZv _ K Avgiv wkqz klvi A cÿvq i qwq 4

7 Avgiv Avbw `Z h mvgvwrk MYZ š i Ici GB ebwui cö_g evsjv ms iy cökvwkz n Z hv Q GwU g~jz GdBGmÕi A vkv Wwg di mvk vj W gv μwmi Rvg vb mnkgx iv cöyqb K i Qb G jv g~jz Dc `kg~jk I wkÿvg~jk wi mvm wn m e e eüz nq Avgiv Avkv Kwi h GB evsjv ms iywu evsjv ` ki mvaviy gvbyl, bxwz wba vik, wkÿvwe`, M elk, QvÎ I Ab vb cvvk `i Kv R jvm e evsjv ` ki mkj cvvk `i Kv Q mvgvwrk MYZ š i aviyv, Zzjbv I e vl v me `v bzzb bvi n Z cv i Zrm Ë I Avgiv Avkv Kwi evsjv `k I mviv c w_ex Z weivrgvb mvgvwrk MYZ š i ZË xq I ev ÍweK aviyvi ms hvm eys Z GB ebwu we kl mnvqk n e nbwik gvbnvk AvevwmK cöwzwbwa GdBGm evsjv `k 5

8 cö_g Rvg vb ms i Yi gyleü ivrbxwzi cö qvrb w`k-wb ` kbvi Ici ^ Q aviyv ïay hviv Zv `i jÿ cwi vifv e ej Z cv i Zviv wb Riv Zv AR b Ki Z cv i Avi Ab `ii DØy Ki Z cv i GB Av jv K GB wiwv i Avgiv GB cö kœi DËi LyuR Z PvB h GKwesk kzvãx Z mvgvwrk MYZš ej Z Kx evsvq Gi g~j PZbv Kx? Gi jÿ Kx? GwU wkfv e Abykxj bi g a wb q Avmv hvq? GKwU welq cwi vi: mvgvwrk MYZš me mg qi Rb cö hvr Kv bv cv_ i Lv`vB Kiv evyx bq; Z e G K cöwzwbqz `i-klvkwl I MYZvwš K Ø Øi ga w` q h Z nq Kv RB GB eb Kv bv ˆZwi DËi ` e bv, eis AviI ewk cov kvbv I Av jvpbvq DØy Ki e Avgv `i cöv_wgk cvvk n Q A vkv Wwg di mvkvj W gvμ vwmõi wkÿv I cöwkÿy Kg m~wp Z AskMÖnYKvixiv, hv `i Rb GB eb cvv wn m e e eüz n e Z e GB eb Ab h KviI cov ev e env ii Rb n Z cv i hviv mvgvwrk MYZ š mwμq f wgkv ivl Z Pvq ev G wel q AvMÖn Av Q ciez x cvzv jv Z Avcbviv mvgvwrk MYZ š i wewfbœ aib `L Z cv eb ^vaxbzv, b vh Zv I GKZv n Q mvgvwrk MYZ š i g~j PZbv, hv ïiæi w` Ki welq wn m e KvR Ki Q Gi Ici wfwë K i e vl v Kiv n q Q GB aviyv Ab vb ivr bwzk gzev` _ K wkfv e wfbœ me k l _gvm gqvi-gi mvgvwrk MYZ š i ZË wkfv e cuvpwu ` k iæz c~y wfwë wn m e mvgvwrk MYZ š i PP vi cq b KvR Ki Q Zv ey bv Kiv n q Q mvgvwrk MYZ š i wfwë wiwvi GB wmwi Ri cö_g eb A vkv Wwg di mvkvj W gvμ vwmõi Ab vb gwwd ji Rb I ciez x wiwvi jv cökvwkz n e 6

9 Avgiv Uvweqvm MvgevU I gvwu b wug cõ K ab ev` w` Z PvB Uvweqvm MvgevU GB wiwv ii ewkifvm As ki jlk, Avi gvwu b wug c wewfbœ As k mnvqzv K i Qb GQvovI Zuviv AmvaviY `ÿzv I AwfÁZvq m úv`bvi `vwqz I cvjb K i Qb Zuv `i GKwbôZv I cö qv Mi d jb GZ Kg mg q GB eb cökvk Kiv m e n q Q Zuviv I RwoZ Ab vb jlk `i Zuv `i AmvaviY mn hvwmzvi Rb ab ev` cövc A vkv Wwg di mvkvj W gvμ vwmõi wpý n Q GKwU K úvm A vkv Wwgi Kg m~wpi gva g d«wwik-gevu -w duzs wewfbœ gzev` I aviyvi Rb GKwU KvVv gvi cö Íve Ki Z Pvq Avgiv LyeB Avbw `Z ne hw` Avcbviv Avgv `i Kg m~wp e envi K i Avcbv `i ivr bwzk c_ Lyu R cvb Aweivg Rb-m ú ³Zv I wezk mvgvwrk MYZ š i Rb k vm-cök v mi gzb wμwðqvb μj cwipvjk A vkv Wwg di mvkvj W gvμ vwm Rywjqv eøvwmqvm cökí cwipvjk mvkvj W gv μwm wiwvm 7

10 1. mvgvwrk MYZš Kx? mvgvwrk MYZš Kx? PviwU DËi KD nqz ej e, ÔmvgvwRK MYZš - bvg w` qb wk evsv hv Q bv? MYZ š i aviyvi g a B wbwnz Av Q h mgv Ri cö Z K m`m K mv g i wfwë Z GwU we epbv Ki e - GwU wk wb RB e vl v w` Q bv?õ Ab iv ej e, ÔmvgvwRK MYZš - mvgvwrk evrvi g W ji gva g wk B Zvg a GwU Rvg vwb Z we` gvb bq?õ Avevi Ab A b Ki g Z, ÔmvgvwRK MYZš - B Zvg a GmwcwW ( mvk vj W gvμvwuk cvwu ) GwUi `vwe`vi Avi Kv RB GwU ïay mvkvj W gvμ vu `ib gv_ve v_v; GwU Zv `i ZË Õ Ab iv ej e, ÔmvgvwRK MYZš - Kb MYZvwš K mgvrzš bq? GwUB wk Gi wpišíb A_ bq?õ wkš K wvk? wvk GB RvqMv ZB GB wezk AwbwðZ n q hvq K wvk? Zvn j cö_g KvRwU n e mevi Kv Q MÖnY hvm GKwU fvlvq Av jvpbv Ki Z m Z niqv, hb wfbœ wfbœ gzvgz K evsv I e vl v Kiv hvq Av jvpbv h Kv bvlv b wb q h Z cv i, Z e cö_ g ïiæuv wvk Ki Z n e Ic ii mvgvwrk MYZ š i PviwU aviyvb G wez K iæz c~y im` RvMv Q Kv bv Kv bv aviyv gšwjk wfwë I ÿî wb q, hgb ejv hvq, cök Zc ÿ mvgvwrk MYZš _ K Kx cöz vwkz? Ab `i gzvgz GLb ch ší Kx n q Q Zv wb q cökœ K i; Ab K_vq, ez gvb mgv Ri ev ÍewfwËK cixÿv ev we køly Gi wecix Z Z Zxq GKwU cÿ wrávmv K i mvgvwrk MYZ š i cöwzwbwa Kviv? GwU we kl iæz c~y GKwU cökœ me k l, Av ikwu cÿ i q Q hviv fv e B Zvg a cöwzwôz GKwU aviyv _ K ei n q Kx jvf? Kv RB cökœwu n Q mvgvwrk MYZ š i g~j aviyvwu Kx Avi Ab vb aviyv _ K GwU wkfv e Ab ikg? 8

11 KD mvgvwrk MYZš wb q K_v ej Z PvB j cö_ g cwi vi K i wb Z n e m GwU ej Z Kx ev S Ges Kv `i mv _ K_v ej Q mvgvwrk MYZ š i Kv bv wbw` ó A_ bb GwU cwiez bkxj Avi gvbyl Gi mv _ wewfbœ ai bi PZbv Av ivc K i GB aviyv mvgvwrkfv eb Av ivwcz KviY GwU mvgvwrkfv e KvR K i, Avi wfbœ ^v_ -mswkøó ` ji cÿ _ K nq Gi c ÿ ejv nq A_ev cöz vl vb Kiv nq Avgv `i GKwU msáv cö qvrb Ic ii PviwU cökœ _ K evsv hvq, GB kã e envi Kivi Av M Zvi msáv wvk K i wb Z n e Avi cy ivcywi m PZb _vk Z n e Kx Kx mvgvwrk jÿ Gi mv _ RwoZ ÔmvgvwRK MYZ š Õi aviyv ZvwË K wez K wewfbœfv e e eüz nq GLv b Gi Kv bv GKwU wbw` ó msáv bb mvgvwrk MYZ š i msáv wkš GZ wfbœ ai bi msáv _vkvi djvdj Kx? ZvwË K Av jvpbvi ÿ Î aviyvmz wfwë I Zv `i e vl vi g a Zzjbv n e, Gme aviyvi wfwë cixÿv Kiv n e, Ges ev ÍewfwËK djvdj jvi g a mvgäm weavb Kiv n e AviI AbymÜvb K i `Lv n e h Gme msáv avivevwnk wqj wkbv, ci úiwe ivax Z_ wqj wkbv Ges Gi Drm jv mwvkfv e e vl v Kiv n qwqj wkbv ZvwË K ÿ Î G jv wbwðzfv eb iæz c~y cökœ hviv GB ÿ Î RwoZ bv, wkš Aemi gyn~ Z mvgvwrk ev ivr bwzkfv e mwμq, Zv `i c ÿ GZ Mfxi ZvwË K w`k `Lv m e nq bv Zvn j Gme ZvwË K msáv I e vl v cy ivcywi AMÖvn Ki j GLvb _ K Kv_vq hviqv hv e? ev Íe D ` vm (practical action) GB eb GB mgm vi m ú~y mgvavb ` e bv, Z e GwU GB wez K i ïiæuv K i w` Z cvi e G ÿ Î wewfbœ ivr bwzk I ZvwË K aviyv jv `Lv n e cvvk K Zvi wb Ri Lv` Lyu R wb Z n e - GB eb Zv cy ivcywi guv Z cvi e bv ev cviv DwPZI bv - Z e GwU GKwU AvMÖ ni Drm wn m e KvR Ki e wewfbœ aviyv Kv RB ciez x Z Avgiv K qkwu aviyv wb q we epbv Kie Gici GwU cvv Ki Ici wbf i Ki e h m KvbwU K me P q MÖnY hvm g b Ki e 9

12 ciez x m~î jv ïiæi cökœ jv _ K D V Av m: Av`wk K (normative) w`k, hv mvgvwrk MYZ š i bxwz I g~j PZbv K müvb K i; ZvwË K w`k, hv mvgvwrk MYZ š i ZË wb q gv_v Nvgvq; ev Íe AwfÁZvjä (empirical) w`k, hv wewfbœ ` k mvgvwrk MYZ š i ev Íevqb K we ÍvwiZfv e we køly K i GB wzbwu welq wzbwu wfbœ Aa v q Avgiv `Lvi Póv Kie ZvwË K w`k: _gvm gqv ii mvgvwrk MYZ š i ZË Av`wk K w`kwu ciez x `ybwu Aa v q (Aa vq `yb I wzb) Av jvwpz n e, hlv b we ÍvwiZfv e ^vaxbzv, b vh Zv I H K i g~j PZbv wbixÿv Kiv n e, Ges `Lv n e wkfv e mgv Ri wewfbœ g Wj (D`viev`, iÿykxjzvev`, mgvrzš / mvgvwrk MYZš ) PP vi g a wb q Avmvi wpšív K i ZvwË K w`kwu _gvm gqv ii mvgvwrk MYZ š i Z Ë i wfwë Z PZz_ Aa v q Av jvwpz n q Q _gvm gqv ii ZË wu e Q biqv n q Q KviY G Z mvgäm c~y fv e hyw³ Dc vcb Kiv n q Q Ges K qkwu ch vq G Z AšÍfz ³ câg Aa v q wewfbœ ` ki D`vni Yi gva g ev Íe cö qvm wb q Av jvpbv Kiv n q Q, hv _gvm gqv ii ZË _ KB biqv wzwb Zuvi eb cö vw m Wvi mvwrqv jb W gvμvwuõ Z ( mvkvj W gv μwm Bb cö vkwum) `wl q Qb mvgvwrk MYZš Avjv`v Avjv`v nvwzqv ii gva g Ges GKBmv _ wewfbœ gvîvi mvd j i mv _ cö qvm Kiv hvq 10

13 2. g~j PZbv GB Aa v q: mvgvwrk MYZ š i g~j PZbv wn m e ^vaxbzv, mgzv/ b vh Zv I GKZv K e vl v Kiv n q Q; HwZnvwmK I `vk wbk ` wóf½x _ K Gme g~j PZbv ez gv b ivrbxwzi mv _ m ú ³; Rvgv b AvBbmfvq cöwzwbwaz Kvix ivr bwzk `j jv wkfv e g~j PZbv aviy K i; wkÿv, ^v mev, c~z I D Pwkÿvi mv c ÿ g~j PZbvi ivr bwzk iæz m ú K Av jvwpz n q Q divwm wecø ei g~j Av `vj bi welq wqj Ô ^vaxbzv, mgzv, GKZv!Õ G jv GL bv ivr bwzk `j jvi g~j PZbv ev bxwz Ebwesk kz K ey R vqv köwyi DÌv bi mv _ mv _ Gme g~j PZbvi D e Avi mvivwek K Rq Kiv ïiæ K i wesk kz Ki gvsvgvws mgq _ K Gme PZbv ez gv b GKwU gvb` Ð cwiyz n q Q hvi wbwi L wewfbœ ivóª I mgvr K gvcv nq RvwZms Ni AvBwb Í jv ZI Gme PZbv cöwzdwjz RvwZms Ni 1966 mv ji `ybwu gvbevwakvi mb ` gšwjk bvmwik (wmwfk), ivr bwzk, A_ bwzk, mvgvwrk I mvs wzk AwaKvi ^xk wz cvq Ges we k i cövq cö Z K ivóª G jv Aby gv`b K i Gme g~j PZbv GKwU ˆewk K AvBwb wfwë MVb K i Gme gšwjk AwaKvi g~j PZbv jv K cövwzôvwbk AvB b iƒcvší ii KvR K i ^vaxbzv! mgzv! GKZv! GKwU wfwë wn m e RvwZms Ni gvbevwakvi mb`mg~n Z e GiciI ej Z n e A bk jv ` kb gšwjk AwaKvi jv cö qvm Kiv nq bv hme wel q Zviv hš_fv e HKg Z cuš QwQj wkqz mb` Aby gv`bkvix `ki mm e gvbevwakvi j Nb K i A bk ` kb gšwjk AwaKvi jv Avm jb cö qvm nq wkbv Zv wb q m `n Av Q, Avi m ÿ Î g~j PZbv wb q Avm jb KvR Kivi my hvm Av Q G ÿ Î G jv ïay ZvwË K aviyv ZB mxgve _v K bv, eis wewfbœ `k I A j mvgvwrk `i-klvkwl Avi ÿgzvi m ú K i wel q cwiyz nq g~j PZbv I gšwjk AwaKvi Z e GKwU ivr bwzk AMÖhvÎv wvk Kivi ÿ Î gšwjk AwaKvi wn m e Gme g~j PZbv I Zv `i cö qvm iæz c~y gvb`ð wn m e we ewpz n Z cv i Kv RB Gme g~j PZbvi ÿ Î Kv bv bv Kv bv wm v ší DcbxZ n Z n e g~j PZbv I mvaviy ivr bwzk aviyv wb q we kl Av jvpbv nq 2007 mv j Rvgv wbi cöavb `yb `j, GmwcwW I wmwwbd, bzzb `jxq Kvh μg nv Z bq hvi Ab Zg jÿ wqj wkfv e Gme g~j PZbv msávwqz n e I ez gvb ivrbxwz Z cö qvm Kiv n e 11

14 ivr bwzk w`k-wb ` kk wn m e g~j PZbv I gšwjk AwaKvi mvgvwrk MYZš I Av`wk K ch v q g~j PZbv I gšwjk AwaKvi _ K wb ` kbv bq G `i Av`wk K ÿ Î Avi G jv Avm jb cö qvm Kiv hv e wkbv Zvi we epbvq h Kv bv ivr bwzk w`k-wb ` kbvi ÿ Î G jv iæz c~y Av jvwpz welq HwZnvwmKfv e g~j PZbv jvi msáv I Zviv hfv e G K A b i mv _ m úwk Z, Zv Aóv`k kz Ki Av jvkvq bi (Enlightenment) mgq _ KB μgvmz cwiez bi ga w` q wm q Q ez gv b mvwe Kfv e ^vaxbzv, mgzv/ b vh Zv I GKZv - Gme g~j PZbvi h Kv bv GKwU welq _ KB ïiæ Kiv hvq 2.1. ^vaxbzv ^vaxbzvi Mvov Kv bv wezk QvovB ejv hvq ^vaxbzv n Q Ggb GKwU g~j PZbv hv me ivr bwzk e w³ aviy K i GwU Av jvkvq bi Av` k i mv _ nv Z nvz a i P j, hv Rvgv b BwZnvmwe` `i g Z Ôey R vqvõ hy Mi (mvaviyfv e 1815 _ K 1915 ch ší) Rb jk, Ruv RvK iæ kv, Bgvby qj Kv U I Kvj gv -Gi gz `vk wbk Ges wμwuk vj w_iwii cöwzwbwaiv BwZnv mi wewfbœ mg q f e Qb I ey bv w` q Qb wkfv e ^vaxbzvi cö qvm NUv bv hvq ^vaxbzvi Ici wezk wzbwu g~j cö kœi Ici wfwë K i wbwg Z: 1. wkfv e ^vaxbzv K msávwqz Kiv hvq? 2. mgv R wkfv e ^vaxbzvi cö qvm NUv bv hvq ev wbwðz Kiv hvq? 3. mgv R ^vaxbzvi gvîv Kx? wkfv e ^vaxbzv K msávwqz Kiv hvq? Bs ir `vk wbk Rb j Ki `Iqv ^vaxbzvi msáv mg qi cixÿvq DËxY Ògvby li ^vfvwek ^vaxbzv n Q c w_exi h Kv bv AwZcÖvK Z kw³i KvQ _ K gy³ _vkv, Ges gvby li B Qv ev AvBwb GLwZqv ii Aax b bv _vkv; Z e Zvi kvm bi Rb ïay cök wzi AvBb K ivlv mgv R gvby li ^vaxbzv Kv bv AvBwb ÿgzvi Aax b bq, eis HKg Z i wfwë Z mvavi Yi g a cöwzwôz n Z n e; Kv bv B Qvi cöfv e bq, A_ev Kv bv AvB bi wewawb l ai g a bq, eis hv mb AvB bi Ici Av v Ávc bi gva g cviqv hvq Zv Ó (jk 1977: 213Q; Uz wuªwur Ae Mfb g U, cö_g LÐ, Aa vq 4) j Ki aviyvq ^vaxbzvi wzbwu gvîv wpwýz Kiv nq: GKRb e w³i wbr ^ ^vaxbzv, GKRb e w³i wbr ^ fvebv I Abyf wzi ^vaxbzv, Ges AvBbMZfv e cövß m ú` 12

15 Rb jk ( ) wq jb wjev iwjrg- Gi cö_g I me P q iæz c~y cöwzwbwa jk ÔGgwcwiwmRgÕ-Gi aviyv ˆZwi Z LyeB iæz c~y f wgkv cvjb K i Qb GgwcwiwmRg n Q gvbyl wkfv e AwfÁZvi gva g k L Zvi Ici Mfxi AbymÜvb GB wfwë Z wewfbœ AwfÁZvi Zzjbv n Q Z Ë i ïiæ 1690 mv j jk cökvk K ib Uz wuªwur Ae Mfb g U hlv b wzwb Bs ir ivrz š i ZvwË K wfwë K bvov `b, Ges ^vaxbzvi wfwë Z GKwU mvgvwrk msweavb ˆZwi K ib _ K gyw³ ^vaxbzvi GB wzbwu gvîv AmsL wfbœ wfbœ msweav b I gšwjk gvbevwakv ii msávq AšÍfz ³ Kiv n q Q wewfbœ Z Ë j Ki msáv K D jøl Kiv n q Q Avi e vl v `Iqv n q Q j Ki msávi g~j K_v n Q cök wzmzfv eb Gme ^vaxbzv cö Z K e w³i cövc Ab A _, Gme ^vaxbzv mgv R ˆZwi nq wb, eis Kv bv bv Kv bvfv e ÔAv M _ KB wqjõ ^vaxbzv I ^vfvwek AwaKvi mgv R Gme ^vfvwek AwaKv ii ÔiÿYv eÿyõ ïay cwiez bi cöwμqvi ga w` qb m e ZLb G jv mgv Ri Ici e w³i `vwe wn m e cwiyz nq wewfbœ `vk wbk cwiez bi ga w` qi j Ki g~j hyw³ GL bv kw³kvjx ^vaxbzvi aviyv GL bv GKwU gšwjk PZbv wn m e wewfbœ wez K i m~î wn m e e eüz D`vi bwzkzvev`-gi (Liberalism) GKRb cöavb cöe³v wn m e Rb jk GL bv we` gvb mgv R wkfv e ^vaxbzv ev ÍevwqZ I wbwðz Kiv hvq? Z e m~î wn m e μgvmz DwjøwLZ n ji GwU A ^xkvi Kivi Dcvq bb h HwZnvwmK cöÿvcu I g~j Drm Qvov GwU wvkgz e vl v Kiv hv e bv Ges ez gvb cöÿvc U G K mivmwi cö qvm Kiv hv e bv wkfv e ^vaxbzv K mgv R wbwðz Kiv hv e ev ev Íevqb Kiv hv e Zv wb qb cö kœi D `ªK nq GwU HwZnvwmK wez K i GKwU wm vší h Av jvkvq bi ciez x Ab vb `vk wb Ki mv _ mv _ Rb jk GB aviyvi we ivax wq jb h cövk wzk AmgZvi wfwë Z ^vaxbzvi NvUwZ K g b biqv m e GKwU Pig cöwzwμqvkxj mgvr hlv b ivrv `i kvmb K Ck i-cö`ë AvBb e j g b biqv nz mlv b cövk wzk mgzv I mgvb ^vaxbzvi aviyv GKwU ˆecøweK aviyv wqj Z e jk wb R K cövk wzk mgzv I mgvb ^vaxbzvi aviyvi g a Ave iv Lb wb, eis mgv R cövk wzk mgzv K mvgvwrk Pzw³i gva g AwawôZ Ki Z P qwq jb cövk wzk mgzv I mgvb ^vaxbzv 13

16 Zuvi hyw³i mvigg n Q h mgv R PP vi gva g ^vaxbzv e w³mz m ú ` cwiyz nq wm vší MÖnY I ivr bwzk ÿgzvq AskMÖn Yi gva g mgv R wpšív I Abyf wzi ^vaxbzv wbwðz Ki Z n e AvBbMZfv e cövß `ªe Q o `Iqvi ÿ Î ^vaxbfv e mÿg niqvi ÿ Î cö qvrb GKwU gy³ evrvi hlv b mevi AwfMg Zv i q Q Kv RB cövk wzk ^vaxbzv ïay mgv R GKwU cöwμqv wn m eb iwÿz bb, eis mvgvwrk wbqš Yi gva g G K iÿv Ki Z n e ^vaxbzv GKRb e w³i Ici wbf ikxj ^vaxbzv wpšív I PZbvi ^vaxbzv GKRb e w³i Øviv AvBbMZfv e AwR Z e i ^vaxbzv cövk wzk Ae vq cök wz-cö`ë Ab `i `L ji Kvi Y ûgwki gy L co Z cv i cök wz-cö`ë kög Øviv AwR Z e i gvwjkvbvi AwaKvi we iv ai ÿ Î kw³kvjxi AwaKvi wm vší ` e MYZvwš K wfwëi Ici mvgvwrk Pzw³ gšwjk AwaKvi mgvr Øviv I mgv Ri g a cwiewz Z mgv R GKRb e w³i wbr ^ m ú `i wn m e ^vaxbzv wpšív I PZbvi ^vaxbzv mgv R ivr bwzk ^vqëkvmb I MYZvwš K AwaKv ii gva g Av ivwcz A_ bwzk ^vaxbzv mevi Rb m e Rb j Ki ^vaxbzvi aviyvi Ici iæ kvi mgv jvpbv wkfv e ev ÍevwqZ n Z cv i Zv wb qb Rb j Ki ZË Aóv`k kz K mgv jvwpz nq Z e m ez me P q iæz c~y mgv jvpk wq jb Ruv RvK iæ kv, whwb PviwU g~j ÿ Î j Ki aviyvi we ivwazv K i Qb ev m úªmviy K i Qb 1. GKwU fvj mvgvwrk Pzw³ ev Íe n e ïay ZLbB hlb mgv Ri cöwzôvq me gvbyl bvmwik AwaKvi wn m e wd i cviqvi Rb Zv `i me cövk wzk AwaKvi Z vm Ki e 14

17 2. mgmvgwqk ey R vqv-ivrzvwš K mgv Ri mvgvwrk Pzw³wU Kv bv fvj mvgvwrk Pzw³ bq 3. `xn gqvw` Ô ^vaxbzvõ ev ÍevwqZ n e hw` me ivr bwzk wm vší ïay AvBwb cöwμqvq biqv nq ïay ZLbB cö Z K bvmwik cök Zc ÿ Zv `i wb R `i B Qvi Aax b _vk e Avi gy³ n e 4. Z e iæ kvi ÿ ÎI Ô ^vaxbzvõ Dbœq bi aviyvi mv _ hy³ iæ kv wek vm Ki Zb cö Z K gvby li GKwU Ôeyw e wëk ÿî Av Q hv Ab jvi Dbœqb NUvqÕ, hv K wzwb e j Qb Ôcvi dkwuwewj UÕ ( ebvi/ eªv Mb 1996: 24) GB Ôeyw e wëk ÿîõ c~e -wba vwiz bq, Z e mgv Ri g a wkÿv I eu P _vkvi m vebvi mv c ÿ Gi Dbœqb N U cö_g mgv jvpbvwu cö_g `Lvq we klfv e Pg K `q Kb GKRb e w³ mgv Ri KvQ _ K Avevi cviqvi Rb Zvi mg Í ^vfvwek AwaKvi Z vm Ki e? GwU wk D Q LjZvi ` ivrv Ly j ` e bv? GB wel q iæ kvi μgvmz Rvi `Iqv cövq evkiæ K i `Iqvi gz wzwb G ai bi Ae vb e Q wb qwq jb Zvi AvswkK KviY n Q wzwb GwU cwi vi Ki Z P qwq jb h hw` mevb ^vaxbzv jvf Ki Z Pvq, Z e Kv bv `vwqz nxb c`vwakvi, Kv bv e MZ AwaKvi, Avi Kv RB Kv bv mvgvwrk AmgZv K mgv R cö e ki AbygwZ `Iqv hv e bv Zuvi Av`k n Q GKwU gy³ I mgvb e w³ `i mgvr Gfv e iæ kv mgv R ^vaxbzvi cök Z Ae v wb q cökœ DÌvcb K ib mgmvgwqk mgvr wb q Zuvi we køly `Lvq h A bk ewk ^vaxbzv ïay abx `ib iÿv K i Ruv RvK iæ kv ( ) wq jb divwm wecø ei Ab Zg iƒckvi iæ kv mgv R AmgZv M o IVvi Ici iæz w` q GKwU gšwjk wwm Kvm j Lb, hv wkqzuv `vk wbk, Avevi wkqzuv HwZnvwmK-ev Íe AwfÁZvwfwËK MYZvwš K iv óªi ZË I wkÿv wb q Zuvi Ab vb iæz c~y KvR i q Q GB KvíwbK mvgvwrk Pzw³ I GK c k ^vaxbzvi Kvi Y GKRb abx e w³ Mwi ei Ici werqx n e e j wzwb Rviv jv gz cökvk K ib iæ kvi mv _ mv _ AvgivI ej Z cvwi h ^vaxbzv GKwU civwrz Kivi hyw³ wn m e e eüz n Z cv i G Kvi Y ^vaxbzv Avm jb mevi Rb Kvh Ki wkbv Zv mveavbzvi mv _ we køly Kiv AviI iæz c~y Av`k : ^vaxb I mgvb e w³ `i mgvr ïay abx `i Rb ^vaxbzv? 15

18 ÔAvmybÕ, wzwb Zv `i (Mixe) [ jl Ki gšíe ] ej jb, ÔAvgiv GKmv _ `ye j `i wbcxob _ K iÿv Kwi, D PvKv ÿx `i evav `B, Avi hvi hv Av Q Zv iÿv Ki Z KvR Kwi; Avmyb, Avgiv b vq I kvwšíi Rb ÿgzvevb I `ye j `i mgvb we epbvq I cvi úwik `vqe Zvi wfwë Z wbqg ˆZwi Kwi, hv Kv bv e wzμg QvovB mevb g b b e Avmyb, Avgiv wb R `i kw³ K wb R `i weiæ Kv R bv jvwm q GKmv _ K i GKwU e nëi kw³ Z iƒcvšíi Kwi hv Dchy³ AvBb w` q Avgv `i kvmb Ki e, GB mgv Ri me m`m K iÿv Ki e, Zv `i mvaviy kîæ K evav ` e, Avi Avgv `i g a wpiw` bi m úªxwz ervq ivl e Õ (iæ kv 1997: [wwm Kvm Ab w` AwiwRb Ae BbBKzqvwjwU, wøzxq LÐ]) ^vaxbzv I ÿgzvi g a m úk iæ kvi Z Zxq mgv jvpbv ÿgzvi mv _ ^vaxbzvi m úk wb q hlv b jk Ges Zvi P qi Av ikuz ewk gvîvq _gvm nem-gi g Z hlb AvBb cöyqb RbM Yi Øviv Aby gvw`z, ZLb Zv h PP v Kiv n eb Zv bq, mlv b iæ kv GKwU MYZvwš K Ae vb bb Zuvi g Z GKRb e w³ gy³, hvi A_ wzwb ïay GKR bi ivr bwzk B QviB Aaxb ZLbB hlb GB AvBb MV bi cöwμqvq Zvi AskMÖnY _v K ÔGKwU eyw gëv hv Ab vb eyw gëv jvi Dbœqb NUvqÕ PZz_ mgv jvpbvi gva g iæ kv j Ki ^vaxbzvi aviyv K GKwU K `ªxq welq wn m e mg_ b K ib iæ kv GB gzev ` wek vm Ki Zb h gvbyl cök wzmzfv e ïay Ôeyw gvbõb bq, eis Gi gva g Ab `i eyw gëvi Dbœqb NUv bvi Rb I ÿgzvcövß ( ebvi/ eªv Mb 1996:24) Kv RB e w³ Z i Dbœq b mnvqzv Kiv GKwU MYZvwš K mgv Ri Ab Zg cöavb P v jä mgv R ^vaxbzvi mxgv Kx? mgv R Ges iv óªi mv c ÿ GKRb e w³i ^vaxbzv KZUzKz GB cökœb GKwU wpišíb wez K i welq Mvc b Avwo cvzv Aby gv ` bi hvm wkbv ev GKwU hvîxevnx wegvb K wj K i f cvwzz Kivi AwaKvi GKRb cöwziÿv gš xi Av Q wkbv Zv ^vaxbzvi mxgv wb q DÌvwcZ cökœ jv K mvg b wb q Av m 16

19 ^vaxbzvi mxgv m ú K `ywu `vk wbk DËi cövqb `Iqv n q _v K `ywu DËi ÔGwU mwz h MYZ š GKRb e w³ Zvi LywkgZ KvR Ki Z cv i e j g b nq; Z e ivr bwzk ^vaxbzv Amxg bq mikvi ev cökvivší i mgv R hv AvBb Øviv cwipvwjz nq, Avgv `i hv Kiv DwPZ Zvi g a wkqz Kivi ÿgzv, Avi Avgv `i hv Kiv DwPZ bq Zv bv Kivi ÿgzvi g a B ^vaxbzv wbwnz Avgv `i g b ^vaxbzv I gyw³i ga Kvi ZdvZ memgq g b ivl Z n e gyw³ n Q AvB bi AvIZvq _ K hv B Qv Zv Kivi AwaKvi; Avi hw` Kv bv bvmwik Zvi hv Kiv wb la Zv Ki Z cviz Zvn j Zvi gyw³ _vkz bv, KviY Zvi cöwz ewk Ab vb bvmwik `ii GKB ÿgzv _vkz Õ gb UmwKD 1992: 212 [w` w úwiu Ae w` jr, eyk 11] ÔGLv b gvî GKwU köwywefvrb i q Q: hv Ki Z cvi e mb gvîv ch ší Kiv hv e Ges GKBmv _ GwU GKwU me Rbxb AvB b cwiyz n Z cv i!õ (Kv U 1995: 51 [MÖvDÛIqvK Ae w` guvwdwr Ae givjm]) Pvj m ww mkbwvu gb UmwKD ( ) wq jb GKRb AvBbÁ Ges ˆbwZK `vk wbk - wzwb w` w úwiu Ae w` jr (1748) Gi Rb ewk cwiwpz Ab vb wel qi g a wzwb mvsweavwbk ivrzš I ÿgzvi wefvr bi (AvBbmfv, wbe vnx I wepvi wefvm) mg_ K wq jb gb UmwKD-Gi g Z ^vaxbzvi mxgv AvBb g b Pjvi cöwz `vqe ZvB bq, eis Gi mv _ Ab ivi Gme AvBb g b Pj e GB cöz vkvi mv _ m úwk Z Kv Ui fvebv AviI mỳ ~icömvixweg~z Zvi D P ch v q ^vaxbzvi mxgv cö Z K Kv Ri ÿ Î Gi m e v P mxgv me Rbxb AvB b cwiyz n Z cv i wkbv Zv Rvb Z n e Kv RB Kv bv AvBb g b Pjvi g a mxgve bv _ K wkfv e AvBwb KvVv gvi g a AvBb g b Pjv n Q Zv wb q Kv Ui GB aviyvi m úªmviy GKwU mvaviy D`vniY `Iqv h Z cv i: cwi e ki Rb eüzfvevcbœ bq Ggb M vmpvwjz dvi-ûbj wrc Pvjv bv AvBbMZfv e wbwl bq Zv n ji mevb hw` G ai bi wrc Pvjv bv ïiæ K i Zvn j Zv cwi e ki Rb wech q W K Avb e Kv RB Kv Ui ÿ Î ^vaxbzvi mxgv n Q ˆbwZK, Ges GKRb e w³i Rb me mvavi Yi Kj v Yi mv _ m úwk Z Z e ^vaxbzvi GB e w³mz cöwÿz gb UmwKD Kv U ^vaxbzvi mxgv n Q ˆbwZK I me mvavi Yi Kj v Yi Rb 17

20 Kv bvfv eb mgv Ri mevi Rb ^vaxbzv wbwðz Kivi Rb h _ó bq Ab K_vq GwU ïay ^vaxbzvi PP vq evav `Iqv VKv bvi welq bq, eis hv `i ^vaxbzv evavmö Í Zv `i ^vaxbzv K m úªmviy KiviI welq mgv R GwU ïay mevi Rb mgvb ^vaxbzvi PP vi gva gb m e GmwcwWÕi nvgeym Kg m~wpi fvlvq: ÔcÖ Z K e w³b ^vaxbzvi Rb mÿg I `ÿ wkš Bgvby qj Kv U ( ) Av jvkvq bi hy Mi Ab Zg cöfvekvjx Rvg vb `vk wbk Zuvi KvR Zuvi mg qi cövq me wel qi Ici Av jvkcvz K i Zuvi me vwak D jøl hvm Kv Ri g a i q Q: wμwuk Wvi ib bb fvibvdu [wμwuk Ae wcii wirb] (1781), wμwuk Wvi cövkwu mb fvibvdu [wμwuk Ae cö vkwukvj wirb] (1788), wμwuk Wvi Di UBjmμvdU [wμwuk Ae RvR g U] (1790), Ryg GDB Rb d«vb Wb [Ab cvi cpzqvj wcm] (1795), guvwdwr Wvi wm Ub [w` guvwdwr Ae givjm] (1796/97) GKRb e w³ wkfv e Gi mv _ Zvj wgwj q Pj Z cvi e Zv mgv Ri Ici wbf i K i Õ ^vaxbzv I mvgvwrk MYZš AviI mv úªwzk ZË hgb bv ej cyi vi werqx fvizxq A_ bxwzwe` AgZ mbi ÔmÿgZvÕ wb q e j Qb, hv mgv R eu P _vk Z n j e vck AskMÖn Yi Rb Avw_ K mgzvi P qi e vck 1 mvgvwrk MYZ š i Rb ^vaxbzvi Ici wezk KZ jv gvb` Ði Ici wfwë K i cökvk Kiv hvq, hme gvb`ð Aek B c~iy Ki Z nq GmwcwWÕi nvgeym Kg m~wpi fvlvq Ô ^vaxbzvõ Ô ^vaxbzvi A_ wbr ^Zvi m vebv cöwzwu gvbyl ^vaxbzvi Rb hvm I `ÿ wkš GKRb e w³ wkfv e Gi mv _ Zvj wgwj q Pj Z cvi e Zv mgv Ri Ici wbf i K i cöwzwu gvbyl K n Z n e ÿwqòz ciwbf izv, Pvwn`v I fxwz _ K gy³ Zv `i mÿgzv evov bvi my hvm c Z n e, Ges mgvr I ivrbxwz Z `vqe Zvi mv _ AskMÖnY Ki Z n e [wkš ] gvbyl Zv `i ^vaxbzvi cö qvm NUv Z cv i ZLbB hlb Zviv Rv b h Zv `i h _ó cwigvy mvgvwrk myiÿv i q Q Õ (nvgeym Kg m~wp 2007: 15) 1 `vwi`ª I m ú `i Ici Rvg vb mikv ii cö_g `ywu cöwz e` b `vwi`ª cwigv ci Rb Kv bv e MZ wb ` kk Avi e eüz nq bv, wkš mvgvwrk AšÍfz w³ I wew QbœZv we epbv Kiv nq 18

21 ^vaxbzvi wezk _ K D Z hme gvb`ð mvgvwrk MYZ š i _vk Z n e e w³mz ^vaxbzv I mgv R Ges Gi wm vší MÖnY cöwμqvq mwμq f wgkv cvj bi Rb ^vaxbzv cöv_wgkfv e wbwðz Ki Z n e I wbðqzv w` Z n e ^vaxbzvi A_ n Q cö Z K e w³ GB ^vaxbzv fvm Ki Z cvi e GRb cö qvrb mvgvwrk D ` vm I cöwzôvb hv G K m e Ki Z cvi e GKwU gšwjk AwaKvi wn m e ïay ^vaxbzvi AvbyôvwbK NvlYvB h _ó bq ^vaxbzvi A_ n Q gvbyl `vqe Zvi mv _ I hšw³kfv e f wgkv cvjb Ki e GKwU MYZvwš K mgv R GwU n Q wkÿvi `vwqz 2.2. mgzv/ b vh Zv wøzxq gšwjk PZbvi Kv Q G m A bk e w³b wøavmö Í n q c o GwU wk ÔmgZvÕ bvwk Ôb vh ZvÕ? GB wøavmö ÍZv Lye mn RB GKwU HwZnvwmK-`vk wbk cöÿvc U e vl v Kiv hvq mgzv A_ev b vh Zv? ^vaxbzv mgzv GKZv b vh mgvr wpî 2: b vh mgvr I g~j PZbv HwZnvwmKfv e divwm wecø ei ci _ K wzbwu gšwjk PZbv we` gvb wqj - Ô ^vaxbzv, mgzv I GKZvÕ (Ôwjev Z, GMvwj Z G d«vuviwb ZÕ) Kv RB `vk wbk cöÿvc U Gme PZbv ev Íevq b GKwU Ôb vqwfwëk mgvrõ-gi aviyv D V Av m 19

22 `vk wbk aviyv I mgmvgwqk ivr bwzk e env ii cv_ K Av cwÿk aviyv wn m e mgzv I b vh Zv GKB mg q Av ikwu gšwjk PZbv ÔmgZvÕ m ú K wezk h cökœwu DÌvcb K i Zv n Q e MZ I Ae MZ c Y i b vh eèb Kx n Z cv i G Kvi Y 1980Õi `kk _ K μgvmzfv e Ôb vh ZvÕ nq ÔmgZvÕi aviyv _ K Avjv`v A_ev AviI wbw` ó K i GKwU gšwjk PZbv wn m e cwimwyz n q Avm Q B Zvg a GKwU aviyv wn m e Ô ^vaxbzv, b vh Zv I GKZvÕi e envi cöwzwôz n q M Q Z e GiciI Gi cq b GKwU `vk wbk wez K i AeKvk i q Q Ô ^vaxbzvõi aviyv hv cö Z K e w³i ÿ Î e eüz n Z cv i, Zvi wecix Z ÔmgZvÕ I Ôb vh ZvÕ n Q Zzjbvg~jKfv e Av cwÿk aviyv Gme aviyv cö Z K e w³ I Zv `i e w³mz ^vaxbzv K mgv Ri Ab vb m` m i g a m úk vcb K i `vk wbk w`k _ K ej Z M j Ôb vh ZvÕ GKwU D PZi aviyv wb Pi e³ e jlk Ôb vh ZvÕi aviyv K cy Lvbycy Lfv e msávwqz Ki Z P q Qb: Ôb vh ZvÕ Kx? GB cökœ wk KD Ki Z cv i? ÒKxÓ Kv bv GKwU e m ú K wr Ám K i b vh Zv Kv bv e bq GwU GKwU m ú K i ÿî GwU gvby li g a m ú K i welq wbw` ó ai bi m úk hv b vh e j ey bv Kiv hvq Kv RB cökœwu Òb vh Zv Kx?Ó n e bv, eis n e Òb vh Zv Kx m ú K?Ó... b vh Zvi aviyv n Q wkfv e GKRb e w³ mgv Ri mv _, hvi m GKwU Ask, Ges Ab vb `i mv _ hv `i mv _ Zvi jb `b i q Q Zvi mv c ÿ Kvb Ae v b Av Q... GKRb gvbyl g b K i m hv `i ms ú k Av m Zv `i mv _ Zvi Ae vb Kx n e, m wkfv e g~j vwqz nq I Zvi m ú K Kx aviyv cvly Kiv nq Zv wba viy Kiv cö qvrb... GKRb gvby li wbr ^Zv hw` Ab iv Zv K Kx Pv L ` L Zvi mv _ wg j hvq, Zvn j m g b K i h Zv K mwvkfv e g~j vwqz Kiv n Q GB g~j vqb cöwzdwjz nq e MZ I Ae MZ `ª e i eèb (distribute), cöz vl vb I cöz vnv ii g a Õ (nvbbwil 2002: 207 P) Kv RB b vh Zvi aviyv ek K qkwu hvm Zvi mv _ m úwk Z e w³mzfv e KD g b Ki Z cv i h Zv K Ab vqfv e `Lv n Q, hlv b e wbi cÿfv e GKwU Ôb vqwfwëkõ we epbv we` gvb Kv RB KvbwU b vq I KvbwU bq Zv ïay mvgvwrk `iklvkwli gva gb cöwzôv Kiv hvq Ab K_vq, b vh Zvi Rb cö qvrb: mgvr `ªe (Ae MZ I/ ev e MZ) eèb K i; Ges mevi HKg Z i wfwë Z wba vwiz me RbMÖvn k Z i mv c ÿ Gme `ª e i eèb N U _v K 20

23 Ic ii `ywu kz hlb c~iy n e KejgvÎ ZLbB Avgiv Ôb vh ZvÕ m ú K ej Z cvie Z e mgzv n Q Ae MZ I e MZ `ª e i eè bi GKwU we kl Ae v ÔmgZv Kv bv (mvgvwrk) e e vi djvdj bq, eis G wel qi kl K_v (point of departure) G ÿ Î GKwU cöv_wgk wbqg cö qvrb hvi wfwë Z wezi Y Kv bv ai bi e Z q n j Zv g~j vqb Kiv hv e GB wezi Yi gšwjk wbqg n Q msl vmz mgzv - hv `i g a weziy n e Zv `i g a m ú `i wefvrb n e msl vi wfwë Z b vh Zvi wecix Z mgzvi Kv bv b~ bzg k Z i cö qvrb bb... hlb GKwU we kl ÿ Î `ª e i eè b Kv bv b~ bzg kz _v K bv, hlb GKR bi Zzjbvq Av ikrb K ewk `Iqvi Kv bv wfwë _v K bv, ZLb wezk Gov bvi Rb mevb K GKB cwigvy w` Z nq Õ (nvbbwil 2002: 211 P) mgzv I b vh Zvi aviyv m PZbfv e msávwqz n Z n e Kv RB mgzvi Rb Pvwn`v n Q h mvgvwrkfv e MÖnY hvm Kv bv wezk _vk e bv, hv `ª e i eè b ˆelg K AvBwb wfwë ` e GLb ch ší ÔmgZvÕ I Ôb vh ZvÕi aviyv K wewfbœ Z Ë i ga Kvi Ø Ø QvovB msávwqz Kiv wm q Q Z e cökœ I V wkfv e ÔAmg eèbõ K ZvwË Kfv e hyw³msmz Kiv hvq G ai bi msávqb I hyw³mövn Kivi Rb G ch ší A bk D ` vm biqv n q Q Aek B G `i me jv `Lvi gz my hvm Avgv `i bb Z e ivrbxwz Z Drmvn Av Q Ggb h KD mvaviyfv e ivrbxwz Z ev Í e wkfv e Kv bv cö ÍvweZ bxwz b vqmsmz ev Ab vq e j g~j vwqz n Z cv i Zv LwZ q `L Z cv ib mgm v: wkfv e Ôb vh ˆelg Õ K hyw³msmz Kiv hvq? ciez x As k b vh Zvi aviyvi Ici PviwU wfbœ gzev` Dc vcb Kiv n e, hvi me jv 1980 I 1990 _ K ZvwË K I ivr bwzk ÿ Î wezwk Z n q Avm Q wewfbœ msáv I gzev` _ K GwU cwi vi h b vh Zvi hšw³kzv Luy R cviqv mnr bq, Avi GwU ivr bwzk wez K i GKwU welq Rb ijm-gi G w_iwi Ae Rvw m b vh Zvi D`vi bwzk Z Ë i mgvrzvwš K mgv jvpbv b vwý d«rv ii Ô ^xk wz I cybe È bi gvsvgvwsõ GKwU msáv b vh Zvi ivr bwzk cöwÿz b vh Zvi PviwU gzev` 21

24 2.2.1 Rb ijm-gi G w_iwi Ae Rvw m 2 Rb ijm GKwU Ôb vh gšwjk e e võ (just basic order) cöwzôv `k bi cöÿvc U Rb ij mi G w_iwi Ae Rvw m Zxeª wez K i m wó K i Q Zuvi D`vi bwzk Nivbvi GB ZË 1971 mv j cö_g cökvwkz nq, hv cök Z ivr bwzk cöfve m wó Ki Z ïiæ K i 1980 I 1990-Gi `k K wim vb I _ vpv ii mgqkvi evrvi Pigcš v (market radicalism) Ges njgyu Rb ijm ( ) D`vi bwzk Nivbvi GKRb Ab Zg iæz c~y ˆbwZK `vk wbk wn m e we ewpz wzwb wq jb nvf vw wek we` vj qi ivr bwzk `k bi Aa vck 1971 mv j wzwb Zuvi me P q cöfvekvjx ZË, G w_iwi Ae Rvw m cökvk K ib mvgvwrk MYZvwš K ÿ Î ij mi ZË 1980 I 1990-Gi `k K we klfv e Av jvwpz nq Kvn ji ÔAva vwz K I ˆbwZK wcqzuvbõ-gi (HwZnvwmK cöÿvc Ui Rb `Lyb wbwv-iæ gwjb 1997: 15P) GKwU weiæ -gzev` wn m e Gi DÌvb we klfv e mvgvwrk MYZvwš K ÿ Î ij mi ZË we klfv e wez K i AeKvk iv L ijm Zuvi Z Ë mgv R ^v _ i Ø Ø wbqš Y K we køly K i Qb, h mgv Ri m`m iv mn hvwmzvi gva g Zzjbvg~jK `y úövc `ªe eè bi Póv Ki Z eva GB D Ï k Gi wecixz GKwU ^v_ `Lv hvq, hv K ejv hvq GKwU Ôb vh gšwjk e e võ, hlv b i q Q wbw` ó cöwzôvb (msweavb, A_ bwzk I ivr bwzk KvVv gv I Ab vb ) GB Z Ë ijm GB b vh e e v I bxwzi kz jv Zz j aivi cöqvm K i Qb wzwb wb œwjwlz aviyvi wfwë Z ïiæ K ib: b vh Zvi Rb cöv_wgk aviyv I mvaviy bxwz ˆZwi Kiv hvq hvi Ici mevb m wz ` e; AvaywbK MYZ š GwU a i biqv hvq h gvbyl GKRb Av ikrb K gy³ I mgvb g b K i; GB wfwë Z mvgvwrk mn hvwmzvi bxwz jv Avwe vi Kiv hvq GKwU cixÿvg~jk fvebv: gy³, mgvb I jÿ AR b D ` vmx e w³ `i ÔAvmj Ae vbõ GB D Ï k Rb j Ki gzb ijm GKwU cöv_wgk cwi ek a i bb Z e wzwb Kv bv KvíwbK Ae v K cök Z wn m e a i bb wb, eis GKwU cö ÍvweZ (hypothetical) Ae v a i bb hlv b gvby liv gy³ I mgvb, Zv `i wb R `i ^v_ ` L Avi b vh Zvi g~jbxwz Z DcbxZ niqvi Rb HKgZ cvly K i 2 Rb ijm-gi Z Ë i meuzkzi e vl v `Iqv GB Av jvpbvi AvIZvi g a c o bv Gi D Ïk eis b vqwepv ii msávi mv _ m úwk Z ev Íe mgm v jv Av jvpbv Kiv, hv ivr bwzk PP vi g a I D V Avm Z cv i 22

25 ij mi g Z wbi cÿ Ae vq GB gšwjk Ae v I Gme cöwμqvb n Q b vh hvi Ici wfwë K i GKwU mgv Ri (ev m úª`v qi) m`m iv Kv bv wel q HKg Z cušqvq GB cixÿvg~jk fvebvi Av ikwu welq n Q gvby liv Rv b bv mgv R Zv `i Ae vb Kv_vq ij mi g Z, Gi d j me P q Kg ^ Qj e w³i Ae vbi hb m e v P ch v q myweav biqv nq (Ôg vw wgbõ wbqg) GwU wbwðz Kivi Rb cö Z Ki GKwU ^v_ _vk Z n e m e v P-me wb œ (g vw wgb) wbqg Av jvpbvi welqe I ciez x Abykxjb Rb ijm cixÿvg~jk fvebvq Ask wb Z cvvk `i Avgš Y Rvbvb wb R K Kíbv Kiæb gy³, mgvb I ÔD Ïk g~jkfv e hšw³kõ e w³ `i `jfz³ wn m e: Kvb Kvb bxwz Z Avcbviv GKgZ n q Qb? Kvb Kvb bxwz wezwk Z? Kvb Kvb hyw³ Z Gme wezwk Z welq wb úbœ n q Q? mgmvgwqk Rvg vwb Z Gi Kvb Kvb bxwz ev ÍevwqZ n q Q, Avi Kvb jv nq wb? Kv bv welq b vh wkbv Zv ej Z cvivi Rb ij mi e vck Z Ë i Aaxb `ywu gšwjk bxwzi w` K we kl Mfxifv e jÿ Kiv cö qvrb b vh Zvi `ywu bxwz ij mi me P q iæz c~y Ae`vb n Q mvgvwrk `ª e i cybe È bi evb i wm q wpišíb D`vi bwzk wez K i GKwU ZË ˆZwi Kiv hv b vqmsmz eèb K bzzbfv e msávwqz K i Gfv e ijm D`vi bwzk fvebv K bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzvi iÿyv eÿy K mgzv I b vh Zvi mvgvwrk MYZvwš K wpšívfvebvi mv _ hy³ K ib b vqmsmz eè bi GKwU bzzb msáv 23

26 `ywu K `ªxq bxwz Zuvi G w_iwi Ae Rvw m-g ijm `ywu bxwz cöyqb K ib: bxwz 1 ÔGKwU mgzvwfwëk ^vaxbzv e e vq m e v P ch vq ch ší cö Z K e w³i mgvb AwaKvi i q Q hv mevi Rb ^vaxbzvi mgv_ K GKB ai bi GKwU e e vi mv _ mvgäm c~y Õ (ijm 1979: 81) 3 bxwz 2 ÔmvgvwRK I A_ bwzk AmgZv `~i Ki Z n e Ggbfv e hb G jv (K) me P q Kg myweavcövß `ii me vwak jvf nq (GKwU b vqmsmz mâq bxwzi mv _ mvgäm c~y ), Ges (L) b vqmsmz my hv Mi mgzvi Aaxb Ae vq Awdm I c` jv hb mevi Rb Db y³ _v K Õ (ijm 1979: 336) gšwjk ^vaxbzv cö_g bxwz Øviv evsvq gšwjk ^vaxbzvi me jv aib hv mevi Rb _vk ZB n e, hb Zviv Zv `i ^vaxbzvi PP v Ki Z cv i GKwU ÔGKB ai bi e e võ ejvi Kvi Y evsv hvq h RjR vší e w³ `i ga _ K me ai bi AvPiY K weg~z Kiv hvq Kv RB ÔAvB bi Pv L mgzvõ Avi wbwðz e w³mz ^vaxbzvi wel q Rvi w` q ejv hvq `k bi Av jvpbvq cövq mevb cö_ gv³ bxwzwu wpwýz K i Qb ijm g b K ib h D`vi bwzk fveavivq cö_ gv³ bxwzwu wøzxq bxwzi Ici cy ivcywi AMÖvwaKvi cv e 4 cv_ K i bxwz e vckfv e AweZwK Z cö_ gv³ bxwzi wecix Z wøzxq bxwzwu, hv Ôcv_ K i bxwzõ wn m e cwiwpz, eis GKUz ewk KwVb GLv b ijm GKwU weg~z ixwzi cö Íve K i Qb hvi mv _ ˆelg K Zzjbvg~jK wbi cÿ ejv hvq GKwU Amg eèb K b vqmsmz Kiv hvq hw` GwU `ywu kz c~iy K i: 1. hw` GwU Zv `i myweavi Rb nq hviv me P q `wi`ª; 2. wewfbœ Kvh vjq (Awdm) I c` mevi Rb Db y³ _v K 3 GB aviyvwu Kv U-Gi cö ÍvweZ Av ikwu aviyvi mv _ wg j hvq: ÒcÖwZwU KvR b vh hv wbr ^ ev hvi Ici GwU wbf ikxj Zvi m e v P ch v q Ggbfv e Pjgvb h GwU cö Z Ki I mevi B Qvi ^vaxbzvi mv _ Ges GKwU me Rbxb wbqg g b _vk Z cv i Ó (Kv U 1963: 33) 4 gqvi GwU cwi vi K i Qb h ev ÍweKfv e I hšw³kfv e GwU mgm v wn m e cögvwyz ( `Lyb c ôv 88) 24

27 ijm Amg eè bi cöz vwkz djvd ji wfwë Z Ôb vqmsmz Amg eè biõ cö_g kz wpwýz K ib: hw` me P q `ye j e w³mn mevb G _ K myweav cvq, Zvn j GKwU Amg eèb e e v (Gi djvd ji g a ) b vqmsmz wn m e `Lv h Z cv i G ÿ Î Gi djvd ji Ici cökœ mvgwqkfv e wejw ^Z nq GKwU Ôb vqmsmz Amg eè biõ kz vejx wøzxq kz wu n Q Aeva AwfMg Zv ïay hw` Ôwewfbœ Kvh vjq I c`õ bxwzmzfv e mevi Rb Db y³ _v K Zvn j Amg weziy e e v b vqmsmz n e AviI m~²fv e ej Z M j, Ômevi mgvb my hvm _vk Z n eõ GB cv_ K i bxwz Pigfv e wezwk Z - ïay `k bmzfv eb bq, eis ivr bwzkfv ei GwU b vh Zvi mwvk I ch vß msáv wkbv Zv KD wr Ám Kivi Av MB Zv K Gi ev Íe D`vniY cö qvm K i `L Z n e wb Pi e K qkwu ivr bwzk wezk `Iqv n q Q hv Avcbv K hvpvb K i wm vší wb Z n e h G jv ij mi `ywu bxwzi wfwë Z Ôb vh Õ wkbv 5 me P q fvj c wz n Q Avcwb cö_ g Kvb jv K ^Ztù Z fv e b vh e j g b K ib Zv wvk Kiv GKwU ev Íe D`vniY Av jvpbv: ch vqμwgk (Progressive) AvqKi - nü v A_ev bv? hw`i GKwU D jøl hvm msl K msl vmwiô e w³ cj wkp nd I DMÖ D`vibxwZK `i hyw³i we ivwazv K i, Gme hyw³ GL bv m~²fv e hvpvb Ki Z n e cj wkp nd wmwwbd (wμwðqvb W gvμ vwuk BDwbqb)-Gi GKRb Qvqv A_ gš x wn m e 2005 mv ji AvBbmfvi wbe vp b mevi Rb mvaviy AvqK ii nvi 25 kzvsk wba viy Kivi wm vší bb, hw`i Rvg vwb Z eû `kk a i ch vqμwgk Ki e e v Pvjy i q Q GB e e vi Aax b cö Z KiB GKwU wbw` ó Kigy³ eivï i q Q, hvi ciez x ch v qi Av qi ÿ Î ch vqμwgkfv e AvqKi evov bv nq Ab K_vq cö Z Ki Av qi ÿ Î cö hvr nv i ch vqμwgk AvqKi e w cv e cökœ ij mi KvVv gvi g a we epbv Ki j Ic ii ÿî jvi KvbwU b vh ejv hvq? 5 cöm½μ g KD KD ijm K fzj eys eb hw` wzwb ïay cv_ K i bxwzi wfwë Z Amg e e v wbixÿv K ib ijm g b K ib h b vh Zv n Q `ywu bxwzi Ic ib GKBmv _ wbf ikxj 25

28 2.2.2 b vh Zvi D`vi bwzk aviyvi mgvrzvwš K mgv jvpbv ÔGwU n Q ^vaxbzv, mgzv, m ú `i we kl ev ÍeZv... ^vaxbzv, h nzz GKwU cy, aiv hvk kögkw³, Zvi μzv I we μzv DfqB wba vwiz nq ïay Zv `i wbr ^ ^vaxb B Qv w` q Zviv ^vaxb e w³ wn m e Pzw³ Z Ave nq, hviv AvB bi Pv L mgvb... mgzv, h nzz cö Z K Ab R bi mv _ Kv bv m ú K Ave nq Avi Zviv mgvb wel qi mv _ wewbgq K i m ú`, h nzz cö Z K ïay Zvi hv Av Q ZvB Z vm K i Õ (gv, K vwcuvj, cö_g mvgvwrk ev ÍeZv nvbbwil I ij mi msávi wfwë Z GLb ch ší Dc vwcz b vh Zv I mgzvi e vl v Zv `i `vk wbk cöÿvc Ui Av jv K msávwqz I cv_ K Kiv n q Q 6 Kv RB Zuviv mvgvwrk ev ÍeZv bq eis aviyvi w` K wb ` k K ib msávi LvwZ i, Kv bv wbw` ó mgv R b vh Zv ev ÍevwqZ n q Q wkbv Zv cövmw½k bq Z e mgv R gšwjk PZbv jvi cök Z cöfve h i q Q Zv GKwU gšwjk Pvwn`v GB `vwei Ic ib b vh Zvi mgvrzvwš K aviyv we Ívi jvf K i Q wkfv e mgv R AmgZv I b vh ZvnxbZvi cövavb K e vl v Kiv hvq? b vh Zvi mgvrzvwš K aviyv mvaviyz ïiæ nq GB Ae vb _ K h GKRb e w³ mgv R we` gvb AmgZv I b vh ZvnxbZv K e vl v Aek B Ki Z cvi e `vwi`ª I m ú `i cwimsl vb _ K cwi vifv e `Lv hvq mgvr wb R _ K mgzv ev b vh eèb K wekwkz n Z ` e bv Kv RB AmgZv I Ab vh Zv ïay AvKw K ev Kv bv wew Qbœ GKwU fvimvg ZvnxbZv bq, eis mgvr K cövwzôvwbkfv e KjywlZ K i Ggb GKwU mgm v AmgZv I Ab vh Zvi cöavb KviY wn m e cyuwrev`x evrvi A_ bxwz Z Drcv` bi kz K wpwýz Kiv nq Z e GwUB GKgvÎ KviY bq MZ 150 eq i mgvrzvwš K hyw³ jv `ywu wfwëi Ici cöwzwôz n q Q GKw` K Zviv mgv Ri m ú `i cybe Èb `vwe K i, Ab w` K Zviv `vwe K i hfv e cy Drcvw`Z I Kbv nq Zv Mvov _ K cvëv Z n e, hb mevi Rb ^vaxbzvi ev Íevqb Kiv hvq Gi g~j aviyv n Q ^vaxbzv mevi Rb wbwðz Kivi Rb mgzvi ev Íevqb Ki Z n e 6 wbwðz K i ejv hvq nvbbwil mi g b cöv_wgkfv e cöwzwμqvkxj `k bi mvgvwrk-`vk wbk cöÿvcu Qvov Kv bv D`vi bwzk ZË wqj bv 26

29 mvaviyfv e cyuwrev`x evrvi A_ bxwz Z me P q Mwie me P q ewk myweav cv e GB wel qi Ici Rvi `Iqvi gva g ijm Zuvi fvebvq GB aviyvi we ivwazv K iwq jb mgvrzvwš K wpšívaviv ij mi aviyvi we ivwazv Gfv e K i h A_ bwzk AmgZv mevi Rb (Ges m e vcwi hviv me P q Mwie) myweav wb q Avm Z cv i eis Zviv g b K i Gi d j AmgZv I Ab vh Zv AviI ewk Zxeª nq m úªwz m úbœ ev Íe AwfÁZvwfwËK wewfbœ M elyv Zv `i GB aviyv K mg_ b K i e j `Lv hvq 7 ivr bwzk ÿ Î GB wefvrb ZvwË Kfv ei cöwzfvz nq b vh Zvi Ici wez K `ywu wfbœ g Wj we klfv e KvQvKvwQ Ae vb K i: GKw` K mvgvwrk I e MZ `ªe eè b b vh Zv, Avi Ab w` K AwfMg Zv msμvší b vh Zv, ev wbw` ó mvgvwrk Mvôx jv ^xk wz cvq wkbv Avi c ji wkfv e, Avi wewfbœ mvgvwrk c ` Zv `i AwfMg Zv (Ab K_vq mvgvwrk gh v`v) i q Q wkbv GB wezk ïay ZvwË K bq, eis ivr bwzk ÿ ÎI Pj Q Dciš, GKw` K eè b b vh Zv I Ab w` K AwfMg Zvi b vh Zvi ga Kvi we ivac~y Ae vb cöavbz `ywu w` KiB c~e aviyvi djvdj AmgZv wk mevi Rb myweav wb q Avm Z cv i? we klk i hme ZvwË K AwfMg Zvi b vh Zvi wekvj Suvwc Ly j e m Zviv bxwzmzfv e cybe È bi cöwz PvL eü K i _v K bv eis ewk msk U Av Q b vh Zvi AviI RwUj aviyv hv A_ bwzk AmgZv K b vh Zvi mgm v e j g b K i GB wezk AviI iæz c~y GB Kvi Y h GwU köwgk, hviv mvgvwrk MYZ š i Rb we kl iæz c~y, Zv `i g a we f` ˆZwi Ki Z cv i ez gv b GB jwÿz Rb Mvôx Gi BwZnv mi ïiæ _ KB giæki Yi Aaxb n q Avm Q, h giækiy ^vaxbzv I mgzvi cö kœ G Kev ib nq wb GB ch v q Avgiv b vwý d«rvi-gi b vh Zvi wøgvwîk ZË ms ÿ c Dc vcb Kie, hv b vh Zvi `ywu gvîv KB D jøl hvm ch v q GKÎ K i eè b b vh Zv ebvg AwfMg Zvi b vh Zv 7 D`vniY wn m e `Lyb evw` D I Ab vb 1997; Kvm Uj 2000; ïj _Bm/ ïjr

30 2.2.3 b vwý d«rvi-gi b vh Zvi wø-gvwîk aviyv b vh Zvi wø-gvwîk aviyv b vwý d«rvi Zuvi b vh Zvi aviyvq cybe Èbg~jK b vh Zv Ges AwfMg Zvi b vh Zv ev D`vi bwzk aviyvi ga Kvi Ø Ø `~i Kivi Póv K i Qb, Ges b vh Zvi GKwU wøgvwîk aviyv cö Íve K i Qb: ÔZvwË Kfv e GwU n Q b vh Zvi aviyvi `ybwu gvîv K aviyvq cwiyz Kiv hv mvgvwrk mgzv I cv_ K i ^xk wzi Dfq `vwe KB aviy Ki Z cv i e envwikfv e GwU n Q ivr bwzk Kg m~wp ˆZwi Kiv, hv cybwe Zi Yi ivrbxwzi me P q fvj w` Ki mv _ ^xk wzi ivrbxwzi me P q fvj w`k K wgwj q w` Z cv i Õ ( d«rvi 2003: 17P) GLv b d«rv ii ZË n Q, cöwzwu Ab vq ev Amyweavi g a A_ bwzk mgm v I ^xk wzi NvUwZ DfqB i q Q, hw`i wbwðzfv eb wbw` ó Abycv Z i q Q: b vh Zv ^xk wzi ms wz mvgvwrk Ae v bi cökœ A_ bwzk ÿî ÔAvw_ K AmgZvÕ wpî 3: b vwý d«rv ii b vh Zvi aviyv e envwik D`vniY D`vniY wn m e ejv hvq, mgv R mgkvgx `i weiæ ˆelg cöv_wgkfv e Ae vb I m v bi cöÿvc U N U _v K GKBmv _ GwU Rxebm½xi wbeü bi Ici Kiv iv ci d j h A_ bwzk Ae iva Av ivwcz nq Zvi mv _ m úwk Z Kv RB GLv b Ôb vh ZvÕ AwR Z n Z cv i ïay hw` Ae vb I A_ bwzk Dfq gvîvi Amyweav w` q ˆZwi wbw` ó ÿî jv we epbv Kiv nq 28

31 b vwý d«rvi (1947 -) wbd Bq K i wbd zj Av ikwu D`vniY wn m e Avgv `i di mvkvj wimvp Gi cwjwuk vj A vû mvkvj mgv R ekvi `i wel q bwzevpk mv q Ýi Aa vck wzwb bvixev `i wel vz ` wóf½x Avi Zv `i `~ i mwi q ZvwË K `i g a Ab Zg ivlvi D jøl Kiv hvq hlv b Zuvi D jøl hvm Kv Ri g a i q Q bvixev`x cöavbz Zv `i bwzevpk e MZ ZË, b vh Zvi ZË I wμwukvj ZË Ae v bi Kvi Y Zv `i mvgvwrk wew QbœZv, mlv b wewfbœ M elyv _ K GwU evievi cögvwyz h mgv Ri m vb Avi ^xk wz, Ab K_vq mvgvwrk Ae vb, Zv `i Rb GKwU iæzi mgm v mgv R b vh Zv I AskMÖnY ev Íevqb Ki Z M j Ggb KŠkj wb Z n e hv Dfq gvîv K h_vh_fv e we epbvq b e Kv RB d«rvi ˆelg ev Ab vh Zvi AbymÜv b GKwU we kølyg~jk cöwμqv ey bv K ib Zuvi g Z b vh Zv Kx niqv DwPZ Zvi GKwU wb ` kbvg~jk weeiy w` q Qb wzwb Zuvi g Z b vh Zv n Q ÔAskMÖn Y mv` k Õ: b vh Zvi Rb cö qvrb GKwU eûgvwîk mvgvwrk KŠkj ÔAskMÖn Y mv` k iõ aviyv ÔAvgvi aviyvi Av`wk K K `ªwe `y n Q AskMÖn Yi mv` k i aviyv GB Av`k Abyhvqx b vh Zv GKwU mvgvwrk e e v `vwe K i hv mgv Ri me (cövßeq ) m`m K m½x wn m e G KKR bi mv _ Av ikr bi hvmv hvm Kivi AbygwZ `q AskMÖnYg~jK mv` k K m e Kivi Rb Avgvi g Z `ywu kz Aek B c~iy Ki Z n e cö_gz, e MZ m ú `i weziy Aek B Ggb n Z n e hb AskMÖnYKvix `i ^vaxbzv I e³e wbwðz nq Avwg G K eje AskMÖnYg~jK mv` k i e wbô kz GwU A_ bwzk wbf ikxjzvi aib I ch vq I AmgZv hv AskMÖn Yi mv` k K evavmö Í K i Zv K evav `q wøzxq kz n Q mvs wzk PZbvi cövwzôvwbk aib me AskMÖnYKvix `i Rb mgvb m vb cökvk K i Avi mvgvwrk m vb AR bi Rb mgvb my hvm wbwðz K i G K Avwg eje AskMÖn Yi mv` k i AvšÍtwbR ^ (intersubjective) kz Õ ( d«rvi 2003: 54Q) GB ch v q ij mi gzb d«rvi KI hv wzwb cöwzwôz Ki Z Pvb, A_ev GB `ywu gvîvq b vh ev Ab vb ˆelg K evwzj Ki Z Pvb Zvi mv _ mvgäm i L kz jv wbw` ó Ki Z n e G ÿ Î wzwb wb Pi c wz cö Íve K ib: (A)b vh ˆel g i kz 29

32 ÔKv RB `ywu gvîvi ÿ ÎB wbwðz I AwbwðZ `vwei cv_ K Kivi ÿ Î GKB mvaviy kz KvR K i welqwu eèb ev ^xk wz hvb nvk, GwU Aek B `L Z n e h ez gvb Ae v Ab `i mv _ mvgvwrk Rxe b GKB ch v q AskMÖnY Kivi ÿ Î evav w` Q wkbv Õ ( d«rvi 2003: 57Q) cixÿv c wz 1. we køly: Avgiv Kx ai bi ˆelg wb q K_v ejwq? GB `ywu gvîv wb R `i wkfv e cökvwkz Ki Q? 2. k Z i cö qvm: Kx Dcv q mvgvwrk ixwz AskMÖn Yi mv` k K evavmö Í K i? 3. wekí: AskMÖn Yi mv` k cöwzôv Kivi Rb Kx cwiez b I KŠkj `ikvi n e? d«rv ii g Z Gme cixÿy c wz (Ab vh Zv, cö qvm I wek íi Rvi`vi NUbvi cöwÿ Z Dfq gvîvi wfwë Z we køly) cöv_wgkfv e `i-klvkwli welq GKwU e envwik ev gvv ch v qi cixÿy w` q GwU evsv hv e hgb me Rbxb (ev bvmwik) ^v exgv ebvg mvaviy exgvi Ici Av jvpbv D Z Kiv h Z cv i (wb P `Lyb) b vh Zv cö qv Mi Rb `ywu KŠkj d«rvi Ab vh Zv gvkv ejvq `ywu mvgvwrk KŠk ji D jøl K ib: mz K_b I iƒcvšíi ( d«rvi 2003: 102Q) hgb, D`vi bwzk Kj vy ivóª gy³evrvi A_ bxwzi A_ bwzk am _ K DbœwZi Rb GKwU BwZevPK KŠk ji cöwzwbwaz K i cyuwr I kö gi ga Kvi A_ bwzk ˆelg `~i Kiv bv n ji GwU wkqzuv cökwgz nq mgvrzvwš Kiv h KŠk ji K_v e jb Zv n Q iƒcvší ii KŠkj, hv n Q cöavbz gy³evrvi A_ bxwzi d j GKwU mgvrzvwš K A_ bwzk e e vi cöpjb Kiv ïiæi welq: ÔAms vicš x ms viõ Z Zxq GKwU KŠkjmn d«rvi `ywu KŠkjB er b K ib, hv K wzwb e j Qb ÔAms vicš x ms viõ (Av `ª MR -Gi Abymi Y) wzwb GB A Z I mnr eva bq Ggb aviyv K GKwU mvgvwrk MYZvwš K cök íi mv _ hy³ K ib 30

33 ÔdwW mg q [GB KŠkj] mvgvwrk MYZ š i wkqz evgcš x aviyvi wel q Rvbvq GB cöÿvc U mvgvwrk MYZš K GKwU iƒcvšíig~jk mgvrzvwš K iv óªi g a GKwU mij evsvcov wn m e `Lv nq wb eis G K GKwU Pjgvb kvmb e e v wn m e `Lv n qwqj hvi Pjvi c_ mg qi mv _ mv _ iƒcvšíwiz niqvi K_v Gi g~j wpšív-fvebv wqj GK Q BwZevPK cybwe Zi Yi ms vi ˆZwi Kiv, hvi g a me Rbxbfv e cövc mvgvwrk Kj vy, avivevwnk Kiv ivc e e v, mevi Rb Kg ms v bi j ÿ mvgwók A_ bwzk bxwz, GKwU e nr evrvi e e vi evb ii mikvwi LvZ Ges D jøl hvm mikvwi Ges/ev mw wjz gvwjkvbv i q Q hw`i Gme bxwzi Kv bvwub cyuwrev`x mgv Ri KvVv gv AvcvZ` wó Z cwiez b Ki Z cv i wb, Z e G jv GKmv _ kw³i fvimvg cyuwr _ K kö g mwi q ` e Avi `xn gqv ` iƒcvšíi K DrmvwnZ Ki e e j cöz vkv wqj Aek B GB cöz vkv wb q wezk Pj Z cv i Z e Avm j GwU cy ivcywi KL bvb cixwÿz nq wb h nzz be -D`vibxwZev` Kvh Kifv eb GB cixÿvq BwZ U b Q Õ ( d«rvi 2003: 110Q) GB ÔAms vicš x ms viõ-gi KŠk ji jÿ n Q mvgvwrk D`vibxwZ I b vh Zvi mgvrzvwš K aviyvi g a GKwU hvmv hv Mi gva g ˆZwi Kiv ÔAR b ev hvm Zv-wfwËK b vh ZvÕ I ÔcÖ qvrb-wfwëk b vh ZvÕi g a b vh Zvi ivr bwzk cöwÿz Ic ii wewfbœ `vk wbk Av jvpbv _ K `Lv hvq h b vh Zv K wewfbœfv e msávwqz Kiv hvq Z e `vk wbk e vl v Avgv `i ïay G ch šíb wb q hvq cök Z welq hwu Zv n Q GKwU Av cwÿk msáv hv mvgvwrk `i-klvkwli Ici wbf i K i Avi wewfbœ mvgvwrk `j ( hgb UªW BDwbqb, wb qvmkz v `i mwgwz I ivr bwzk `j) `vwe K i Amg eè bi ivr bwzk mg_ b -`ywu ivr bwzk aviyv `vk wbk Av jvpbvq hfv e D V G m Q Zv n Q kl ch ší b vh Zvi cökœ memgqb e MZ I Ae MZ `ª e i eèb (weziyg~jk b vh Zv) wb q, hv b vh ev Ab vh wn m e g~j vwqz nq ivr bwzk wez K Ab w` K b vh Zvi `ywu wfbœ aviyv cöwzwôz n q Q hvi jÿ n Q wfbœ wfbœ ` wóf½x _ K c Y i eèb K hyw³msmz I AvBbMZ wfwë `Iqv 31

34 AR bwfwëk b vh Zv AR bwfwëk b vh Zvi aviyv cökv ki Av ikwu Dcvq n Q ÔAR b K Avevi cyi Z Ki Z n eõ - GB køvmvbwu GdwWwc (wd«w gvμvwuk cvwu ) I wmwwbd-gi mbvzb a vb-aviyv mvaviyz GB gzvgz `q h c Y i wezi Yi ÿ Î ^ QjZi niqv K AR b ev hvm Zv ˆeaZv `q Kv RB AR bwfwëk b vh Zv a i bq h eèbg~jk b vh Zv e w³i AR b ev hvm Zvi cöÿvc U gvcv hvq Gi GKwU D`vniY n Q ^v exgvi ÿ Î Av qi kl mxgv GKwU wbw` ó evwl K Av qi Ic i n j Kv bv GKwU e w³mz ^v exgvi w g e Q biqv m e nq, h w gi D Ïk n Q ixwz Abyhvqx KD Amȳ n j Zvi fvj wpwkrmv wbwðz Kiv evgcš x `i A b KB G wel q ^v Q ` bq, Ges GgbwK KL bv KL bv Gi G Kev ib we ivax Ab w` K AR bwfwëk b vh Zv evgcš x `i Av ikwu hyw³ wn m e e eüz nq G ÿ Î GKwU eûj-e eüz hyw³ n Q -Ôkw³kvjx Kvu ai ewk evsv enb Kiv DwPZÕ hv `i ewk Av Q Zv `i RbKj v Yi Rb AviI ewk `Iqv DwPZ mvgvwrk wbivcëv hgb ekvi I Aemi exgv wbwðz K i h GKRb e w³i mvgvwrk Ae vb iwÿz n e - hviv ewk `q Zviv Zv `i cö qvr b ewk cv e K c v iu ezb KvVv gvi mgv jvpbvi ÿ ÎI GKB ai bi hyw³ `Iqv hvq Kv bv GKwU Kv úvwbi GKRb cöavb wbe vnx H Kv úvwbi mvd j Gi GKRb Kg xi Zzjbvq wk Avm jb H cwigvy Ae`vb iv L? GKRb mwekvi Kv Ri Zzjbvq GKRb K gv K Ui we køl Ki KvR wk ewk iæz c~y? Ab K_vq ek wkqz ivr bwzk cÿ ÔAR bwfwëk b vh ZvÕ K e Q wb q Q Amg eè bi c ÿ GKwU ivr bwzk hyw³i wfwë wn m e GwU GLb cöwzwôz Z e GwU GL bv GKwU Av cwÿk hyw³ Avi Kv RB mvgvwrk m úk I `i-klvkwli GKwU welq cö qvrbwfwëk b vh Zv wfbœ wfbœ e w³i mvgvwrk Ae vb hfv e `vwe K i Zvi wfwë Z Zv `i Kx myweav cviqv DwPZ ZvB n Q cö qvrbwfwëk b vh Zv hgb, cö qvr b GKRb e w³i Kv bv ai bi wpwkrmv mev `ikvi n Z cv i ^v evb e w³iv GwU `vwe Ki Z cv i bv KviY Zv `i G ai bi mevi Pvwn`v bb, A_ev Zv `i cö qvrb mvgvwrkfv e ^xk Z bq mvgvwrk bxwzi mv _ mvgäm c~y ewkifvm mvgvwrk cwiez bi GKwU cö qvrbwfwëk Ae vb i q Q Kv RB cö qvrbwfwëk b vh Zv Avgv `i mgvr e e vq ˆeaZvi GKwU bxwz wn m e we` gvb Dfq ai bi hyw³b evi evi ivr bwzk Av jvpbvq D V Av m 32

35 2.2.5 AcÖvmw½K wel qi Av jvpbv: mvgvwrk MYZvwš K aviyv wn m e mgzv I b vh Zv b vh Zvi aviyvi Ici Av jvwpz `vk wbk fveavivi mv _ mv _ mvgvwrk MYZ š i g a B g~j ivr bwzk aviyvi h HwZnvwmK weez b N U Zv KŠZzn jvïxck GB weez b dwv ij e e vi cöwzôvi ci _ KB n q G m Q G ÿ Î b vh Zvi Ic i ivr bwzk wez K GKwU we kl cwiez b wpwýz Kiv hvq GwU hw`i ZvwË K wez K i _ K Avjv`vfv e D Z, Zvn ji Gi Øviv Aek B cöfvwez GB ch v q Avgiv Ab vb KviY jvi g a mvgvwrk MYZ š i bxwzmz ZË ch v jvpbv Kie, KviY mvkvj W gvμ vu `i Kg m~wpi Av jvpbvq GwU we kl f wgkv cvjb Ki Q Zv `i aviyvi msávq GKwU avivevwnkzv wpwýz Kiv hvq mvkvj W gvμ vwuk mikvi jvi wewfbœ mgq Abyhvqx G K cwiez bi Øviv wpwýz Kiv hvq, hfv e ivr bwzk Dcv q b vh Zv ev ÍevwqZ ev wba vwiz nq ÔmgZvÕi aviyv mg qi cwiμgvq Ômgvb my hv MiÕ Øviv cöwz vwcz n q Q, Ges ciez x Z Zv ÔmgZvwfwËK my hv MÕ iƒcvšíwiz n q Q we klfv e 1959 mvj ch ší mgzvi Avnevb ïay evgcš x `j jvi ØvivB wpwýz wqj, hlb Rvg vwb Z mvkvj W gvμ vwuk cvwu evw Mv Wmev M AbywôZ m j b Gi bzzb wbe vpk `i GKwU As ki Kv Q cušqv Z mÿg nq GwU Rxe bi me ÿ Î cö qvm n ji Kv Ri ÿî wqj K `ªxqfv e iæz c~y mgzv K cöv_wgkfv e ^vaxbzvi NvUwZ I Drcv` bi mv c ÿ kvl Yi mv _ hy³ Kiv nq Kqjv I B úvz wk í Av `vjb hv 1950 Gi `k Ki avivevwnk ag NU ch ší P jwqj, hvi wz GLb cövq gy Q M Q ej jb P j Gi jÿ wqj AviI mgzv AR b Kiv; Ab fvlvq, Kv R I Rxebhvc bi Ae vi cöwÿ Z AviI ` pmskí niqv Gi djvdj wqj wgkö - Kg ÿ Î GB Av `vj bi mvdj wqj AvswkK, hw`i `xn gqv`x Kg Rxe b mgzvi `vwe c~iy nq wb eªvbu hy M Ges Z_vKw_Z Ô mvkvj wjev ij KvqvwjkbÕ-Gi Aax b (GmwcwW/GdwWwc) Ômy hv Mi mgzvõi aviyv cöewz Z nq, hvi cöfve GLb ch ší h _ó i q Q (Avi ïay mvkvj W gvμ vu `i g a B bq), Avi we klfv e eªvbu hy M GwU cömwzkxj ivrbxwzi ˆewkó aviy K iwqj GB bzzb aviyvwui mvgvwrk AmgZv g b biqvi cöeyzv wqj, Avi GwU mvgvwrk AmgZvi cwie Z wkÿvbxwzi Ici g bv hvm `q wkÿvi cömvi I mikvwi LvZ mgv Ri bzzb I wbe vpk `i GKwU As ki Kv Q cušqv bvi cöavb gva g n q DVj AmgZv K fve Z wm q ïay e MZ eèbb bq, eis b vh Zvi wez K iæ Z i cwiez b mgzv my hv Mi mgzv 33

36 mgv R wkÿvi my hv Mi eèbi we epbv Kiv n q Q mvkvj W gvμ vu `i ÿ Î e MZ m ú `i Amg eèb Avi wkÿvi my hv Mi Amg eèb h GKmv _ P j Zv D jøl Kiv nq wb Z e D`vi bwzkiv (wjev ij) mgzv I my hv Mi mgzv K m úwk Z Kivi Ici Kg Rvi w` q eis my hv Mi mgzv w` q mgzv K cöwz vc bi Ici ewk Rvi `q my hv Mi mgzv Ggb GKwU welq hvi Ici wjev ijiv ewk hy³ _vk Z cviz, hv bv n j GKwU mvkvj wjev ij RvU MVb m e nz bv GKwU bzzb mvgvwrk KvVv gvi wpý I ivrbxwzi cybwe b vm wqj bzzb g bv hv Mi ÿî Gi GKwU kw³kvjx ˆewkó wqj my hv Mi mgzvi aviyv, hv Ggb GKwU mg q cöewz Z nq hlb Kj vy ivóª K BwZevPKfv e `Lv nz, Avi hv A_ bwzk Ae v w wzkxj ivl Z mÿg n qwqj cÿcvznxb my hvm P v Ýji MinvW köv qwvi-gi mgq, mvkvj W gvμ vwuk mikv ii Z Zxq kvmbvg j, my hv Mi mgzvi aviyvi mv _ hvm nq ÔcÿcvZnxb my hvmõ ÔcÿcvZnxb my hvmõ eè bi ÿ Î ewk Rvi `q GB aviyv Abyhvqx mgv Ri my hvm jv e MZ I Ae MZ m ú `i eè bi mv _ m úwk Z Avevi Gme m ú` A_ bwzk w`k _ K mxwgz, hv wqj GB mikv ii g~j welq Kv RB mxwgz my hvm jv Ôwbi cÿfv eõ ewèz niqv DwPZ Avi G ÿ Î köv qwv ii bxwz wqj AR b ev hvm ZvwfwËK b vh Zvi aviyv _ K avi biqv Ômn hvwmzv I P v jäõ-gi m~î my hv Mi Aby gv`b Avi e MZ m ú `i eivï I GKBmv _ cöz vwkz djvdj KI AšÍfz ³ K i cÿcvznxb my hv Mi msáv evgcš x `i wef³ K i Q cÿcvznxb my hv Mi msáv wb RB ivr bwzk wez K evgcš x `i wef³ K i Gi g~j cökœ n Q: m ú` wk Avm jb mxwgz? hw` ZvB nq Zvn j KZUzKz mxwgz? A_ev GwU wk ivr bwzk mw` Qvi welq, hlv b mikvwi A_ vqb Avi mvgvwrk wbivcëvi ÿ Î wfbœ wm vší biqv hz? ez gv bi `vq I Îv Yi mvgvwrk eèb K wk wbi cÿ ejv hvq (D`vniY ^iƒc, e emv q `vq Kgv bvi Rb hlv b mvgvwrk wbivcëv eivï Kgv bv nq)? 34

37 K Kxfv e Gme cö kœi DËi `q Zv we epbv bv K ib GwU cwi vi h b vh Zvi aviyv h _ó wezwk Z - ZvwË K I ivr bwzk Dfq ÿ ÎB b vh Zv I mvgvwrk MYZš mvkvj W gvμ vu `i Rb b vh Zvi wezk _ K D Z P v jä: e MZ I Ae MZ `ª e i eè bi K_v fve j b vh Zv n Q GKwU K `ªxq PZbv GK_v ejvi ci mvkvj W gvμ vu `i b vh Zvi Kv bv gvb`ð _v K bv hvi Ici Zviv wbf i Ki Z cvi e ˆeaZvi bxwz wn m e b vh Zv mvgvwrkfv e Kvh Ki wkš ZvwË Kfv e wezwk Z wfbœ mvgvwrk ÿ Î b vh Zv K wfbœ Dcv q `L Z nq ˆeaZvi cö qvr b GmwcwWÕi nvgeym Kg m~wp Z Ôb vh ZvÕ ÔcÖwZwU e w³i mgvb m v bi g a B b vh Zv wbwnz Kv bv c~e Ae vb ev RÛvi we epbv QvovB GwU mgvb ^vaxbzv I mgvb my hv Mi mgv_ K Kv RB b vh Zv A_ wkÿv, KvR, mvgvwrk wbivcëv, ms wz I MYZ š mgvb AskMÖnY, Ges me mikvwi Lv Z/ c Y mgvb AwfMg Zv hlv b Avq I m ú `i Amg eèb mgvr K Ggbfv e wef³ K i Q hlv b GK`j gvbyl `q Avi GK`j gvbyl wb ` k MÖnY K i, mlv b mgvb ^vaxbzv Le nq, Avi mlv bb wbivcëv _v K bv Kv RB b vh Zvi Rb cö qvrb Avq, m ú` I ÿgzvi mgvb eèb... AR b K Aek B ^xk wz w` Z n e Avi kö v Ki Z n e Av qi I m ú `i AR bwfwëk eèb n Q cÿcvznxb m ú `i gvwjkvbv `vqe Zv ˆZwi K i - hv `i Avq Mo Av qi P q ewk ev hviv Ab `i P q ewk m ú `i gvwjk Zv `i Aek B mgv Ri Kj v Yi Rb Ae`vb ivl Z n e Õ (nvgeym Kg m~wp 2007: 15 Q) `ª e i mgvb eèb wn m e mgzvi cö qvrb bb b vh Zvi w`k _ K Gi h Kv bv e Z q Aek B msávwqz I `i-klvkwl n Z n e mgzv Qvov cök Z ^vaxbzv K fvev hvq bv 35

38 2.3 GKZv GKZvi msáv me P q Kg Av jvwpz bxwz n Q ÔGKZvÕ ZK vzxzfv eb Gi KviY n Q h GKZv Avgv `i mvaviy gvbwekzvi mv _ m úwk Z, Avi Kv RB G K GKwU ZvwË K KvVv gvi g a djv ewk KwVb ek K qkrb jl Ki fvl Abyhvqx GKZv K wb œwjwlzfv e msávwqz Kiv hvq, 8 m úª`vq I cvi úwik `vwqz ev ai Abyf wz; hv GK Q mvaviy ^v_ _ K D Z; Ges AvPiY Øviv cökvwkz hv mgv Ri DcKvi K i Ges GgbwK Kv bv Kv bv ÿ Î Kv bv e w³i wbr ^ ^v _ i weiæ hvq, Ges cvi úwik b vh Zvi cöwz AvbyôvwbK `vwei evb i hvq GKZv I mvgvwrk cwip qi g a m úk Kv RB ÔGKZvÕ n Q mvaviy ÔmvgvwRK cwip qiõ welq, hvi Drm n Q Rxe bi GKB aib I g~j eva gvwk b mgvrweávbx I ˆbwZK `vk wbk gvb Kj IqvjRvi D jøl K ib h GKZv Ôwec`RbK n Z cv i hlb cöwzw`bkvi mn hvwmzvi cwie Z GwU ïay cök Z I ev Íe GKwU Abyf wz, GKwU gvbwmk cwiez (cöwzdj bi e` j) n q _v KÕ (IqvjRvi 1997: 32) GKZvi cö qvrb mgzv I ^vaxbzvi Kv RB Avgiv GKwU MYZvwš K mgv R ^vaxbzv I mgzvi ev Íevq bi Av jvpbv bv K i GKZvi K_v ej Z cvwi bv 8 D`vniY ^iƒc, nbwwªl I Ab vb 1994; KvwiwM qu

39 GB aviyv K Avq Ë Avbv hz KwVbB nvk bv Kb GwU w wzkxjzv I cövwzôvwbkxki Yi cöwÿ Z mvgvwrk BwZnv m iæz c~y f wgkv cvjb K i Q hgb gnvb mvgvwrk exgv w g ( ekviz, wpwkrmv, Aemi fvzv I `yn Ubv exgv) n Q kögkw³i GKZvwfwËK GKwU cöwzôvb 1890 ev 1920-Gi `kk jv Z Gi cöpjb Aek B köwgk `i Ae vnz Zxeª Pv ci d j Ges mvkvj W gvμ vu `i Øviv, GgbwK wemgvk -Gi iÿykxj mikv ii Aax bi ev ÍevwqZ n q Q mgevq Av `vjb KI GKZvi GKwU Mvôx wn m e ˆewkó gwðz Kiv hvq, hlv b GKwU Mvôxi m`m iv Zv `i GKB ^v _ i wfwë Z MZvbyMwZK cöwzøw ØZv K GKwU ch vq ch ší wbw Œq Ki Z cv i GQvovI D jøl Kiv DwPZ h GKZv Kvh Ki n Z M j wewfbœ ^v _ i g a evsvcov Ki Z n e GwU GB m Z i w` K wb ` k K i h GKZv ev Íe n e ZLbB hlb GwU wfbœ n e, wkš mevi Ic i ivr bwzk D Ï k mvaviy ^v_ K we epbvq wb Z n e GmwcwWÕi nvgeym Kg m~wp Z ÔGKZvÕ: ÔGKZv A_ cvi úwik m úk, mnvqzv I `vqe Zv GwU n Q gvby li ci úi K mvnvh Kiv I ci ú ii Rb D V `uvov bvi cö wz - kw³kvjx I `ye ji g a, cörb _ K cör b i g a Avi gvby li g a cö wz GKZv cwiez bi Rb kw³ ˆZwi K i: GwU köwgk Av `vj bi AwfÁZv GKZv Ggb GKwU Zxeª kw³ hv GKBmv _ ^Ztù Z I e w³mz cö wz Z mnvqzvi Rb GKB wbqg-bxwz I cöwzôv bi mv _ Avgv `i mgvr K eu a i L Q GKZv AviI Av Q Kj vy iv óª hv GK ai bi ivr bwzkfv e wbðqzvcövß I msmwvz GKZvÕ (nvgeym Kg m~wp 2007: 16) GKZvi Av jvpbv _ K D Z mvgvwrk MYZ š i P v jä: mgv Ri fz i eüb wn m e GKZv jvwjz n Z cv i, wkš GwU ˆZwi Kiv hvq bv GKwU mvgvwrk MYZ š ivóª I bvmwik mgv Ri msmvb wkfv e GKZvi eüb cöfvwez K i Zv hvpvb Ki Z n e GKZv K Aek B memgq ^vaxbzv I mgzvi ev Íevq bi mv _ hy³ K i Av jvpbv Ki Z n e GKZv I mvgvwrk MYZš 37

40 2.4 Ab vb wpšívaviv gvwu b wug c ^vfvwekfv eb ivr bwzk ÿ Î mvgvwrk MYZ š i g~j PZbv jvb GKgvÎ bxwz bq Ab vb ivr bwzk `ji `jxq Kg m~wp ev Gi gz Ab vb wfwëg~jk `wj j Zv `i g~j bxwz ˆZwi K i Q Avgiv Lye ms ÿ c Gme bxwzi mvi-ms ÿc `Le GwU m ú~y e j `vwe Kiv n Q bv, Z e we ÍvwiZ weeiy QvovB GKwU mvwe K ch v jvpbvb Avgv `i jÿ ÔCk ii m wóõ ^vaxbzv, ^vaxbzv ^vaxbzv ÔCk ii m wóõ: wmwwbd wmwwbd-gi K `ªxq PZbv n Q ^vaxbzv, b vh Zv I GKZv GB wzbwu bxwz n v bvfv i 2007 mv ji ww m ^ i AbywôZ `jxq m j b wmwwbd-gi bzzb `jxq Kg m~wp Z AšÍfz ³ Kiv nq hw`i cö_g `k b Gme bxwz GmwcwWÕi nvgeym Kg m~wpi gzb GKBiKg g b nq, Z e Kv Q _ K `L j ek wkqz cv_ K Pv L c o hgb, gvbezv I ÔCk ii m wóõ msμvší wlª xq aviyvi cöwz wmwwbd-gi Rviv jv mg_ b D jøl hvm wmwwbd-gi Rb wlª ag GKwU K `ªxq welq hlv b mvkvj W gvμ vu `i Rb GwU A bk jv Dr mi g a GKwU hv _ K Zvi bxwz jv G m Q e vfvwiqvi AvÂwjK wmgmbd (wμwðqvb mvk vj BDwbqb) cvwu i ÿ Î GB ag xq ` wó KvY AviI ewk iæz c~y hvi mv _ Wvbcš x iÿykxj `k cög I `kvz eva wgwköz AšÍZ GKwU ch vq ch ší wmwwbd-gi ^vaxbzvi aviyv GmwcwWÕi aviyv _ K wfbœ cö_gz, wmwwbd-gi ^vaxbzvi aviyv Ab `ywu bxwzi P q ewk we ÍvwiZ cök Zc ÿ Gi `jxq Kg m~wpi wk ivbvg wqj ÔAviI ^vaxbzvi gva g bzzb b vh ZvÕ `ywu `jb ^vaxbzvi aviyvi GKwU `k cö gi gvok w` Z cviz, Z e GmwcwW Gme PZbv mgvb gh v`vi e j g b K i GQvov wmwwbd-gi Kg m~wp Z ÿgzvqb I BwZevPK wel qi P q iÿyv eÿyg~jk ev bwzevpk bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzvi Ici ewk Rvi `Iqv nq GdwWwcÕi wzbwu bxwz: ^vaxbzv, ^vaxbzv, ^vaxbzv GdwWwcÕi Kv bv `jxq Kg m~wp bb Z e 1997 mv j ` ji dwv ij KKvm-G M nxz DBRev Wb wwk v ikb Ae ewmk wcöwýcjm-g `Lv hvq cwi vifv eb ` ji ` wóf½x ^vaxbzvi bxwzi cöwz cÿcvzg~jk G Z evsv hvq h `jwu ivr bwzk D`vibxwZ Z wek vmx Z e GwUI AvcwË Kivi gz h GwU GKwU mswÿß iƒc hgb, GwU g b ivlv A hšw³k n e bv h jk-gi mgv Ri aviyvq b vh Zvi wewfbœ w`k K `ªxq f wgkv cvjb K i Q 38

41 Rb jk wq jb ivr bwzk D`vibxwZi GKRb Ab Zg cöe³v Gi wecix Z GdwWwc Zvi cö Z K gšwjk ` wóf½x K ^vaxbzvi aviyvi mv _ m ú ³ Ki Z Pvq e j `Lv hvq Ô ^vaxbzvi A_ cömwzõ ev Ô ^vaxbzvi A_ fwel Zi mv _ msmwzõ BZ vw` ai bi køvmvb _ K `Lv hvq wkfv e K wîgfv e wd«w gvμ vuiv Ggb GKwU bxwzi mv _ m úk cöwzôvi Póv K i hvi iæz wb q Kv bv wezk bb Z e GwU AviI cwi vi, h mgvr Zvi ` wó b vh Zv I GKZvi wfwë Z mn hvwmzvi e` j we klfv e ^vaxbzvi Ici iv L, mb mgvr Lye ZvovZvwoB mgm vq co e, Avi mvgvwrk w wz ûgwki gy L co e mevi Rb wkqz wkqz: eyûwbm 90/ ` wmöbm wmöbiv wbr ^ B Qvi Ici Rvi `q Zv `i b vh Zvi aviyvi GZ ewk aib Av Q h GwU evsv Lye KwVb eèbg~jk b vh Zvi mv _ mv _ (hv g b Pj Z nq) wmöbiv AskMÖnYg~jK b vh Zv, cör b i ga Kvi b vh Zv, RÛvi b vh Zv I AvšÍR vwzk b vh Zv wb q KvR K i Aek B G `i Kv bvwui Pvwn`vi wel q Kv bv AšÍwb wnz fzj bb Z e AMÖvwaKvi wby q bv K i me jv K GKB gh v`v `Iqvq cvvk b vh Zv A_ Kx m m ú K Lye mvgvb B Rvb Z cv i mevi Rb wkqz wkqz: GKwU cwiekev`x ` ji Rb gvbvbmb wn m e K `ªxq bxwz jv me ai bi bxwzmz ÿ Î UKmB niqvi Avnevb Rvbvq Z e wmöb `i c ÿ UKmB niqv K Ab vb PZbv hgb ^vaxbzv, b vh Zv I GKZvi mgvb gh v`v `Iqvi welqwu Kg wek vm hvm mewkqzb GL bv cwiez bkxj: WvB wjs K (evg) GLb ch ší WvB wjs K (evg) Kv bv `jxq Kg m~wp MÖnY K i wb GB `jwu wcwwgm (cvwu Ae W gvμ vwuk mvkvwjrg) I WweøDGGmwR-Gi ( jevi A vû mvkvj Rvw m - ` v B jk Uvivj AjUvi bwuf) RvUe niqvi gva g cöwzwôz nq GKwU Lmov Kg m~wpi wfwë Z GB RvU MwVZ nq Z e GB Lmov Kg m~wp Z K `ªxq bxwz m ú K Lye mvgvb D jøl i q Q GLv b PZbv msμvší ` wóf½x wn m e MYZš, ^vaxbzv, mgzv, b vh Zv, AvšÍR vwzkzv I GKZvi D jøl i q Q HwZnvwmK cöÿvcu _ K e w³ ^vaxbzv cwi vifv e ^xk Z, hv Qvov ÔmgZvÕ fv Ui AwaKvi _ K ewâz nq I ek Zvq cwiyz nq GKBfv e GwUI cwi vi h mgzv Qvov ^vaxbzvi A_ ïay abx `i Rb ^vaxbzv cök Zc ÿ fwel Zi Kg m~wp Z ^vaxbzv I mgzvi m úk msávwqz Kivi ÿ Î WvB wjs KÕ K mveavb _vk Z n e I Z`viwKi g a ivl Z n e mewkqzb GL bv cwiez bkxj 39

42 2.5 g~j PZbv jvi PP v ˆbwZK PZbv jvi ZvwË K welq ch v jvpbvi ci Avgiv GLb G jvi e envi `Le cöwzw`bkvi ivr bwzk wez K MYZ š i Rb Gme PZbv Kx f wgkv cvjb K i? wewfbœ ch vq _ K cövß D`vniY bzzb aviyv ˆZwi Z mvnvh Ki e Avi G jvi e env i DrmvwnZ Ki e wkÿvbxwz 9 g~j cwikíbv (gv vi cø vb): Ôwe` vjq fwel Zi Rb my hvm ˆZwi K iõ - cömwzkxj wkÿvbxwzi vbxq cö qvm 10 gvk nviuvi 2003 mv j cö_g wcmv (PISA) M elyvq Rvg vb wkÿv e e vi NvUwZ wpwýz Kivi ci _ K RvZxq, cöv `wkk (f wg) I vbxq ch v q e vckfv e wkÿvbxwz Av jvwpz n q Avm Q GB Av jvpbvi K `ª h mz i q Q Zv nj Ab `k jvi Zzjbvq Rvg vwb Z wkÿvi djvdj gvuvgywufv e wkï I ZiæY cör b i mvgvwrk cöÿvc Ui mv _ m úwk Z Zvn j GKwU mvgvwrkfv e b vh I GKZvwfwËK we` vjq e e v, hv GKBmv _ mevb K Zv `i wkÿv I ckv m ú K wm vší biqvi ^vaxbzv ` e, Zv Kgb n Z cv i? nvg-g GmwcwW GB cökœwu jy d bq Avi GKwU ALwÐZ mvgvwrk MYZvwš K aviyv ˆZwi K i hv Z_vKw_Z Ôg~j cwikíbv: we` vjq fwel Zi Rb my hvm ˆZwi K iõ bv g cwiwpz GKwU kni wn m e nvg GKwU cökvmwbk Rjv Gi wbr ^ AwaKv i nvg Zvi we` vjq jv cwipvjbv K i, Avi GKBmv _ Gme we` vj qi Ôfwel r- Kw `ªK Dbœq biõ Rb `vqe Zvn j GB Ôg~j cwikíbvõi D Ïk Kx? G ÿ Î ejv hvq nvg-gi we` vjq bxwz PwiÎMZfv e ÔmvgwqKÕ ( hlv b wmwwbd/ GdwWwcÕi RvU ÿgzvq i q Q) Ab K_vq, hlb we` vj q QvÎ wbeüb A bk ewk e o hvq ev K g hvq ZLb nq we` vj qi cwimi evov bv nq, QvÎ msl v wbw` ó K i `Iqv nq, A_ev QvÎ `i Ab we` vj q cvvv bv nq hzÿy bv fvimvg 9 wkÿvi Rb `Lyb wiwvi 3: Kj vy ivóª I mvgvwrk MYZš (2012), Aa vq 7.5, wkÿv 10 GB D`vniYwU we` vjq Dbœqb Kg m~wpi Ici wfwë K i hv GmwcwW nvg-g ev Íevqb K i 40

43 wd i Av m GKwU mgm v wg U hviqvi ci ciez x mgm v K e Avm e mrb A cÿv Kiv nq GwU Kv bv fwel r- Kw `ªK vbxq we` vjq e e vi Rb h_vh_ wfwë n Z cv i bv bzzb we` vj qi aviyvi Av ikwu Av jvpbvi welq n Q - ïay we` vjq e e v bq, eis wkï I hye Kj v Yi Rb M nxz D ` vm Zv `i wkÿvi djvd j wm všíg~jk f wgkv cvjb K i Gi mv _ cöwkÿy I wkÿv mnvqzv, kög evrvi I GKxf ZKiYI iæz c~y f wgkv cvjb K i GKwU Mfxi we køl Yi Ici wfwë K i Ôg~j cwikíbvõ `xn gqv`x jÿ I Kv Ri ÿî ˆZwi K i, hvi g~j welq n Q wkÿvg~jk AskMÖnY I djvd ji Dbœqb mvgvwrk MYZvwš K g~j cwikíbv Gi jÿ wqj wkfv e kn ii e n`s ki Øviv cwipvwjz wkÿve e vi cwie Z GKwU mvgvwrk MYZvwš K wekí cö Íve Kiv hvq c~e ez x we` vjq bxwzi e _ Zvi `ywu wb ` kk I me e vcx ÔwcmvÕ M elyv cwi vifv e `Lvq GwU KZLvwb iæz c~y : 30 kzvs ki wb P evwl K cv ki nvi wb q nvg wek we` vj q cö e ki mvaviy hvm Zvi ÿ Î (AvweUzi) b_ ivbb I q dvwjqv cö ` ki Ab vb μvbmd«vb kn ii Zzjbvq A bk wcwq q cöwz ewk kni gyb vi-gi cv ki nvi wqj 50 kzvsk hlv b ewkifvm ^ Qj Rjvq cövq 50 kzvsk QvÎ wrgbvwkqvg-g (hy³iv R i MÖvgvi z ji gz) hvq, mlv b cö_vmzfv e Kg Rxex Rjv nwib Rj _ K cövq 19.5 kzvsk GwU K i GKBmv _ mgvr-rbmsl vwfwëk cwiw wzi g bv hv Mi `vwe iv L 2005 mv ji Zzjbvq 2015 mv j cöv_wgk _ K gva wgk ch v q hviqv Qv Îi msl v cövq GK-PZz_ vsk K g hv e 2010 mv ji g a B nvg-g Rb biqv cöwzwu wøzxq wkïi GKwU Awfevmx BwZnvm _vk e Kv RB me cöwzfvi m e v P e envi I AšÍfz w³kiy KejgvÎ ivr bwzk welqb bq, eis KvVv gvmz cwiez bi Aax b Kv bv kn ii mdj Dbœq bi GKwU g~j kz I 41

44 Avgiv ^vaxbzv ej Z Kx eyws- mvivw` bi mev-hzœ ïay K qkr bi Rb bq g~j cwikíbvi cö_g bxwz n Q me ÿ Î mvivw` bi hzœ m úªmviy Kiv GKeQi eqmx wkï `i _ K ïiæ K i DbœZ hzœ ïiæ nq hv Kvh Kifv e wzbeqi eqmx `i Pvwn`vI c~iy K i Gici wzb _ K QqeQi eqmx `i mg qvc hvmx I wkÿywe` v msμvší P v jä c~iy K i hlb wkï `i we` vj q hviqvi eqm nq, Gici ïay cöv_wgk bq eis wkï `i 14 eqi eqm ch ší ÔDb y³ w`bfi hzœõ `Iqv nq Gfv e Kg I `v úz Rxe bi g a mvgäm weavb iÿv m e Kiv nq Dciš kn ii cwil` wkfv e I Kb ev Pv `i eo Kiv n e Zv wb q fwbzv K i bv wkš cwil` GKwU KvVv gv `q hlv b evev-gvõiv ^vaxbfv e Zv `i wm vší wb Z cv i Gfv e ^vaxbzv ïay ^ Qj cwiev ii KzwÿMZ _v K bv hv `i `Lv kvbv Kivi jvk wb qvm Kivi mvg_ Av Q eis GB ^vaxbzv me cwiev ii Rb cö hvr hv Z Zviv Zv `i Rxeb wb q cwikíbv Ki Z cv i cök Z mvgvwrk b vh Zv- bzzb my hv Mi Rb Rjv me vz K we` vjq (District comprehensive schools) g~j cwikíbvi Av ikwu bxwz n Q nvg-gi mvzwu Rjvq we` vjq e e vq AviI ewk cö ek Zv I MwZi cöpjb Kiv cöwzwu Rjvq me jv cixÿv mnrjf n Z n e Qv Îi mvgvwrk Ae v bi mv _ we` vj qi mvd j i m úk _vkvi h k Lj Zv wqbœ KivB Gi jÿ Kv RB GLv b Rxe bi my hvm I wkÿvi my hv Mi mv c ÿ mgvb AskMÖnY _ K mvgvwrk b vh Zv ïiæ nq, hv me ÿ Î D PZi wkÿvi Rb mgvb AwfMg Zv ˆZwi K i Kv RB AšÍfz w³ I e w³i Rb kw³kvjx mnvqzvi g a Ø Ø bb, eis Giv ci ú ii Ici wbf ikxj Kv RB Rjvi me vz K we` vjq jv (b_ ivbb I q dvwjqv GmwcwW g Wj) câg I lô eq i wgkö K vm Pvjv bvi ci `kg eqi ch ší ALwÐZ K v mi wekí my hvm ` e GwU Kiv n e GKB we` vjq wn m e wzbwu avivq - nvdcï j (hy³iv R i cyiv bv gva wgk auv P), wiqvjï j (AviI ewk e envwik welqmn gva wgk we` vjq), Ges wrgbvwkqvg (MÖvgvi zj) vbxq ch v q A bk wkqzi cwiez b n e, hgb Rjv me vz K we` vjq jv wrgbvwkqvg Avi cö_gev ii gz Dc ivwjøwlz nwib Rb Rjvq KvwiMwi wkÿv cöpjb Ki e Ab wzbwu Rjv ZI cö_g ÔMÖvgvi zjõ wkÿv cöewz Z n e mvwe Kfv e RbmsL v web v mi cwiez bi Kvi Y Kv bv ai bi me vz K wkÿv cöez b Kiv Qvov Kv bv Rjvi c ÿb ez gvb e e v a i ivlv m e n e bv 42

45 GKZv hv duvkv eywji P q ewk wkqz - mvgvwrk mnvqzv ev RU we` vj qi bxwz cö Ív ei Z Zxq iæz c~y welq n Q mvgvwrk mnvqzv ev RU GwU wewfbœ we` vj q h we kl Pvwn`v I cwiw wz wfbœ _v K Zv we epbvq bq hme A j wkÿv_ x `i GKwU eo Ask Awfevmx `i ga _ K Av m mlv b cöwzw`bkvi we` vjq Kvh μg iæzifv e evavmö Í n Z cv i g~j Kvh μg m úbœ Kivi Rb we` vj qi ev R Ui ewkifvm e q n q hvq, hgb eb, we` vj qi wewfbœ wkÿv md i AskMÖnY, `Lv kvbv I `ycy ii Lvev i, hlv b Ab RvqMvq G ai bi eivï wkÿy, w`bfi `Lv kvbv, we kl cökí I hš cvwzi cq b e q Kivi gva g gvbm Z e q Kiv nq Gi d j hlv b me P q ewk e q Kiv cö qvrb mlv b A hšw³kfv e wekí me P q Kg _v K Ab w` K mvgvwrk mnvqzv ev RU A bk ai bi jvj wdzvi evb i KvR Ki e - cö Z K hvm Qv Îi Rb cö Z K we` vjq GKwU mnvqk ev RU cv e, hv we kl KwVb mg q 10 kzvsk K i e w Kiv n e GB cöwμqvq we` vjq jv we kl Pvwn`vi A_ vqb Ki e Avi ciez x Z Ab vb we` vj qi gzb ev R Ui mwvk e envi Ki Z mÿg n e GwU MZvbyMwZK gv_vwcqz ev R Ui P q gšwjkfv e Avjv`v Gi gva g Avw_ Kfv e abx we` vj qi mv _ `ye j we` vjq jvi g a GKZv `vwe K i hvi d j GKB kn i A_ vq bi m ve Zv mgvb nq hv mdj wkÿvi djvdj K mvnvh K i msjvc Dc Rjv I KvDwÝj Rv Ui Øviv hš_fv e GB cwikíbv ˆZwi niqvi ci GwU AwffveK, wkÿk, wkÿv_ x I Ab vb AvMÖnx AskxR bi mvg b Dc vcb Kiv n q Q I mvzwu Rjvi me jv Z Av jvpbv Kiv n Q GwU cö hvr Rjvq ev Íevqb Kiv hv e wkbv Zv n Q Gi g~j welq 43

46 2.5.2 ^v mev bxwz 11 me Rbxb ^v exgv ebvg d vu iu exgv - cÿcvznxb ^v bxwzi welq gvwu b wug c I wμw bv ibk wesk kz Ki Ab Zg wekvj mvgvwrk AR b wn m e ^v mev K MY Kiv nq GB ^v mev Avq ev mvgvwrk köwyi welq bq ^v mev GKwU my `i Rxe bi wfwë Avi mevi Rb mnrjf niqv DwPZ GB AwaKvi mvgvwrk MYZ š i g~j PZbv jv Z mivmwi wpwýz Kiv hvq ^v mevi A_ vqb Rvg vwb Z bvmwik wez K i cöavb GKwU welq we klk i ivr ^ e e vcbv we epbvq `ywu G Kev ib wfbœ bxwz i q Q hviv ci ú ii wecixz - wmwwbd-gi Òd vu iu Ae`vbÓ ebvg GmwcwWÕi Òme Rbxb ^v exgvó wkfv e GB `ywu g Wj K mvgvwrk MYZ š i g~j PZbvi mv c ÿ g~j vqb Kiv hvq? Gi DË i Avgv `i cö_ g G `ywu g Wj Avi we klfv e e w³ ^v exgvi kz jv K KvQ _ K `L Z n e me Rbxb ^v exgv GmwcwW mswewae ^v exgv K me Rbxb ^v exgvq DbœxZ Kivi Rb cöpvi Ki Q GLv b ejv n Q h cö Z K Zvi mvg_ Abyhvqx Ae`vb ivl e Z e Gi g~j vq bi wfwë Kv bv e w³i ezb ev Av qi g a mxgve _vk e bv - Zvi Ab vb me ai bi AvqI ( hgb cyuwr _ K Avq) we epbv Kiv n e me Rbxb ^v exgvi mv _ mv _ mswewae ^v exgvi Ae vnz _vk e, hlv b hv `i exgv B Zvg a Kiv Av Q I wb qvmkvixiv Ae`vb ivl e wbr ^ Avq bb Ggb ^vgx- x `i exgv Ae vnz _vk e Ges wkï `i Kv bv Ae`vb ivl Z n e bv d vu iu exgv wmwwbd-gi ewy Z g WjwU n Q Ô ^v wcöwgqvgõ GwU mevi Rb mgvb, Ges wb qvmkvix `i Ae`v bi wfwë Z GKB gvwmk wkw Íi Øviv MwVZ, hv Ae`v bi wfwë Z Av qi 6.5 kzvs k wbw` ó Kiv n q Q 11 ^v mevi Rb AviI `Lyb wiwvi 3: Kj vy ivóª I mvgvwrk MYZš (2012), Aa vq 7.4, ^v mev 44

47 Gfv e wb qvmkvix `i K fwel Zi g~j ùxwz _ K iÿv Kiv n q Q GB d vu i Ui d j hv `i Av qi 7 kzvs ki ewk n q hvq Zv `i ÿwzc~iy `Iqv n e hv `i wkï `i ÿ Î Ae`vb mswewae ^v exgv Øviv n q _v K fwel Z Zv Ki _ K A_ vwqz Kiv n e e w³mz ^v exgvi fwel r Rvg vb ^v exgv e e vi GKwU K `ªxq welq n Q h wkqz e w³ K G ai bi GKZvwfwËK Ae`vb ivl Z nq bv hgb mikvwi Kg KZ v hviv mikvwi Kg KZ v `i Rb we kl Ki-A_ vq bi wfwë Z ^v exgv c q _v K Zviv Gi AvIZvgy³, hlv b AvZ -Kg ms vb i q Q Ggb e w³ `i Avq we epbv bv K ib Zv `i K AvBbMZfv e exgvi eva evakzvi evb i ivlv n q Q hme Kg xi Avq GKwU wbw` ó mxgv AwZμg K i (Ôexgvi mxgvõ) Zviv e w³mz ^v exgv wb Z cv i Gi A_ n Q cy iv RbmsL vi Ae`vb ^v mevi GKZvwfwËK A_ vq bi Rb cviqv hvq bv e w³we k li ivr bwzk PZbv I g~j ev ai Ici wfwë K i GwU nq GKwU mgm v, A_ev ^v mev e e vq cöwz hvwmzvi GKwU BwZevPK wpî wn m e we ewpz n Z cv i me Rbxb ^v mev A_ev d vu iu exgv cöpwjz wkbv Zvi Ici wbf i K i e w³mz ^v mev wewfbœfv e cöfvwez nq hlv b me Rbxb ^v exgvi GKwU Ab Zg jÿ n Q e w³mz ^v exgv K GKZvwfwËK A_ vq b AšÍfz ³ Kiv, mlv b d vu iu e e v e w³mz myweav K úk Ki e bv cök Zc ÿ e w³mz exgvi AvIZvfz³ `i wkï `i Rb Ae`vb ivlvi h eva evakzv Zvi ^vaxbzvi A_ vq bi Rb Ki ivr ^ K e envi Kiv n e GKZvwfwËK Ae`vbwfwËK A_ vqb - cwi kva Kivi mvg_ Abymv i cÿcvznxb evsv fvmvfvwm GwU Aek vex h me Rbxb ^v exgvi cöavbzg welq n Q GKZvi Dbœqb ^v mev e e vi A_ vq bi Rb mevb GKwU me mvavi Yi exgv cök í AskMÖnY Ki e wmwwbd `vwe K i h Zvi g WjwU cök wzmzfv ei GKZvwfwËK Zviv GB ev ÍeZvi w` K we kl wb ` k Ki Z cv i h d vu iu e e vq mvaviy Ki e e v _ K ewk Ae`vb AšÍfz ³ nq Z e GwU `ywu ÿ Î mgm veûj cö_gz, hw` wmwwbd I GdwWwc D P Avqm úbœ e w³ `i Rb Ki Qv oi gva g iv óªi mÿgzv `ye j K i `q, Zvn j GwU cwi vi bq GB ÔAvw_ K ÿwzc~iyõ KZ eo n Z cv i 45

48 wøzxqz, Ki e e vi gva g GKZvwfwËK ÿwzc~i Yi m vebvi K_v we epbv Ki Z M j Ki e e vi GKZvwfwËK wn m e cwipvwjz niqv cö qvrb wmwwbd I GdwWwcÕi cwikíbv GB e e v K evav `q GB Rv Ui iƒc ilvi `k b n Q GB bxwz _ K ewi q Avmv h Avw_ Kfv e ^ QjZi e w³ `i `ye j `i P q ewk `vwqz enb Kiv DwPZ, hv cö MÖwmf Kiv ivc e e vq i q Q Z e hfv eb nvk hwu Kv bvfv eb GKZvwfwËK bq Zv n Q GB ev ÍeZv h mikvwi Kg KZ v `i Ae vnwz d vu iu g W ji Aax b Ae vnz _vk e, Avi e w³mz ^v exgv (AšÍZc ÿ AvbyôvwbKfv e) Gi cöwz hvwmzvg~jk KvVv gv a i ivl e Z e me Rbxb ^v exgvi cöpjb A_ GB bq h cq `i ÿ Î Kg ^vaxbzv _vk e Gi GKwU A_ n Q e w³mz exgvkvix `i cö qvmk Z wfbœ wfbœ wnmv ei wfwëi mnve vb kl n q hv e cwie Z GKwU eva evakzvg~jk avivi gva g GKwU GKK e e v cöwzôvi gva g GKwU Ôwbi cÿ cöwz hvwmzvõ ˆZwi n e exgvkvixiv Ôfvj SzuwKiÕ (ZiæY I ^v evb exgvk Z) e` j k Z i gvb wb q cöwz hvwmzv Ki e Ab mevi ^v _ i e` j wukq gvby li myweav cviqvi cwie Z wpwkrmvi AvaywbKvq bi mydj mevi fvm Kivi my hvm _vk e Kv bv Rb Mvôxi Kv Q Zv `i Avw_ K evsv e o Q ev K g Q e j g b nq Zv GKwU b vh Zvi cökœ GB ÿ Î `ywu g Wj wbw` ófv eb Avjv`v - me Rbxb ^v exgv g Wj `yb mšívbwewkó cwiev ii evsv Kwg q ` e, hlv b d vu iu e e v cöez bi Kvi Y Zv `i eq i 900 BD iv ÿwz n e GKRb e w³i ÿ Î GwU cy iv D ëv n e - d vu i Ui Aax b Zviv eq i 1,300 BD ivi ewk jvf Ki e, hlv b me Rbxb e e vq Zv `i jvf Lye ewk n e bv B Zvg a hv ejv n q Q, GKwU my `i Rxe bi Rb ^v GKwU gšwjk welq Avi G Lv Z mevi mgvb cö ekvwakvi _vkv DwPZ D Ï k i mv _ Dchy³ niqvi cvkvcvwk GKwU ^v mev e e vi cöv_wgkfv e mgvb my hvm ( ^v mevq AwfMg Zv) I cö qvrbwfwëk b vh Zvi cöwz ` wóf½x _vkv DwPZ 46

49 2.5.3 kög evrvi bxwz 12 wpi vqx wbivcëvi Afve? KvR I mvgvwrk MYZvwš K PZbvi bzzb wek g vw_qvm bbm wøzxq wek hy i ci K qk `kk a i Rvg vwb Z cyuwr I kö gi ^v _ i g a GKwU mdj evsvcov iÿv Kiv n q Q 1949 mvj _ K A_ bwzk mg w i GKwU A ^vfvwek j ^v mg q ixwz wqj grywiwfwëk kög Kg ms vb gvbyl K ÔmvgvwRK m ú`õ-gi GKwU BwZevPK AwaKvi w` qwqj, hlv b wbwðz wqj Aemi fvzv, A bwzk QuvUvB qi weiæ myiÿv, ^v I wbivcëvi gvb`ð, Kv-wWUviwg bkb Gi AwaKvi I eva Zvg~jK grywi Pzw³ ( Wv i 2005) G ai bi grywiwfwëk kög, hv Z_vKw_Z ÔAv`k Kg ms vb m úk Õ ev ÔAv`k Kg ms vb Pzw³Õ bv g cwiwpz, e MZ wbivcëvi mv _ mv _ GK ai bi b~ bzg ^xk wz ev mvgvwrk gh v`v w` qwqj Z e mwz K_v ej Z M j GB kvší cwiw wz Aek B Ø Ønxb wqj bv Kv bv evavwenœ QvovB GB evsvcov wbqwgzfv eb we ivwazvi m ylxb n q Q, Avi mgv Ri m ú `i Amg eèb ïay AeavwiZfv e e o Q Z e RbmsL vi GKwU eo Ask wbwðz wqj h Zv `i wb R `i Póv w` qb ax i wkš wbwðzfv e Zv `i RxebhvÎvi gv bi Dbœqb NUv Z cvi e 1980-Gi `kk _ K GB Av`k Kg ms v bi Pzw³ μgvmzfv e Zvi RŠjyk nvwi q Q hw`i Kg x `i eo AskB GL bv KvR K i ÔAv`k Kg ms v biõ wfwë ZB, GB msl v `ªæZ K g hv Q Ab vb ÿ Î Kg ms v bi e w `Lv hv Q, hgb LÐKvjxb KvR, A vqx ev G RwÝi KvR, wbw` ó mgqwfwëk ev cövq LÐKvjxb KvR (Ôÿỳ ª KvRÕ) 13 vqx I c~y Kvjxb Kv Ri gzb ÔmvgvwRK m ú`õi Pv ci g a c o hv Q e eq mi AemiKvjxb fvzvi AvswkK e w³gvwjkvbvkiy, QuvUvB qi weiæ myiÿv K `ye j Kivi cö Íve Ges mgwómz Pzw³i eva evakzv ev Íevq bi n«vm we klk i c~e Rvg vwb Z GB cöwμqvi me P q Aek vex ev ÍeZv 12 kög evrvi bxwzi Rb AviI `Lyb wiwvi 3: Kj vy ivóª I mvgvwrk MYZš (2012), Aa vq 7.2, KvR _ K 2003 mv ji g a LÐKvjxb Kg x `i msl v 50 jvl _ K e o 90 jv Li ewk n q hvq 47

50 G ai bi cwiez bi cq b wkqz KviY D jøl Kiv hvq, hgb mev I Z_ cöhyw³i μgea gvb iæz Av Mi mg qi Drcv`b g W ji P q AviI bgbxq I wfbœ cöwzôv bi `vwe K i GLv b cöwz hvwmzv ïay wfbœ `ywu cöwzôv bi g a B bq, eis GKB cöwzôv bi wfbœ `ywu BDwb Ui g a I ÔmvgvwRK m ú`õ `ªæZ n q DV Q GK ai bi ÔbgbxqZvKi Yi mnvqk wn m e mâqõ hme Kv úvwb Kg ms vb myiÿv AwaKvi Kwg q Avb Z c i Q Zviv cöwz hvwmzvq myweav AR b K i Q, hw`i Zv KejB ^í vqx ewkifvm gvbyl G ai bi cwiez b Mfxifv e wepwjz 2007 mv j d«wwik-gevu -w duzs -Gi GKwU Rwi c Z_ `vzv `i 66 kzvsk Rvbvq h Zviv mgv Ri Pjgvb cwiez b wb q DwØMœ (b MevDi 2007) GB h NUbvcÖevn hv GKwU eo As ki RbmsL vi AwbwðZ Abyf wzi KviY Zvi g a i q Q A_ bxwz I Kg -cwi e ki cwiez b, hv K divwm mgvrweávbx wc qi evw` D e j Qb ÔAwbðqZvÕ (precarity) GwU ïay wbw` ókvjxb Pzw³ ev czbkxj grywi bq, wkš GKBmv _ GKRb e w³ wkfv e AwbðqZvi AwfÁZv jvf K i I Zv K gvkv ejv K i, Zv-I GwU K we epbvq wb j evsv hvq h hviv AwbwðZ K g RwoZ AwbðqZv ïay Zv `i g a B mxgve _v K bv GwU A_ bxwzi Mfx i KvR Ki Q A bk vqx Kg x Zv `i Kg ÿ Î A vqx ev ÔG RwÝÕi Kg x `i Dcw wzi AwfÁZv jvf K i hv D ØMRbK G ai bi wekí ` L Zviv grywii ÿ Î Qvo w` ZI cö Z _v K, Ab cwiw wz Z hv Zviv KL bvb KiZ bv AwbwðZ Kg xiv Av`k Kg ms v bi g a hviv Av Q Avi hviv cy ivcywi Kg ms v bi evb i i q Q Zv `i ga Kvi Kv bv GK RvqMvq wb R `i ` L, hv SzjšÍ GKwU Ae vb Zv `i fxwz n Q h Zviv mvgvwrk wmuwo _ K wcq j wb P c o hv e; Zv `i ^cœ Av`k GKwU Kg ms v bi Pzw³ Z cö ek Kiv Z e cövqb G ai bi ev ÍeZv vqx AwbðqZvi w` K V j `q mvgvwrk MYZ š i aviyvi ÿ Î GB cwiez bi djvdj Kx? c~ e i mvgvwrk MYZ š i Rb Ô ^vfvwek Kg ms vbõ-gi iæz A ^xkvi Kiv hvq bv Kj vy iv óªi g a Mfxifv e vwcz n q GwU wzbwu g~j PZbvi wekv ki cq bi g~j KviY wqj `xn w`b GwU A b Ki Rb B wbivcëv ˆZwi K i (hw`i mevi Rb bq), Avi Gfv e BwZevPK ^vaxbzvi cöz vwkz dj `Iqvi Rb GKwU cö qvrbxq kz MVb K i cybe È bi ÿ Î (b vh Zvi g~ j i mv _ mvgäm i L) hv wkqzb AwR Z n qwqj, Zvi GKwU ch vq ch ší m e n qwqj Kg ms vb e e vi Kvi Y 48

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52 b vh Zv KvbwU wbi cÿ, K AvBbMZ `vwe Kivi gz ÿgzvcövß, Avi wk mi Rb, Zv GL bv Kg ms v bi Ae vi Øviv hš_fv e wba vwiz nq HwZnvwmKfv e GKRb e w³i Kv bv mwμq Ae`vb ivlvi B Qv, hv Zvi Kv Ri Øviv cöwzdwjz nz, Zv K mgv R AskMÖn Yi AwaKvi w`z GiciI wewfbœ mvgvwrk ` ji g a G ai bi b vh Zvi aviyv Zxÿèfv e AvKvi `Iqv n q Q ( hgb `ywu wj ½i g a ) Avi `vwq Z i e w³ ^vzš vq Yi cöeyzv AšÍfz ³ K i Q GB ixwz LyeB w wzkxj e j cögvwyz n q Q wkš bzzb kög A_ bxwz Z Zviv AmgZvi PvjK wn m e cwiyz n q Q Ggb KvVv gvi g a hlv b KvR ev AR bi ( gav/ hvm Zv) aviyv we` gvb wkš Kg ms v b AwfMg Zvi m vebv AviI RwUj n q hv Q Kg ms v bi ÿî _ K gv S gv SB ev GgbwK μgvmzfv e c o hviqv AwbðqZvi Ô ÿ ÎÕ LyeB ^vfvwek NUbvq cwiyz n q Q AwbwðZ cwiw wz Z emevmkvix A b KiB wbqwgz Kv R hvm `Iqvi B Qv cökv ki AwaKvi i q Q KviI KviI g Z G ÿ Î e _ Zvi A_ n Q GKRb e w³ K AviI ewk Póv Ki Z n e wkš GB e w³ ^vzš vqy mgv Ri μgea gvb AmgZvi wel q gvby li aviyv A ^ Q K i `q Gfv e b vh Zvi aviyv mgzvi cövq wecixz wn m e cwimwyz n Z cv i mvgvwrk MYZ š i GKwU P v jä hv Aek B gvk ejv Ki Z n e Zv n Q b vh Zv I mgzvi g a GKwU BwZevPK m úk vcb Kiv ivr bwzk cwifvlvq Gi A_ n Q e w³ ^vzš eva K Ggb ch vq ch ší evov bv hb cö Z K e w³i wbr ^ ^vaxb B Qv cöwzôvi cök Z my hvm _v K ïay Gi wfwë ZB AviI ewk wbr ^ `vwqz `vwe Kivi K_v A_ en n Z cv i GKZv hš_ exgv e e vi cybm Vb K GKwU mvaviy msk Ui GKwU Dcv`vb wn m e `Lv hvq hv GKZvwfwËK AvPiY K cöfvwez K i hš_ exgv e e v wqj cyiv bv Kg ms vb e e vi GKwU cövwzôvwbk cökvk ez gvb cwiw wz Z mgv Ri cöavb Ø Ø n Q ^ Qj I A ^ Qj `i g a hv GB `ywu e e vi ga Kvi kz wkqz cwigv Y n ji wvk K i `q, hv Avevi Ô fz iiõ I ÔevB iiõ wefw³i mv _ Zzjbxq GB `ywu cv_ K cvi úwikfv e Avjv`v bq, wkš GwU G Kev i wfbœ GKwU mvgvwrk cöÿvc Ui w` K wb q hvq 50

53 Ab iv h cöwzwbqz RvqMv `L ji Rb A cÿgvb, Kg ÿ Î Zxeª cöwz hvwmzvi mv _ m úwk Z GB Abyf wz GKZvwfwËK AvPi Yi c ÿ me P q Lvivc cö Yv`bv n Z cv i Ôhviv fz i Av QÕ Zviv Ôhviv evb i Av QÕ Zv `i DË ivëi ûgwk e j g b Ki Z cv i D ëvw` K, hš_ mvgvwrk wbivcëvi hme Dcv`vb AÿZ i q Q m jv hviv AwbwðZ Kg ms v bi g a i q Q ev Kv Ri evb i i q Q Zv `i evav wn m e g b Ki Z cv i hv Zv `i evb ib i L `q ez gvb msku GwU Pv L AvOyj w` q `wl q `q h GB aviyv G Kev i wfwënxb bq 2008 mv ji kx Z wkí-kvilvbvi GKwU eo As ki a m A vqx Kg xiv cövq mv _ mv _ PvKwi nvivq Kg x ev UªW BDwbq bi cÿ _ K cöwzev` wqj cövq wew Qbœ ai bi Z e GB msk UI vqx Kg x evwnbx Ges GKBmv _ UªW BDwbq bi m`m `i eo As ki Kg ms vb wbwðz wqj mv úªwzk NUbvi Av jv K cökœ I V ez gv bi Kv Ri ÿ Î GKZv wkfv e cö hvr? GQvovI bzzb wfwëi Ici cöwzwôz GKZvi ` wó KvY _ K ejv hvq mvgvwrk wbivcëvi Kvh Ki nvwzqvi fwel Zi mvgvwrk MYZ š i Rb GKwU iæz c~y m~î n Z cv i G K Aek B ÔmvgvwRK m ú `iõ wek vm hvm Zv cybivq cöwzôv Ki Z n e GB D Ï k ez gv b gvbyl h ai bi ckv cöz vkv Ki Z cv i Zvi mv _ mvgäm i L cö hvr nvwzqvi ˆZwi Ki Z n e hb Ô fz iiõ I ÔevB iiõ cv_ K K g Av m bzzb kög A_ bxwz Z GKw` K mvgvwrk MYZ š i PZbv Ges kö gi ga Kvi m úk Av Q e j a i biqv hvq bv, hv Av M Kiv hz Ab w` K GB m úk Lye ewk Nwbô _ K hvq, hv ^vaxbzv, b vh Zv I GKZv GB wzbwu aviyvi welqe i Ici bzzb Av jvpbvi cö qvrbxqzv cökvk K i ^vaxbzv, b vh Zv I GKZv bzzb kög A_ bxwzi mv _ hfv e m úwk Z Zvi cy Lvbycy L g~j vqb AMÖvwaKvi wfwë Z mvgvwrk MYZvwš K aviyvi ivr bwzk cöwzwbwa `i Øviv Ki Z n e G ai bi Kv bv jÿy bb h Kg ms vb AskMÖnY I ^xk wzi GKwU iæz c~y evnk wn m e Zvi gh v`v kl ch ší nviv e mgv R Kv Ri aib mvgvwrk MYZ š i ˆewk ó i Ici wm všíg~jk cöfve djv Ae vnz ivl e GB `k Ki msk Ui AwfÁZv `Lvq h Av Mi h Kv bv mg qi P q mvgvwrk MYZ š A_ bxwz I KvR MYZvwš K bxwzi mv _ mvgäm i LB cwikíbv Ki Z n e 51

54 2.5.4 D PZi wkÿv bxwz Òiv óªi Av M e w³ó A_ev bvmwi Ki Kj vy? wkÿv_ x A_ vq bi `ywu ci úiwe ivax g Wj gvwu b wug c I d«wwik evj mvgvwrk cwipq wkÿvi my hvm wba viy K i IBwmwWÕi AšÍfz ³ Ab Kv bv wk ívbœz ` k GKRb e w³i wkÿvrxeb Zvi mvgvwrk cwipq Øviv GZ k³fv e wba vwiz nq bv, hgbuv nq Rvg vwb Z hme cwiev ii gv-evevi h Kv bv GKR bi œvzk wwwmö Av Q Zv `i 83 kzvs ki Q j g q D PZi wkÿv bq œvzk bq Ggb cwiev ii gvî 23 kzvsk mšívb D Pwkÿvi Rb wek we` vjq ev Ab Kv bv cöwzôv b fwz nq ( `Lyb Bmvi W 2007: 11) GQvovI IBwmwWÕi M oi Zzjbvq Rvg vwb Z wkÿv_ xi nvi A bk Kg 2009 wkÿve l GwU wqj eqm Abyhvqx cövq 43 kzvsk Gi cöv_wgk KviY n Q GB ` ji AvKvi wqj AvweUzi biqvi ^vfvwek AvKv ii cövq wø Y IBwmwWÕi M oi KvQvKvwQ cušqv Z n j we klk i A- œvzk cwievi jv _ K Kgc ÿ 50 kzvsk Q j g q K D Pwkÿvq DrmvwnZ Ki Z n e, h nzz G ai bi cwiev i me P q ewk m vebv i q Q hv GL bv LuvRv nq wb Kej A_ bwzk ` wó KvY _ KB bq, eis mvgvwrk b vh Zvi ` wó KvY _ KI G ai bi cwievi _ K D Pwkÿvq AskMÖn Yi welqwu A_ en wkÿv_ xi A_ vq bi mgm v my hv Mi mgzv ˆZwi Kiv I wkÿv_ xi nvi evov bvi GKwU iæz c~y Dcvq wkÿv_ xi A_ vq b wbwnz A- œvzk cwievi _ K AvMZ ewkifvm wkÿv_ x hviv hvm n ji D Pwkÿv K e Q bq wb, Zviv Gi KviY wn m e Rvbvq h Zviv Gi cwie Z KvwiMwi cöwkÿy K e Q wb q Q Gi KviY wn m e Zviv cöwkÿy fvzvi K_v e j, hw`i Gi Avw_ K cwigvy Kg KvwiMwi cöwkÿ Yi wekí n Z cviz D Pwkÿv, wkš m ÿ Î Zv `i evev-gvi Ici Avw_ Kfv e wbf ikxj n Z nz ( `Lyb nvb b/ Kvqv 2009: 16) weggdiwr Z e A b K ej Z cv i h D PZi wkÿv I cöwkÿy K mnrzi Kivi Rb mikv ii cÿ _ K Avw_ K mnvqzvi AvBb ( dwv ij GWz Kkb A vû Uªwbs A vwm U A v± - weggdiwr) i q Q Z e Lye Kg msl K wkÿv_ x (cövq 18 kzvsk) Rvg vwbi wewfbœ D Pwkÿv cöwzôv b cov kvbvi Rb weggdiwr mnvqzv 52

55 cvq ( `Lyb 17, weggdiwr- ewilu 2007: 8) 14 Dciš weggdiwr mnvqzv c wzmzfv e cök Z RxebhvÎvi e qi Zzjbvq Kg n q hvq, h nzz AvB b ^qswμqfv e GwU gjv bvi weavb bb GQvov GB mnvqzvi g a FY n Q 50 kzvsk, hv A bk m ve wkÿv_ x K AbvMÖnx K i A- œvzk cwiev i FYMÖ Í niqvi B Qv œvzk cwiev ii P q A bk Kg GwUI RxebhvÎvi e q I wudkb wdõi e q enb Kivi Rb F Yi cö Ív ei weiæ hvq cwi k l weggdiwrõi Rb m e v P Av qi mxgv GZ Kg wba vwiz Kiv n q Q h A bk cwievi hviv Zv `i mšívb `i D Pwkÿvi Rb e q enb Ki Z cv i wb Zviv Kv bvfv e weggdiwr mnvqzv cvq bv G K Òga Av qi duv`ó wn m e ey bv Kiv n q Q wudkb wd ez gv b QqwU dwv ij iv R 500 BD iv ch ší wudkb wd biqv nq hlb mvsweavwbk Av`vjZ 2005 mv j wm vší `q h Zviv D Pwkÿvi Rb wudkb wd b e wkbv Zv dwv ij iv R i wm v šíi Ici wbf i Ki e, ZLb wmwwbd wbqwš Z mvzwu ivr mikvi mvaviy wudkb wdõi cöpjb K i Z e n mb-g iw-wmöb- iw (GmwcwW-A vjv qý 90/ wmöbm-wvb wjs K) msl vmwiô ivr mfvq GB wd evwzj K i `q eø vk-b q jv-wmöb (wmwwbd-gdwwwc-wmöb) ivr mikvi mvij v ÛI wudkb wd evwzj Kivi wm vší wb q Q Z e ev Wb-D UgevM, evfvwiqv, nvgeym, jvqvi m v wb I b_ ivbb I q dvwjqvq wudkb wd GL bv Av ivwcz i q Q Gi A_ n Q Rvgv wbi cövq A a Ki ewk (20 jvl) wkÿv_ x Gi Øviv ÿwzmö Í wkÿv_ xi A_ vqb Ges mvgvwrk MYZ š i g~jbxwz/ PZbv ^vaxbzv mvkvj W gvμ vu `i g Z ^vaxbzvii e MZ wfwë i q Q wkÿvq hv `i AwfMg Zv Av Q ïay ZvivB Zv `i ^vaxbzv Kv R jvmv Z cv i hviv wkÿvi Rb e q Ki Z mg_ bq Zv `i Rb D Pwkÿvi AwaKvi Lye mvgvb B A_ enb K i KD hw` Zvi evev-gvõi Ici A_ bwzkfv e wbf ikxj nq Zvn j Zvi wkÿvi Rb gy³fv e Kvm evqvb Kivi AwaKvi Le nq, Avi m Zvi AvMÖ ni welq e Q b e wkbv Zv mivmwi ev c ivÿfv e Zv K fwel Zi Kg cwikíbv wvk Ki Z eva K i GKwU kw³kvjx weggdiwr hv GKRb wkÿv_ xi e w³mz Pvwn`vi Ic ib ïay wbf i K i Zv mwz Kvi A _ AvbyôvwbK ^vaxbzvi ev Íevq bi fvj Dcvq QvÎ-F Yi wewfbœ wekí cö Íve ïay AvcvZ cözxqgvb ^vaxbzvi cö Íve `q Avm j Zviv FY I FY`vZv `i cöwz Pzw³e eva evakzvi gva g bzzb wbf ikxjzv ˆZwi K i 14 GwU me wkÿv_ xi g a mnvqzvcövß wkÿv_ xi nvi 53

56 b vh Zv wudkb wd I b vh Zv wb q wez K GKB hyw³ evievi kvbv hvq, hv hzevib ejv nvk bv Kb cök Zc ÿ wvk bq hgb, GKw` K bvm `i Ki wmwbqi Kbmvj U U `i mšívb `i cov kvbvi e q wn m e cwi kva Kiv nq, Avi Ab w` K wmwbqi Kbmvj U Uiv wkÿvi A_ vq b Kv bv Ae`vb iv L bv, hw`i Zviv mn RB wudkb wd enb Ki Z cv i GB cwiw wz Mfxifv e Ab vh, Ges ZvB ^ Qj cwievi jvi DwPZ wudkb wdõi gva g D Pwkÿvi A_ vq b mivmwi Ae`vb ivlv Ic ii ewy Z cwiw wz mwz mwz Ab vh n e ev Í e GKwU Ab vq Av ikwu K b vh cögvy Kivi Rb e eüz n Q Avgv `i wkÿv e e vq mgvb my hv Mi Abycw wz I mvgvwrk (Ki) evsvi Amg eèb we` gvb wmwbqi Kbmvj U U `i mšívbiv wudkb wdmn ev wudkb wd QvovB Zv `i cov kvbv Pvwj q hviqvi mvg_ iv L Z e wudkb wdõi Ici Ki ( Uvj) ïayb D Pwkÿvq cö e ki ÿ Î mvgvwrk AmgZv evov e bvm `i mšívbiv Zv `i cov kvbv GLbKvi gz bv-i Pvwj q h Z cv i hviv Awf hvm K i h wmwbqi Kbmvj U Uiv wkÿv e e vi A_ vq b Lye mvgvb Ae`vb iv L ev bvm iv A bk ewk Ae`vb iv L, Zv `i Avm j Ki e e vi Ici g bv hvm `Iqv DwPZ avivevwnk _vkvi Rb Zv `i cöpviyv Pvjv bv DwPZ h D P Av qi Rb D P Kinvi _vk Z n e Avi Kg I ga Av qi Rb Zzjbvg~jK Kg Kifvi _vkv DwPZ mvkvj W gvμ vuiv wek vm K i b vh Zv n Q mgvb ^vaxbzv wudkb wdõi Uvj Kiv n j wkÿvq mgvb ^vaxbzv Lye mvgvb n ji evavmö Í n e GKB mg q hfv e hyw³ Dc vcb Kiv n q Q Zv LyeB AgxgvswmZ eis cwi kva Kivi mvg _ i wfwë Z Ki e e vi gva g RbKj v Y A_ vq b wbi cÿ eè bi e e v Kiv DwPZ 54

57 GKZv cwi k l mvgvwrk ÿ Î wudkb wdõi cöfve Av ikevi we epbv Kiv cö qvrb Avgv `i D Pwkÿvi cöwzôvb jv MYZvwš K I mvgvwrk Dbœq b iæz c~y Ae`vb iv L wkÿk I wkÿv_ x `i Rb wk GwU hyw³hy³ bq h Zviv MYZvwš Kfv e I GKZvi mv _ mn hvwmzv Kiv wkl e? cwie Z wudkb wd I Ab vb welq D Pwkÿv bxwzi ÿ Î evrv ii cövavb, μzv I cöwz hvwmzvg~jk m ú K i w` K g bv hvm wb q hvq wudkb wdõi Av ikwu A_ n Q œvzk I A- œvzk `i Avq AviI ewk Avjv`v n e abx I Mwi ei e eavb AviI e w cviqv mgv Ri Rb fvj wkbv Zv cvv Ki wb Ri we epbvi Ici Q o `Iqv nj 55

58 3. mgv Ri wewfbœ g W ji g a Zzjbv GB Aa v q: evrvi cyuwrev` I MYZ š i m úk Av jvwpz n q Q; D`vi bwzk, iÿykxj I mvkvj W gvμ vwuk g Wj we ÍvwiZ e vl v Kiv n q Q I Zzjbv Kiv n q Q; kög Av `vj bi wewfbœ aviyvi weez b I BwZnvm Zz j aiv n q Q Ges MYZvwš K mgvrz š i aviyv Av jvpbv Kiv n q Q; gvbezvi mvgvwrk MYZvwš K aviyv Ab vb gzev `i mv _ Zzjbv Kiv n q Q cö Q ` Kx Av Q? Wvi úvb Rj-Gi 2007 Gi 22 A ±vei msl vq GKwU D vwbg~jk cö Q` Qvcv bv nq cö Q` hv `Lvq bve vl vi Ici gšíe Wvi úvb Rj, Bmÿ 43, m~î: ( ) GmwcwWÕi cöavb K qkr bi gyl K vwi KPvi K i `Lv bv n q Q h Zviv GKwU RvnvRWzwei ci jvbd ev U jvd w` q Q K v Þb MinvW köv qwvi WzešÍ Rvnv RB i q Q, hlv b MÖMi wrwm Avi A vi jvdb UBb Zv `i wb R `i jvbd evu AwaKv i wb q Q Ôhw` Avgiv cvkvcvwk muvzvi KvwUÕ 15 kxl K wk ivbv g ÔmuvZviÕ kãwui Ici Rvi `Iqv n q Q hlv b Gi A_ n Q Ôbv RvbvÕ GwU ÔAvgiv mevb mgy `ªÕ A _ me P q fvj e vl v Kiv hvq, hlv b MšÍe Kv_vq Zv Rvbv bb AviI Lvivc A _ GB KvUz b hv ejv n Q GKwU bvukxq RvnvRWzwe hlv b gvby li w`k-wb ` kbv Ab mewkqzi mv _ f m hv Q Wvi úvb Rj-Gi cö Q` ` L Avcbvi Kx g b nq? ivr bwzk ` ji (G ÿ Î GmwcwW) Ici RbM Yi aviyv wb q GwU Kx e j? GB KvUy b RbM Yi fxwz Avi ivr bwzk aiyvi K_v e j h ez gv bi ivrbxwz Z w`k-wb ` kbvi gšwjk NvUwZ i q Q GB cwiw wz Z GwU Aek vex h mewkqz f ½ co e cy iv ` k i gzb mvaviy GKwU Awf hvm i q Q KviY cö Z KiB Zvi wb Ri ÔmvgvwRK ivr bwzk K úvmõ i q Q MYZvwš K ` j, Kvb ` j Zv welq bq, GwU ïay Abby gvw`zb bq, eis Aek B cö qvrbxq h RbMY Zv `i Ae vb wb q wezk K i Avi Zvici MYZvwš K wm vší bq 15 GwU köwgk `i GKwU Mv bi K_vI e j hvi wk ivbvg n Q ÔIqvb DBi köb Ub mbu Ab mbuõ ( Wann wir schreiten seit an seit ) 56

59 Ab w`k _ K `L j GmwcwW h Wz e hv Q e j `Lv bv n q Q Zvi Kv bv A_ bb ivzvivwz ivr bwzk cwiez b A ^vfvwek bq, eis bz Z i cwiez b ev wbe vp b civr qi ci cö qvrb, wkš Zv RvnvRWzwe n Z cv i bv Ô PBb Ae KgvÛÕ-I ` ji MYZvwš K wm vší MÖnY c wzi mv _ mvsnwl K MYZvwš K wm vší MÖnY c wzi g~j PZbv n Q ` ji w`k-wb ` kbv wb q wezk Kiv, hlb cö qvrb nq Ges Zv GKR bi wbr ^ ÔmvgvwRK ivr bwzk K úv miõ mv _ mvgäm weavb Kiv Ab w` K Wvi úvb Rj-Gi cö Q` ivrbxwzi GKwU GKbvqKZvwš K wpî Zz j a i hv MYZ š i mv _ mvgäm c~y bq GwU G Kev ib ÔmvgvwRK ivr bwzk K úv miõ welq bq hv GB KvUz b D V Av m wb, hv Qvov Kv bv ivr bwzk c_ wb ` kbv cöwzôv Kiv hvq bv ÔPvjbvÕ (navigate) A_ Kx Zv GLv b we epbv Kiv hvq GKwU ÔmvgvwRK-ivR bwzk K úvmõ a i bq h GKR bi m ve ivr bwzk w`k-wb ` kbvi wkqz aviyv i q Q hvi wfwë Z Zvi wbr ^ Ae vb ey bv Ki Z cv i Avi ÔZvi Av cwÿk Ae vbõ `L Z cv i cöwzw`bkvi ivr bwzk wm vší MÖn Yi gnvmgy `ª iƒck A _ Pvjbvi K_v ejv n q Q GgbwK hw`i gšwjk welq RwoZ bv _v K, GKR bi fzikvi ` pwek vm G ÿ Î KvR K i Gi myweav n Q Avgv `i cö Z Ki wbr ^ K úvm i q Q, hw`i GwU e vl v Kiv mnr welq bq G Kvi Y GwU Lye mn R ejv hv e bv h mevb K K úvm awi q `Iqv n e Avi wm vší MÖn Yi Rb gy³ K i `Iqv n e cö Z K wkfv e Zvi K úvm e envi K i wb R `i Pvjbv Ki e Zv Zv `i IciB wbf i Ki e MYZvwš K `j I cöwzôv b GwU cök Zc ÿ `i-klvkwli welq Pvjbvi Rb `ywu Avek Kxq welq i q Q cö_gz, GKRb e w³ K Zvi wbr ^ aviyv m ú K Rvb Z n e Ab fvlvq, Zv K we køly Ki Z n e m Kv_vq `uvwo q Av Q Avi ez gv b mgvr Zv K Kvb cwiw wz Z `L Q wøzxqz, H e w³ Kvb ÔivR bwzk c _iõ Abymvix Zv wvk Ki Z n e Ae v bi ÿ Î wezk cö qvrbxq mvgvwrkivr bwzk K úvm Av cwÿk Ae vb Kx Avi Pvjbvi Rb Kx cö qvrb? Pvjbvi Rb Kx cö qvrb? 57

60 GB ïiæi Ae v I jÿ (ev ÍeZv I B Qv) Dfq KB mvgvwrk-ivr bwzk gzev` wn m e cökvk Kiv hvq D`vi bwzk, iÿykxj, mgvrzvwš K I mvkvj W gvμ vu `i hyw³ ïiæi Ae v I jÿ Ggbfv e e vl v K i h Zv `i cq `bxq wb ` wkz c _ wb R K Pvjbv Kiv m e KD hw` mvgvwrk MYZš K mgv Ri GKwU g Wj wn m e Av jvpbv Ki Z Pvq ev m ve Ae vb wn m e e Q wb Z Pvq h wb ` kbvq mgvr Pj Z cv i, Zv K Aek B mgv Ri Ab vb g W ji cöwÿ Z mvgvwrk MYZš K hvpvb Ki Z n e 3.1 evrvi cuywrev` I MYZš `ywu gzev`: evrvi cuywrev` I MYZš MYZš I evrvi cuywrev `i g a we iva wewfbœ g Wj ch v jvpbv Kivi Av M Avgv `i `ywu aviyvi wel q Rvb Z n e h `ywu aviyv ez gv bi mgvr K Avevi A bk ÿ Î wba viy K i aviyv `ywu n Q evrvi cuywrev` I MYZš evrvi cuywrev` GKwU e e v hlv b: evrv i wewfbœ cy gy³fv e nvze`j nq; GKwU cyuwrev`x e e vq A_ vr cöv_wgkfv e e w³gvwjkvbvaxb m ú `i AwaKv ii Ici wfwë K i cy Drcvw`Z nq; GKw` K i q Q kög Avi Ab w` K cyuwr; Kv bv wbqš YKvix cöwzôvb bb, Z e m e v P ÿ Î Ggb wkqz cöwzôvb i q Q hviv evrvi K GKwU KvVv gv `q MYZš Ggb GKwU HwZnvwmK AR b wn m e we ewpz hv: iv óª mgv Ri mevi Rb mgvb ^vaxbzv ev Íevq b B QzK; MYZvwš K Dcv q msl vmwiô wm v šíi gva g ivr bwzk ^vqëkvmb wb q Av m; mevb K AskMÖn Yi mgvb my hvm `Iqvi Rb GKwU mymsmwvz mgvr (ivóª) Pvq Ic ii mswÿßzg msáv _ KI `Lv hvq h Kv bv mgvr evrvi cyuwrev` I MYZš Df qi Ici wfwë K i MwVZ n Z M ji AeavwiZfv e wkqz we iva `Lv ` e, h nzz LuvwU evrvi cyuwrev `i cöfve I m ú~y MYZvwš K mgv Ri cöfv ei g a Kv bv bv Kv bv we iva _v KB 58

61 evrvi cuywrev` MYZš K evav ` e hw`: Drcv` bi gva gi Ici m ú~y e w³mz AwaKvi (KviI KviI Øviv) m ú `i Amg eè bi w` K wb q hvq hv mgv R Ômgvb ^vaxbzvõ I AskMÖn Yi mv _ msmwzc~y bq; mgv R ÿgzvi fvimvg wbiƒcy Kiv nq Kg `vzv `i c ÿ wkš Kg x `i wec ÿ, hv wbr ^ B Qvi wfwë Z Rxeb avi Yi ÿ Î Zv `i my hvm `q bv; KviI KviI jvf Kivi D Ï k i Kvi Y evrvi cyuwrev` mevi Rb Kj v Yi c _ evav n q `uvovq, hv ïay MYZvwš K bxwz Øviv wbwðz n Z cv i; iv óªi GKgvÎ KvR n Q kvwší I k Ljv ervq ivlv MYZš LuvwU evrvi cyuwrev` K evav `q hw`: MYZvwš K wm vší MÖn Yi gva g D ` v Mi ^vaxbzv Le Kiv nq ev m ú~y evwzj Kiv nq; MYZvwš K wm vší MÖn Yi Ici wfwë K i ivóªxq n Í ÿc e w³ Dbœqb I ^vaxbzv e vnz K i, hgb Rbmvavi Yi c ÿ e w³gvwjkvbvaxb m ú` `Lj Kiv Ab fvlvq, e w³i e w³mz ÿî Le niqv MYZš I evrvi cyuwrev` K wb Pi wp Îi gva g `Lv bv hvq: mvgäm c~y wbqš Yg~jK gy³ I MYZvwš K ivóª I A_ bxwzi aib AmvgÄm c~y A_ bxwz / evrv ii aib wpî 4: mgv Ri wewfbœ g W ji köwywefv Mi Rb Ae v bi e e v 59

62 A_ bxwz ev evrv ii ai bi Rb Ômgwš^Z/ Amgwš^ZÕ ilv biqv hvq: GKwU Amgwš^Z evrvi K Zvi wbr ^ KvVv gvi Ici Q o `Iqv, Ab w` K GKwU wbqwš Z evrvi ev A_ bxwz Ab Gw m Ø Ø n Q GKw` K wbqš Yg~jK ivóª (A_wiUvwiqvb) I Ab w` K bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzvi Ici wbf ikxj MYZvwš K e e vi g a evrvi cyuwrev` I MYZš `ywu gšwjk aviyv hv ez gv b mgv Ri Ae vb ey bv Ki Z cv i ivr bwzk ZË Zv `i jÿ wba vi Yi mgq Zviv GB Ae vb _ K Zv `i Ae vb wvk K i Ges Gi m~ Î Zviv Kvb w` K h Z Pvq Zv wvk K i wkfv e mgv Ri wewfbœ g W ji köwy wefvrb Kiv hvq? GLb h cö kœi DËi Avgv `i w` Z n e Zv nj wkfv e mgv Ri wewfbœ g Wj ev aviyv GB Ae v bi cöwÿ Z köwy wefvrb Kiv hvq: D`vi bwzk Ae vb iÿykxj Ae vb mgvrzvwš K Ae vb mvgvwrk MYZvwš K Ae vb Av jvpbv I d jv-avc Abykxj bi Rb : Ic ii ZvwjKv _ K mgv Ri wewfbœ g Wj web vm Kiæb Avcbvi web v mi cq b hyw³ w`b, Z e Gi wecixz hyw³ jvi w`b ciez x Ask covi Av M GB Ae v bi e e vq Avcbvi wbr ^ ÔAe vbõ wba viy Kiæb nqz Avcbvi wbr ^ köwy wefvrb wb q mvg b hviqvi ÿ Î Avcbvi g b wøav KvR K i Q A_ev Avcbvi Kv bv wøav wqjb bv? Avcbvi Kv bv wøav _vk ji Zv wb q DwØMœ niqvi wkqz bb, h nzz AwbqðqZvi h Kv bv KviY _vk Z cv i Avgiv `ªæZB `Le wkfv e GKwU KvVv gvmz mgm v _vk Z cv i Avgiv `Le wkfv e GKwU KvVv gvmz mgm v GB köwy wefvr b RwoZ _vk Z cv i nq Zv ciez x welqwu mvnvh Ki e - cö_gz, Gme g Wj hfv e `vwe K i Zvi mv _ msmwz i L GB Ae v bi e e v c~iy Kivi Póv Kiæb wøzxqz, Avcbvi ivrbxwzi aviyvi mv _ msmwz i L we epbv Kiæb wkfv e Gme g Wj AviI ev Íem Zfv e web Í Kiv hvq 60

63 Ô`vweÕ Ôev ÍeZvÕ mvgäm c~y mvgäm c~y wbqš Yg~jK gy³ I MYZvwš K ivóª I A_ bxwzi aib wbqš Yg~jK gy³ I MYZvwš K ivóª I A_ bxwzi aib AmvgÄm c~y A_ bxwz / evrv ii aib A_ bxwz / evrv ii aib wpî 5: `vwe I ev Íem Z Ae vb GLb iæz c~y cökœwu P j Av m - hw` mgv Ri GKwU g W ji Ô`vweÕi mv _ Ôev ÍeZvÕi wgj bv _v K Zvn j Zvi KviY Kx? (wez K i LvwZ i a i wb Z n e h Avgiv fyj bb) mgv Ri g Wj jvi köwyweb v mi `ywu ev ÍeZv gv_vq i L wb Pi e vl vwu we epbv Kiæb hw` Kv bv Kv R Av m `vwe I ev ÍeZvi Awg ji ÿ Î D Z cö kœi DËi n Z cv i ïay hw` GKw` K KD mswkøó g Wj K Z Ë i LvwZ i ` L _v K, Avi Ab w` K KD Gme g Wj K ev ÍewfwËK Z _ i wfwë Z ` L hgb, wbw` ó Kv bv g W ji wfwë Z Kv bv ivóª Zv `i Ae vb KZUzKz wba viy K i Q Zv hvpvb Kiv hw` `vwe I ev ÍeZvi g a we Íi cv_ K _v K Zvn j wkqzuv n ji hyw³i fyj e vl vi Rb, hgb ÿgzvq _vkvi Rb Kvj ÿcy Kiv GwU mvaviy RbM Yi ^v _ i Rb Kiv n Q e j cöpv ii Póv Kiv n ji Avm j Zv gvî wuk q Ki ^v _ i Rb Kiv nq, hw` KvD K evkv evbv bv bv n q _v K Zvn j G ÿ Î cöavb cökœwu AeavwiZfv e DV e h Ò K myweav cvq?ó ev ÒKvi jvf nq?ó G ai bi wez K Kvi jvf nq? Ab w` K GB cv_ K n Z cv i ZvwË K G ÿ Î ZvwË K we køly Avi ev ÍewfwËK Ae v ez gvb mvgvwrk Ae vq Dc hvmx Kiv hvq bv Ab K_vq Avgiv mgv Ri Ggb GKwU g Wj wb q K_v ejwq hv ev ÍevwqZ niqv m vebv wbku fwel Z LyeB ÿxy Kv RB ez gv bi cöÿvc U G K BD Uvwcqvb wn m e we epbv Kiv hvq Gi A_ GB bq h GB `vwe K mgv jvpbv Ki Z n e, eis hv wb q mgv jvpbv Kiv hvq Zv nj GB BD Uvwcqev `i ARynv Z hw` ez gvb gvby li hv Kiv DwPZ Zv Ki Z evav `q GB cöwÿ Z ej Z nq MYZvwš K cöwμqvi gva g GKwU ivr bwzk aviyv K ev Í e AR b hvm n Z n e hlb mgv Ri g W ji `vwe I ev ÍeZvi g a Awgj _v K, Zvi KviY Kx? Ab w` K we køly wn m e BD Uvwcqev`? 61

64 Ab w` K we køly wn m e BD Uvwcqev`? Ab K_vq Avgiv mgv Ri Ggb GKwU g Wj wb q K_v ejwq hv ev ÍevwqZ niqvi m vebv wbku fwel Z LyeB ÿxy Kv RB ez gv bi cöÿvc U G K BD Uvwcqvb wn m e we epbv Kiv hvq Gi A_ GB bq h GB `vwe K mgv jvpbv Ki Z n e, eis hv wb q mgv jvpbv Kiv hvq Zv nj GB BD Uvwcqev `i ARynv Z hw` ez gvb gvby li hv Kiv DwPZ Zv Ki Z evav `q GB cöwÿ Z ej Z nq MYZvwš K cöwμqvi gva g GKwU ivr bwzk aviyv K ev Í e AR b hvm n Z n e mvgvwrk D ` vm Qvov BD Uvwcqev` cök Z A _ n Q weï Dc fvm, hviv ïay Dchy³fv e fvj Ae v b Av Q Zviv Gi e qfvi en b mg_ Ggb Kv bv BD Uvwcqev` Av Q wkbv hv ivrbxwz I mgvr K cwiez b Ki Z Pvq bv Zvi DËi mywbw` ófv e `Iqv KwVb GwU cwi vi n q hvq ïay ZLbB hlb ^Zš ivr bwzk `j jvi ivr bwzk KŠkj jv cixÿvi gy LvgywL nq Kb ZË I ev ÍeZv gv S gv S Avjv`v n q hvq Zvi m ve e vl v GLbKvi Rb h _ó `Iqv n q Q ivr bwzk cöeyzv I gzev` jvi mvivsk ciez x As k covi ci mgvr m ú K aviyv jvi KvbwU ivlv hv e muv wvk KivB DËg ciez x As k ms ÿ c D`vi bwzkzvev`, iÿykxjzv, mgvrzš I mvgvwrk MYZ š i Øviv cöpvik Z mgv Ri wewfbœ aviyv Dc vcb Kiv n q Q G ch v q e w³cöeyzvi gšwjk hyw³ jv Dc vcb Kiv DwPZ, hw`i GZ ms ÿ c mgv Ri Gme g Wj e vl v Kivi wec` i q Q G Dc vcbvi k l cö Z KwU ÿ Î Ôev Íe Ae võ m ú K wkqz gšíe Av Q h nzz GwU wkqzuv mijxk Z, cöwzwu g W ji Ici d jvavc mvwn Z i ZvwjKv cö Z K Dc vcbvi k l `Iqv n q Q 62

65 3.2 D`vi bwzk Ae vb D`vi bwzk Ae vb evrvi I MYZ š i ga Kvi m ú K i cöwÿ Z gy³ evrv ii Ici Avi D ` v Mi ^vaxbzvi Ici Rvi `q MYZvwš K wm vší MÖnY cöwμqv K gvuvgywufv e ÔKvVv gv wvk ivlvõ ch v q mxgve ivlv n q Q hb gy³ evrvi Ae vnz _vkvi wbðqzv _v K D`vi bwzk Ae v bi wb œv³ gšwjk kz i q Q: e MZ I Ae MZ c Y i mieivn h mgv Ri Pvwn`vi Øviv wba vwiz nq Zv wb R K wbqš Y Kivi gva g evrvi wbwðz K i mgzv I GKZvi Ici ^vaxbzvi Ges mgv Ri Ici e w³i GK QÎ AMÖvwaKvi i q Q evrv ii gva g ^vaxbzvi mivmwi ev Íevqb nq (D jøl hvm ) evrv ii ^vaxbzvi Ici wbqš Y/ evav G ÿ Î mvaviyfv e ^vaxbzvi Ici evavi mgzzj Avi Kv RB er bxq iv óªi KvR n Q evrv ii Rb wbwðz KvVv gv ˆZwi Kiv Avi gvby li Rxe bi AvKw K NUbvi Rb b~ bzg e `ve Í ivlv, hv wb R `i Kv bv KviY ev Kvh μg QvovB Zv `i Ici co Z cv i Z e Gme e `ve Í Kv bv gšwjk AwaKvi wn m e ivlv nq bv GB ÿỳ ª ivr bwzk cwimi MYZvwš Kfv e wbqwš Z nq mgv Ri AvBbMZ cövwzôvwbk KvVv gvi Rb ivóª Lye mvgvb B `vqx _v K gvbezv gvby li ^vaxbzvi Ici wbf ikxj, hvi cöwÿ Z gvbyl Zv `i AR b I Rxeb K Ôe env h i civkvôvõ wn m e wb R `i wpwýz K i _v K evrv ii ^vaxbzv iv óªi cÿ _ K ^vaxbzvi mnvqzv c q _v K; ivóª K ïay GwU wbwðz Ki Z nq h mgvr hb gvby li e w³ ^vaxbzv K e vnz bv K i iv óªi DwPZ gvby li ^vaxbzv iÿv Kiv, Z e Gi DwPZ bq Zv `i ^vaxbzvq n Í ÿc Kiv D`vi bwzk aviyvq Ggb GKwU Kw `ªq e vsk i q Q hv gỳ ªvi w wzkxjzvi Rb KvR K i, hwu Gi g~j jÿ (monetarism) HwZnvwmKfv e D`vi bwzkzvev `i Rb ey R vqv mgv Ri DÌv bi mgq Gi Ab Zg cöavb cöe³v wq jb Rb jk ( ) ( `Lyb Aa vq 2.1) iv óªi MV bi ÿ Î wpivqz D`vi bwzkzvev `i (wkš A_ bxwzi MV bi ÿ Î bq!) ez gv b mvgvwrk MYZvwš K hšw³kzvi cq b cöavb cöfve i q Q ( `Lyb Aa vq 3.4) wpivqz D`vi bwzkzvev` 63

66 wd«qwwil fb nv qk: Ab Zg wel vz be D`vibxwZK Av ikrb be D`vibxwZK: DBj njg ivc K wesk kz Ki cö_gv a K qkrb be D`vibxwZK 16 fvimvg c~y Ae vb K Pigcš vq wb q hvq wd«qwwil AMv fb nv qk ( ) wq jb GKRb Aw ªq A_ bxwzwe` Avi wesk kz Ki Ab Zg iæz c~y D`vibxwZK wpšívwe` wzwb gy³evrv ii GKRb Ab Zg cöavb cöe³v, I h Kv bv ai bi ivóªxq n Í ÿ ci weiæ wq jb G Kvi Y wzwb mgvrz š i GKRb PigZg mgv jvpk wq jb D jøl hvm fv e jk-gi be D`vibxwZi aviyv Kx Zv bv R bb ez gvb mgv Ri hvezxq bwzevpk welq K ÔwbI wjev ijõ ejvi GKwU cöeyzv `Lv hvq G ai bi A hšw³k we kølyg~jk ZK Gov bvi Rb GLv b Ôbe D`vibxwZKÕ kãwu e envi Kiv n q Q Zz j a ib h ^vaxbzv I MYZš D`vniY ^iƒc, wd«qwwil AMv fb nv qk 17 GKwU A_ bwzk KvVv gvi g a ev ÍevwqZ n Z cv i hv Aeva e w³mz m ú` I cöwz hvwmzvi Ici wbf ikxj mgv Ri D e GKwU Ô ^Ztù Z e e võ wn m e hlv b evrv ii gva g A_ bwzk e w³iv gy³fv e G K A b i mv _ hy³fv e I cöwz hvwmzvi g a wg_w Œqv K i iv óªi KvR n Q ïay G K A b i mv _ e w³ wkfv e e envi Ki e Zvi Z`viwK Kivi Rb mvaviy wbqg ˆZwi K i `Iqv ( `Lyb KbvU 2002: 287) mgm v n Q ev Í e ïay wkqz gvby li Rb ^vaxbzv Avi MYZš i q Q hv nv q Ki ^Ztù Z e e vi Zzjbvq D jøl hvm bq GB k Z AviI Aby jøl hvm h jvmvgnxb cyuwrev ` GKRb e w³i A_ bwzk gyw³i cwiyvg n Z cv i Av ikrb e w³i A_ bwzk Pvwn`v Avi ^vaxbzvi NvUwZ G ÿ Î KbvU Lye fvj I m~² ch v jvpbv K i Qb h nv qk-gi hyw³i Avi we ÍvwiZ Av jvpbvi ÿî bb be D`vibxwZK wez K ZË I ev ÍeZvi cv_ K DBj njg ivc KÕi aviyv _ KI úó nq ivc KÕi gzvbyhvqx D`vi bwzkzvev` n Q mgv Ri mgvrzvwš K a g i ^ QvPvix ai bi GKgvÎ wekí Zvi g Z hviv ÔGKÎev` (collectivism) Pvq bvõ Zviv Aek B ÔevRvi A_ bxwz PvqÕ... Z e evrvi A_ bxwz gv b gy³ evrvi, gy³ mvsevw`kzv I g~ j i w wz vckzv Ab K_vq Gi A_ n Q Pvwn`vi cövav b i cöwz Drcv` Ki Awf hvrb ÿgzv I AvbyMZ 16 wesk kz Ki cö_gv a wpivqz D`vi bwzkzvev `i Ici hviv bzzb ZË Av ivc K i Zv `i Ôbe D`vibxwZKÕ ejv nq, Ges 1980-Gi `k Ki ci _ K Zviv AviI cwiewz Z nq B`vwbs Ôbe D`vibxwZKÕ kãwu Aeg~j vqbm~pk wn m e evgcš x `i Øviv e eüz nq 17 GB ch v q D jøl Kiv Avek K h fb nv qk-gi hyw³ Ab vb be D`vibxwZK `i g Zi mv _ g~j K qkwu ÿ Î D jøl hvm fv e Avjv`v ( hgb mgv Ri MVb I BwZnv mi aviyv) G Kvi Y fb nv qk GKRb we klfv e cöfve m wókvix wkš Kv bvfv eb wezwk Z e w³z bb, GgbwK be D`vibxwZK `i g a I 64

67 bwzevpk A _ Gi gv b GK PwUqv e emv Avi K `ªxf ZKi Yi wvk wecixz Ges ^v_ v š^lx `j jvi AivRKZv hv mviv ` k gnvgvixi gz Qwo q co Q evrvi A_ bxwzi A_ n Q bxwzåó Askx`vwi Z i bxwzi cwie Z evqvb Kivi aviyv GwU GKgvÎ wbqš YKvix bxwz hv GKwU AZ ší K wîg I AZ ší cöhyw³wbf i mgvr MV bi Rb Avgv `i AwaKv i Av Q Z e GKwU A_ bwzk cöwμqv wbwðz Ki Z n j G K Aek B frvjgy³ (unadulterated) n Z n e I GK PwUqv e emv Øviv KjywlZ bv nq Zv `L Z n e ( ivc K 1946: 74) B Zvg a GKwU AmsMwZ wpwýz Kiv hvq hv A bk D`vi bwzk Ae v b `Lv hvq - GKw` K GKwU gvuvgywu ^-wbqwš Z evrvi we epbvi Rb cö Íve Kiv nq hv ivr bwzk Z`viwK _ K gy³ _vk e, Avevi Ab w` K GK PwUqv e emv K Zxeªfv e mgv jvpbv Kiv nq Avi iv óªi cÿ _ K G K wbqš Y Kivi Pvwn`v cökvwkz nq hb Gi Øviv cöwz hvwmzv bó bv nq GwU Ôgy³ evrviõ aviyvi mv _ mvsnwl K Gfv e evrvi Aek vexfv e GKwU Ø Øi w` K hvq hv GwU wb R wb R wbqš Y Ki Z cv i bv GwU wbqš Yi Rb iv óªi cö qvrb GQvov be D`vi bwzk aviyv g b K i h evrv ii ^vaxbzv e w³i ^vaxbzv wbwðz Kivi Rb h _ó GB aviyv evrvi cyuwrev `i Øviv mvgvwrk er bi cöwÿ Z UKmB n Z cv i bv 1960 Gi `kk _ K GLb ch ší be D`vibxwZK M elyvi buiqvk, ivr bwzk civgk K, A_ bwzk cöwzôvb I jwewq `i g a GKwU ` p hvmv hvm cöwzwôz n q Q 1980Õi `k Ki Ôbe D`vi bwzk fveavivõ D ei cq b GwUi Ae`vb Lye Kg bq, hgb n q Q _ vpvi I wim v bi mgq 18 GKwU mvaviy wbqg wn m eb cyuwri AwacwZ `i KvQ _ K Avi hv `i RxebhvÎv wbwðz (wpivqzfv e wkwÿz ga weë köwy I e emvqx AwfRvZiv) Zv `i KvQ _ K be D`vi bwzk gzev` mg_ b cvq Kv RB `ywu A _ be D`vi bwzkzvev` mgv Ri GKwU AwfRvZwfwËK g Wj - GK, Gi D e ^ Qj `i g a n q Q, Avi `yb, GwU Zv `i ^v_ Dc vcb K i Av iv Rvb Z co bwbd wjev ijm A vû `qvi wμwukm: d«wwik AMv fb nv qk (1946), ` ivw Uz mvd Wg DBj ng ivc K (1942), ` mvk vj μvbwmm Ae `qvi UvBg DBj ng ivc K (1946), wmwfuvm ûgvbv (` givj dvd Ûkbm Ae wmwfj mvmvbwu wn m ei cökvwkz) n výrr KbvU (2002), ÕRyi AvBwWIjwR Wm wbiwjevivwjmgvm - Avg emcv qj Wvi j i Gd. G. fb nv qkmõ, Bb. KbvU, c ôv WwfW nv f (2007), G weªd wnw ª Ae wbiwjevivwjrg 18 GB be D`vibxwZK buiqv K i D e wb q we ÍvwiZ Rvbvi Rb `Lyb cøndb/ Iqvj cb (2001) 65

68 3.3 iÿykxj Ae vb iÿykxjzv: hv B Zvg a i q Q Zvi cöwz mg_ b iÿykxj Ae vb evsv me P q KwVb Gi cq b HwZnvwmK I c wzmz KviY i q Q HwZnvwmKfv e iÿykxj Ae vb (AvÿwiK A _ ) cöavbz hv n q Avm Q Ges Zvi iÿyv eÿ Yi cöwz g bv hvmx Gi d j HwZnvwmKfv e iÿykxjzvi GKwU mzk I me Rbxb gzvgz cöwzôv Kiv KwVb ms ÿ c ejv hvq h iÿykxjiv memgqb Av Q, wkš iÿykxjzvi GKwU vqx, me Rbxb aviyv bb divwm wecøe I Ebwesk kz Ki cö_g fv M cybiæ v ii (Restoration) mgq iÿykxjiv Rb m~ Îi Ki cv iu myweav I AvwfRv Z i ^v _ i K_v ejz Rvg vb mv ªv R i DÌv bi mgq Zviv cö_ g ÿz`ª Rvg vb ivóª `vwe K i, ciez x Z mv ªv R i `vwe K i, hlv b I qbgvi wicvewj Ki mv ªvR cybiæ v ii K_v e j, Avi MYZ š i weiæ `uvovq 1980Õi `k K iÿykxjiv be D`vibxwZK `i wpivqz PZbv wb q wd i Av m Avi 1970-Gi `k Ki ms vi cwiez bi K_v e j Kv RB iÿykxj `i Kv bv vqx Ae vb wpwýz Kiv hvq bv Zv m Ë I cöavbz ez gvb mg qi cöwÿ Z iÿykxj wpšív-fvebvi wkqz Avek K wfwëi ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kiv m e `Lv hvq iÿykxjiv wbqg wn m e g~j bxwz jv Zv `i cwievi, e w³mz `vwqz I hvm Zv ev AR b _ K Zv `i Ae vb wvk K i HwZn K v bi MŠie `Iqv nq wbqg wn m e ivóª MwVZ nq PZbvi ÔD PZi Ae võ _ K, hv RvwZi g a cöwzdwjz nq GKwU mvaviy aviv wn m e GB ÔD PZi Ae võ wpšívi ÍiwfwËK aib I mgv Ri AvwfRv Z i cöwz BwZevPK g bvfv ei hšw³kzv mieivn K i G ÿ Î mvgvwrk AmgZv hšw³k cögvy Kiv nq Rvg vwbmn AviI A bk ` k iÿykxj gzev` gvbezvi wlª xq fveavivq PvwjZ K v_wjk mvgvwrk gzev` (`vb, mvnvh bxwz) _ K D Z aviyv GLv b gšwjk PZbv wn m e cwimwyz nq mv úªwzk eqi jv Z iÿykxj `i g a Ôbe ey R vqv PZbvÕ eûj e eüz n Z `Lv hvq ( `Lyb eyl UBb/ nvbb/ RvK 2007: 201) 66

69 iÿykxj gzev` Ggb GKRb bvmwi Ki ey bv 19 `q hvi Rxeb cwievi, JwPZ, AvbyMZ I mšrb ev ai gz PZbvi Øviv PvwjZ, Ges wzwb bvmwik mgvr I ckvmz Rxe b GKRb ^vqëkvwmz e w³ wn m e AskMÖnY K ib D Wv ww d vwei e jb: ÔeZ gv b ey R vqv niqvi A_ n Q `vwqz I B Qv, fvjevmv I Ø Ø, Afve I ^ QjZvi ga Kvi m úk K g b biqv; ^vaxbzv K mevi Ic i GKRb e w³i K Vvi cwikö gi dmj wn m e cöwzköæwz I mvd j i ^vaxbzv wn m e evsv, Avi Gi wfwë Z GKvMÖZv I cwikög K Avek Kxq wn m e Av ivc bv K i Avb ` cviqv ey R vqv A_ n Q GKR bi e w³mz wpšívfvebv/ Av`k e wz i K Mvôx I mevi fxwz, AiwÿZ I `wi`ªmn mevb K br i ivlv, Ges ^vaxbzv I mgzvi mv _ mv _ åvz Z eva evov bv (ww d vwei 2005: 138Q) Ôbe ey R vqv PZbvÕ e w³mz ^vaxbzvi aviyvi cöwzdwjz K i hv cöavbz e w³ ^vzš eva- Kw `ªK ˆbwZKZvi cöwz AvKl K GwU cwi vifv eb gvbezvi mgvrzvwš K ev mgvrzvwš K MYZvwš K aviyv, Ges GKwU D`vi bwzk aviyv _ KI c _K 1980Õi `kk _ K Ges Kvnj mikv ii cöwzwbwaz Kvix ÔAva vwz K- bwzk avivõq GKw` K gvbezvi wlª xq-iÿykxj aviyv I Ab w` K A_ bwzk D`vi bwzkzvi wgköb `Lv hvq Gi wecix Z A v Äjv gv K ji mikvi AviI ewk mvgvwrk MYZvwš K Dcv`vb I wpšívi aviv hy³ K i Q, hw`i Zv ms vi Kiv I Kv bv Kv bv ÿ Î e q M Q GKwU ch vq ch ší GwU wmwwbdõ Z ÔAvaywbKev`xÕ (modernizer) I iÿykxj `i m ve Ø Ø K Z ivwš^z K i Q we kl K i iÿykxjzvi Rb GwU Rvi `Iqv cö qvrb h GKwU ` ji ^ Q köwywefvrb I HwZnvwmK Av`k MZ aªæek cöwzôv Kiv KwVb iÿykxj `i jwÿz Mvôx wby q Kiv eis AviI mnr - cöv_wgkfv e wkwÿz ga weë köwy _ K ^ Qj I e emvqx AwfRvZ, Ges GKBmv _ ag xq ejq - cöavbz K v_wjk 19 Rvg vb ÔeyR viõ kãwu Ôey R vqvõi KvQvKvwQ GKwU A_ enb K i Av iv Rvb Z co b- KbRvi fwurg: D Wv ww dvwei (2005), WvB KzjZzi Wvi d«b nu (` KvjPvi Ae wd«wg), wgdwbk GWMvi Rvs (1932), wwdumj vû DÛ WvB KbRvi fwuf ifz wjdkb, wgdwbk gviwub MÖB dbnv Mb (1971), Wvm ww jgv Wm KbRvi fwuwfmgv m Bb wwdumj vû, wgdwbk 67

70 GB g W j HwZnvwmK weez b AšÍfz ³ ÔmgvRZš Õ GKwU aviyv wn m e K e cöfvekvjx n q DVj? 3.4 mvgvwrk MYZš I MYZvwš K mgvrzš GKwU iƒckí wn m e MYZvwš K mgvrzš I GKwU ivr bwzk kw³ wn m e mvgvwrk MYZ š i `xn (aviyvi BwZnvm) HwZn i q Q hv köwgk `i Av `vj bi D ei mv _ m úwk Z iÿykxj I D`vi bwzk aviyvi wecix Z GB ivr bwzk g WjwU LyeB cwiez b hvm e j cögvwyz GwU Kv bv wel qi cöwz Ggb GKwU ` wóf½x `q hv Gi wbr ^ HwZnvwmKZvi cöwz memgqb m PZb Kv RB GB mvgvwrk cöeyzvi aviyvi mswÿß BwZnvm ch v jvpbv Kiv DwPZ köwgk Av `vj bi AMÖ`~Z ÔK e MYZvwš K mgvrz š i aviyvi D e?õ - GB cö kœi DËi `Iqv KwVb nvig vb WvsKv ii g Z, ÔmgvRZ š i BwZnvm gvbezvi BwZnv mi mv _B ïiæõ (WvsKvi 1931: 9) Ab vb iv mgvrz š i aviyv K ïiæi w`kkvi wlª xq a g i mv _ hy³ K i Avi evwkiv GL bv d«vý ev Bsj v Û Avw` mgvrzvwš K `i K_v e j Gfv e BwZnv mi wewfbœ ch v q Pjvi mgq memgqb D ei bzzb ÿî Lyu R cvq ZK vzxzfv eb cö Z Ki aviyvi cq bb wkqz bv wkqz wfwë Av Q Z e GB cökœ wkqzuv fzj c _ PvwjZ Ki Z cv i h K e mgvrz š i D e, KviY Gi cwie Z K e Kv bv GKwU aviyv mywbw` ófv e cöfve ˆZwi Ki Z ïiæ K i Zv A bk ewk iæz c~y GB cö kœi mnr DËi n Q, mgvrz š i aviyv cöfvekvjx n q D V Q köwgk Av `vj bi mv _ mv _ - we klk i Rvg vwb Z Ebwesk kz K wkívq bi mv _ mv _ GLv b mgvrzvwš K aviyvi Ici we ÍvwiZ Av jvpbvi my hvm bb, Z e iæz c~y welq I ivzvivwz cwiez bi Ici mswÿß Dc vcbv `Iqv nj 1848 _ K Ebwesk kz Ki kl ch ší: ivr bwzk cöeyzvi D e 1848 mv j Rvg vwb Z ïay Ôey R vqv wecøebõ nq wb, eis Kvj gv I d«wwil G ½jm-Gi hš_fv e wjwlz Ôg vwb d Ae w` KwgDwb cvwu ÕI cökvwkz nq 68

71 Kvj gv ( ) wq jb GKRb AmvaviY mvgvwrk A_ bxwzwe` I Ebwesk kz Ki GKRb Ab Zg iæz c~y `vk wbk m e vcwi cyuwrev `i Ici Zuvi A_ bwzk we køly GL bv mwe kl iæz c~y Avi Zuvi mgv jvpk `i mijxk Z Dc vcbvb bq, eis Zuvi A bk Abymvixi P qi ewk iæz enb K i cö_gev ii gz Ggb GKwU fvlvq köwgk `i Av `vj bi Rb GKwU Kg m~wp ˆZwi nj hv ewkifvm gvbyl eys Z cv i ciez x Kv Ri gva g cöavbz Kvj gv i Øviv GB ivr bwzk Kg m~wpi ZvwË K wfwë AviI kw³kvjx Kiv nq GB mg qi GKwU ZvwË K g Wj wn m e mgvrz š i gšwjk kz jv ei Kiv hvq gv ïiæ K ib GB aviyv w` q h (evrvi) cyuwrev` K qkr bi ^vaxbzvi wecix Z AmgZv I ^vaxbzvi NvUwZi w` K wb q hvq GKw` K i q Q cyuwri gvwjk Avi Ab w` K i q Q Zviv hv `i Kv bv cyuwr bb Avi ZvB grywii Rb Zv `i kög wewμ Ki Z nq evrvi cyuwrev` GB m Z i Ici ˆZwi h grywiwfwëk kög Zvi Drcv` bi cöwÿ Z cök Z g~j cvq bv Gfv e cyuwri gvwjkiv AviI ewk cyuwr mâq Ki Z cv i GLv b cyuwri gvwjkiv cök Z e w³, eo Kv úvwb bvwk eo wewb qvmkvix Zv AcÖvmw½K cyuwri AwacwZ `i ga Kvi cöwz hvwmzv Ges AviI cyuwr mâ qi μgvmz Pvc köwgk `i Kg ÿ Î μgvmz Pvc m wó K i hvi d j `vwi `ª i mv _ mv _ Drcv` bi AwZmÿgZv ˆZwi nq GB cöwz hvwmzvi jÿ n Q Drcv` b cybtwewb qvm Ges Ab `i Zzjbvq ewk myweavrbk k Z Drcv` bi mÿgzv a i ivlv Gi d j Drcvw`Z cy GKmgq Avi wewμ Kiv hvq bv, cyuwr Avi wewb qvm Kiv hvq bv, ev AwZ-Drcv` b evrv ii Afv e kl n q hvq eo `v M GB Kvi Y gv g b K ib h A_ bwzk msku (evrvi) cyuwrev`x e e vi GKwU Aek vex I cö qvrbxq Ask AmgZv I ^vaxbzvi NvUwZ hv (evrvi) cyuwrev `i GKwU avivevwnk cwiywz wn m e we ewpz Zv mevi Rb mgvb ^vaxbzvi `vwe K we klfv e A ^xkvi K i Kv RB `vwe ev ÍevwqZ n Z cv i, ïay hw` Drcv` bi gva gi gvwjkvbvi ivóªxqkiy Kiv nq Ges cyuwri e env ii wm vší MÖnY MYZvwš K KvVv gvi wfwë Z biqv nq Z e e w³mz m ú` RvZxqKi Yi AšÍfz ³ n e bv (hw`i mvaviyfv e Gi wecixzuvb g b Kiv nq) 69

72 gvbezvi Ici gv i aviyv GKwU AmsMwZi Ici wfwë K i wbwg Z - hme gvbyl bxwzmzfv e gy³, mgvb I GKZvwfwËK, GKwU Amg I gy³ bq Ggb e e vq emevm K i hv Dc hvwmzvi m e v P e envi K i gvbezvi G ai bi wpšívaviv GKwU kw³kvjx Av`wk K kz aviy K i Kv RB gv I G ½jm-Gi ZË Ab vb ZË I gzev `i mv _ mv _ köwgk `i Av `vj bi Rb GKwU iæz c~y ÿî ˆZwi K i Z_vwc, GB ivr bwzk Kg m~wpi cöfve LyeB mxwgz wqj, KviY Ab vb wel qi mv _ mv _ gv I G ½jm Zuv `i we køl Y ek K qkwu K `ªxq wbqvgk we epbv K ib wb ev Ki Z Pvb wb, we klk i mgvrzš I iv óªi m ú K i welqwu jvmvj-gi gzev` Z e Gme welqb wqj dvww bvû jvmvj-gi cöavb Av jvp welq Gi g a we klfv e iæz c~y wqj GB cöv_wgk aviyv h cö Z K ivóª I AvBwb KvVv gv gvby li ^vaxbzvi cö kœ ïiæ n e jvmvj-gi g Z Gi djvdj n Q h gšwjk AvB b Aek B mvwe Kfv e gvby li wvk I fz ji PZbvi cöwz gzvgz cökvwkz n Z n e Gi wfwë Z ivóª K me cö_g I me cöavb GKwU gy³ Rb Mvôxi msmvb wn m e fve Z n e cövwkqvb ivr I Rvg vb mv ªvR, hv K qk eqi c i cöwzwôz nq, Ges hvi ˆewkó wqj GKwU ivrzvwš K- ÍivwqZ KvVv gv, Zvi K_v we epbvq wb q KviI KviI Kv Q G K GKwU DÏxcK aviyv g b n Z cv i dvww bvû jvmvj ( ) 1863 mv j jvbcwrm-g Rbv ij Rvg vb köwgk msmvb cöwzôvq iæz c~y f wgkv cvjb K ib Zuvi eb w` wm g Ae A v KvqvW ivbum-g wzwb MYZvwš K iv óªi c ÿ hyw³ Zz j a ib 70

73 ÔGwU n Q ivóª hvi KvR n Q gvby li Dbœqb hzÿy bv Zv AwR Z n Q ZZÿY ^vaxbzvi Dbœqb Pvwj q wb q hviqv... Kv RB iv óªi D Ïk ïay e w³i ^vaxbzv I m ú` iÿv KivB bq, hv Øviv ey R vqv aviyv Abyhvqx m iv óªi m`m n q Q, eis iv óªi D Ïk n Q GwU h GB GKZvi gva g m e w³ K G D Ïk AR bi Rb Ggb GKwU ch v q cušqv bvi Rb RvqMvgZ vcb Ki e hlv b e w³ wn m e m cušqv Z cviz bv; Zv `i K wkÿvi ÿgzv I ^vaxbzvi GKwU ch vq ch ší cušqv bv hv e w³ wn m e Zv `i c ÿ AR b Kiv hz bv Õ (jvmvj, w` IqvwK s K vm cövmövg, 1872 [Rvg vb ms iy] 1987: 222Q) Gfv e jvmvj mvgvwrk MYZš I MYZvwš K mgvrz š i wez K `ywu K `ªxq wel qi AeZviYv K ib - GKw` K MYZvwš K ivóª I Gi mvgvwrk c~e kz, Ges Ab w` K köwgk `i ^v_ iÿvi Rb me P q fvj KŠkj Kx n Z cv i jvmvj-gi iv óªi aviyvi me P q D jøl hvm mgv jvpk n Qb AMv e ej I DBj njg wj qe blu Zv `i g~j mgv jvpbv wqj h jvmvj-gi Kg m~wp Z hme NvUwZ wqj, hgb cö mi ^vaxbzv, msmv bi ^vaxbzv, Rgv q Zi ^vaxbzv I iv óªi ivzvivwz cwiez b, Gme Qvov köwgk `i ^v_ iÿv iv óªi Øviv Av ivc Kiv hvq bv AMv e ej I DBj njg wj qe blu 1875 mv j Rbv ij Rvg vb IqvK vm A v mvwm qkb I mvkvj W gvμ vwuk IqvK vm cvwu Mv_vq AbywôZ GKwU DBj njg wj qe blu ( ) I m j b GKxf Z nq, hlv b AMv e ej ( ) 1869 mv j mvkvwj IqvK vm cvwu Ae mvkvj W gvμ vwuk IqvK vm cvwu i me P q iæz c~y cöwzôvzv wq jb GQvovI Zvuiv (DËi Rvg vwb MwVZ nq Gfv e Rvg vb) ivbl vm-g cö_g mvkvj W gvμ vwuk Rvg vb mv ªv R Ges wemgvkcöwzwbwa wq jb ( ) 1890 _ K Gi cöwz- mgvrzvwš K AvB bi wj qe blu wq jb fiiqvu m-gi cöavb m úv`k weiæ I mvgvwrk MYZ š i (GwWUi-Bb-wPd) wfwë vwcz nq Gfv e GB mg q Ø Øi g~j welq jv a i ivlv nq Ges ciez x Z Zv köwg Ki Av `vj bi wefw³i w` K wb q hvq GKÎxKiY `j m jb Mv_v,

74 3.4.2 köwg Ki Av `vj b wefw³ 1890-Gi `kk _ K GKwU ZvwË K cö kœ mvgvwrk MYZ š Ø Ø ˆZwi nq - hw` cuywrev `i Ggb Kv bv msku nq hlv b köwg Ki Av `vjb köwy msmöv gi gva g cyuwrev `i Ici Rqx nq Avi mgvrzš AR b K i? Avi GwU mvgvwrk MYZ š i KŠk ji ÿ Î Kx A_ enb Ki e? GKwU wezwk Z ZvwË K welq I wzbwu cöavb wkwei Kvj KvDUw I AMv e ej -Gi Abymvix `j GB cö kœ wzbwu cöavb wkwei K wpwýz Kiv hvq (we ÍvwiZ `Lyb, BDLbvi/ MÖwes I Ab vb 2005: 168; MÖwes 2007: 66-94) Kvj KvDUw I AMv e ej-gi Abymvix GKwU `j Avkv KiZ h msm ` msl vmwiôzv I mymsmwvz Kg Rxex köwy mgvrz š cwiez b wb q Kvj KvDUw ( ) wq jb Avm Z cvi e wkš Zviv GB GmwcwWÕi ZvwË K cwîkv WvB wbd q Dcmsnv i cušqvq h mv ªv R i RBU-Gi cöwzôvzv I m úv`k KvDUw Pigcš x ivrbxwz Avi Gi GmwcwWÕ Z mgv Ri gv xq we køly cöwzôvq mv ªvR ev`x Ae vb hv `k K hy i iæz c~y f wgkv cvjb K ib wzwb GWIqvW evb B bi mv _ GidzU Kg m~wpi KvQvKvwQ wb q hvw Qj Zv msm `i cöavb jlk wq jb evb ii MY ag N Ui gz Kv bv ivr bwzk Kg Kv Ði gz Kv bv evav ˆZwi Ki Z cv i köwgk Av `vj bi kw³ Mv qi Rv i mgvrz š i w` K iƒcvšíi NUv Z cv i GWzqvW evb vbb -Gi gz ms kvabev`x GB HwZnvwmK cwiez bi aviyvi cvkvcvwk Z_vKw_Z ms kvabev `i D e N U hvi Ici GWzqvW evb vbb-gi cöfve wqj me P q ewk GwU cwimsl v bi Z _ i wfwë Z gv xq gzev `i GKwU mywpwšíz ms kva bi cöqvm bq 72

75 Gi d j GB aviyvi D e nq h mgvr I cyuwrev`x iv óª ms vi m e Dciš, cyuwrev `i wbqwz f ½ covi bq, eis Gi fzikvi mgm v evovi e` j K g hv e UªW BDwbqb I mwgwz kw³kvjxki Yi gva g mgv R ms vi Avbv m e hvi jÿ mgvrz š DbœxZ niqv UªW BDwbqbcš x A vwjd fb Gjg wb Pi Dcv q ms kvabev`x Kg m~wpi g~j PZbvi mvigg K ib: ÔweeZ bi gva g wecøe - wbiew Qbœ MYZš vqy I mgv Ri wewfbœ A ½i mvgvwrkxki Yi gva g cyuwrcwz K mgvrzvwš K mgv R cybm Vb: ms ÿ c ` j GB n Q ms kvabev`x `i ` wó KvY Õ (BDLbvi/ MÖwes I Ab vb DwjøwLZ 2005: 171) ivrv jy geym ( ) wq jb cvj vû I wj_yqvwbqvi mvkvj W gvμ vwuk cvwu i mn-cöwzôvzv 1899 mv j wzwb evwj b hvb wzwb GmwcwWÕi GKRb kxl vbxq ZvwË K wq jb Zuvi Ab Zg ZË mv ªvR ev`x ZË 1918 mv j wzwb KwcwWÕi mn-cöwzôvzv wq jb Avi 1919 mv j d«bkc m ˆmb `i Øviv wbnz nb evb vb bi wecix Z ivrv jy geym `vwe K ib h cyuwri AwacwZ `i wpi vqx cöwz hvwmzvi Kvi Y Af šíixy Kvh KiZvi d j cyuwrev` gb Ív c co e cyuwrev`x Drcv` bi Rb cö qvrb μgvmzfv e ewa ZKiY I AcyuwRev`x ÿ Î f wgi `Lj ivrv wecøe I ms v ii cv_ K KI A ^xkvi K ib ivrv jy geym ÔcÖwZw`bKvi ev Íe hy mvgvwrk ms v ii Rb, ez gv bi cwiw wzi KvVv gvi g a kögrxex gvby li Avi MYZvwš K cöwzôv bi Dbœqb mvgvwrk MYZš K GKgvÎ cš v wn m e wb ` k K i hv kögrxex köwyi msmöv g P ovší j ÿ cušqv bvi bz Z `Iqv: ivr bwzk ÿgzv `Lj I grywi e e vi wejywß mvgvwrk MYZ š i Rb mvgvwrk ms vi I mvgvwrk wecø ei g a Awe Q` GKwU m úk i q Q, hlv b mvgvwrk ms v ii Rb hy n Q gva g, wkš P ovší mvgvwrk cwiez b n Q jÿ Õ (jy geym 1899: 369) ivrv jy geym msm`xq D ` v Mi weiæ wq jb bv, wkš mgvrzš AR b Kivi ÿ Î G K Ach vß g b Ki Zb G ÿ Î eis wzwb msm `i evb i köwg Ki Av `vj bi Ici Av v ivl Zb 73

76 köwgk Av `vj b wefw³ GB wzb ai bi wefw³i gy L köwgk Av `vj bi ÿ Î GmwcwW m ªv Ui KvQ _ K evb ii Pvc mvg j wb Z cviz Z e GmwcwWÕi msl vmwi ôi Øviv hy Aby gv`b Ges BDGmwcwW I GmwcwWÕi we Q `i djvdj, Ges GKBmv _ cö_g wek hy i ci wkfv e GKwU MYZvwš K mgvr MVb Kiv h Z cv i mb cö kœi D ei cöwÿ Z köwgk Av `vj b wefw³ Av m 1919 mv j I qbgvi wicvewj Ki MVb 1919 mv j GmwcwW I qbgvi wicvewj Ki cö_g mikvi MVb K i GwU wqj iÿykxj, RvZxqZvev`x I cöwzwμqvkxj kw³i cöwz iv ai weiæ Ges mgzvev`x `i weiæ I evgcš x `i cö_gev ii gz ivr bwzk e e v wvkvvk Kivi HwZnvwmK my hvm mgvrzvwš K wez K i fv½v Ask K Avevi Ic i wb q Av m 1919 mv j iv óªi wfwëi `ywu wekí hlb mgzvev`x I Kv bv Kv bv mgvrzš x köwgk I ˆmb `i cwil `i Ici GKwU ivóª MV bi c ÿ K_v ejwqj ZLb mvkvj W gvμ vuiv GKwU cöwzwbwaz kxj MYZš cöwzôvq eo f wgkv cvjb K i Avi 1920 Gi `k K GKwU Aeq e wb q hvq wd«ur bvdzvwj ms ÿ c GwU ey bv K i Qb: Ô h mg q cyuwrev` m ú~y gy³ wqj, A_ bxwzi mgvrzvwš K cybm Vb Qvov AmsMwVZ cyuwrev `i Ab Kv bv wekí _vk Z cv i e j g b nw Qj bv... ZLb ax i ax i `Lv Mj h cyuwrev `i KvVv gv wb RB cwiez b hvm, Avi GB cyuwrev`, fv½vi Av M, euvkv bvi h Z cv i Õ (bvdzvwj 1929; BDLbvi/ MÖwes _ K D Z 2005: 305) BwZnv mi wfbœ `k b ms ÿ c Ø Øi g~j welqwu n Q wecøe I ms v ii cv_ K GKw` K (ÔwecøeÕ) GB gzvgz wqj Gi Av Mi m ú `i m úk Ges GKwU bzzb mgvr AR bi Rb iv óªi msweavb D ë w` Z n e, hlv b ms viev`x `i GKwU Ae vb wqj h iv óªi msweavbmn mgmvgwqk mgvr K μgvmz ms v ii gva g MYZvwš K mgvrz š DbœZ Kiv DwPZ 74

77 iv óªi wewfbœ g W j wewfbœ gzev `i cöwzdjb `Lv hvq: iv óªi ` wó KvY I ÔwecøeÕ ev Ôms viõ cökœ KvDwÝj e e v ÔmsMwVZ cyuwrev`õ Z Yg~j BDwb U KvDwÝ ji wbe vpb KvDwÝj, ÿgzvkvjx wn m e AvBbmfv, wepvi wefvm, mikvi I A_ bxwzi mivmwi wbqš Y bq wbe vwpziv fvuvi `i B Qvi Øviv k³fv e ÿgzvi wefvr bi wfwë Z cöwzwbwaz kxj MYZš A_ bxwz GKwU ^vqëkvwmz ÿî hlv b Kg ÿî ch v q ^vqëkvwmz köwgk `i AskMÖnY I UªW BDwbqb wpî 6: KvDwÝj e e v I ÔmsMwVZ cyuwrev`õ GmwcwWÕi Dc vwcz ÔMYZvwš K mgvrz š iõ aviyv msm`xq MYZš I ivr bwzk I A_ bwzk ÿ Îi wefvr bi c ÿ cöpviyv ïiæ K i ivr bwzk I A_ bwzk Dfq ÿ ÎB köwgk `i ^v_ I mvaviy Kj v Yi Rb MYZš vqy AR b Ki Z n e cöÿvc U ÔMYZvwš K mgvrzš Õ A_ wqj GKwU mgvrzvwš K A_ bxwz (kw³kvjx köwgk cöwzwbwaz - UªW BDwbqb, Kg I D ` v³v ch v q AskMÖnY) Ges msm`xq MYZ š i g a RwUj I mnvqk wg_w Œqv 1959 mv j Rvg vwb Z GmwcwWÕi Mv WmevM Kg m~wp Ôgy³ evrv iiõ Rb gšwjk mvkvj W gvμ vwuk m~î wb q Avmj - ÔhZ`~i m e cöwz hvwmzv - hz`~i cö qvrb cwikíbv!õ (WvDB/ K vrevl 2004: 332) GLv b h Ae vbwu biqv n qwqj Zv ÔbZzb A_ bwzk I mvgvwrk e e viõ P q ÔMYZvwš K mgvrz š iõ Ici ewk Rvi `q wkš GKBmv _ GwU ivr bwzk ÿ Îi Aax b GKwU gvuvgywu wbqwš Z evrvi cyuwrev` g b bq GKBmv _ mvkvj W gvμ vuiv GKwU cwikwíz A_ bxwzi aviyv cwiz vm K i h nzz Zv mvwf qz BDwbq b ev ÍevwqZ nw Qj MYZvwš K mgvrz š i aviyv Mv WmevM Kg m~wp 1959: ÔhZ`~i m e cöwz hvwmzv - hz`~i cö qvrb cwikíbv!õ 75

78 3.4.3 MYZvwš K mgvrzš ebvg ivóªxq mgvrzš gvw Rg _ K Avjv`v n q hviqv wøzxq wek hy i c i MYZvwš K mgvrz š i j ÿ cwipvwjz GmwcwW I ivóªxq mgvrzvwš K aviyvi cv_ K AviI cwi vi n q hvq 1959 mv ji Mv WmevM Kg m~wpi gva g GmwcwW GKwU ˆewk K aviyv wn m e (hw`i Gi me we køly _ K bq) gvw Rg _ K AvbyôvwbKfv e wew Qbœ n q hvq Avi Gfv e GKwU Ô ^vfvwek cö qvrbõ wn m e mgvrz š DËi Yi aviyv _ KI wew Qbœ n q hvq cwie Z mgvrzš K ey bv Kiv nq GKwU Ô vqx KvRÕ wn m e, hv wewfbœ ai bi ag xq I `vk wbk D Ïk w` q b vh cögvy Kiv hvq MYZvwš K mgvrz š i msávi K `ª wqj wzbwu PZbv: Ô ^vaxbzv, b vh Zv I GKZvÕ GB wzbwu K `ªxq PZbv _ K mvkvj W gvμ vuiv gšwjk Pvwn`v ei K i wb q Av m, hgb ^vaxbzv I MYZ š i Ici cwi vi wek v mi NvlYv: Ô ^vaxbzv Qvov Kv bv mgvrzš _vk Z cv i bv mgvrzš AR b n Z cv i ïay MYZ š i gva g MYZš cy ivcywi ev ÍevwqZ n Z cv i ïay mgvrz š i gva g Õ ( mvkvwj B Uvib vkbv ji bxwzi NvlYv, d«vsdzu Avg gbb, 1951, D Z WvDB/ K vrevl 2004: 269) ^vaxbzvi GB aviyvi Ici wfwë K i MYZvwš K mgvrzš mywbw` ófv eb UvUvwjUvwiqvb ivóª, Ges we kl K i c~e eø Ki Z_vKw_Z ÔRbM Yi MYZš Õ _ K wb R K Avjv`v K i d j ez gv bi GmwcwW - bzzb msku/ P v jä, bzzb DËi iƒckí wn m e MYZvwš K mgvrzš - K g i bxwz wn m e mvgvwrk MYZš köwgk Av `vj bi BwZnvm wb q Avgv `i ` wóf½x ivóª I mgv Ri Kvh μg wb q KŠkjMZ wez K i m~îcvz K i ÔMYZvwš K mgvrzš Õ GL bv GmwcwWÕi GKwU we kl iƒckí, hvi ev Íevq b GwU cöwzköæwze Avgiv Ggb GKwU mgv Ri K_v ejwq hlv b ^vaxbzv, mgzv I GKZv Avm jb weivrgvb nvgeym Kg m~wp Abyhvqx GmwcwWÕi Kvh μ gi bxwz n Q ÔmvgvwRK MYZš Õ GwU `j K MYZvwš K mgvrzš AR bi Kv Q wb q Av m hv m e n Z cv i MYZvwš K wm vší MÖnY Ges g~j ivr bwzk, A_ bwzk I mvs wzk AwaKvi ev Íevq bi ga w` q 76

79 ÔAvgv `i BwZnvm MwVZ n q Q MYZvwš K mgvrzš Øviv, gy³ I mgvb gvby li mgvr hlv b Avgv `i g~j PZbv jv ev ÍevwqZ n q Q Gi Rb cö qvrb A_ bxwz, ivóª I mgv Ri web vm hlv b gšwjk bvmwik, ivr bwzk, mvgvwrk I A_ bwzk AwaKvi mevi Rb B wbwðz, Avi hlv b mevb kvly, wbcxob I mwnsmzv _ K gy³, Avi Kv RB mvgvwrk I gvbwek wbivcëvi g a Rxeb hvcb Ki Z cv i... MYZvwš K mgvrzš Avgv `i GKZvi g a GKwU gy³ I b vh mgv Ri iƒckí `q Gi ev Íevqb Avgv `i Rb vqx GKwU KvR Avgv `i Kg Kv Ði bxwz n Q ÔmvgvwRK MYZš Õ (nvgeym Kg m~wp 2007: 16Q) we Í Z evrvi-wek vq bi cöÿvc U mvgvwrk MYZš GLb h P v jä gvkv ejv K i Zvi g a i q Q Avw_ K evrvi I kög evrv i ivzvivwz cwiez bi cöfv ei cöwzwμqv Rvbv bv Avi wkfv e evrvi cyuwrev` I MYZ š i fvimvg fvev hvq Zv wb q wm vší MÖnY Ab K_vq, GB cwiw wz Z wkfv e MYZvwš K mgvrzš AR b Kiv hvq mwu n Q cökœ Z e GmwcwWÕi nvgeym Kg m~wp GwU cwi vi K i `q h KejgvÎ bzzb cökœb bq, eis cö_g DËi jvi DÌvwcZ n q Q (AviI `Lyb Aa vq 6) ez gv bi msku/ P v jä nvgeym Kg m~wp Z ivr bwzk cövav b i ga w` q mgwš^z A_ bxwz I cöwzwbwaz kxj MYZ š i cwimgvwßi K_vI ejv n q Q, Z e Zv BD ivcxq I ˆewk K ch v q fwel Zi GKwU Pvwn`v wn m e: Ôwek vqb I RvZxq mxgv šíi eovrvj cvi niqvi hy M evrvi ivrbxwzi Øviv wbqwš Z niqv cö qvrb Avgv `i gzev` n Q: hz`~i m e cöwz hvwmzv Avi iv óªi w`k _ K hzuzkz wbqš Y cö qvrb Õ (nvgeym Kg m~wp 2007: 43) mvgvwrk MYZš, D`vi bwzkzvev` I iÿykxjzvev `i GKwU wbweo ch eÿy _ K `Lv hvq h Giv n Q cök Z wekí Avi ivr bwzk `jxq Kg m~wp ez gv b cövqb Avjv`v Kiv hvq bv e j h `vwe Kiv nq Zv Av` Z mz bq 77

80 3.4.5 wec _ MgY: ÔWvB wjs KÕ Avi Gi AmsMwZ ÔWvB wjs KÕ 1990 mv ji NUbvPμ Av ikwu evgcš x ` ji D e NUvq wcwwgm (Party of Democratic Socialism), hv wqj c~e Rvg vwbi cö_g, Zv wqj GmBwWÕi (East Germany's Socialist Party) _ K D Z GKwU cöwzôvb ciez x Z GB `jwu WweøDGGmwRÕi (Labour and Social Justice Alternative) mv _ wgwjz n q GKwU `j MVb K i hv ÔWvB wjs KÕ ev ÔevgÕ bv g cwiwpz, hv K qkwu cwðg Rvg vb cö ` k kw³kvjx Ae v b Av Q cök Zc ÿ ÔWvB wjs KÕ Kx wel q Zv wb ` k Kiv LyeB KwVb - GwU GL bv Aw wzkxj Ae vq i q Q hgb, 2007 mv j `jwu GK Q Ôg~j Kg m~wpwfwëk wel qõ m Z nq, wkš cöpwjz A _ Kv bv `jxq Kg m~wp Z m Z nq wb Gi Ôg~j Kg m~wpi wel qõ WvB wjs K MYZvwš K mgvrz š i cöwz Gi mg_ b NvlYv K i ÔAvgv `i g~j PZbv n Q MYZš, ^vaxbzv, mgzv, b vh Zv, AvšÍR vwzkzv I GKZv G jv kvwší, cwi e ki myiÿv I `vm Z i eüb gvp bi mv _ Awe Q` evg `i ivr bwzk j ÿ i Dbœq b MYZvwš K mgvrz š i aviyv g~j w`k-wb ` kk WvB wjs K Gi g~j PZbvi jÿ I c _i ga Kvi m ú K i ga _ K Gi ivr bwzk Kg cš v ei K i bq ^vaxbzv I mvgvwrk b vh Zv, MYZš I mgvrzš G K Ac ii cwic~ik e w³ ^vaxbzv Qvov mgzvi cwiywz Amvg_ Avi AivRKZv mgzv Qvov ^vaxbzv n Q ïay abx `i Rb ^vaxbzv hviv Zv `i mzx_ gvbyl `i wbcxob K i ZvivI ^vaxb bq MYZvwš K mgvrz š i jÿ (hv GKwU cwiez bkxj cöwμqvi ga w` q cyuwrev` _ K ei n Z Pvq) n Q GKwU mgvr hlv b A b i ^vaxbzv Kv bv mxgv bq eis Zvi ^vaxbzvi GKwU kz Õ (Ôg~j Kg m~wpwfwëk welqõ, WvB wjs K 2007: 2) WvB wjs K I Gi D Ïk I jÿ K ey bv Kivi ÿ Î GB g~j welq jv Qvov AviI K qkwu welq hvm Kiv h Z cv i: WvB wjs K GKwU eû-dcv`vb-wbf i ivr bwzk Av `vjb hv c~e Zb GmwWB K vwvi, nzvk cöv³b mvkvj W gvμ vu, bzzb mvgvwrk Av `vj bi wkqz Ask, 78

81 UªW BDwbqbev`x, we ivax, we ivax fvuvi, cömwzkxj vbxq ivrbxwzk, evgcš x I Ab vb `i GKwÎZ K i Gme Mvôx mgv Ri Ici wfbœ wfbœ aviyv ` j wb q Av m hvi d j GKwU w i aviyvm~pk g Wj ev Ae vb (GL bv) Avjv`v Kiv hvq bv WvB wjs KÕ K ewkifvm ÿ Î ey bv Kiv nq GKwU cöwzev`x `j wn m e GwU G Kev ib GKwU Awbw` ó ey bv, h nzz `ywu wfbœ gz GLv b mswÿßfv e evsv hvq cö_g cökœwu n Q WvB wjs KÕi fvuvi Kviv? GwU c~e I cwðg Rvg vwbi ÿ Î GL bv e vckfv e wfbœ wøzxq cökœwu n Q GwU Kx ai bi ivr bwzk KŠk ji Rb Kx ai bi ivr bwzk Kvh μg nv Z wb Z Pvq? GLv bi dwv ij cö `k I dwv ij mikv ii ÿ Î djvdj wfbœ GB ` ji mv _ hv `i m úk i q Q Zv `i hme GKv WwgK cökvkbv n q Q, mlv b WvB wjs KÕ K ïay Pig wfbœ gzvej ^x wn m eb bq, eis D jøl hvm fv e AavivevwnK wn m ei ey bv Kiv n q Q hgb, GKw` K `jwu wb R `i cömwzkxj, AvaywbK I ga g gv bi `vwe K i, Ab w` K GwU iÿykxj fveaviv I cövq Pigfvevcbœ ˆewk ó i avik ( WKvi I Ab vb 2007: 327) GKw` K Gi Pig D Ï k i NvlYv, Avi Ab w` K wewfbœ cöv `wkk msm ` cömwzkxj bxwzi g a i q Q me P q eo AmsMwZ, hv gv S gv S Zvi D Ï k i wecixz WvB wjs Ki Aw Í Z i mv c ÿ cökœ GwU wkfv e cöwzwôz n e, ev Av `Š cöwzwôz n e wkbv me ai bi Kvh μ gb Gi ivr bwzk gzev` wb q ivr bwzk wezk DV eb gvbezvi mvgvwrk MYZvwš K aviyv gvbezvi GKwU wbw` ó mvgvwrk MYZvwš K aviyv wkqzuv auvqv U eis GwU wewfbœ Drm _ K avi bq Avi mrb Gi ˆewkó n Q eû aviyvi wgjb GLv b wewfbœ aviyvi cybive wë i q Q, hgb köwgk Av `vj bi aviv, D`vi bwzk ZË I wlª xq I RyWvBRg gzev`, gvbezvev`x I gv xq cöfve GwU e w³i ^vaxbzvi K_v e j (D`vibxwZK `i g Z), wkš Avevi gv ev`x `i gz gšwjk AwaKvi Le niqvi cq b mvgvwrk evavi K_vI e j ÔgvbeZvi mvgvwrk MYZvwš K aviyvõi Ici wewfbœ Dr mi wgjb 79

82 gqvi I eªqvi Zv `i eb ` wddpvi Ae mvkvj W gvμ vwmõ Z gvbezvi D`vibxwZK (Ôbe D`vibxwZKÕ) aviyvi mv _ mvgvwrk MYZ š i aviyvi cv_ K Kivi cöqvm K i Qb G ÿ Î Avgiv ÔgvbeZvi mgvrzvwš KÕ aviyvi Ici GKwU KjvgI hy³ K iwq Av iv Rvb Z co b- IqvjUvi BDKbvi, njmv MÖwes G_ Avj (2005), MmwkK U Wvi mvwrqv jb BwWb Bb wwdumj vû, mvwrqvwjmgvm- K v_wj k mvwrqvj j i- cöv UmU vbwuk mvwrqv jwuk, Bqvb n vûeyk, m KÛ GwWkb, DBRev Wb, c ôv _gvm gqvi A vû wb Kvj weªqvi (2005), WvB RyKzbdU Wvi mvwrqv jb W gvμvwu, eb WvBUvi WvC A vû KvU K URevK (mskwjz) (2004), cövmövgvwu k WKz gb U Wvi wwduk Pb mvwrqvj W gvμvwu, PZz_ ms iy I nvjbvmv`k Z, eb D`vi bwzk MYZš mvgvwrk MYZš b weávb mvgvwrk b weávb e ev`x b weávb ^vaxbzvi aviyv bwzevpk BwZevPK BwZevPK AvPiYMZ Zvobv gvbezvi aviyv wbr ^v_ hšw³kfv e wnmvekvix AnwgKvev`x/ ^v_ ci Drm: gqvi/ eªqvi 2005: 33 - kl Kjvg wu. Mv ^vu Øviv ˆZwi wbr ^ I MvôxMZ ^v_ cybwg jb avivi cöwz SuvK mgvrzvwš K MYZš Av`wk K, BD Uvwcqvb b weávb wbr ^v_ wn m e MvôxMZ ^v_ mvgwikvqb I fwel r ÔbZzb gvbylõ avivi cöwz SvuK hw`i GB mviwy welq jv K mijfv e Dc vcb K i Q, GwU wewfbœ cöeyzvi cöwz wb ` k K i: wbqgzvwš Kfv eb D`vi bwzk ZË e j h ïay ÔwbR ^v_ ÕB gvbyl K PvwjZ K i GB wbr ^v_ ev ÍevwqZ n e hw` GwU Ab `i _ K myiÿv cvq (Ges ivóª) hvi D Ïk mevi Rb Ô ^vaxbzvi m e v P e env iiõ Rb cwimi ˆZwi Kiv mgvrzvwš K Z Ë i GKwU HwZn n Q Ggb GKwU mgv Ri AR b hv ÔbZzb gvby liõ gva g cöwzwôz n e (A vwjvi 1926 I nvbbwil 2002: ) GB gz Abymv i HwZnvwmKfv e gvbyl cyuwrev`x mgvr I mvgvwrk AmgZvi Øviv Ggbfv e KjywlZ n q M Q h Zv `i MvôxMZ ^v_ K wb R `i ^v_ wn m e fve Z cviv Ges G K Ab K H K i mv _ mnvqzv Kiv nvwi q M Q GB AmsMwZ `~i Kivi `vwqz n Q wkÿv I ( hš_) jvjb-cvj bi hb mgv Ri Rxe bi cwiw wz I gy³ I GKZve gvby li e eavb NvPv bv hvq gqvi I eªqvi hfv e e jb, gvbezvi GKwU mvgvwrk MYZvwš K aviyv wbr ^v_ I mvaviy Kj vy we epbvq wb q GKwU fvimvg Avbvi Póv K i Ab K_vq GB aviyv n Q Ôb vh ^v _ Õi g a fvimvg wb q Avmv 80

83 4. _gvm gqvi-gi mvgvwrk MYZ š i ZË GB Aa v q _gvm gqvi-gi mvgvwrk MYZ š i ZË Av jvwpz n q Q; evrvi cyuwrev` I MYZ š i ga Kvi wkqzuv Øvw ØK I wkqzuv ci úi-mnvqk m úk hvpvb Kiv n q Q; D`vi bwzk (liberals), Av cw K D`vi bwzk (libertarians) I mvgvwrk MYZš ev`x `i (social democrats) ga Kvi cv_ K Av jvwpz n q Q; g~j bxwz, gšwjk AwaKvi I e e v m úk e vl v Kiv n q Q; bwzevpk I BwZevPK bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzvi cv_ K e vl v Kiv n q Q Ges iv óªi `vwqz Av jvpbv Kiv n q Q c~e ez x Aa vq jv Z g~j bxwz I mgv Ri wewfbœ g Wj/ KvVv gvi Av jvpbv _ K evsv hv Q h, mvgvwrk MYZš GKvwaK cö_vmz aviyv _ K D Z GB aviyv Ab vb g W ji P q ek wkqzuv Avjv`v GB A _ h, GwU ïay ^vaxbzv, mgzv I GKZvi gz gšwjk PZbvi w` K wb ` k K i bv, hfv e GKwU b vh mgvr AR bi Rb D`vi bwzkzvev`, i YkxjZv I mgvrzš K i _v K GB eb qi f wgkvi ïiæ Z mvgvwrk MYZ š i Z Ë i D jøl Kiv n q Q ejv n q Q h, ÒmvgvwRK MYZš Ó mveavbzvi mv _ msávwqz Ki Z n e hw` GwU wb q KD wezk Ki Z Pvq GB cö vc U mvgvwrk MYZ š i PviwU w`k D jøl Kiv n qwqj, hvi wzbwu GLv b ms c Avevi `Lv n Q ÔmvgvwRK MYZš - bvg w` qb wk evsv hv Q bv?õ MYZ š i aviyvi g a B wbwnz Av Q h mgv Ri cö Z K m`m K mv g i wfwë Z GwU we epbv Ki e - GwU wk wb RB e vl v w` Q bv? ÔmvgvwRK MYZš - mvgvwrk evrvi g W ji gva g wk B Zvg a GwU Rvg vwb Z we` gvb bq?õ ÔmvgvwRK MYZš - B Zvg a GmwcwW GwUi `vwe`vi Avi Kv RB GwU ïay mvkvj W gvμ vu `ib gv_ve v_v; GwU Zv `i ZË Õ mvgvwrk MYZš wk? wzbwu DËi 81

84 ev ÍewfwËK ivr bwzk w`k _ K wepvi Ki j wzbwu cökœb h_v_ mvgvwrk MYZš K ivr bwzkfv e we epbv Ki Z n j Gme cö kœi DËi `Iqv cö qvrb cö_g cökœ ÔmvgvwRK MYZš - GwU wk ^-e vl vz bq?õ - Gi DËi B Zvg a `Iqv n q Q G ÿ Î mvgvwrk MYZ š i GKwU mwvk weeiy w` Z n e KviY GB aviyv Ggb GK Q m ú K i m~îcvz Ki Z cv i hv ïay GKwU Mvôx wn m e e vl v Kiv hvq Aek B GB aviyvwui GKwU Av`wk K K `ª i q Q - Ab K_vq hme mvaviy wbqg I Av`k mvgvwrk MYZš ev Íevq b we epbv Ki Z nq g~j bxwz jvi e vl v _ K evsv hvq h, `vk wbk wezk G `i köwy wefvr b Ae`vb ivl Z cv i, wkš Zv Kv bv Av`wk K Ae vb cöwzôvi Rb h _ó bq, h nzz GKvwaK I wezwk Z msáv Gi mv _ RwoZ Kv RB mvgvwrk MYZ š i ZË wb q Av jvpbvi ïiæ Z mywbw` ó Av`wk K wfwë cö qvrb wøzxq cökœ ÔmvgvwRK MYZš - B Zvg a GwU Rvg vwb Z we` gvb bq?õ - Gi DËi wewfbœ ` ki Km vwwi cwi cöw Z we ÍvwiZ Av jvpbv Kiv n e (Aa vq 5 `ªóe ) B Zvg a hzuzkz Av jvpbv Kiv n q Q Zvi wfwë Z ez gv bi mgvr I A_ bxwzi g W ji Af šíixy Ø Øi m~ Î ejv hvq mvgvwrk MYZš GKev ib AR b Kivi Kv bv cökœb Av m bv Dciš, mgv Ri wewfbœ g Wj i q Q h jvi w` K wewfbœ ^v_ v š^lx gnj wbr wbr ^v_ Abyhvqx RbMY K PvwjZ Ki Z Pvq Kv RB Kv bv GKwU K ÔRvg vb g WjÕ ev ÔmvgvwRK evrvi A_ bxwzõ ejv hv e bv, KviY h Kv bv GKwU g Wj Ab vb mvgvwrk ivr bwzk μxobk `i evb i i L `q Z Zxq cökœ ÔmvgvwRK MYZš - B Zvg a GmwcwW GwUi `vwe`vi Avi Kv RB GwU ïay mvkvj W gvμ vu `ib gv_ve v_v; GwU Zv `i ZË Õ-Gi Kv bv wfwëb bb GKwU `j I ivr bwzk cöeyzv wn m e ÔmvgvwRK MYZ š iõ D jøl Kiv LyeB ^vfvwek, Z e Zv m ú~y niqvi _ KI A bk `~ i 82

85 ÔmgmvgwqK e envi Abyhvqx ÔmvgvwRK MYZš Õ GKBmv _ MYZ š i Z Ë i GKwU gšwjk aviyv Ges GKwU ivr bwzk Kg m~wpi ˆewkó m~pk bvg hw`i GB `ywu e envi wewfbœfv eb ci ú ii mv _ m úwk Z, hviv wfbœ ai bi h_v_ Zvi `vwemn `ywu wfbœ Kg m~wpi wb ` k K i mvgvwrk MYZ š i ZË, Gi Av`wk K wfwë, ev Gi e vl v`vbkvix f wgkv, ev GgbwK Gi cö qv Mi wewfbœ Dcvq wb q Zzjbvg~jK Av jvpbvq Kv bv wbw` ó ivr bwzk μxob Ki mv _ m úwk Z bq, hw`i Gi cö qv Mi cöwzwu c` cb ivr bwzk μxobk `i mnvqzvi cö qvrb hv Zviv GLvb _ K D Z ev Íe Kg m~wp _ K wb q _v K Ab w` K wewfbœ Nivbvi ivr bwzk μxobk mvgvwrk MYZ š i aviyv K GKwU Kg m~wp wn m e e envi K i hw` Zviv g b K i GwU Zv `i ^v_ D vi Ki e GwU Av `Š mvgvwrk Z Ë i mv _ mvgäm c~y wkbv ev Gi mv _ Kv bv m úk Av Q wkbv Zvi Ici wbf ikxj bq Õ ( gqvi, 2005: 12) GKwU aviyvmz g Wj wn m e mvgvwrk MYZš Kv RB GKwU ZvwË K g Wj wn m e mvgvwrk MYZš Avi ivr bwzk `j ev cöeyzv wn m e mvgvwrk MYZš wewfbœ ch v q ci ú ii gy LvgywL nq wkš Zviv GK bq ev GKB bq GKwU ZvwË K g Wj wn m e mvgvwrk MYZš K Aek B Av`k I g~j eva K wbqgzvwš Kfv e cix v Ki Z n e, gšwjk AwaKv ii Ici Zvi cö qvm Ges wewfbœ ` k G `i ev Íevqb NUv Z n e Ges avivevwnkfv e Dc vcb Ki Z n e ivr bwzk `j jv Gme aviyv MÖnY Ki e wkbv Zv Ab cökœ ciez x As k mvgvwrk MYZš K mvk vj W gvμ vwuk cvwu i aviyv wn m e we epbv bv K i eis GKwU aviyvmz g Wj wn m e we epbv Kiv n e hv 1980 I 1990-Gi `kk _ K bvbv wez K i gva g weewz Z n q Q ïiæi w` K Avgiv _gvm gqvi Dc vwcz mvgvwrk MYZ š i ZË wb q Av jvpbv Kie, hlv b mvgvwrk MYZ š i wewfbœ wez K i gva g h KvVv gv ˆZwi n q Q Zvi wewfbœ Ae vb hy³ n q Q 83

86 4.1 ïiæi welq ïiæi cökœ: MYZš I evrvi cyuwrev `i m úk Kx? gqvi-gi mvgvwrk MYZ š i ZË ïiæi Rb h cökœwu hv B Zvg a DÌvwcZ n q Q Zv n Q MYZš I evrvi cyuwrev `i ga Kvi m úk wb q MYZš I evrvi cyuwrev` Dfq K Avgv `i mvgvwrk e e vi GKwU Acwinvh ˆewkó e j a i biqv nq, h jv GKw`K _ K fve j ci úiwe ivax wn m e M o D V Q MYZš K øvb Kivi SzuwKm úbœ we ivax m úk evrvi cyuwrev` cy Drcv` bi ^vaxbzv wewbg qi ^vaxbzv MYZš mevi Rb ^vaxbzv gšwjk AwaKvi MYZvwš K wm vší MÖnY vwq Z i c~e kz I DrmI e U AwbðqZvi D ei kz I KviY? evrvi cyuwrev` I MYZ š i g a m úk Kx? wpî 7: evrvi cyuwrev` I MYZ š i g a m úk gqvi `vwe K ib h cyuwrev` I MYZš GKw` K G K Ac ii cwic~ik Gfv e MYZ š i D e I vwq Z i GKwU kz n Q evrvi cyuwrev` Ab w` K, wzwb G `i g a GKwU Ô KŠZzn jvïxck Ø ØiÕ Ici Rvi `b KviY mevi AskMÖn Yi Rb h cö qvrbxq kz i q Q Zvi mv _ Awbqwš Z evrvi msmwzc~y bq gqvi A_ bwzk e e v I MYZ š i m úk K `ywu Z Ë i cöw Z ey bv K ib GKw` K wzwb BwZnv mi wfwë Z MYZ š i kz we køly K ib, Avi Ab w` K ez gvb mgv R MYZš I evrvi A_ bxwzi wg_w Œqv ev Íe AwfÁZvi Av jv K AbymÜvb K ib GB `ywu ZË cö_gz ^qswm bq - A bklvwb ZvwË K wkš ivr bwzkfv e wezwk ZI gqvi Kb GB `ywu Z Ë i w` K SzuK jb? 84

87 4.1.1 HwZnvwmK hyw³ cö_gz Avgiv GKwU HwZnvwmK wezk wb q KvR KiwQ gqv ii hyw³ n Q, HwZnvwmKfv eb cöavbz gy³ evrv ii mv _ mv _ ev mivmwi m úwk Z n q MYZ š i D e n q Q BD iv c GwU N U Q wewfbœ mg q Avi Ab vb ` k N U Q Ôey R vqv mgv RiÕ iƒc a i HwZnvwmK wezk Ôey R vqv mgvr ej Z evsvq A_ bwzk, mvgvwrk I ivr bwzk e e vi GKwU g Wj ˆ ^izš, Rb BwZnv mi myweav I ag xq mg_ b _ K gy³ n q Gi c m e n qwqj mevi Rb AvBbMZfv e wbqwš Z ^vaxbzvi bxwzi ev Íevqb Kiv GwU hyw³msmzfv e gvby li eu P _vkvi wbðqzv w` qwqj GwU AvBwb wbqš Yi gva g cöwz hvwmzvi wfwë Z evrvi e e vi gva g A_ bxwz K msmwvz K iwqj hšw³kfv e gvby li Rxe b my hv Mi wbðqzv w` qwqj GKBmv _ AvB bi kvm bi wfwë Z D`vi bwzk iv óªi PZbvq GwU iv óªi gzv wbqš Y K iwqj, Avi RbM Yi gzvg Zi gva g wbe vpb I cöwzwbwaz Kvix cöwzôvb ÔivR bwzkfv e mvevjk bvmwik `iõ B Qvi mv _ msmwz i L Gi kvmb Rvwi i LwQj ( KvKv 1995: 23) gy³evrvi, wkícwz ey R vqv, bvmwik AwaKv ii aviyv, Ges ^vaxbzv I iv óªi Øviv Aby gv`b cvi úwik wbf ikxjzvi ga w` q e o D V Q - HwZnvwmKfv e G jvi meb Awe Q` 85

88 MYZ š i vwq Z i Ici M elyvi wfwë Z hšw³kzv MYZš I cyuwrev `i g a KŠZzn jvïxck Ø Ø MYZ š i Zzjbvg~jK we køl Yi cöw Z hšw³kzv gqv ii ZË A bk ev ÍewfwËK M elyv h jv MYZ š i vwq Z i KvVv gvi Ici Kiv n q Q, Zvi Øviv mgw_ Z n q Q cwiez bi (transformation) M elyvi ev ÍewfwËK djvdj _ K `Lv hvq, D`xqgvb MYZ š i Ici gy³evrvi A_ bxwzi Aek B BwZevPK vqx cöfve i q Q c~e Zb mvwf qz BDwbqbfz³ ivóª jvi Ici Gme M elyv Kiv n q Q Z e Gi D ëvw` KI ev ÍewfwËK cögvy i q Q, hlv b A_ bwzk gzv ivr bwzk Î n Í c K i Avi wkqz GK PwUqv e emvqx I Mvôxi myweavi Rb MYZvwš K AskMÖnY evavmö Í nq G ai bi cwiw wz A_ nxb I Lye ewk n j AvbyôvwbK MYZ š i c_ wb ` k K i GwU mvgvwrk MYZ š i h Kv bv Z Ë i cö qvrb h ïay GKwU iv óªi AvbyôvwbK msmvb `Lvi Rb B bq, eis MYZvwš K KvVv gv Avi gšwjk AwaKvi Avm jb mevi Øviv ewa Z n Z cv i wkbv Zv ev Íe D`vniY w` q cix v Kivi Rb I - Zv wb ` k K i mvwe Kfv e gqvi e jb h, gy³evrvi A_ bxwz MYZš K mnvqzv Ki Z cv i (Wvj 2000: 140; gqvi 2005: 581) wbwðzfv eb gqvi MYZš I cyuwrev `i ga Kvi m úk K ÔmnRÕ ev RwUj bq e j we epbv K ib wb h AmsMwZ Avgiv B Zvg a gvkv ejv K iwq Zv GB m úk KB cö kœi gy L d j Kv RB ez gv bi wezk K cwi vifv eb Gi HwZnvwmK Drm _ K Avjv`v Ki Z n e hlv b evrvi cyuwrev` mgv Ri mv _ Ø Ø RwoZ evrvi cyuwrev` (A_ bwzk) AmgZvi w` K wb q hvq; e MZ m ú `i Amg eèb mgvr I MYZ š AskMÖn Yi Rb my hv Mi Amg eè bi w` K wb q hvq; evrvi cyuwrev` μgvmzfv e ˆewk K ch v q KvR Ki Q, hlv b MYZvwš K AskMÖnY GL bv RvZxq ch v q weivrgvb Gfv e GKK ivóª jv Z evrvi cyuwrev` MYZvwš K KvVv gv K e vnz Ki Q evrvi cyuwrev` K `ªvwZM (centrifugal) ej aviy K i hv AmgZv I AwbðqZv evovq, hvi m ve djvdj n Q MYZvwš K ˆeaZvi wfwë I w wzkxjzvi e vnz niqv 86

89 GwU wb q Kv bv cökœb bb h evrv ii ^vaxbzv Avi mgv Ri me e w³i ^vaxbzv ci ú ii we ivax gqv ii g Z evrvi cyuwrev` I MYZš cvi úwik Ø Ø wjß _v K GB wpëvkl K Ø Ø mnrfv e kl Kiv hvq bv ev A ^xkvi Kiv hvq bv, wkš ïay wbqš Y Kiv hvq GwUB n Q gqv ii HwZnvwmK I cöv qvwmk M elyvi mvivsk D`vi bwzkzvev` I mvgvwrk MYZ š i wewfbœ aviyvcöm~z g W ji m~î a i ejv hvq h ïay ^vaxbzvi Pvwn`v A ^xkvi Kiv (hv HwZnvwmKfv eb D`vi bwzk HwZ n i mv _ m úwk Z) GKRb e w³ K be D`vi bwzkzvi weiæ wb `vi AbygwZ `Iqvi gzb gvivz K n Z cv i Kv RB D`vi bwzkzvev` I mvgvwrk MYZ š i m ú K i ÿ Î AviI mveavbx ` wó `Iqv LyeB iæz c~y GB m~ Î gqvi Zvui Z Ë D`vi bwzk ZË _ K D Z `ywu ÔAv`wk K ai biõ cv_ K Zz j a ib: Av cw K D`vibxwZ I mvgvwrk MYZš MYZš Z Ë i auvav MYZ š i D e I w wzkxjzvi kz wn m e evrvi cyuwrev` evrvi cyuwrev` Gi AmgZv I AwbðqZvi gva g MYZvwš K ˆeaZv I w wzkxjzv evavmö Í K i MYZš Z Ë i g~j cökœ m ú `i eè b AmgZvi mxgv KZ`~i hw` ivr bwzk mgzv, UKmB MYZš Avi cök Z Kvh Ki bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzv _v K? Av cwÿk D`vi bwzk ZË I mvgvwrk MYZš ZË GB cö kœi DËi wfbœfv e `q wpî 8: MYZš Z Ë i avuav 87

90 4.2 Av cw K D`vi bwzkzvev` ebvg mvgvwrk MYZš mvgvwrk MYZ š i ZË Av`wk Kfv e, ZË xqfv e I AwfÁZvi w`k w` q Av cw K D`vi bwzkzvev `i P q wfbœ Dfq gzev`b D`vi bwzk MYZ š i aviyv _ K DrmvwiZ hv mß`k I Aóv`k kz Ki Av jvkvq bi mgq _ K wekwkz n q Q Ab vb we kláiv ÔAv cw K D`vi bwzkzvev`õ I ÔD`vi bwzk MYZ š iõ aviyv wfbœfv e e vl v K ib Kv RB G `i mywbw` ó I mvaviy msáv GLv b iæz c~y G wel q Avgv `i g b ivl Z n e h, Av cw K D`vi bwzkzvev` I mvgvwrk MYZš DfqB n Q Av`wk K aviyv - ï Ae vq hv `i Kv_vI cviqv hvq bv eis Av cw K D`vi bwzkzvev` I mvgvwrk MYZš Ggb `ywu giæ Z msávwqz Kiv nq hvi g a _ KB wewfbœ mgvr K Zv `i MV bi Ici wbf i K i köwy wefvrb Kiv hvq Av cwÿk D`vi bwzkzvev` ebvg mvgvwrk MYZš Av cwÿk D`vi bwzk MYZš mvgvwrk `vwqz evagy³ m ú` ^wbqwš Z evrvi ivr bwzk ÿ Î MYZ š i wb iva gvbevwakv ii AvbyôvwbK ˆeaZv bwzevpk bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzvi Aby gv`b D`vi bwzk MYZš AvB bi kvmb I eû`jxq MYZš gvbevwakvi Øviv mgw_ Z MYZš BD ivcxq D`vi bwzk HwZn mvgvwrk MYZš mvgvwrk I A_ bwzk ÿ Î gšwjk AwaKvi GKwU msweavb hv gšwjk AwaKv ii Rb ˆZwi (wbqwš Z AskMÖnY, mvgvwrk wbivcëvi AvBbMZ AwaKvi, wbi cÿzvi wfwë Z eèb) bwzevpk I BwZevPK bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzv hvi mwz Kvi A _ B Kvh Ki I AvbyôvwbK ˆeaZv i q Q wpî 9: D`vi bwzk, Av cw K D`vi bwzk Ges mvgvwrk MYZ š i Zzjbv 88

91 D`vi bwzk MYZ š i g~j BD ivcxq D`vi bwzkzvi HwZ n i mv _ m úwk Z (Aa vq 2.1 `ªóe ); Avi AvB bi kvm bi Aax b eû`jxq MYZ š i mv _ RwoZ; hv gvbevwakv ii Ici wfwë K i MwVZ Av cw K D`vi bwzk MYZš 20, GKwU Av`wk K aviyvmz g Wj wn m e G Z wb Pi ˆewkó jv i q Q: mvgvwrk `vwqz evagy³ m ú`; GKwU ^wbqwš Z evrvi; ivr bwzk ÿ Î MYZ š i wb iva; gvbevwakv ii AvbyôvwbK ˆeaZv; bwzevpk bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzvi Aby gv`b Gi wecix Z, mvgvwrk MYZ š i ˆewkó n Q: mvgvwrk I A_ bwzk ÿ Î gšwjk AwaKvi; GKwU msweavb hv gšwjk AwaKv ii Rb ˆZwi (wbqwš Z AskMÖnY, mvgvwrk wbivcëvi AvBbMZ AwaKvi, wbi cÿzvi wfwë Z eèb); bwzevpk I BwZevPK bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzv hvi mwz Kvi A _ B Kvh Ki I AvbyôvwbK ˆeaZv i q Q Kv RB gqvi Av`wk K ai bi Av cw K D`vi bwzk I mvgvwrk MYZ š i g a ZvwË K cv_ K Zz j a ib hv mwz Kvi A _ e w³mz cöeyzv I ` ji ivr bwzk Ae v bi cöw Z D`vniY wn m e `Iqv h Z cv i Z e e w³ I ivr bwzk `j jv h cy ivcywi Gme aviyv cö qvm K i Zv ejv hv e bv MYZš I evrvi cyuwrev `i ga Kvi Ø Ø Kv bv vqx e e vi Kvi Y bq, eis wewfbœ mvgvwrk μxob Ki g a `i-klvkwli gva g D e nq h Kv bv ` k mg q mg q MYZš I evrvi cyuwrev `i ga Kvi m úk wfbœ n q h Z cv i hv H ` ki evrvi cyuwrev` I MYZ š i g a bzzb m ú K i w` K wb q h Z cv i evrvi cyuwrev` I MYZ š i ga Kvi Ø Øc~Y I Kv bvfv eb mij m úk bq Ggb GKwU D`vniY `Iqv hvq Rvg vb gšwjk AvBb I RvwZms Ni ivr bwzk, mvgvwrk, A_ bwzk I mvs wzk AwaKvi welqk `wj ji mv _ m ú K i Zzjbvi wfwë Z (Aa vq 4.3 `ªóe ) D`vi bwzk MYZš Av cw K D`vi bwzk MYZš mvgvwrk MYZš Kviv mswkøó μxobk? D`vniY: Rvg vb gšwjk AvB bi Ici `i-klvkwl 20 `Lv hvq, ÔAv cw K D`vi bwzkzvev`õ be D`vi bwzkzvev `i mv _ A bklvwb wg j hvq GB bzzb aviyv cöpj bi cq b gqv ii g~j hyw³ wqj h HwZnvwmK D`vi bwzkzvev `i g~j aviyv bzzb D`vi bwzk wiwvkkwbr gi _ K D jøl hvm fv e Avjv`v GB hyw³ Z D`vi bwzkzvev `i mv _ mvgvwrk MYZ š i hvmv hv Mi m vebv i q Q 89

92 bvwr kvm bi cö vc U 1949 mv ji Ô ewmk jõ (g~j AvBb) cwi vifv e gšwjk myi v`vbkvix bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzv wbwðz K i D`xqgvb dwv ij wicvewj K GKw` K Ôey R vqvõ ev HwZn MZfv e ga weë köwy, Avi Ab w` K ivr bwzk evgcš x `i ga Kvi gzvi fvimvg i A_ wqj ewmk j- Z wea Z bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzv Kg wba vwiz _vkv (underdetermined) dj ^iƒc ewmk j msμvší wez K wewfbœ ai bi e vl vmn gzvgz M o I V KD KD g b K i gšwjk AwaKvi h jv cö_gw`kkvi Aby Q` jv Z wea Z i q Q m jvb g~j AwaKvi, Avi Ab w` K Ab iv g b K i g~j welq wqj (e w³mz) m ú `i cökœ Avi GL bv Zv-B Av Q (nv fikv U 1992; AviI `Lyb, ewmk j I RvwZms Ni Pzw³i gšwjk AwaKv ii Zzjbv, Aa vq 4.3) RvwZms Ni Pzw³i mv _ Zzjbv me P q iæz c~y cökœ: wkfv e mgv R ^vaxbzv ev ÍevwqZ nq? Gi wecix Z 1960-Gi `k Ki RvwZms Ni Pzw³ jvi gva g AvšÍR vwzk cöw Zi mv _ mv _ H mg qi mvgvwrk wekv k AviI e vck BwZevPK I bwzevpk bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzvi Dbœq b iæz c~y cöfve `Lv hvq B Zvg a DwjøwLZ wewfbœ ZË evrvi I MYZ š i m ú K i weeiy `Iqvi ÿ Î wfbœ wfbœ e vl v `q m e vcwi wkfv e MYZš I evrvi G K Ac ii mv _ m úwk Z I Zv `i m ú K e vl vi cö kœ Z_vKw_Z Av cw K D`vi bwzkzvev` I mvgvwrk MYZ š i ZË wef³ n q hvq Dfq ZvwË K cöeyzvi g~j n Q GKwU RvqMvq - D`vi bwzkzvev` - hv mß`k kzk _ K wekwkz n q G m Q Z e GB wel qi me P q gšwjk mgm v n Q ÔwKfv e e w³mz ^vaxbzv mgv R ev ÍevwqZ nqõ GB cö kœi wewfbœ ZvwË K DËi i q Q Gme DËi ch v jvpbv Ki Z M j ÔbvMwiK AwaKvi I ^vaxbzvõi aviyv AviI wbw` ófv e msávwqz Ki Z n e GQvov GKw` K Av cw K D`vi bwzkzvev` I Ab w` K mvgvwrk MYZ š bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzv we epbv Kivi Av M Av ikwu aviyv cwi vi _vkv cö qvrb - Kb ÔbvMwiK AwaKvi I ^vaxbzvõ wb q Av jvpbv Avi Kb ïay Ô ^vaxbzvõ I Ôg~j PZbvÕ wb q bq? 90

93 4.3 AcÖvmw½K Av jvpbv: g~j PZbv, gšwjk AwaKvi I gva g Îqx Avgiv `LwQ h, ivr bwzk ZË I `k b ^vaxbzv, mgzv I GKZvi wfbœ wfbœ gzev` Dc vcb K i Gi d j Avgiv GK ai bi ÔwfwËg~jK eû-gzev`õ-gi gy LvgywL nb hv wewfbœ ivr bwzk aviyvwfwëk g Wj I cöeyzv K ï _vk Z `q bv g~j PZbv, gšwjk AwaKvi I gva g Îqx G ai bi eû-gzev` Kv bv GKK I m ú~y Z Ë i w` K cšuqv Z mgm vi ˆZwi K i hw` G ai bi Kv bv ZË Kv bv wbw` ó gzev `i mv _ m úwk Z nq Z e Zv me RbxbZv `vwe Kivi kw³ nvivq, Avi Ab vb `vk wbk, ˆbwZK ev ag xq ixwz _ K wb R K wew Qbœ K i djvi m vebv RvMvq G Kvi Y _gvm gqv ii g Z, mvgvwrk MYZ š i ZË wez K i Rb m ve me P q e vck wfwë e Q wb q Q G D Ï k Ggb GK ch v qi hyw³ _vk Z n e hv mvs wzkfv e wbw` ó bq, wkš hvi gva g GKwU mvaviy I MYZvwš Kfv e ˆea KvVv gvi cöw Z ey bv Kiv hv e d j wez K i wfwë wn m e g~j PZbv jv KvR Ki e bv Gme PZbv wez K i Rb iæz c~y cöw Z, wkš Zviv cwiez bkxj I mvs wzkfv e wbw` ó Kv RB mvgvwrk MYZ š i Rb wfwëi GKwU ey bvi cö Póv Aek B Ab GKwU ch v q n Z n e G ÿ Î gvuvgywufv e wzbwu ch vq ev Íi Avjv`v Kiv hvq wez K i m ve me P q e vck wfwë Kx? wzbwu Íi g~j PZbv ^vaxbzv, mgzv, GKZv gšwjk AwaKvi wfwëg~jk eû-gzev` RvwZms Ni gvbevwakvi Pzw³i GKKwfwË Kx? wkfv e e w³ I mgv Ri m úk M o DVj? wkfv e? bxwz I AvBb Kx Kx? gva g wewfbœ ` k wewfbœfv e cö qvm nq wkfv e? wkfv e gšwjk AwaKvi ev ÍevwqZ nq? wpî 10: g~j PZbv, gšwjk AwaKvi I gva gi Drm 91

94 g~j PZbv ^vaxbzv, mgzv I GKZvi g~j PZbvi ch v q GwU cwi vi h e w³ I mgv Ri ga Kvi m úk Kx Avi wkfv e GB mgv R Rxeb K msmwvz Ki Z n e mgvr m ú K wewfbœ aviyvi Drm n Q wewfbœ mvgvwrk, ivr bwzk I `vk wbk ` wóf½x - Gme aviyv Zv `i wb R `i ^v _ Gme g~jbxwz jv K msávwqz K i gšwjk AwaKvi gšwjk AwaKv ii ch v q Gme g~j PZbv mvgvwrkfv e eva Zvg~jK, MYZvwš Kfv e ˆea Av` k iƒcvšíwiz nq ev vbe`j nq g~jbxwzi gz bv n q Gme gšwjk AwaKvi Kv bv wfwëg~jk eûg Zi gylv c x bq, eis Zv `i mvgvwrk cö vcu we epbvq wb q mgv R mnve vb wbqš Y K i gva g gva g ch v q mvgvwrk cöwzôvb jv Ggbfv e msávwqz nq hvi gva g ivóª gšwjk AwaKvi wbwðz Kivi Pvwn`v c~i Yi Rb Zvi A½-cÖwZôvb jvi mwμq niqvi `vwe c~iy K i Gme gva g wewfbœ `k I ms wz f ` wfbœ wfbœ nq, hv wewfbœ ` ki D`vni Y cökufv e ` k gvb Kv RB KD hw` mvgvwrk MYZ š i Z Ë i Rb wez K i me P q e vck m ve Î wbwðz Ki Z Pvq, m Î Av jvpbv ïiæi Rb gšwjk AwaKv ii ch vq K e Q wb Z n e gqvi wez K i wfwë wn m e RvwZms Ni ivr bwzk, A_ bwzk I mvs wzk AwaKvi msμvší Pzw³ e Q wb q Qb Gi c ek wkqz hyw³ i q Q: RvwZms Ni Pzw³ jv gšwjk AwaKv ii wek e vcx me P q mgiƒc I AvBbMZfv e eva Zvg~jK eû-mvs wzk I eûrvwzk Drm RvwZms Ni Pzw³ jv 140wUiI ewk ` k Aby gv`bcövß Avi AvBb wn m e cwiyz n q Q RvwZms Ni Pzw³ jv AvšÍR vwzk mn hvwmzvi wfwë Z mvgvwrk Dbœqb Avi gšwjk AwaKvi cömvi Yi j M nxz Abymg_ bkvix ivóª jv Gme AwaKv ii ev ÍewfwËK ev Íevq bi Rb μgvmzfv e Dbœq bi Rb cöwzköæwze RvwZms Ni Pzw³ jv P ovšífv e e vck I mywbw` ó AwaKvi aviy K i hv cö Z K e w³ `vwe Ki Z cv i 92

95 Rvg vb ewmk j Gi gšwjk AwaKvi I RvwZms Ni Pzw³ jvi g a Zzjbv Kivi gva g me kl hyw³ `Iqv h Z cv i wbqš Yi Î e w³i AwaKvi ewmk j Ògvby li gh v`v Aj N Yxq G K m vb Kiv I myi v `Iqv iv óªi cö Z K KZ c i `vwqz Ó (Aby Q` 1) RvwZms Ni Pzw³mg~n ÒcÖwZwU gvby li Rxe bi ^vfvwek AwaKvi i q Q GB AwaKvi AvBb Øviv myiw Z n e KD Zvi Rxeb _ K GK QÎ wm v šíi Øviv ewâz n e bv Ó (Aby Q`-6, c viv-1; B Uvib vkbvj Kv fb v U Ab mvk vj A vû cwjwukvj ivbum) ÒcÖ Z KiB ^vaxbzv I myi vi AwaKvi i q Q Ó (Aby Q` 9, c viv 1; B Uvib vkbvj Kv fb v U Ab mvk vj A vû cwjwukvj ivbum, 19 ww m ^i, 1966) RvwZms Ni Pzw³ I ewmk j-gi Zzjbv Kv Ri AwaKvi Ò(1) cö Z K Rvg vb e w³i ckv, Kv Ri Î I cöwk Yi Î gy³fv e e Q biqvi AwaKvi _vk e Kv bv ckvi PP v Kv bv AvBb Øviv wbqwš Z I Abymi Y n Z cv i (2) mgv Ri mevi `vwqz Qvov Ggb Kv bv KvVv gv mvaviyfv e I mgvbfv e mevi Rb cö hvr Kv bv e w³ Kv bv we kl ai bi KvR m úbœ Kivi Rb wb ` kcövß n Z cvi e bv Ó (Aby Q` 12) Ò(1) ez gvb Pzw³i Askx`vi ivóªmg~n Kv Ri AwaKvi ^xkvi K i, hvi g a Kv bv e w³ Zvi Rxeb I RxweKv wbe v ni Rb ^vaxbfv e e Q biqv I MÖnY Kivi AwaKvi Ges GB AwaKvi i v Kivi Rb Dchy³ e e v b e (2) GB AwaKvi cwic~y fv e AR bi Rb ez gvb Pzw³i Askx`vi ivóªmg~n w wzkxj A_ bwzk, mvgvwrk I mvs wzk Dbœqb I m ú~y I Drcv`bkxj Kg ms vb AR bi Rb e w³ `i gšwjk, ivr bwzk I A_ bwzk ^vaxbzv myi v `Iqvi cwi e ki Aax b KvwiMwi I e wëg~jk w`k-wb ` kbv I cöwk Y Kg m~wp bxwz I KŠkj AšÍf z³ Ki e Ó (Aby Q` 6; B Uvib vkbvj Kv fb v U Ab B KvbwgK, mvk vj A vû KvjPvivj ivbum, 19 ww m ^i, 1966) 93

96 wbqš Yi Î m ú`/ RxebhvÎvi gvb wk v ewmk j Ò(1) m ú` I DËivwaKv ii AwaKvi wbwðz Kiv n e AvB bi Øviv Zv `i cwigvy I mxgv msávwqz Kiv n e (2) m úwëi djvdj eva evakzv Gi e envii RbM Yi Kj v Y n e Ó (Aby Q` 14) Ò(1) cö Z K e w³i Zvi wbr ^ e w³z gy³fv e Dbœq bi AwaKvi _vk e hz Y ch ší bv m Ab KviI AwaKvi zyœ K i ev mvsweavwbk e e v ev ˆbwZK AvB bi e Z q N U Ó (Aby Q` 2) Ò(1) cy iv we` vjq e e v iv óªi Z`viwKi Aax b _vk e (2) Zv `i mšívbiv ag xq wewa-weavb MÖnY Ki e wkbv m wel q evev-gv ev Awffve Ki wm vší biqvi AwaKvi _vk e Ó (Aby Q` 7) RvwZms Ni Pzw³mg~n ÒeZ gvb Pzw³i Askx`vi ivóªmg~n ch vß Lvevi, Kvco I evm vbmn RxebhvÎvi gv bi μ gvbœwzi Rb cö Z K e w³ I Zvi cwiev ii Rb Rxeb avi Yi h_vh_ gv bi AwaKvi ^xkvi K i Askx`vi ivóªmg~n GB AwaKvi ev Íevq bi Rb ^vaxb m úwëi wfwë Z AvšÍR vwzk mnvqzvi cö qvrbxqzvi iæz ^xkvi-c~e K h_vh_ c` c MÖnY Ki e Ó (Aby Q` 11; B Uvib vkbvj Kv fb v U Ab B KvbwgK, mvk vj A vû KvjPvivj ivbum, 19 ww m ^i, 1966) Ò(1) ez gvb Pzw³i Askx`vi ivóªmg~n cö Z Ki wk vi AwaKvi ^xkvi K i Zviv GKgZ nq h, wk vi cö qvm n e gvbe e w³ Z i c~y wekvk I Gi m v bi Rb, Avi gvbevwakvi I gšwjk ^vaxbzvi Rb kö v K kw³kvjx Ki e Zviv AviI GKgZ nq h, me e w³ K GKwU gy³ mgv R Kvh Ki AskMÖnY Ki Z, me RvwZ I me RvwZMZ ev ag xq Mvôxi g a mg SvZv, mnbkxjzv I eüyz DrmvwnZ Ki Z, Avi kvwší i vq RvwZms Ni Kvh μg K mÿg Ki e wk v (2) ez gvb Pzw³ Z Askx`vi me ivóª ^xkvi K i h, GB AwaKvi c~y fv e AR b Kivi Rb : (K) cöv_wgk wk v mevi Rb eva Zvg~jK I webvg~ j _vk e; (L) cö Z K hyw³hy³ Dcv q I we klk i webvg~ j wk vi gva g mvg _ i wfwë Z mevi Rb D Pwk v mgvbfv e cö ek hvm Kiv n e Ó (Aby Q` 13; B Uvib vkbvj Kv fb v U Ab B KvbwgK, mvk vj A vû KvjPvivj ivbum, 19 ww m ^i, 1966) 94

97 RvwZms Ni `ywu Pzw³ AvšÍR vwzk mn hvwmzvi gva g wkfv e gšwjk AwaKvi jv avivevwnkfv e cö qvm Kiv n e Zvi GKwU m~² I we ÍvwiZ ch v jvpbv K i B Uvib vkbvj Kv fb v U Ab B KvbwgK, mvk vj A vû cwjwukvj ivbum-g ejv n q Q: Ò1. ez gvb Pzw³i Askx`vi cöwzwu ivóª GKKfv e I AvšÍR vwzk mn hvwmzv we klk i KvwiMwi I Avw_ K, m e v P cövc m ú `i mg Í Dchy³ gva g, we klk i AvBbMZ e e v cöyqbmn GB Pzw³ Z ^xk Z AwaKvi jvi cwic~y ev Íevq bi j c` c b e Ó (Aby Q` 2, c viv 1) Kv RB RvwZms Ni Pzw³ jv Z GKwU Dbœq bi cöw Z ejv n q Q, A_ vr Ôme Dchy³ gva gõ gšwjk ivr bwzk AwaKv ii wfwë Z μgvmzfv e A_ bwzk, mvgvwrk I mvs wzk AwaKvi ev Íevq b KvR Kivi Rb me jv iv óªi Ici eva evakzv i q Q GwU GKwU mwμq iv óªi g Wj ey bv K i hw` Kv bv ivóª mwμqfv e n Í c K i Avi ïay gšwjk AwaKvi Aby gv`bb K i bv eis BwZevPK Kvh μ gi gva g cöwzôv K i, Z e Zv GKwU D`vi bwzk MYZvwš K iv óªi aviyvi mv _ AmsMwZc~Y Z e G Î mveavbzvi mv _ mvg b G Mv Z n e, KviY A bk ` kb gšwjk AwaKv ii ev Íevqb wek Lj Ae vq i q Q AvBwb AwaKvi I Zv `i cö qv Mi g a we Íi dvivk `Lv hvq GB A _ RvwZms Ni Pzw³ jvi cök Zc ÿ KZUzKz g~j i q Q Zv wb q mgv jvpbvi A_ cwi vifv e evsv hvq GLv b Gme Pzw³i ev Íevq bi Rb Pvc `Iqvi gz AvšÍR vwzk cöwzôv bii NvUwZ i q Q RvwZms Ni Pzw³i Dbœqb cöw Z cö qv Mi gva g Abycw Z _vkvi Kvi Y RvwZms Ni Pzw³ jv wek e vcx jw NZ nq Zv m Ë I GwU ej Z n e h ewmk j-gi Zzjbvq RvwZms Ni Pzw³ jv gšwjk AwaKvi jv AviI wvkvvkfv e ey bv K i, hv mvgvwrk MYZš K Gi `vwe jvi Rb wfwë w` Z cv i GwU mz h Aby Q` 20-G ewmk j dwv ij wicvewjk Ae Rvg vwb K GKwU MYZvwš K I Ô mvk vj dwv ijõ ivóª wn m e D jøl K i Z e RvwZms Ni Pzw³ jvi ` wó Z hme Kvh μg biqvi eva evakzv i q Q Zv GLv b LyeB mxwgz wkfv e GKwU mwμq ivóª wb R K Dc vcb Ki e m Î h wezk i q Q Zv gšwjk AwaKv ii cöwz mzk ` wó w` jb cwi vi nq GwU AviI cögvwyz nq h GKwU avivevwnk Av cw K D`vi bwzkzvev` Aek B wb R K A ^xkvi Ki e ev wb Ri weiæ hv e 95

98 BwZevPK I bwzevpk bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzv: msáv Av cw K D`vi bwzk ZË mvgvwrk MYZ š Z Ë i welq 4.4 BwZevPK I bwzevpk bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzv bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzvi cöw Z D`vi bwzk MYZš wb R K msávwqz K i G jv mgv Ri mevi Rb cö hvr BmvBqvn evwj b Abymv i G jvi g a cv_ K Kiv hvq - bwzevpk (AvbyôvwbK I myi vev`x) I BwZevPK (mvgvwrkfv e mg_ bkvix) bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzv GB bwzevpk I BwZevPK bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzvi mv _ Av cw K iæz Rwo q _vkvi cöw Z Av cw K D`vi bwzk I mvgvwrk MYZ š i g a mywbw` ó cv_ K i q Q gqvi-gi mvgvwrk MYZ š i Z Ë GKwU cöavb Av jvpbvi Î i q Q hv bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzvi wez K AviI ^ QZv wb q Avm Z cv i B Zvg a hv ejv n q Q, cök ZB G jv ev Í e i q Q wkbv Kv bv ` k Zvi we epbv bv K i (Aek B Giv LvuwU Ae vq _v K bv) Av`k aib jvi Ici `vk wbk Av jvpbv ïiæ Kiv DwPZ GB `vk wbk wez K i cöw Z Av cw K D`vi bwzk MYZš mvgvwrk MYZ š i P q wb œwjwlzfv e c _K: BmvBqvn evwj b 1958 mv j Zvui ^vaxbzvi `ywu aviyvq `yb ai bi bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzvi cv_ K `Lvb: bwzevpk bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzv ( hgb kvixwik wz _ K ^vaxbzvi AwaKvi) hv ivóª I mgv Ri wbqš Y _ K myi v `q BwZevPK bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzv ( hgb wk vi AwaKvi) hv mgv R I iv óªi wewfbœ c` ci gva g e w³i ^vaxbzv DrmvwnZ K i I mnvqzv Kivi D Ï k M nxz nq Av cw K D`vi bwzk ZË BwZevPK bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzvi Aby gv`b bwzevpk bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzv K ms c K i Avi aÿsm K i bwzevpk bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzvi wbi¼zk AMÖvwaKvi i q Q: GwU (ms c) evwj bi ZË, hv A bk be D`vibxwZK `i ØvivI cöwzwbwaz nq mvgvwrk MYZ š Z Ë i welq bwzevpk I BwZevPK bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzv K Aek B mgvb gh v`vi fve Z n e hw` G jv K h_v_ Ki Z nq Avi mevi Rb ev Íevqb Ki Z nq Av cw K 96

99 g~j cökœ: Kvb Kvb wbqg I kz e w³i ^vaxbzvi mv _ AmsMwZc~Y? bwzevpk bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzv: AvbyôvwbK, Ômyiÿvg~jKÕ AwaKvi hv e w³ K mgv Ri `Lj _ K iÿv K i ^vaxbzv _v K hlb Kv bv (D jøl hvm ) evav-wb la _v K bv AvB bi Øviv AvbyôvwbK h_v_ Zv h _ó bwzevpk I BwZevPK bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzv Av cwÿk D`vi bwzk ZË BwZevPK bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzvi Aby gv`b bwzevpk bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzv K Le K i ev aÿsm K i bwzevpk bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzvi AMÖvwaKvi wbi¼zk mvgvwrk MYZ š i ZË bwzevpk I BwZevPK bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzv K mgvb gh v`vi we epbv Ki Z n e hw` Zv `i mevi Rb cö hvr I ev ÍevwqZ Ki Z nq g~j cökœ: mevb K gy³ Kiv ev niqvi Rb mgvr K Kx Ki Z n e? BwZevPK bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzv: e MZfv e mnvqk AwaKvi hv e w³ K Zvi bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzv K mwμqfv e PP v Ki Z mÿg K i mvgvwrk AwaKvi BwZevPK bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzvi m úk K wez K i/ hyw³i gva g cöwzwôz Ki Z n e wpî 11: bwzevpk I BwZevPK bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzv D`vi bwzk I mvgvwrk MYZ š i GB cv_ K wkfv e bwzevpk I BwZevPK bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzv ci ú ii mv _ m úwk Z Zvi w` K wbweo ` wó w` Z e j gqvi hšw³k Kvi YB Av cw K D`vi bwzk wezk K evwzj K ib Av cw K D`vi bwzk hyw³zk bwzevpk bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzv K BwZevPK bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzvi Ici wbi¼zk cövavb `q, hlv b mvgvwrk MYZ š i ZË mgzvi wfwë Z GB `ywui g a hšw³k I MwZkxj m ú K i Ici Rvi `q mvgvwrk MYZ š i ZË GLv b Av cw K D`vi bwzkzvi ZË K evwzj K i Avi cögvy K i h BwZevPK I bwzevpk bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzvi g a m úk Av Q Av cw K D`vi bwzkzv: bwzevpk bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzvi wbi¼zk AMÖvwaKvi 97

100 Î KLb Av cw K D`vi bwzk ZË AMÖvn ev evwzj nq? evwz ji D`vniY Dcmsnvi: BwZevPK I bwzevpk bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzvi wg_w Œqv gqvi-gi hyw³zk PviwU av ci Ici wbf ikxj wzwb ïiæ K ib GB cö vc U h bwzevpk bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzv h_v_ Avi Av cw K D`vi ˆbwZKZvev `i hyw³ Z me Rbxbfv e cö hvr hz`~i ch ší Av cw K D`vi bwzkzvev` cö hvr Zvi cöw Z GwU cö qvrbxq h bwzevpk bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzv Avi Zv `i wbi¼zk cövavb _vk Z n e Av cw K D`vi bwzk ZË evwzj nq Ggb cwiw wz Z hlv b GKRb e w³ Zvi bwzevpk bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzv PP v Ki Z cv i bv KviY BwZevPK bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzv Aby gvw`z _v K bv G ai bi cwiw wz mn RB Kíbv Kiv hvq: hme e w³i wk v Î Kv bv AvbyôvwbKfv e h_v_ I Kvh Ki BwZevPK AwaKvi ev ^vaxbzv bb, hv `i Kv bv KvVv gv bb hv Zv `i mgvr Rxe b AskMÖnY Kivi Î mnvqzv Ki Z cv i, Avi wb R `i mvg _ hviv wk v wkb Z cv i bv, Zviv Zv `i bwzevpk AwaKvi ev ^vaxbzv Zv `i gz cökv ki Rb PP v Ki Z cvi e bv h KvM R Qvcv bv n q Q Gme bwzevpk AwaKvi ev ^vaxbzv Zvi hvm I n e bv hw` bwzevpk bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzv K ïay AvbyôvwbK h_v_ Zvi evb i wkqz c Z nq Avi mevi Rb Kvh Ki n Z nq, Zvn j BwZevPK bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzv K Aek B Aby gv`b w` Z n e Gi A_ n Q abx K mvgvwrk cybe Èb g b wb Z n e GwU bwzevpk bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzvi (m úwëi) GKwU mvaviy e Z q cöwzwbwaz K i hšw³k Dcmsnvi Abymv i bwzevpk bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzvi Pig D`vniY _vk Z cv i bv bwzevpk bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzv h_v_ I Kvh Ki n Z cv i bv hw` Zv BwZevPK bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzvi Øviv mgw_ Z bv nq Kv RB bwzevpk bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzv mevi Rb Kvh Ki n e ïay hw` BwZevPK ev ÔmnvqKÕ bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzv wbwðz nq ïay AvbyôvwbK bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzv ewk wkqz Ki Z cv i bv hlb iv óªi weiæ mevi Øviv Rvi `Iqv bv nq m ú `i mvgvwrk cybe Èb, hv mvaviyz ivóª msmwvz K i, Zv Qvov bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzv mevi Rb ev ÍevwqZ n Z cv i bv gqvi-gi Dcmsnvi n Q h, iv óªi Øviv BwZevPK bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzv I bwzevpk bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzvi g a `i-klvkwl I ev Íevqb n Z n e 98

101 4.5 iv óªi KZ e BwZevPK I bwzevpk bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzvi ev Íevq bi Rb iv óªi w`k _ K D ` vm biqvi eva evakzv i q Q GKwU Av cw K D`vi bwzk iv óª gšwjk AwaKvi jv mvgvb B ^Ztwm e j a i biqv nq, Ges hv `i ev Íevqb evrv ii Ici Q o `Iqv nq Ab w` K Gi wecix Z iv óªi Ic i Q o `Iqvi P q cö Z K e w³i Rb mwz Kvi A _ Kvh Ki gšwjk AwaKvi `vwe Kiv nq Gfv e ivóª K GKwU mwμq f wgkv `Iqv nq I KvR Kivi Rb wb œwjwlz eva evakzv jv _v K: Ggb AeKvVv gv Avi mev `Iqv (Z_vKw_Z ÔmvaviY ^v_ -mswkøó mevõ) hv mn R cviqv hvq, myi v `q Avi my hvm Db y³ K i; mvgvwrk cybe È bi gva g my hvm ˆZwi Kiv hv mgvr I MYZ š mwμqfv e I ^vaxbfv e AskMÖnY Kivi e vck Aby gv`b `q; evrvi A_ bxwz K Ggbfv e cöwzôv Kiv hb MYZvwš K KvVv gv I köwgk `i ^v_ i v cvq Avi gy³fv e Dc vwcz nq ivóª KZ K Zvi bvmwik `i Gme `vwe c~i Yi Rb e eüz gva g jv wewfbœ ` k wfbœ wfbœ ai bi GwU Lye mvaviy GKwU D`vniY w` q `Lv bv hvq: iv óªi c _ K KvR Kivi eva evakzv me P q iæz c~y eva evakzv c_ wbf ikxj gva g Rvg vwb Z mvgvwrk wbivcëvi GKwU KvVv gv i q Q hv 1980Õi `kk _ K wekwkz n q Q GB mvgvwrk wbivcëv KvVv gv gvby li GKwU my `i Rxeb-hvc b D jøl hvm Ae`vb iv L GKBmv _ GwU köwgk `i GKZvi Kvi Y ` p nq Avi D`xqgvb iv óªi cöwz msnuk wn m e mikv ii AvbyMZ wbwðz K i Ab vb ` k, hgb vwû bwfqvq KiwfwËK mvgvwrk e e v i q Q GLv bi me mvavi Yi ^v _ mev `Iqv nq Avi iv óªi Ici e w³i `vwe c~iy Kiv nq Zv m Ë I, G `y Uv e e vi Zzjbv KZ`~i BwZevPK I bwzevpk bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzv ev ÍevwqZ n q Q Zvi m~² Zdvr Zz j a i bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzv _ K D Z KvR Kivi eva evakzv Kg ev ewk n ji Dfq ai bi msmvb ØvivB c~iy nq 99

102 wewfbœ gva g bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzvi ev Íevqb ïay we kl gva gi welqb bq, hw`i Zv `i ch v jvpbv Aek B Kiv DwPZ mvgvwrk MYZš GKwU mvwe K aviyvwfwëk g Wj hv gvbevwakv ii AvbyôvwbK Aby gv` bb _ g hvq bv GwU ev ÍeZvewR Z Kv bv `vk wbk KvVv gvi bq eis GKwU Db y³ g Wj wn m e GwU K Kv bv ivr bwzk D ` v Mi Rb RbMY K Ggbfv e wek vm Ki Z nq hb wewfbœ ai bi gva g Øviv hz e vckfv e m e wb iu bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzv ev Íevqb Kiv hvq GwU ^vaxbzv, mgzv, b vh Zv I GKZvi gz gšwjk bxwzi ev Íevqb m e K i mvgvwrk MYZš Kvb ZvwË K evûj bq, wkš GKwU mvaviy P v jä I ev ÍewfwËK KvR 100

103 5. wewfbœ iv óªi g Wj GB Aa v q mvgvwrk MYZ š i Dcw wzi wfwë Z hy³ivóª, hy³ivr, Rvg vwb, Rvcvb I myb W bi wbix v Kiv n q Q mvgvwrk MYZš Z Ë i Ici wfwë K i D`vi bwzk iv óªi mv _ ^í-m c ³, ga g m c ³ Ges AwaK m c ³ mvgvwrk MYZ š i Zzjbv Kiv n q Q ivóª wewfbœ cökvi c wz Abymi Yi gva g gšwjk AwaKvi i vi KZ e cvjb Ki Z cv i GB cöÿvc U mvgvwrk MYZš K Av M _ KB we` gvb Kv bv e e v wn m e we epbv Kiv hv e bv: Kvb c wz AbymiY Kiv nq Zvi wfwë Z wfbœ wfbœ ` k Gi iƒc wfbœ wfbœ nq h nzz mvgvwrk MYZš KejgvÎ bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzvi AvbyôvwbK MÖnY hvm Zv ZB mxgve _v K bv, m nzz cöwzwu ` ki Abym Z c wzi Dbœq bi wb`k b jv mvgvwrk MYZ š i cöwz wb ` k K i wkbv, A_ vr D³ `kwu B Zvg a mvgvwrk MYZš Kv qg K i Q A_ev Ki Z m Pó wkbv, mb welqwui Aek B we epbv Ki Z n e GB we epbvq _gvm gqvi I Zvui mnkg xiv wewfbœ ` ki AwfÁZvjä Z _ i Zzjbv K i Qb Zuv `i GB c wz MYZ š i wewfbœ ZË, h jv G ai bi ch e YK Z Z _ i Zzjbv K i bv m jvi _ K wfbœ GLv b cvupwu msw ß D`vniY `Iqv nj, h jv mvgvwrk MYZ š i ev Íevq bi wewfbœ gvîv cökvk K i hy³ivóª- gšwjk ˆewk ó i wepv i GKwU cövq Av cwÿk D`vi bwzk `k ejv hvq, Ges GLv b mvgvwrk MYZ š i mvgvb K qkwu Dcv`vb cökvk K i; hy³ivr - GKwU ^í-m c ³ mvgvwrk MYZš ; Rvg vwb- GKwU ga -m c ³ mvgvwrk MYZš ; Rvcvb- hw`i wewfbœ Î cwðgv `k jvi mv _ Zzjbv Kiv hvq bv, ZeyI GKwU ga g-m c ³ mvgvwrk MYZš wn m e we epbv Kiv hvq; myb Wb- GKwU D P-m c ³ mvgvwrk MYZš cö qvrb Abyhvqx GLv b ch e YK Z `k jvi Z_ ms c Dc vcb Kiv n q Q hv `i wewfbœ ` ki Zzjbvi we ÍvwiZ Z _ i cö qvrb Zviv gqvi-gi Z Ë i ( gqvi 2006) wøzxq fwjdg c o `L Z cv i Kx Ki Z n e Avi Kx Kiv nq Zvi wfbœ wfbœ aib cvupwu D`vniY 101

104 5.1 hy³ivóª Rywjqv eøvwmqvm ^vaxbzv I mvgvwrk AmgZv m e v P mwμq w`k-wb ` kbv wn m e ^vaxbzv eû gvby li Kv Q hy³ivóª GKwU m vebv I ^vaxbzvi `k GKBmv _ GwUI Rvbv K_v h mvgvwrk AmgZv mlv b BD iv ci P qi ewk wkš Gi A_ Kx Ges wkfv e GgbwU nj? h welqwu wbwðz Zv nj hy³ivóª Ggb GKwU `k hvi RbMY ewkifvm Î e w³ ^vaxbzv K Ab vb me welq _ K ewk iæz `q hvi d j HwZn MZfv eb Gi mgvr kw³kvjx K `ªxq mikv ii cöwz mskq cvly K i hy³iv óª ïiæ _ KB MYZvwš K e e v Ges GKwU ivr bwzk ms wzi GKmv _ mnvqk n q M o IVvi BwZnvm Gi cq b Ab Zg KviY wn m e KvR K i GB MYZvwš K e e v I ivr bwzk ms wz ivr bwzk μxobk, ivr bwzk e e v, gšwjk AwaKvi K wkfv e `Lv n e, Ges Kj vy iv óªi ˆewkó K cöfvwez K i hy³ivóª AvaywbK MYZ š i cö_g w` Ki GKwU `k hv Zvi mgv R GKwU kw³kvjx wicvewjkvb g bvfve M o DV Z mnvqzv K i Q hy³iv óªi 1789 mv ji msweav bb me Rbxb fvuvwakv ii D jøl Kiv n q Q, hlv b BD iv c MYZš ewkifvm Î ivrzš K AcmviY K i G m Q hvi d j BD ivcxq `k jv Z eû Av M _ K M o IVv K `ªxq ivóª KvVv gv MYZvwš K e e v ZI we` gvb i q Q Ab w` K gvwk b hy³iv óª ej Z M j ivóª I MYZ š i D e GKB mv _ N U ^vaxbzv hy i gva g GB me welq GLb ch ší hy³iv óªi ivóª I ivr bwzk ms wzi aviyvi KvVv gv ˆZwi K i Avm Q mgvr e w³ ^vaxbzv K AZ ší iæz w` q _v K Ges GKwU Amwμq (Passive) ivóª cöz vkv K i d j mvgvwrk AmgZv K gvby li mnve v bi GKwU ^vfvwek cwiywz wn m e MÖnY Kiv nq hy³iv óªi ivr bwzk ms wz D`vibxwZ Øviv AZ ší Rviv jvfv e cöfvwez, hv e w³ ^vaxbzvi Ici we kl Rvi `q BD iv c hgbwu n q Q, hy³iv óª D`vibxwZ mikg Ab Kv bv bxwz, hgb i YkxjZv ev mgvrzš Øviv P v j Äi m ylxb nq wb hvi d j cök Z Kv bv wekí bv _vkvq D`vibxwZ cöavb bxwz wn m e cöwzwôz n q Q Ggb wk AvRI hy³iv óªi mgv R ^vaxbzv K m e v P fvj w`k wn m e we epbv Kiv nq GB cö vc U HwZn MZfv eb mikv ii A_ bxwz K cöfvwez Kivi my hvm wqj Lye mvgvb, wkš m e vcwi Gi SuvKI wqj AZ ší Kg Ggb wk AvšÍR vwzk Avw_ K I A_ bwzk g `v, hv KejgvÎ hy³iv óªb DrcwËB nq wb eis G K Pigfv e AvNvZI K i Q, GB bxwz K Lye ewk n j wkqzuv wkw_j Ki e gvî 102

105 hy³ivóª mikv ii mv _ wb qvmkz v I Kg Pvixi mn hvwmzvi m ck Zzjbvg~jKfv e `ye j köwgk msmvb jv ( UªW BDwbqb) AZ ší `ye jfv e msmwvz Ges Lye Kg f wgkvb cvjb Ki Z cv i hvi d j wb qvm Pzw³ I cvwiköwgk ^vaxb I ^Zš fv e wba viy Kiv nq GB Î hy³ivóª eû`jxq MYZ š i ˆewkó m~pk mgm v jvi GKwUi m ylxb nq we kl ^v_ D jøl hvm cöfve we Ívi Ki Z cv i KejgvÎ hw` Zv mymsmwvz I Avw_ Kfv e kw³kvjx nq Ab w` K e vck- ^v _ i cöfve Lye mvgvb B _v K hw` Zv `ye jfv e msmwvz nq GKw` K wbw` ó jwe MÖæc I e emvqx msn jvi Rviv jv cöfve, Avi Ab w` K z`ª RvwZmË v jvi bmy cöfv ei gva g GB ev ÍeZvwU cökvwkz nq hy³iv óªi Kj vy iv óªi KvVv gv I ivr bwzk e e vq GB ev ÍeZvi cöwzdjb wkfv e N U? GwU Kx ai bi gšwjk AwaKv ii aviyv cökvk K i? ivr bwzk e e v hy³iv óª wbe vnx I AvBb cöyqb kvlv Øviv MwVZ ˆØZ KvVv gvi ivóªcwz-kvwmz mikvi-e e v i q Q wbe vnx gzv ivóªcwz, whwb iv óªii cöavb, Zvi Ici Awc Z AvBb cöyqb kvlv ÔnvDm Ad wi cö R UwUfÕ Ges Ôwm buõ Øviv MwVZ, hviv GK Î Ks MÖm MVb K i AvBb cöyqb kvlv I wbe vnx kvlv G K Ac ii _ K c _K n ji ci ú ii gylv c x GB Ôwbqš Y I fvimvg Õi (checks and balances) bxwz ivr bwzk `vk wbk g U z Ges jk-gi cöewz Z bxwzi mgv_ K, hv gzvi Ace envi iva Kivi Rb e eüz GB e e vi j A ea gzvi nvz _ K e w³ ^vaxbzv K h_vh_fv e i v Kiv hy³iv óªi ivr bwzk `j jv we klfv e bq eis HwZn MZfv e cöfvekvjx Gi d j ivr bwzk ` ji cöwzøw ØZv Lye eo f wgkv cvjb K i bv Zv `i cöavb KvR wbe vpbx cöpvivwfhvb cwipvjbvkvix ms v wn m e KvR Kiv hviv wba vwiz cöv_ xi Rb cöpvivwfhvb cwikíbv I cwipvjbv K i ivr bwzk `j jv wbw` ó Kv bv mikvwi Kg m~wpi NvlYvI `q bv Ks MÖ m Zviv GKwU z`ª f wgkv cvjb K i, KviY cö_gz, Zv `i Kv bv mikvi K mg_ b Ki Z nq bv, Ges wøzxqz, cöwzwbwaiv Kv bv gzev `i Abymvix bv n q eis e w³mz ^v_ Abyhvqx fvu `q msweavb Ges gšwjk AwaKvi e e v ÔRxeb, ^vaxbzv I my Li müvbõ m~î w` q hy³iv óªi 1789 mv ji msweav bi ïiæ GwU ivóªcwz-kvwmz mikvi e e vm úbœ GKwU hy³ iv óªi (federal state) cöwzôv K i GwU cövpxbzg wicvewjkvb msweavb jvi GKwU hv GL bv ejer i q Q GwU me Rbxb fvuvwakv ii K_v D jøl K i hw`i KejgvÎ k Zv½, hviv m cwëi gvwjk wqj, ZvivB fvuvwakv ii PP v Ki Z cviz cök Z ev ÍeZvq Gi A_ Kx? mikv ii ivóªcwz e e v wbe vpbx cöpvi cwipvjbvkvix ms v wn m e ivr bwzk `j ÔRxeb, ^vaxbzv I my Li müvbõ 103

106 BwZevPK Qvov bwzevpk bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzv mgš^qnxb evrvi A_ bxwz jwmœkvix ( kqvi nvìvi) PZbvi cöwz SuvK GQvov AwaKvi wej hv cö_g `kwu msweavb ms kvabxi welqe wqj, Zv hy³ivóªi bvmwik `i KZ jv AcwieZ bxq AwaKvi `vb K i G jv K A bk mgq gšwjk AwaKvi wn m e we epbv Kiv nq iv óªi A ea n Í c _ K e w³ K i v Kivi Rb GB AwaKvi jv `Iqv n q Q ez gvb msweav bi Ae vb Abyhvqx GB AwaKvi jv me e w³i Rb cö hvr GB cyiv bv HwZn gwðz Z_vKw_Z ivr bwzk gšwjk AwaKvi jv ez gvb hy³iv óªi mgv Ri gšwjk AwaKv ii aviyv wba viy K i hw`i bvmwi Ki Gme Z_vKw_Z gšwjk AwaKvi A_ev bwzevpk bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzv 2001 mv ji 11 m Þ ^ ii ci _ K M nxz mš vmwe ivax c` ci d j mxwgz n q Q, ZeyI G jv hy³iv óª GKwU K `ªxq f wgkv cvjb K i A_ bwzk I mvgvwrk AwaKvi Ges BwZevPK bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzvi Î Zzjbvg~jKfv e AviI ewk Mfxi mgm v we` gvb Gme AwaKv ii K_v msweav b D jøl Kiv nq wb, Ges hy³ivóª Ggb Kv bv AvšÍR vwzk Pzw³ mb K i wb hv Gme AwaKv ii Ici iæz Av ivc K i Ggb wk Kj vy iv óªi aviyvi msweavb Øviv cöwzwôz bq d j bvmwikiv KejgvÎ ZLbB mvgvwrk my hvm-myweav fvm K i hlb Zv `i exgv Kiv _v K A_ev AZ ší `yt Ae vq _v K Z e AZ ší `yt K Gme AwaKv ii wbðqzv `Iqv nq bv, Ges Ks MÖm PvB j h Kv bv mgq fvu w` q Gme myweavi Rb eivïk Z A_ evwzj K i w` Z cv i ivr bwzk A_ bxwz hy³iv óªi A_ bxwz K ejv hvq gy³ ev mgš^qnxb evrvi A_ bxwz Gi A_ nj evwywr K cöwzôvb jv G K Ac ii mv _ gy³fv e cöwzøw ØZv K i Ges mikvi A_ev mvgvwrk Askx`vi `i g a Lye mvgvb mn hvwmzv ev mgš^q _v K GLv b A_ bwzk Kg KvÐ g~jz gybvdv I cöe w i w` K avwez (wkqz Î hgb K wl I Av Mœqv GB ai bi LuvwU cöwzøw ØZv e e vi evb i _v K) köwgk msmvb I ewyk mwgwz jv mv cöwzk mg q ewa Z nv i m`m nviv Q Ges cvwiköwgk wba viy A_ev Kg cwi ek wby q Kv bv f wgkv ivl Z cvi Q bv hy³iv óª cvwiköwgk wba viyx Av jvpbv cöviw K ch v q n q _v K Ges PvKwi wu K _vkvi wbðqzv AZ ší Kg GwU hy³iv óªi A_ bxwz K we kl K i wb qvmkz v `i c K A bk ewk ^vaxbzv `q hb Zviv Lye `ªæZ Kg x wb qvm w` Z cv i Ges GKB `ªæZZvq QvuUvBI Ki Z cv i cöwk Y e e vi eûgvwîk ` Zv I KvR Rvbv Kg x mieiv ni j KvR K i bgbxqzvi cöwz hy³iv óªi Avw_ K e e vi SuvK i q Q e emv cöwzôvb jv Zv `i Kvh μ gi A_ vqb g~jab evrv ii gva g K i _v K Gi d j kqviavixi ^v_ Ab K_vq ^í gqv`x K c v iu gybvdv me P q ewk cövavb cvq 104

107 e vsk I e emv cöwzôv bi g a ej Z M j Lye mvgvb AvšÍwiKZvi m ck _v K wewfbœ e emv cöwzôv bi ga Kvi m ck M o D V evrvi m ck A_ev ejer Pzw³i Ici wfwë K i hy³iv óª Avw_ K g `v m wói Rb hy³ivóª Avw_ K e e vi wbpz gv bi wbqš Y Ges ^í gqv`x jwmœkvix `i gybvdv evov bvi bmœ cöeyzvi Zxeª mgv jvpbv Kiv nq Kj vy ivóª: wesk kzvãxi gvsvgvws mg qi AvM ch ší hy³iv óª mvgvwrk wbivcëv wqj KejgvÎ G Kev i cöv_wgk ch v qi 1937 mv ji mvgvwrk wbivcëv AvBb me cö_g GKwU RvZxq mvgvwrk wbivcëv e e v cö`vb K i GKwU Ae`vbwfwËK fvzv e e v, Amnvq wkï, e I cwiev ii Rb mvgvwrk mnvqzv, Ges GKwU K `ªxq ekvi exgv cökí GB wbivcëv e e vi AšÍfz ³ Z e ez gv b hy³ivóª K GKwU D`vi bwzk Kj vy ivóª wn m e we epbv Kiv nq, KviY ivóªxq my hvm-myweav jv Lye ewk mvwe K bq Ges AZ ší Kg gvîvq cybe Èb hvm me mvgvwrk my hvm-myweavi GK-Z Zxqvsk Av m e w³mz D ` v M Gi cöavb KviY jvi g a i q Q ivr bwzk ms wz Ges GB ev ÍeZv h hy³ivóª kvwmz nq wicvewjkvb ev Wvbcš x W gv μu `i Øviv, hviv Kj vy iv óªi aviyv K Lye Kg iæz `q ZvB Kj vy iv óªi ewkifvm Î jv cök Zc AZ ší kz mv c, Ges KejgvÎ AZ ší cö qvr b Pig `vwi`ª `~i Kivi Rb eu P _vkvi Acwinvh Dcv`vb me wb œ ch v q mieivn Kiv nq GwU GKwU Db y³ cökœ h AvMvgx Z Gi e Z q NU e wkbv evivk Ievgv Zvui wbe vpbx cöpviyvq mvgvwrk ms v ii cöwzköæwz w` qwq jb ^v mev ms vi wej wb q we iv ai gva g D`vi bwzk (A_ bwzk) hy³iv óª G ai bi ms vi ev Íevq bi mgm v jv dz U I V ekviz exgv: hy³iv óª GB cök í K `ª n Z A_ vqb nq, hw`i cöwzwu A½ivR G Lv Z my hvm-myweav Kwg q w` Q Ges ekviz exgv cökíwu wbqš Y Ki Q ekviiv Qqgv mi fvzv myweav c q _v K hv we kl Î K qk mßvn ewa Z Kiv nq ekvi fvzv c~e ez x cvwiköwg Ki fvm ch ší n q _v K Avq mnvqzv: hy³iv óª Avq mnvqzv ev ÔKj vyõ n Q GKwU `yt Zv `~ixkiy c` c, hv mgv Ri me P q `wi`ª `i j K i MÖnY Kiv n q Q Ges cövqb hvi djvdj `vuovq GB myweav MÖnYKvix `i Kjw¼Z Kivi gva g GQvov we kl `j, hgb wbf ikxj wkï A_ev Afvex cwievi, G `i Rb wewfbœ mvnvh Kg m~wp i q Q Avw_ K mnvqzvi cvkvcvwk A bk mgq Zviv wewfbœ ai bi we kl mvnvh c q _v K, hgb Lvev ii Rb ikb KvW (food stamps) Aemi fvzv: hy³iv óªi Aemi fvzv Ae`vb-wbf i bvmwikiv h AvqKi `q Zv Zv `i K Aemi fvzv cviqv wbwðz K i Z e hviv cvwiköwgk cvq Ges Zvi d j AvqKi w` Z cv i KejgvÎ ZvivB Aemi fvzv cviqvi AwaKvi jvf K i Ab `i K e v bb Kj vy ivóª: Av gwikvi AMÖvwaKv ii cöwzdjb ekviz exgv Avq mnvqzv Aemi fvzv 105

108 ^v mev e e v wk v e e v Ab `i K Avw_ K mnvqzv Kg m~wpi Ici wbf i Ki Z nq GQvov AvqKi cö`v bi GKwU D Pmxgv i q Q, d j D P DcvR bkvixi Rb AvqKi cö`vb Zzjbvg~jK mnr nq ^v mev e e v: hy³iv óª mevi Rb Kv bv ai bi ivóªxqfv e A_ vqbk Z ^v mev e e v bb KejgvÎ wzbwu `j ivóªxq ^v mev e `ve Í _ K myweav c q _v K: mbvevwnbx, 65 eq ii ewk eq e w³ Ges Amnvqiv k lv³ `ywu `j w`b w`bb Lye `ªæZ e w cv Q mgv Ri eo GKwU Ask eûw`b a i mxwgzfv e exgvk Z A_ev G Kev ib ^v exgvnxb ivóªcwz evivk Ievgvi cökvmb e e vq cvm niqv ^v mev ms vi wejwu hy³iv óªi ^v mev e e vq GKwU gšwjk cwiez b wb ` k K i wk v e e v: hy³iv óªi wk v e e v ag xq I cvewjk we` vjq e e vq wef³ Ges k lv³ e e vwu vbxqfv e msmwvz I A_ vwqz wbr ^ wbqgbxwz I AskMÖn Yi wfwë Z GB e e v K GKwU myweavrbk e e v ejv hvq, wkš Gi djvdj n Q YMZ cv_ K I ˆelg m wó h nzz we` vjq jv AvqKi n Z A_ vq bi gva g cwipvwjz nq, weëevb Mvôx wk v Î ewk ivr ^ wewb qvm Ki Z cv i Ab w` K `wi`ª Rb Mvôxi Kv Q wk v Î wewb qvm Kivi gz Lye mvgvb B m c` _v K hvi d j GKRb e w³i e o IVvi vb I cwi ek A bk Î Zvi wk vi gvb wba viy K i Gme wkqzi cii hy³iv óª mvgwmökfv e D Pwkw Z gvby li nvi mviv c w_ex Z m e v P mvigg : hy³iv óªi ivr bwzk e e v I mvgvwrk mnvqzv Kg m~wp DfqB GKwU `ye j, MŠY ivóªxq ˆewkó c~y, hvi j B nj e w³i Rb m e v P m ve ( bwzevpk) ^vaxbzvi Aby gv`b `Iqv ivr bwzk gšwjk AwaKv ii AMÖvwaKvi _vk ji mlv b A_ bwzk I mvgvwrk AwaKv ii Kv bv f wgkv bb GKBfv e ivóª evrvi ev mgvr K wbqš Y Kivi Rb Lye KgB n Í c K i A_ev G Kev ib K i bv, Ges AvšÍR vwzk Pzw³ Z A½xKvie n ZI AbvMÖn cökvk K i Gm ei KviY nj GKwU wef³, ivr wfwëk ivr bwzk e e v Ges GKwU D`vi bwzk, ag wfwëk I wicvewjkvb ms wz Gi A_ nj, hy³ivóª hlb Kv bv A_ bwzk m~pk, hgb A_ bwzk cöe w Z fvj K i ZLb mvgvwrk wew QbœZvi (social exclusion) ch v q AZ ší Lvivc K i D`vniY ^iƒc, wk ívbœz `k jvi g a Ab vb ` ki Zzjbvq hy³iv óªi `vwi `ª i nvi m e v P wrwb mnm (Gini coefficient) hv AmgZvi gvîv cwigvc K i Zv Zzjbvg~jKfv e ewk mvgvwrk MYZ š i gvb`ð n Q Gi Rb BwZevPK I bwzevpk Dfq ^vaxbzvi ^xk wz `vb cö qvrbxq Z e GB gvb`ð Abyhvqx hy³iv óªi Ae vb AZ ší ev R gšwjk AwaKvi, ivr bwzk e e v A_ev mnvqzv Kg m~wp h w` KB ` wócvz Kiv nvk bv Kb, GKwU welq cwi vi h G jvi cö Z KwUB cöp~i cwigv Y D`vi bwzk Dcv`vb aviy K i GwU Avm j GKRb e w³i Ici wbf i K i h m hy³ivóª K wb œ m c ³ mvgvwrk MYZš wn m e ` L bvwk cy ivcywi D`vi bwzk ivóª wn m e we epbv K i 106

109 wn m e we epbv K i Z e k lv³ aviyvwui weï iƒc KejgvÎ ZvwË Kfv eb m e GgbwK hy³iv óªi GKwU mvgvwrk wbivcëv e e v i q Q, hw`i Zv G Kev i cöv_wgk ch v qi cöwm W U Ievgvi mvgvwrk wbivcëv e e v M o Zvjvi cwikíbv mdj nq wkbv mwu `Lvi evwk Av Q Avw_ K g `vi cöfve hv hy³iv óª m ó Ges Gi A_ bxwz K Zxeªfv e AvNvZ K i Q; hy³iv óªi gvbyl KI cybivq fve Z eva K i Q GB Ae vq wu K _ K cövwzôvwbk ms v ii iƒc jvf Ki e wkbv Zv mgqb e j ` e hy³ivóª PvKwii nvi % (65.5%) gvu RbmsL vi Zzjbvq eqmx gvby li PvKwii nvi (bvix `i) (m~î: BD iv vu) cyiæ li Zzjbvq bvixi Avq ekvi Z i nvi 2008 `xn mgq a i ekvi Z i nvi 2008 Av qi AmgZv/ wrwb mnm 2009 gvbe `vwi`ª m~pk 2009 wk v jv f Av_ -mvgvwrk cuf wgi iæz 2006 köwgk msmv bi NbZ % 5.8% 0.6% 40.8% 15.2% 17.9% 11.6% cyiæ li Zzjbvq bvixi Av qi nvi (m~î: wndg vb W fjc g U Bb W, 2009 c -186) A_ bwzkfv e mwμq RbmsL vi g a ekv ii AbycvZ (m~î: BD iv vu) A_ bwzkfv e mwμq Rb Mvôxi g a `xn mgq a i (12 gvm ev AwaK) ekv ii AbycvZ (m~î: BD iv vu) Av qi AmgZv wb ` kkvix AbycvZ gvb hz ewk AmgZv ZZ ewk (m~î: wndg vb W fjc g U wi cvu, 2009 c -195) gvbe `vwi`ª m~pk K qkwu wb ` kk wb q MwVZ (Mo Avqy, ^v izvi nvi, ^v mevi my hvm) [0 = me wb œ `vwi`ª, 100 = m e v P `vwi`ª ] (m~î: wndg vb W fjc g U wi cvu, 2009 c -180) Av_ -mvgvwrk cuf wgi Kvi Y wk v_ x `i djvd ji cv_ K i AbycvZ (m~î: IBwmwW, 2007) A_ bwzkfv e mwμq gvby li g a köwgk msmv bi mv _ RwoZ `i AbycvZ (m~î: IBwmwW, 2007) Av iv Rvb Z co b- ji wnbkg vb (2006), ÔBDGmG: iwmwzqvj I qj dqvi mvmvbwu A vû wjevi Uwiqvb W gvμvwmõ, Bb: _gvm gqvi (ms.), cö vw m Wvi mvwrqv jb W gvμvwu, DBRev Wb, c ôv DBbvÛ Mjbvi A vû gvwu b K Bevi (2007), Wvm iwrqviæsmwmm U g Wvi BDGmG, AvB b AvBbdziæs, ev Wbev Wb W gvμvwu, DBRev Wb, c ôv

110 5.2 hy³ivr wμwðqvb μj GKwU ^í m ú ³ mvgvwrk MYZš Kj vy iv óªi cöviw K Dbœqb Z_vwc GKwU wb œgv bi Kj vy ivóª f wgkv mvgvwrk MYZš Z Ë i KvVv gv Abyhvqx hy³ivr K ^í m c ³ mvgvwrk MYZš wn m e ey bv Kiv hvq hvi A_ nj bvmwik I ivr bwzk AwaKv ii cvkvcvwk mvgvwrk I A_ bwzk AwaKvi jvi GLv b cö qvm nq gšwjk AwaKv ii Ici wfwë K i iæz c~y Î jv Z ivóªxq Kj vy Kg m~wp i q Q Z e mvgvwrk mev jv KejgvÎ ^í cwigv Y `Iqv nq gšwjk AwaKvi jvi AvbyôvwbK ^xk wz i q Q, wkš ewkifvm Î ev Í e cö qvm nq bv AZGe, mvgvwrk I D`vi bwzk MYZ š i wepv i hy³ivr mvgvwrk MYZ š i cövšíxq mxgv wb ` k K i hy³iv R ivóªxq Kj vy Kg m~wp `ye jfv e M o D V Q, hv AZ ší we qki, KviY Kj vy iv óªi Dcv`vb jv mlv b Ab vb BD ivcxq ` ki _ K Av M M o D V Q AvVv iv kz Ki evwyr cömvi Ges cöhyw³i D veb KejgvÎ mg w B e q Av b wb eis wkívq bi mv _ m cwk Z mvgvwrk mgm v, hgb `vwi`ª, cywónxbzv I `ye j ^v, wkï kög Ges Ach vß mvgvwrk wbivcëv, Gm ei cwigvyi e w K i Q Gme mvgvwrk e _ Zvi cöwzwμqvq hy³iv R Kj vy iv óªi cöv_wgk Dcv`vb jv A c vk Z Av MB M o I V ejvi A c v iv L bv h ïiæ ZB GKwU evamg Kj vy iv óªi cökœ wqj bv Gi KviY hy³iv R i HwZn evnx ivrbxwz I ms wzi KvVv gvi gv S Lyu R cviqv hv e weªwuk ivr bwzk ms wz Z D`vibxwZ `xn w`b a i GKwU iæz c~y f wgkv cvjb K i Avm Q, hv gy³ evwyr Ges A_ bwzk mg w AR b m e K i Q Ges wkqz cwigvy ivr bwzk AwaKviI `vb K i Q Z e mvgvwrk wel q iv óªi n Í c wbwl wqj eis AvVv iv I Dwbk kz K mvgvwrk I A_ bwzk bxwz jv Ô jb m dqvõ (laisser-faire) D`vibxwZ A_ vr ÔmiKvi n Í c Ki e bvõ Abyhvqx M o D VwQj ivóªxq mvgvwrk mev jvi Dbœq bi Afve `vze I e w³mz RbwnZKi Kg KvÐ Øviv AvswkKfv e c~iy nq AMwYZ `vze ms v I e w³mz Abỳ vb hy³iv R GKwU D jøl hvm A-ivóªxq Kj vy e e v M o Zz j Q, hv GL bv wu K Av Q Z e h mgm vwu memgq `Lv hvq Zv nj me `yt e w³ K GB bmy mvnvh Øviv mn hvwmzv Kiv m e nq bv Dwbk kz K hy³iv R Gme ms vi cvkvcvwk A c vk Z kw³kvjx A bk köwgk msmvb M o D VwQj 108

111 Z e hy³iv R Rvg vwbi gz msne Kv bv köwgk msmvb M o I V wb, hvi d j GLvbKvi köwgk msmvb jv GLb ch ší wef³ 1900 mv ji köwgk msmv bi Av `vjb _ K hy³iv R mvgvwrk MYZš cš x jevi cvwu i Rb nq cö_g wek hy i ci jevi cvwu hy³iv R i wøzxq kw³kvjx ` j cwiyz nq Ges Ae k l 1945 mv j gzv MÖnY K i jevi cvwu i bz Z i Aax b weªwuk Kj vy iv óªi D jøl hvm cömvi NUv m e wqj KbRvi fwuf cvwu I jevi cvwu Kj vy iv óªi gšwjk welq jvi e vcv i Pzw³e wqj hy -ciez x mg q weªwuk `i gzvgz Ges wewfbœ mvgvwrk köwyi ga Kvi mvgvwrk Pzw³ cövqb cöwz iv ai m ylxb nz 1970-Gi kl w` K KbRvi fwuf cöavbgš x gvm v iu _ vpvi ewjôfv e mvgvwrk Pzw³i mgvwß NvlYv K ib Ges iv óªi cwiwa wu q biqvi AvnŸvb Rvbvb hy ciez x ivrbxwzi aviyvi wecix Z wm q wzwb Rvi w` q e jb h, ivóª mk ji Rb Kg ms vb m wó Ki Z `vqe bq Zvui g Z, A_ bwzk kw³ jvi ^vaxb f wgkv cvj b Kv bv ai bi ivóªxq n Í c AvBbc~e K wbwl Ki Z n e iv óªi KvR niqv DwPZ A_ bwzk Kvh vejx we kl K i A _ i hvmv bi Rb KvVv gvmz kz jvi vwqz `v b Rvi `Iqv G Kvi Y _ vpvi AvwacZ c~y KbRvi fwuf mikv ii kvmbvgj K weªwuk A_ bxwzi wewfbœ As ki e w³ gvwjkvbvaxb I wbqš Ynxb niqvi mgq wn m e wpwýz Kiv nq hy -ciez x HKgZ I ÔmvgvwRK Pzw³Õ _ vpvi-gi hym _ vpv ii bxwzi djvd ji g a i q Q hy³iv R i `vwi`ª nv ii D jøl hvm e w Ges mvgvwrk AmgZv e w GwU Ges Ab vb wb ` kk jv _ vpvi-ciez x hy³ivr K KejgvÎ GKwU mxwgz mvgvwrk MYZš wn m e wb ` k K i KejgvÎ 1997 mv j Uwb eøqvi Ges jevi cvwu wbe vwpz niqvi gva g hy³ivr cybivq mvgvwrk MYZ š i cöwz DbœxZ niqv ïiæ K i jevi cvwu i NvlYvK Z j wqj - mk ji Rb mvgvwrk my hvm myweav wbwðz Kiv - e vck c` c Øviv mgw_ Z nq hy³iv R i mvgvwrk MYZ š i c _ cybivq AMÖhvÎvi K qkwu wb ` kk nj mvgvwrk mev jvi e vck we Ívi, we kl K i ^v mev Ges wk v Î w ik Z `vwi`ª gvpb e e v Ges b~ bzg grywi e e v Pvjy Kiv Uwb eøqvi gzvq _vkvkvjxb hlb A bk IBwmwW iv óªi `vwi`ª nv ii D jøl hvm e w N U ZLb hy³iv R i `vwi`ª nvi nªvm Ges wb œ ekvi Z i nvi GB e e vi mvdj cögvy K i Uwb eøqvi I jevi cvwu 109

112 Z e _ vpvi hy Mi gy³ kögevrvi Ges D`vi bwzk A_ bwzk KvVv gv e e vcbv, eøqvi-gi KZ Z c~y ivóª e e v Ges hy³iv óªi Kv Qi wgî wn m e BivK wel q M nxz bxwz _ K evsv hvq h weªwuk `i Z Zxq cš vwu wezwk Z wqj Uwb eøqvi Gi DËimywi MW b eªvdb jevi cvwu i gšwjk welq jvi cöwz A½xKvie wq jb wkš wzwb wkqz wel q bzzb K i Rvi `b ˆe `wkk Ges wbivcëv bxwzi Î hy³ivóª K Mfxifv e AbymiY Kivi KŠkjwU AviI mvgäm c~y GKwU KŠk j cwiyz nq bvmwik mev e e vq wewb qvm Ae vnz _vk ji mvgvwrk cö vc Ui Ici we kl Rvi `Iqv nq ivr bwzk e e v hy³ivr K h_v_ fv eb BD iv ci cövpxb MYZš jvi GKwU ejv nq GwU ejvi cii weªwuk ivr bwzk e e v K GKwU Ôwbe vwpz GKbvqKZš Õ wn m e AwfwnZ Kiv nq Kxfv e GB `yõwu ˆewkó GKB mv _ Ae vb K i? weªwuk AvBbmfv kw³kvjx mikvi GB AvcvZ we f`wu GKwU msw ß HwZnvwmK cwiez bi gva g `~i nq Ô MŠiegq wecø eiõ ( ) ci _ K weªwuk AvBbmfv μgvmzfv e iæz c q Q kzvãx a i wmsnvm bi AwaKvixi AwaKvi I `vwqz jv D P K I wb œk Øviv MwVZ msm `i Ici ewk K i Awc Z nq BD iv ci wewfbœ ` k h ˆecøweK cwiez b gzvi we K `ªxKiY NUvq hy³iv R m ai bi cwiez b KL bvb msnwuz nqwb c~ e ivrgykz U h gzv K `ªxf Z wqj Zv ez gv b msm `i Ici b Í Kv RB msm `i ^vaxbzv cövq mxgvnxb Ges Kv bv D PZi AvBb A_ev msweavb Øviv mxgve bq GB Aeva ^vaxbzv ez gv b m e vcwi wb œk i msl vmwiô ` ji bzv, weªwuk cöavbgš xi Ici K `ªxf Z nq ez gv b `yõ Uv welq mikv ii gzv K AviI ewk kw³kvjx K i cö_gz, hy³iv R i K `ªwfwËK MVb wb ` k K i h K `ªxq mikvi Øviv M nxz AvBb K cöfvwez Kivi gz cöfvekvjx AÂj ev ivr bb wøzxqz, Ôme vwak fvucövß werqxõ (first-past-the-post) wbe vpbx e e v GwUB e j h, mvaviyz GKwU `j wbi¼zkfv e werqx nq RvU mikvi mskugq cwiw wz Qvov mvaviyz nq bv, Zv cö qvrbxqi bq KbRvi fwuf cvwu I jevi cvwu ch vqμ g mikvi MVb K i GB `ywu ` ji cvkvcvwk D`vicš x `j KI weªwuk ivr bwzk `j jvi g a GKwU iæz c~y I kw³kvjx `j wn m e D jøl Kiv hvq e wzμgxfv e Zviv KbRvi fwuf cvwu i mv _ QvU Askx`vi wn m e RvU MVb K i mikvi MVb K i Ôme vwak fvucövß werqxõ e e vi Kvi Y Ab vb `j jv RvZxq ch v q wb R `i cöwzwôz Ki Z mgm vq c o 110

113 m cöwz fvuvi `i AvPi Yi ek wkqz cwiez b n q Q, hvi d j ivr bwzk `j jvi ` k c UiI cwiez b n q Q 2010 mv j D`vicš xiv i Ykxj `i mv _ QvU Askx`vi wn m e e wzμgxfv e GKwU RvU mikvi MVb K i GQvov z`ª `j jv, hgb MÖxb cvwu Ges Pig Wvbcš x weªwuk RvZxq ` ji mg_ b e w cv Q, Ab w` K cöwzwôz RvZxq `j jv mg_ b nviv Q Z e RvZxq wbe vp b wbe vpbx djvdj vqx Ges wbi¼zk n q _v K iv óªi K `ªwfwËK KvVv gv, wbi¼zk msl vmwiôzv Ges GKwU mve fšg msm` GwUB cökvk K i h, mikv ii KvR Kivi h _ó my hvm i q Q ivr bwzk j jvi gšwjk cwiez b ZvB Lye `ªæZ I mvwe Kfv e Avbv m e AZGe, fwel Z hy³iv R mvgvwrk MYZ š i Dbœq bi aviv Ab vb A bk ` ki P q A bk Db y³ mvgvwrk MYZ š i Dbœqb fwel r Db y³ K i gšwjk AwaKv ii KvVv gv hy³ivr gšwjk AwaKvi cöm ½ Av ikwu AvcvZ AmsMwZi Øviv ˆewkó gwðz GKw` K g vmbv KvU v (1215) I AwaKvi wej (Petition of Rights) (1628) Øviv A bk Av M _ KB ïiæi w` Ki gšwjk AwaKvi jv wbwðz Kiv n qwqj, hw`i Lye Kg msl K gvbyl Øviv GB AwaKv ii m~pbv N U GB AwaKvi jv g~jz ˆ ^iz š i we ivwazv Kivi D Ï k ˆZwi n qwqj, Avi ZvB G jv bwzevpk bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzv Ab w` K hy³iv R i Kv bv GKK `wjjwfwëk wjwlz msweavb bb Kv RB gšwjk AwaKv ii Kv bv mvsweavwbk iƒc hy³iv R i bb Z e hy³ivr 1976 mv j RvwZms Ni bvmwik I ivr bwzk AwaKvi Ges A_ bwzk, mvgvwrk I mvs wzk AwaKvi welqk Pzw³ Z Abȳ ^v i K i gvbevwakvi welqk BD ivcxq Pzw³wU 1998 mv ji weªwuk AvB b wjwce nq AvbyôvwbK ˆeaZv `Iqv m Ë I hy³iv R wkqz Î gšwjk AwaKv ii ev Íe cöfve AZ ší Kg D`vniY wn m e ejv hvq, hy³iv R cövpxbkvj _ K weivrgvb D P `vwi `ª i nvi GKwU gvbm Z RxebhvÎvi AwaKvi K cökœwe K i cöviw K gšwjk AwaKvi gšwjk AwaKvi jv wk mwz B Kvh Ki? jevi cvwu gzvq Avmvi ci _ K wkqz gšwjk AwaKvi Av Mi Zzjbvq AviI e vckfv e cö qvm Kiv n Q D`vniY wn m e 1999 mv j cöwzwôz RvZxq me wb œ grywi Ges LÐKvjxb I vqx Kg Pvix `i Rb GKB ezb KvVv gv I Kg cwi ek cö`v b wb qvmkz v `i eva evakzvi K_v D jøl Kiv hvq 111

114 ivr bwzk A_ bxwz hy³iv R i A_ bxwz gy³evrvi A_ bxwzi m e v P ch vqfz³ mgwš^z evrvi A_ bxwzi Zzjbvq Zxeª cöwz hvwmzvg~jk evrvi GLv b gyl f wgkv cvjb K i evrvi e e vi e vck iæz bgbxq kög evrvi evrvi e e vi e vck iæz wb qvmkz v I Kg xi ga Kvi grywi wba viy Av jvpbvi gva g evsv hvq h nzz wb qvmkvix `i msmvb I köwgk msmvb jv `ye jfv e M o D V Q I wef³, m nzz Kg x I Kv cvwbi g a mivmwi Av jvpbvi gva g cvwiköwgk wba vwiz n q _v K Kv RB evrv ii h ch v q köwgk cviqv hvq, cvwiköwgki mivmwi mb ch v q wba vwiz nq AskMÖnY A_ev hš_ wba viy (codetermination) e e v (hv Rvg vwbi Kqjv I B úvz wk í `Lv hvq) hy³iv R ewkifvm ÎB Abycw Z PvKwii wbivcëv `ye j e j hy³iv R Kg x QvuUvB Kiv mnr ZviciI hvm Zvm cbœ Kg xiv GB wkw_j kög evrvi e e vq Lye mn RB bzzb KvR Lyu R cvq m e vcwi GKRb Kg xi c ÿ GKwU cöwzôv b KvR Kivi gqv`kvj Zzjbvg~jKfv e msw ß nq hvi d j GKwU wbw` ó Kv cvwb ev A_ bxwzi wbw` ó kvlvi Rb cö qvrbxq hvm Zv AR b K i Kg x `i Lye ewk jvf nq bv GwU AvšÍR vwzk evrv ii Zzjbvq hy³iv R i wb œ Drcv`b gzvi KviY jvi g a Ab Zg GB wb œ Drcv`b gzvi Kvi Y hy³iv R i A_ bxwz Z wk íi cwigvy A c vk Z Kg Z e mev LvZ A bk ewk kw³kvjx we k i cöavb Avw_ K K `ª jvi GKwU nj jûb bmix Avw_ K mev cöwzôvb I exgv Kv cvwb jvi GLv b Lye kw³kvjx Dcw wz `Lv hvq weªwuk Kg Rxex `i cövq 76 kzvsk mev Lv Zi mv _ RwoZ gy³evrvi A_ bxwz Z e emv cöwzôvb jv wewb qv Mi Rb cö qvrbxq g~jab cöavbz Avw_ K evrv ii gva g c q _v K, hvi d j Zviv `ªæZ gybvdv jv fi cöwz hvwmzvq wjß nq AviI `xn gqv`x A_ vqb e e v, hgb Rvg vwbi nvdm e vswks (house banking - Rvg vwbi Kv cvwb jvi GKwU `xn w` bi HwZn nj GKwU wbw` ó e vs Ki mv _ kw³kvjx m ck _vkv) hy³iv R cövq AcwiwPZ GB Kvi Y hy³iv R i A_ bxwz ^í gqv`x I m e v P gybvdvjvfx e e vi P μ cwzz n q Q 112

115 Kj vy ivóª Kj vy iv óªi Zzjbvg~jK M elyvq weªwuk Kj vy iv óªi aviyv K mvaviyz ÔwgkÖ ˆewkó c~y Õ wn m e ey bv Kiv nq GwU GB NUbviB cöwzdjb h weªwuk Kj vy ivóª K qkwu wfbœ hyw³ Øviv wbqwš Z nq, hv GKB e e vi g a mpivpi `Lv hvq bv D`vniY ^iƒc ejv hvq wkqz ivóªxq mev, hgb ^v mev e e v me Rbxbfv e cö`vb Kiv nq A_ vr ` ki me e w³ KB GB mev `Iqv nq Avevi Ab vb mev KejgvÎ Avw_ K msmwz wbix vi wfwë Z `Iqv nq, hv A bk Î AegvbbvKi e j we ewpz nq Gme m Ë I hy³ivr K GKwU D`vicš x Kj vy ivóª wn m e we epbv Kiv nq mvgvwrk wbivcëv e e v KejgvÎ gšwjk AwaKvi jv c~iy K i _v K; gšwjk AwaKvi-ewnf Z cö qvrb jv gy³ evrvi e e vi gva g c~iy Ki Z nq ^v mev e e v: weªwuk ivóªxq mevi cöavb Ask nj RvZxq ^v mev (GbGBPGm) Kvi ivr ^ _ K cövß A_ Øviv GB mev cökíwui A_ vqb nq hv webvg~ j wpwkrmv mev cö`vb Ges cö qvrbxq Ilya I c Y i hvmvb mywbwðz K i GbGBPGm-Gi me RbxbZv Qvov AviI GKwU cöavb myweav nj Gi D P gvîvi ^ QZv Z e eû eqi a i GbGBPGm cök í A_ vq b NvUwZ we` gvb, hv mev e e vwu Z `xn m~îzvi Rb w` q Q, hvi cökvk N U wkqz A vcpv ii Rb `xn Kvj A c v Kivi gva g 2000 mvj _ K GB cök í wecyj cwigvy A _ i wewb qvm N U mvgvwrk wbivcëv: RvZxq exgv e e v ek wkqz SzuwK I wec `i ÿ Î wbðqzv w` q _v K Gme wec `i g a i q Q eva K, ekviz, Kg Î `yn Ubv Ges A gzv Av qi mv _ AvbycvwZKfv e `vbk Z A _ i wfwë Z RvZxq exgv e e vi A_ vqb Kiv n q _v K cö`ë myweav jv cöv_wgk ch v qi Ges KejgvÎ gšwjk wbivcëv `vb K i Kv bv e w³ hw` GB gšwjk wbivcëv K AviI c~y v½ Ki Z Pvq Z e Zv K Aek B gy³evrvi _ K Zv AR b Ki Z n e mvgvwrk mnvqzv: hviv Ae`vb-wfwËK myweavi AšÍf z³ bq Ges hv `i e w³mzfv e e e v MÖn Yi msmwz bb, RvZxq mnvqzv e e v Zv `i ek wkqz my hvm-myweav w` q _v K Gme myweav Ki Øviv A_ vqbk Z Ges mvaviyz K Vvifv e Avw_ K msmwz wbix vwfwëk Gi A_ nj Gme myweav KejgvÎ ZLbB fvm Kiv hv e hlb Av e`bkvix cögvy Ki e h Zviv mwz B `yt Ges wb R `i mvnvh Kivi Zv `i Avi Kv bv Dcvq bb Kj vy iv óªi wgkö ˆewkó ^v mev e e v mvgvwrk wbivcëv mvgvwrk mnvqzv 113

116 wk v e e v wk v e e v: hy³iv R i we` vjq e e v K ivóªxq (ˆeZwbK) Ges e w³-gvwjkvbvaxb (weåvwšíkifv e hv ÔcvewjKÕ bv g cwiwpz) GB `yb fv M fvm Kiv hvq KviI KviI g Z GKwU z`ª, D P hvm Zvm cbœ AwfRvZ köwy _vkvi cvkvcvwk hy³iv R i wk v I cöwk Yi mvaviy gvb AZ ší nzvkvrbk niqvi Rb hy³iv R i Giƒc wk v e e vb AvswkKfv e `vqx mvgvwrk c`gh v`v Ges wk v jv fi g a AZ ší mij m ck we` gvb Kv RB jevi cvwu i GKwU c~e NvwlZ j wqj wk v e e vi ms vi I Dbœqb NUv bv GB j c~i Yi D Ïk eªvdb-gi mikvi Øviv M nxz GKwU iæz c~y c` c wqj eva Zvg~jK wk v ev cöwk Y MÖn Yi eqmmxgv K ax i ax i 16 _ K 17 eq ii DbœxZ Kiv Gi j wqj hy³ivr K Ggb GKwU iv óª cwiyz Kiv hlv b ewkifvm 16 _ K 18 eq ii eqmmxgv nq Kg Î A_ev wk v ev cöwk Y wb qvwrz _vk e GB mg q wk v Lv Z cöpzi cwigv Y wewb qvm N U, hw`i wk v_ x wd-gi cöez bmn ek wkqz wezwk Z c` c G mgq M nxz nq mvigg 1990 mv ji ci _ K hy³ivr cybivq mvgvwrk MYZ š i w` K DbœwZ ïiæ K i jevi cvwu i NvlYvK Z j wqj cöv_wgkfv e kög evrv i AskMÖn Yi gva g mevi Rb mvgvwrk mev wbwðz Kiv mvgvwrk my hvm-myweav jv Zv `i j K ib M o Zvjv DwPZ hviv cök Zc B `yt I Amnvq, Ges hz ewk m e ZZRb K I Lye ewk cwigv Y `Iqv DwPZ bq GKBmv _ mvgvwrk mnvqzv e e vwu GB kz mv c wqj h mnvqzv-cöz vkx cöv_ xiv wb R `i K mvnvh Ki Z m Pó n e vqx A_ bwzk cöe w Ges GKwU Kg ZrciZvi kög evrvi bxwz hy³iv R 2009 mvj ch ší D P PvKwii nvi ervq i LwQj dj ^iƒc, GKw` K `vwi`ª i nvi nªvm cvw Qj Ges Ab w` K mvgvwrk AskMÖnY e w cvw Qj Z e avivevwnk D P `vwi `ª i nvi, mvgvwrk myweavi wb œ gvb Ges Amgfv e eèbk Z wk v my hv Mi Ici wfwë K i jevi cvwu mikv ii kl mgqkvjxb hy³ivr Aek B GKwU ^í-m c ³ mvgvwrk MYZš wn m e we ewpz n e Ges mvgvwrk MYZ š i cövšíxq mxgvq Ae vb Ki e KbRvi fwuf cvwu ev jevi cvwu mikv ii Aax b welq jv wkfv e DbœwZ jvf K i Zv-B `Lvi evwk Av Q 114

117 hy³ivr PvKwii nvi % (65.8%) gvu RbmsL vi Zzjbvq eqmx gvby li PvKwii nvi (bvix `i) (m~î: BD iv vu) cyiæ li Zzjbvq bvixi Avq 67% cyiæ li Zzjbvq bvixi Av qi nvi (m~ît wndg vb W fjc g U Bb W, 2009 c -186) ekvi Z i nvi % A_ bwzkfv e mwμq RbmsL vi g a ekv ii AbycvZ (m~î: BD iv vu) `xn mgq a i ekvi Z i nvi 2008 Av qi AmgZv/ wrwb mnm 2009 gvbe `vwi`ª m~pk % 36% 14.6% A_ bwzkfv e mwμq Rb Mvôxi g a `xn mgq a i (12 gvm ev AwaK) ekv ii AbycvZ (m~î: BD iv vu) Av qi AmgZv wb ` kkvix AbycvZ gvb hz ewk AmgZv ZZ ewk (m~î: wndg vb W fjc g U wi cvu, 2009 c -195) gvbe `vwi`ª m~pk K qkwu wb ` kk wb q MwVZ (Mo Avqy, ^v izvi nvi, ^v mevi my hvm) [0 = me wb œ `vwi`ª, 100 = m e v P `vwi`ª ] (m~î: wndg vb W fjc g U wi cvu, 2009 c -180) Av iv Rvb Z co bwμmwpqvb μj (2006), Ôj vmvw Ai wjwvi? - Wvi weªwuk P mvwrqvj vu Bg úvb Mj Wvi mvwrqv jb W gvμvwuõ, Bb: _gvm gqvi (ms.), cö vw m Wvi mvwrqv jb W gvμvwu, DBmev Wb, c ôv wk v jv f Av_ -mvgvwrk cuf wgi iæz 2006 köwgk msmv bi NbZ % 28% Av_ -mvgvwrk cuf wgi Kvi Y wk v_ x `i djvd ji cv_ K i AbycvZ (m~î: IBwmwW, 2007) A_ bwzkfv e mwμq gvby li g a köwgk msmv bi mv _ RwoZ `i AbycvZ (m~î: IBwmwW, 2007) Av jkrvûvi cwuªs (2006), Ô MÖveweªUvbwb qbõ, Bb: DjdM vs gv K j B_vj (ms.), WvB widigdvwnmwμu Wvi mvwrqv jb W gvμvwu, DBRev Rb, c ôv

118 5.3 Rvg vwb wμ vd GM j mvgvwrk MYZ š i GKwU mvd j i Mí? Ôg Wj Rvg vwbõ wøzxq wek hy -ciez x ivr bwzk I A_ bwzk cwiw wz we epbvq Rvg vwbi 21 mvgvwrk MYZš K mdj ejv hvq bvwr kvmbvg ji ci Rvg vwb Avi KL bv GKwU kvwšíc~y I MYZvwš K ivóª n Z cvi e wkbv GB mskq Rvg vwb Z vqx MYZš I GKwU iæz c~y bvmwik mgvr cöwzôvi gva g `~i n q Q ^xkvi Ki ZB n e h ivóª I mgv Ri MYZš vqb cwic~y iƒc jvf K i Q 1960 mv ji kl w` K bvwr kvmbkv ji j¾v Ges I qbgvi cörvz š i aÿsm Rvg vwbi ivr bwzk ms wz Z GKwU A q wpý i L M Q ` óvší Dc vc bi gva g KD nq Zv Zxeª RvZxqZvev `i wemr b I h Kv bv cökvi Pigcš vi wel q Mfxi msk qi K_v D jøl Ki Z cv i Z e Gi wecix Z Av cv li müvb Kiv Ges Av cv li Dcvq Lyu R ei Kiv Rvg vwb Z iæz c~y Y e j we ewpz nq 1945 mv ji ci cybtmyzš vq bi cvkvcvwk A_ bxwzi Awek vm DbœwZ Rvg vwb K Ab vb cwðgv wk ívbœz `k jvi Av`k wn m e Avwef Z n Z mvnvh K i Q GB DbœwZ A_ bwzk Kvh μg, ivr bwzk w wzkxjzv Ges mvgvwrk fvimv g i GKwU cövq Abb mwbœ e ki Ici wfwë K i m e n q Q Rvg vwbi mvgvwrk MYZš e e vi wb R K iv óªi mvgvwrk I A_ bwzk aviv Øviv cwiwpz K i, hv K ivr bwzk g~j ev ai Abyaveb wn m e we epbv Kiv nq hgb, 1976 mv ji RvZxq wbe vp b GmwcwW Av`k Rvg vwbi (Ôg Wj Rvg vwbõ) aviyv K K `ª K i wbe vpbx cöpviyv Pvjvq Z e Rvg vwbi cybwg jbxi ci GwU μgvmz úó n q I V h Rvg vwb Avi GB Av`k Abyhvqx wu K _vk Z cvi Q bv Ges A_ bwzk cöe w AR b I Kg ms vb m wó Z wcwq q cowqj GwU LyeB KŠZzn jvïxck h 1980Õi `k K AMÖMwZ cövß ek wkqz welq hv Rvg vb Av` k i mdjzvq f wgkv i LwQj m jv K 1990-Gi `k K Rvg vwbi e _ Zvi Rb `vqx e j wpwýz Kiv nq G jvi g a D jøl hvm nj mikvi e e v hv cwiewz Z A_ bwzk cwiw wzi (wek vqb) mv _ Lye `ªæZ Lvc LvB q wb Z cviz bv Ges Kj vy ivóª e e vi wbw` ó wkqz KvVv gv, hv wkqz Î Kg ms vb ˆZwi Z evav e j cögvwyz n q Q (we klk i wb œ hvm Zvc~Y e w³ I bvix `i Rb ) Ab w` K GwU K mšfvm B ej Z n e h gšwjk AvBbwU AcwiewZ Z i q Q, hv g~jz KejgvÎ GKwU cwiez bvaxb mgqkv ji Rb cwikíbv Kiv n qwqj 21 `ytlrbkfv e ch vß v bi Afv e c~e Rvg vwbi (wwwwavi) Dbœq bi wel q Av jvpbv Kiv m e nj bv 116

119 ewmk jõ Z gšwjk AwaKvi KvVv gv I qbgvi cörvz š i e _ Zv _ K wk v wb q ewmk jõi cö_g 20wU Aby Q `B gšwjk gvbwek I bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzv K AvBb wn m e cöwzwôz Kiv n q Q hv ivóª msμvší cövq me wkqzi E aÿ emikvwi Î iv óªi n Í c n Z gy³ _vkvi D`vi bwzk AwaKvi ( bwzevpk ^vaxbzv) Ges AskMÖn Yi MYZvwš K AwaKvi (BwZevPK ^vaxbzv) DfqB GB AvB bi AšÍf z³ wewfbœ mvgvwrk AwaKvi, hgb KvR Kivi AwaKvi, evm v bi AwaKvi, wk vi AwaKvi A_ev me wb œ Av qi AwaKvi gšwjk AvB b D jøl Kiv nq wb, hw`i wkqz iv R i msweav b Gm ei D jøl i q Q ewmk jõ Z Kv bv we kl A_ bwzk e e vi K_v D jøl Kiv nq wb, wkš G Z Awbqwš Z evrvi cyuwrev` Ges mgvrzvwš K cwikíbvk Z A_ bxwz Df qi wec B ek wkqz wbivcëv e e vi K_v D jøl i q Q hgb, ewmk jõi 14 Aby Q ` m cwë I DËivwaKv ii AwaKvi wbwðz Kiv n q Q, wkš m cwëi e envi Rbmvavi Yi Rb I Kj vyki n Z n e GB Aby Q`wU ÔmvgvwRK evrvi A_ bxwzõ aviyvi ga w` q e envwik ivr bwzk iƒc cvq ivr bwzk e e v Rvg vwb Z mikvi e e v Ggbfv e MVb Kiv n qwqj h MYZ š i e _ Zv Kv bvfv eb m e niqv DwPZ bq GB D Ï k D P gvîvq gzvi we K `ªxKiY I wbqš Y Kiv nq, hlv b wbe vnx `i gzv cövq h Kv bv MYZ š i Zzjbvq ewk wbqwš Z wqj AwZwi³ kw³kvjx iv óªi wec M nxz wbivcëv e e v jvi g a i q Q dwv ij e e v Ges K `ªxq AvBb cöyqb (Bundesrat; ev D PK i gva g) e e vq ivr jvi AskMÖnY, K `ªxq mvsweavwbk Av`vj Zi kw³kvjx Ae vb, eyb WmevsK-Gi (Bundesbank - ez gv b BD ivcxq K `ªxq e vsk) ^vaxbzv, bvmwik mwgwz K wkqz ivóªxq Kv Ri `vwqz cö`vb, Ges me k l mvgvwrk wbivcëv e e vq cökvm b mvgvwrk Askx`vi `i AskMÖnY GB cöwzeükzvc~y ivóªxq gzvi Rb hy³iv óªi ivr bwzk weávbx wcuvi KvU Rb Bb GKevi Rvg vwb K GKwU ÔcÖvq-mve fšgõ ivóª wn m e ey bv K ib GB cöm ½ GwU we epbv Kiv Riæwi h 1990 mv ji c~e ch ší ciivóª bxwzi Î Rvg vwb m c~y mve fšg wqj bv wewfbœ ^v _ i gzv weav bi GB cövwzôvwbk eva evakzv Rvg vwbi Rb Kv bv ai bi ˆewi Ae v m wó K i wb Rvg vwbi mikvi e e v D PgvÎvq Kvh Ki I cöwzwbwaz g~jk msm`xq e e v mvgvwrk Dbœq bi ( hgb bzzb ` ji Avwef v ei Î) Rb h _ó D`vi e j cögvwyz Ges mb mv _ mikvi MV b vwqz `vb K i ewmk jõ Z bwzevpk I BwZevPK bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzv ÿgzvi c _KKiY I mxgve Zvi D P ch vq ivr bwzk ` ji K `ªxq f wgkv 117

120 vwq Z i w` K Rvg vwbi Suv Ki mejzv I `ye jzv ÔivBb cyuwrev`õ mn-wba viy I gy³ hš_ `i-klvkwl 118 AvBb cöyqb cöwμqvq evb ii we klá gzvgz MÖnY Kiv nq Ges ^v_ -mswkøó Mvôx jvi cöwzwbwa `i mv _ wbqwgz Av jvpbv Kiv nq Z e GKwU AewnZ gzvgz M o Zzj Z ivr bwzk `j jvb K `ªxq f wgkv cvjb K i; GB cöwμqvwu mikvwi Kvh vjq jv ZI cö qvm Kiv nq GBfv e Zviv mgvr I iv óªi g a ga ZvKvixi iæz c~y f wgkv cvjb K i h nzz K `ªxq mikvi e e v ev ` AviI gvu 16wU ivr mikvi e e vq ivr bwzk `j jv AskMÖnY Ki Z cv i, m nzz Kv bv `jb cövq KL bvb wbi¼zk mikvi ev we ivax `j MVb Ki Z cv i bv GwU eo `ywu ivr bwzk `j GmwcwW Ges wmwwbd/wmgmbd-gi Rb we klfv e cö hvr hvi d j Rvg vwb KL bvb GKwU AvbyôvwbK gnv RvU mikvi _ K ewk `~ i _v K bv cvi úwik mn hvwmzvi cöwz GB eva evakzv GKwU Ôga cš x bxwzõi (g vb d«w wr w U) w` K cwipvwjz K i, we klk i A_ bwzk I mvgvwrk bxwzi Î hv Ic i DwjøwLZ Rvg vwbi ivr bwzk ms wzi mv _ cy ivcywi Lvc L q hvq ivr bwzk `j jvi cöwzøw ØZv I dwv ij mikvie e v Ggb cwiw wzi m wó K i h `jxq ivrbxwzi Kvi Y iæz c~y wm vší MÖnY e vnz nq ev Am šívlrbk Av cvl Kiv nq 1990 mv ji ci _ K Ggb Ae v AviI e o hvq, hlb `yb Rvg vwb GKxf Z nq Ges ivr msl v e w cvq, wkš ewa òz wek vq bi cö vc U cö qvrbxq cwiez b jv h _ó `ªæZ m cv`b Kiv nq wb RvW Zvi cöeyzvi Kvi Y vwq Z i cöwz ivr bwzk e e vi cövavb, hv `xn w`b a i mdjzvi cözxk wqj, ciez x Z GKwU mgm vq cwiyz nq ek K qk eqi a i GwU K AviI ewk `ªæZ Ôwm vší MÖnY Dc hvmxõ Kivi Rb ivóª e e vi ms vi Pj Q ivr bwzk A_ bxwz mgwš^z evrvi A_ bxwzi GKwU Av`k D`vniY n Q Rvg vwb, hlv b e emv cöwzôvb jv Zv `i ÔnvDm e vskõ _ K `xn gqv`x F Yi gva g e emv qi A_ vqb K i _v K GwU gy³evrvi A_ bxwzi mv _ ˆemv` k c~y, hlv b g~jab evrv ii Ici wbf ikxj d j wkí cöwzôvb I e vsk Lv Zi ci úi wbf ikxjzv ivbb cyuwrev `ib GKwU cöavb ˆewkó Ô`xN gqv`x g~ja biõ Ici wfwë K i GKwU `xn gqv`x KvVv gvi AvIZvq ^í gqv`x kqviavix `i cöwz iæz `vb e e vi P q GB e e vq KŠkjx SzuwKc~Y wm vší MÖnY m e nq AvšÍR vwzk ÿ Îi Zzjbvq MZvbyMwZK ÔRvg vwb GwRÕ n Q e emv cöwzôvb e e vcbvq (Kg x `i cöwzôv ch vq Kg vb, Kg m~wp Ges e w³mz wel qi e e vcbv) Ges cövwzôvwbk ch vq (cvewjk wjwg UW Kv cvwb Ges Ab vb e nr Askx`vix Kv cvwbi ZË veavbkvix ev W cöwzwbwaz Kiv) Dfq ÎB mỳ ~icömvix AskMÖnY

121 AskMÖnY Gi mv _ mvgäm c~y fv e mvgvwrk m ck jvi gšwjk ˆewkó nj Askx`vwiZ I mn hvwmzv gvwjk I Kg Pvix `i gv S gy³ Av jvpbvi gva g (gy³ mvgwók Av jvpbv) cvwiköwgk wba vwiz nq, hv ewkifvm Î RvZxq m ev P cöwzôvb jv Z Av qvwrz n q _v K AvšÍR vwzk ÿ Îi Zzjbvq wkí Lv Z msnl Kg Ges mvaviyz msw ß AvKv i n q _v K Z e mv cöwzk eqi jv Z mgwš^z A_ bxwzi GB iƒcwui gšwjk Ask jv Z f ½ covi wpý dz U D V Q hvi KviY GKw` K wek vqb A_ev Gi mv _ m cwk Z AvšÍR vwzk Avw_ K evrv i Rvg vb cöwzôvb jvi AskMÖn Yi ewa òz cöeyzv, Ges Ab w` K wkí I mvgvwrk m c K i q, hv köwgk msn Ges gvwjk mwgwz Df qib μgvmz gzv nªvm cviqv, Ges Zvi d j mgš^q Kivi gzv K g hviqvi Kvi Y N U Q Kj vy ivóª Rvg vwb nj Av jvwpz i Ykxj/ K c v iu auv Pi Kj vy ivóª aviyvi DrK ó D`vniY, hv Ôwμwðqvb W gvμvwukõ ev ÔwemgvK Õ e e v bv gi cwiwpz GB cwifvlvwu GwU úó K i h Rvg vb Kj vy ivóª e e vwu me cö_g mvgvwrk MYZš x `i Øviv ˆZwi nq wb, eis Gi HwZnvwmK Avwef ve N U g~jz i Ykxj Ges wμwðqvb W gvμ vu `i Øviv wøzxq wek hy i ci Kj vy ivóª e e vi m cömviy `ybwu Kj vy ivóª Abymvix `j, GmwcwW I wmwwbd/wmgmbd Øviv cwipvwjz nq GKwU wekvj Avw_ K e e v m Ë I Rvg vwbi Kj vy ivóª e e v K KejgvÎ ga cybe Èb e e v wn m e we epbv Kiv nq, KviY we` gvb mvgvwrk ˆelg cövqb vwqz c q _v K Kj vy iv óªi Kg m~wpi g a i q Q wewfbœ ckvrxex ` ji Rb wewfbœ mvgvwrk exgv I mev e e v Avewk K mvgvwrk exgv KejgvÎ Kg Rxex `i Rb cö hvr ; Ab w` K AvZ -Kg ms vbkvix Ges mikvwi PvKwiRxexiv mvgvwrk `yn Ubvi wecix Z e w³mzfv e exgv Ki Z cv i A_ev GKwU c _K exgv e e vi ( hgb mikvwi PvKwiRxex fvzv) Aaxb n Z cv i Rvg vb Kj vy ivóª e e vi cöavb Kg m~wp jv nj wewfbœ ^vaxb mvgvwrk exgv e e v, hv Kg x `i g~j vqb-wbf i eva Zvg~jK Ae`vb Øviv A_ vwqz Gi mv _ cö qvrbgz A_ev μgvmzfv e ( hgbwu fvzv exgvi Î nq) K `ªxq ev RU _ K fz zwk cö`vb Kiv nq h nzz Kj vy ivóª e e vi e qfvi cöavbz e w³i cvwiköwg Ki Ici c o Ges ZvB e w³i kö gi g~j I e w cvq, A_ vq bi Giƒc aviv Kg ms vb m wói Rb evav e j cögvwyz, we kl K i D P kög-wbf i mev Î jv Z iÿykxj/ Ki cv iu auv Pi Kj vy ivóª D P AwZwi³ cvwiköwgk e q 119

122 Aemi fvzv ekvi exgv wk v e e v exgv myweav jv Kg- ewk mvgäm bxwz-wbf i, hvi A_ nj GKRb Kg x hz ewk Pvù v ` e A_ev hz ewk A_ Avq Ki e, Zvi cövc myweavi ZZ ewk n e GB Kg wbf i e e v ^í vqx Kg Rxex `i Rb mgm vi n Z cv i Zviv Lye mxwgz cwigvy mvgvwrk myi v cviqvi mvg_ iv L Aemi fvzv: mswewae fvzv exgv (m c~ik Kv cvwb exgv e ZxZ) _ K `Iqv Av`k fvzv Mo g~j cvwiköwg Ki cövq 70 fvm n q _v K AwZ mv cöwzk fvzv e e v ms v ii d j Gi cwigvy `xn gqv ` cövq 50 fv M b g Avm e GB Aebg bi wzc~i Yi Rb ivóªxq fvzv Ges Ki myweav `Iqv n e Ges gvbyl K ZnwejK Z m c~ik fvzv MÖn Y DrmvwnZ Kiv n e hw` Kv bv e w³i fvzvi cwigvy Avq mnvqzvi cwigv Yi Kg nq Zvn j hv `i eqm n q Q Zv `i Rb GKwU gšwjk exgv e e v Kvh Ki n e ekvi exgv: ekvi exgv _ K `Iqv Ô ekvi myweav 1Õ cwiev ii Ae v Abyhvqx c~e ez bi cövq fvm ch ší n q _v K MÖnxZvi eqm Ges Ae`v bi cwigv Yi Ici wbf i K i 6 _ K 24 gvm eqm ch ší GB myweav `Iqv nq GB myweav kl n q M j Ki Øviv A_ vqbk Z Ô ekvi myweav 2Õ ev Avq mnvqzv cviqv hvq GB ekvi myweav 2 ev Avq mnvqzv (KvR Ki Z A g Ggb e w³i Rb ) MÖn Yi kz n Q cix v-wbf i; mb mv _ A_ bwzkfv e mwμq `i KvQ _ K Zviv h KvR Ki Z AvMÖnx Ges Kg ms v bi Póv Ki Q Zvi cögvy Dc vcb Ki e Zv cöz vkv Kiv nq Gme Kj vy myweav AvBwb eva evakzv, hv mevi Rb GKwU b~ bzg mvgvwrk mvs wzk RxweKv wbwðz K i ^v mev e e v: AvšÍR vwzk gvb` Ði Zzjbvq mswewae ^v exgv e e vi myweav jv fvj Ges e e vwu Abyiƒcfv e e qeûj mšívb I Kg ms vbnxb m½x Zv `i AwffveK A_ev A_ bwzkfv e mwμq m½xi mv _ mn-exgvk Z, Ges hviv mvgvwrk myweav MÖnY Ki Z Zviv ^qswμqfv eb mswewae ^v exgv e e vi AvIZvaxb myweav fvm K i AvZ -Kg ms vbkvix, mikvwi PvKwiRxex Ges D P AvqKvix Kg Rxexiv Avewk K exgv Pvù v w` Z eva bq Ges e w³mzfv e AviI fvj k Z wb R `i exgv Kiv Z cv i wk v e e v ivr jvi wk v e e v Kg- ewk Zv `i wb R `i Aax b GKgvÎ `vwqz, Ges KvVv gv I gv bi wepv i D jøl hvm AvÂwjK cv_ K wb ` k K i GKw` K A bk iv R i wk v e e v K we k i miv wk v e e vi mv _ Zzjbv Kiv hvq, Avi Ab w` K evwk ivr jvi wk v_ xiv IBwmwWÕi M oi P qi wb œ gv bi GwUI cwi vi h Lye mvgvb 120

123 cwi vi h Lye mvgvb msl K ` kb wk vi mvdj wk v_ xi mvgvwrk cö vc Ui Ici GZ ewk wbf ikxj Ab K_vq ejv hvq, Rvg vwb Z mgvb my hv Mi AvKv v Lye Kg cwigv YB AwR Z n q Q Rvg vwb PvKwii nvi % (65.4%) gvu RbmsL vi Zzjbvq eqmx gvby li PvKwii nvi (bvix `i) (m~î: BD iv vu) cyiæ li Zzjbvq bvixi Avq 59% cyiæ li Zzjbvq bvixi Av qi nvi (m~î: wndg vb W fjc g U Bb W, 2009, c. 186) ekvi Z i nvi % A_ bwzkfv e mwμq RbmsL vi g a ekv ii AbycvZ (m~î: BD iv vu) Av iv Rvb Z co b- `xn mgq a i ekvi Z i nvi 2008 Av qi AmgZv/ wrwb mnm 2009 gvbe `vwi`ª m~pk 2009 wk v jv f Av_ -mvgvwrk cuf wgi iæz 2006 köwgk msmv bi NbZ % 28.3% 10.1% 19% 19.9% A_ bwzkfv e mwμq Rb Mvôxi g a `xn mgq a i (12 gvm ev AwaK) ekv ii AbycvZ (m~î: BD iv vu) Av qi AmgZv wb ` kkvix AbycvZ gvb hz ewk AmgZv ZZ ewk (m~î: wndg vb W fjc g U wi cvu, 2009, c. 195) gvbe `vwi`ª m~pk K qkwu wb ` kk wb q MwVZ (Mo Avqy, ^v izvi nvi, ^v mevi my hvm) [0 = me wb œ `vwi`ª, 100 = m e v P `vwi`ª ] (m~î: wndg vb W fjc g U wi cvu, 2009 c. 180) Av_ -mvgvwrk cuf wgi Kvi Y wk v_ x `i djvd ji cv_ K i AbycvZ (m~î: IBwmwW, 2007) A_ bwzkfv e mwμq gvby li g a köwgk msmv bi mv _ RwoZ `i AbycvZ (m~î: IBwmwW, 2007) wμmuc GM j (2006), ÔwWDUkj vû: Wvi eøwkqvi U gvmuvk bv eõ, Bb: _gvm gqvi (ms.), cö vw m Wvi mvwrqv jb W gvμvwu, DBRev Wb, c ôv wcuvi R. KvU Rb Bb (1987): cwjwm A vû cwjwukm Bb I q Rvg vwb, ` MÖv_ Ae G mwgmfwib ªU, wdjv Wjwdqv g vb d«w wr. w wgwu (2007), Wvm cwjwu k wmm Ug wwdukj vûm, wgdwbk 121

124 Z e ˆØZ KvwiMwi cöwk Y e e v wk vbexkxi mnrjf Zvi Afve m Ë I AvšÍR vwzk Zzjbvq ` óvšíg~jk GB e e vwu Kv cvwb jvi cö qvrbxq hvm Zv m wói cvkvcvwk wk v_ x `i eva Zvg~jK we` vjq Dcw wzi gva g mg K wk v wbwðz K i mvigg 1970 `k Ki kl fvm ch ší Ôg Wj Rvg vwbõ `xn w`b a i GKwU D P-m c ³ mvgvwrk iv óªi D`vniY wn m e wu K wqj Z e `yb Rvg vwbi GKÎxKiY I wek vq bi msku jvi d j GB c~e cövavb nvwi q wm q Q GLb Rvg vwb K eis GKwU ga -m c ³ mvgvwrk MYZš wn m e we epbv Kiv h Z cv i Kj vy ivóª e e vi A_ vq bi aviv ` ki AvšÍR vwzk cöwz hvwmzvi Rb wzki cögvwyz niqv Ges vwq Z i cöwz cöeyzvc~y ivr bwzk e e vi Kvi Y cö qvrbxq ms vi mgqgz M nxz bv niqv Gi cöavb KviY jvi g a Ab Zg 1990 `k Ki ga ez x mgq _ K cö_ g Kvj mikvi Ges ciez x Z wkqz wøavi ci köv qwvi mikvi Kj vy ivóª e e v K cybte e vcbv Ges AvswkK f ½ djvi gva g Ges RbmsL vzë MZ eqm I cwiewz Z cwievi KvVv gv Abyhvqx mvgvwrk wbivcëv e e v MÖn Yi gva g Rvg vb A_ bxwzi cöwzøw ØZv `vuo Kiv bvi Póv K i Gme ms vi wkqz wkqz Î D jøl hvm cöwz iv ai m ylxb nq Z e mew`k we epbvq Gme ms vi Qvov Kg ms vb e w Kiv Avi Kv bvfv e m e bq Z e fwel Z Rvg vwb AviI GKevi GKwU D P-m c ³ mvgvwrk MYZ š i KvQvKvwQ h Z cvi e wkbv Zv `Lvi evwk Av Q 122

125 5.4 Rvcvb 22 BDb-wRDs wj cövwzôvwbk Av jvpbvq cövq Kv bv `kb Rvcv bi gz GZ ewk cwigvy ˆewkó Øviv ewy Z nq bv we klk i ÔKj vy ivóªõ A_ev ÔKj vy mgv RiÕ aviyvi Î Rvcv bi h wpî dz U I V Zv kw³kvjx ÔmvgvwRK MYZvwš KÕ ˆewkó gwðz D`vi bwzk i Ykxj Kj vy kvmbe e v _ K Ôgv xq köwynxb mgvr e e võ ch ší we Í Z Rvcv bi cwiw wz mvaviy Î jvi gva g Lye mn R Zz j aiv hv e bv mv j GKwU msw ß e wzμg ev ` 1955 mvj _ K cö Z K cöavbgš x i Ykxj D`vi bwzk MYZvwš K `j (GjwcwW) _ K n q Q mvgvwrk e e vq mikvwi e qi wepv i Rvcvb D P wk ívbœz `k jvi g a wb Pi w` K Ae vb K i 2005 mv j wrwwwcõi 22.9 kzvsk mvgvwrk e q wb q Rvcvb M oi P qi Kg mvgvwrk Lv Z e q K i (IBwmwWÕi Mo 24.4 kzvsk) hv Rvg vwb (31.1 kzvsk) Ges myb Wb (33.6 kzvsk) _ K A bk Kg Z e Rvcv bi i q Q we k i m e v P Mo Avqy we klk i bvix `i, Awek vm ik gi wb œ wkï g Zÿ nvi Ges D jøl hvm mylg Avq eèb e e v GB mewkqzb Rvcv bi mvgvwrk wbivcëv e e vi Kvh KiZv cögvy K i AviI D jøl, gzvgz Rwic Abyhvqx cövq 90 fvm RvcvwbB wb R `i K ga weë köwyi m`m e j g b K i wewfbœ wel q Giƒc RwUjZvi Kvi Y Rvcv bi welqwu Lye mzk Zvi mv _ Av jvpbv Ki Z n e cövqb Rvcv bi wel q Av jvpbv wekí ^Zš wel q mxgve _v K: Rvcvb wk Abb bvwk bq? Gi DËi Aek B Ôn vu Ges bvõ n e Ab vb mgv Ri gz Rvcv bi GKBmv _ Abb Ges Zzjbxq Dcv`vb Lyu R cviqv hv e GwU cvi úwik ^Zš wek íi welq bq, eis GwU mn-ae v bi welq ivr bwzk e e v Rvcv bi ivr bwzk e e v K msm`xq MYZš wn m e D jøl Kiv hvq GKw` K 1947 mv ji msweav b bvmwi Ki gšwjk AwaKvi jvi wbðqzv `qv n q Q, Avi Ab w` K ivr bwzk `j jv K wfwë K i ivr bwzk cöwz hvwmzv I wm vší ˆZwi nq mvaviyfv e ej Z M j wøzxq wek hy -ciez x ivr bwzk e e vi Dbœqb K wzbwu ch v q fvm Kiv hvq Rvcvb: GKwU e wzμgx Km wrwwwcõi Zzjbvq wb œ mvgvwrk e q mvgvwrk wbivcëv e e vi D P Kvh KiZv wzbwu ch v q ivr bwzk e e vi weez b 22 GB AskwU _gvm gqvi (m úvw`z), cövw m Wvi mvwrqv jb W gvμvwu, DBRev Wb, c Gi BDb-wRDs wj (2006), Ô mvwrqvj W gvμvwu Bb Rvcvb, Gwj gb U mvwrqv ji W gvμvwu Bg Rvcvwbk Pb wm gõ _ K biqv 123

126 cö_g ch vqwu ( ) wqj hy -ciez x cybm V bi mgq, wøzxq ch vqwu ( ) mvaviyz Ô55 e e võ bv g cwiwpz, Avi Z Zxq ch vqwu (1993 ciez x) GKwU ivr bwzk ms v ii ch vq wn m e aiv nq Ô55 e e võ bvgkiy G m Q 1955 mv j cöavb `ybwu ivr bwzk `j GjwcwW Ges Gmwc RÕi ( mvk vwj cvwu Ad Rvcvb) cöwzôv niqvi NUbv _ K D`vi bwzk `j wrd Zv (Jiyuto) Ges MYZvwš K `j wgbï Zv (Minshuto) GKwÎZ n q i Ykxj GjwcwW MVb K i Ab w` K evgcš x I Wvbcš x mgvrzš xiv wg j Gmwc R MVb K i h cöz vkv wb q GB e e v MVb Kiv n qwqj Zv n Q GwUI Bs ir `i ivr bwzk e e vi gz GKwU wø-`jxq e e vi cöpjb NUv e Z e 1960 Gi `k K GwU cwi vi n q hvq h GKwU GKK `jxq cövavb -wewkó e e v M o D V Q hv myb W bi mvk vj W gvμ vwuk cvwu, BZvwji wμwðqvb W gvμ vwuk cvwu Ges fvi Zi b vkbvj Ks MÖm cvwu Õi bz Z i mv _ Zzjbxq 1993 mv ji AvM _ K 1994 mv ji Ryb ch ší 10 gvm Qvov 1955 mvj _ KB GjwcwWÕi cövavb wb q msm` MwVZ n q Avm Q; GgbwK cöavbgš xi c`i GjwcwWÕi 2009 mv ji wbe vp b Gmwc RÕi Rqjvf Kx cwiez b wb q Av m mwub `Lvi evwk 23 ÔcÖMwZkxj msweavbõ msweavb I gšwjk AwaKvi e e v Rbv ij WMjvm g vk Av_ vi-gi Aax b hy³iv óªi AwaMÖnYKvix cökvmb Øviv iwpz msweavb 1947 mv ji 3 g n Z Kvh Ki nq GB msweavb wb RB LyeB cömwzkxj Aby Q` 9 hv cybtmvgwikvqb wbwl K i Q Zv Qvov Aby Q` 25-G ejv n q Q: 1. cö Z K bvmwi Ki b~ bzg mvgvwrk I mvs wzk RxebhvÎvi gvb i v Kivi AwaKvi _vk e 2. Rxe bi me Î mvgvwrk Kj vy, wbivcëv I Rb ^v mev e e vi m cömviy I Dbœqb mvab Ki Z ivóª me `v c` ÿc b e Aby Q` 27 NvlYv `q h, ÔcÖ Z K bvmwi Ki KvR Kivi AwaKvi I eva evakzv _vk eõ Kj vy iv óªi A½xKvi Rvcv bi m e v P Av`vjZ mywcög KvU Aby Q` 25- K evievi Gfv e e vl v K i Q h, GwU Kv bv cöv qvwmk AwaKv ii D jøl K i bv, eis GwU K GKwU Kg m~wpi NvlYvcÎ wn m e we epbv Ki Z n e hvi d j Kj vy iv óªi cöwz GB A½xKvi eis ivóª I AvB bi Rb gšwjk wfwë wn m e KvR K i Rvcv bi msweav b KvR Kivi AwaKvi I gšwjk mvgvwrk AwaKvi jvi D jøl Rvcvwb mikvi K GKwU Kg ms vb bxwz I Kj vy ivóª Kg m~wp MÖn Y eva K i Kv RB Kg ms v bi m wó I i Yv e Y Rvcv bi Kj vy e e vq GKwU iæz c~y vb `Lj K i Av Q, 23 `Lyb GÛªy wwdbu (2009), PÄ Kvgm& Uz Rvcvb?, d«wwik-gevu -w duzs (mskwjz), evwj b 124

127 vb `Lj K i Av Q, hlv b mvgvwrk wbivcëv e e v, hgb Aemi fvzv, ^v mev, mev e e v I ekviz exgv Aek B iv óªi cÿ _ K GKwU kw³kvjx Avw_ K wfwëi Ici M o Zzj Z n e ivr bwzk A_ bxwz Rvcv bi A_ bxwz Ômgwš^Z evrvi A_ bxwzõi AšÍf z³ Rvcv b wewfbœ e emv cöwzôv bi buiqv K i gv S mgš^ qi KvRwU n q _v K, h buiqvk wewfbœ wkí Mvôxi Øviv MwVZ Gme Mvôx ev `j KvB izmy (keiretsu) bv g cwiwpz KvB izmy KvVv gv Abyhvqx cöwk Y e e v I cöhyw³ Av`vb-cÖ`vb cöwμqvi Av qvrb Kiv nq köwgk `i K we kl ` ji Rb cö qvrbxq ` Zv AR b DrmvwnZ Kiv nq Ges cöwz`v b AvRxeb Kg ms v bi cöz vkv `Iqv nq köwgk msmvb jv e emv cöwzôvb K wfwë K i M o I V, hv köwgk `i K Kv cvwbi wewfbœ wel q AskMÖn Yi AwaKvi cö`vb K i Rvcv bi e emv cöwzôvb jvi A_ vqb `xn gqv`x e vsk FY Øviv n q _v K, hv Zv `i K cwikíbv Kivi Î Zzjbvg~jKfv e D P gvîvi wbðqzv `q Ges Zvi d j e emvi `xn gqv`x Dbœq b g bvwb e k mvnvh K i wøzxq wek hy i mgvwßi ci ci Ges 1960-Gi `k K iv óªi AMÖvwaKvi wqj kög evrvi I Kg ms vb 1960-Gi `k Ki klfv M Ges 1970-Gi `k Ki ïiæ Z GjwWwc mikvi cö_ g mgvrzvwš K ev mvgvwrk MYZvwš K gqi `i ÔcÖMwZkxjÕ mvgvwrk bxwz c` ci Pv c c o mvgvwrk wbivcëv e e vi e vck m cömviy ïiæ K i Z ji msk Ui ïiæi Kvi Y GB m cömviykxj mvgvwrk bxwz iva Kiv nq, hw`i Zv Kgv bv nqwb mvgvwrk Askx`vi I iv óªi KZ ve w³iv G wel q GKgZ nq h ewa òz wek vqb I Gi wec` gvkvwejvq mwμq kög evrvi bxwzi m cömviy Aek B Ki Z n e mwμq kög evrvi bxwzi KvVv gvq cvwiköwgk fz zwk, Riæwi FY I AwaKvi cöwk Yi Rb Avw_ K mvnvh mn bvbvwea c` c MÖnY Kiv nq 1990-Gi `k Ki wøzxq fvm ch ší m cömvwik Kg ms vb I wb œ ekvi Z i nvi GB bxwzi mdjzv cögvy K i Kj vy ivóª hw`i Rvcv bi msweav b Kj vy ivóª wb q Aby Q` 25-G GKwU aviv i q Q Ges GB Aby Q` Abyhvqx 1947 mv jb wewfbœ Î AvBb jv ms vi A_ev bzzb K i Kvh Ki Kiv n qwqj, ZeyI Rvcvb Zvi A_ bwzk MwZkxjZvi mv _ ˆemv` k c~y fv e mvgvwrk Î `xn w`b hver GKwU wejw ^Z DbœqbKvix `k wn m e cwiwpz wqj D ` v³v `i buiqv K i Ici wfwë K i mgwš^z evrvi A_ bxwz mwμq kög evrvi bxwz e vck Kv cvwb mvgvwrk myweav 125

128 wn m e cwiwpz wqj GQvov Ab vb IBwmwW `k jvi Zzjbvq Rvcv bi wrwwwcõi Abycv Z ivóªxq mvgvwrk myweavi nvi Rvcvb K AweiZfv e ZvwjKvi wb Pi w` K vb `q Z e ivóªxq mvgvwrk myweav jvi cöwz wew Qbœ ` wócvz Rvcv bi Kj vy iv óªi GKwU gvî w`k Zz j a i, KviY GLv b Kv cvwbi mvgvwrk myweav jv A bk e vck hv gvu mvgvwrk c Y i cövq 10 fvm Kv cvwb jv ( hgb 2001 mv j) GK gv m cö Z K Kg Pvixi cq b eva Zvg~jK mvgvwrk Ae`vb wn m e M o 570 BD iv Ges Kv cvwb mvgvwrk myweav jvi Rb M o AviI 1,000 BD iv LiP K i Gi evb ii Rvcv bi Kj vy ivóª e e v mvgvwrk mgzv ev mvgvwrk GKZv K DrmvwnZ K i _v K GwU e w³ K mvgvwrk myweav cö`vb K i bq, eis kög evrvi I Kg ms vb bxwzi Î cö qvrbxq c` c MÖn Yi gva g Kiv nq Aemi fvzv ^v mev e e v Aemi fvzv: 1973 mv ji ms vi Abyhvqx Kg Pvix exgv cwikíbvi Aax b Ôwba vwiz fvzv MÖnxZv `iõ fvzv Mo cvwiköwg Ki 45 fvm ch ší DbœxZ Kiv nq Ges RxebhvÎvi e q m~p Ki mv _ mgwš^z Kiv nq 1985 mv ji fvzv ms vi ax i ax i Ae`v bi cwigvy e w K i Ges fvzv cö`vb nªvm K i, hv Z K i 2025 mvj bvmv` Rvcv bi RbmsL vi `ªæZ eqm e w i cöfv ei mvgäm Kiv hvq Z_vKw_Z RvZxq fvzv exgv GKwU Ae`vb-wbf i mevi Rb eva Zvg~jK exgv e e v wn m e cöwzôv Kiv nq gšwjk Pvwn`v jv wbwðz Kivi D Ï k GB e e v Pvjy Kiv nq 2007 mv j cöwzgv m RvZxq fvzv e e vi Aaxb Mo e fvzvi cwigvy wqj cövq 405 BD iv 2007 mv j 60 eq ii ewk eqmx me bvmwi Ki 96 fvm GKwU RvZxq fvzv MÖnY K i ewkifvm ÎB RbMY `yb ai bi fvzvi h Kv bv GKwU MÖnY K i - GKwU n Q Kv cvwb fvzv, 2004 mv j GK gv m hvi cwigvy wqj M o cövq 1,300 BD iv, hv Mo cvwiköwg Ki cövq 53.4 fvm; A_ev Aemi MÖn Yi eqm n q M j GKKvjxb fvzv wn m e 64 gv mi ez bi mgcwigvy ch ší UvKv ^v mev e e v: me RbxbZv Ges ivóªxq wbðqzv bxwzi Ici wfwë K i ^v mev e e v M o D V Q ivóª wbðqzv `q h wpwkrmv mev Kg m~wp QvovI ^v wbivcëv e e v exgvnxb I `yt e w³ `i Rb I ewa Z n e 1984 mv ji Kg Pvix wpwkrmv exgv ms v ii gva g 10 kzvsk nv i e w³mz Ae`vb cöpwjz nq, hv ez gv b fvm ch ší ewa Z n q Q GwU GB e e vwu K RvZxq wpwkrmv exgv e e vi mv _ mvgäm c~y K i, hvi Aax b hviv Kv bv Kg Pvix wpwkrmv exgvi m`m bq ev c~ e wqj wkš GLb Avi bb, hgb AvZ -Kg ms vbkvix K lk, QvU Kv cvwbi Kg Pvix Ges cwiev ii m`m, 126

129 Kg Pvix Ges cwiev ii m`m, Zv `i exgv myweav `Iqv nq RvZxq exgv e e vi Aax b e w³mz Abỳ v bi cwigvy `xn w`b a ib gvî 30 fvm wk v e e v Rvcv bi Kj vy e e vq wk vi Rb D P vb i q Q 2007 mv j eva Zvg~jK wk v (9 eqi) mgvcbkvix `i 93 fvm wzbeqi gqv`x D P-gva wgk ch v qi wk v e e vq AšÍf z³ nq hw` `~iez x vb _ K cwipvwjz wk v e e v I mvü Kvjxb wk v e e v AšÍf z³ Kiv nq Z e Gi cwigvy 97.3 fvm ch ší DbœxZ nq GZ`m Ë I, wk v Lv Z ivóªxq e q AvšÍR vwzk `k jvi Zzjbvq AZ ší Kg, hv 2006 mv j wrwwwcõi 3.5 fvm wqj Rvcv bi wk v gš Yvjq GB e e vwu K Zzjbvg~jK D P AvbycvwZK emikvwi wk v cöwzôv bi Dcw wzi gva g e vl v K i, hgb Rvcv bi 77.5 fvm wek we` vjqb emikvwi mvigg Rvcv b mvgvwrk MYZ š i me Dcv`vb Dcw Z i q Q ZviciI GLv b Av jvwpz Ab vb mvgvwrk MYZš jvi mv _ ˆemv` k c~y fv e Rvcv bi mvgvwrk MYZš Kv bv kw³kvjx mvgvwrk MYZvwš K `j ev mvgvwrk MYZvwš K Av`wk K wfwë QvovB cöwzwôz n q Q Rvcv bi AvgjvZvwš K, cövwzôvwbk Ges ivr bwzk köwyi ˆewkó B nj h Zviv ^ZtcÖe Ë n q Ges Kv bviƒc Av`k ev aviyvi AbyeZ x bv n q vqx mgvav bi müvb K i Ges mb D Ï k c w_exi me `k _ K Z_, wpšív I aviyv msmön I mgš^q K i _v K Rvcv bi e e vwui GKwU `ye jzv nj, GwU cöavbz Rvcvwb bvmwik `i Rb B cö hvr HwZn MZfv e Rvcv b we `kx z`ª Mvôx jvi AšÍf zw³i welqwu ZË xqfv e A_ev Kg Î Lye mvgvb we epbvb c q _v K Z e köwgk `i Awfevmb cöwμqv A bk Av M _ KB ïiæ n q Q Ges fwel Z AviI e w cviqvi m vebv i q Q GQvov ˆjw½K mgzvi ÎI DbœwZi my hvm i q Q Rvcv bi DbœZ I Kvh Ki mvgvwrk wbivcëv e e vwewkó mvgvwrk MYZ š Gme AmgvavbK Z mgm v jvi Qvqv c o 1980 mv ji mvgvwrk bxwz ms v ii ci ivr bwzk wez K welq jv K A_ bxwzi AvšÍR vwzkxkiy I wek vq bi Rb Avi evav e j g b Kiv nq bv 1990 mv j gvwjk mwgwz jv A_ bwzk g `v I Zxeª wek cöwz hvwmzvq wu K _vkvi Rb A_ bxwzi wbqš Y gyw³i cvkvcvwk Kg ms vb KvVv gvi bgbxqzv I Kg kw³ QvuUvB qi `vwe K i GB cöwμqvq Zviv Zv `i kög evrv ii Pvwn`vi Î AMÖMwZ jvf Ki Z e _ nq B Zvg a gvwjk mwgwz jvi Zv `i Ae vb _ K m i G m Q I Zv `i m`m Kv cvwb jv K I ivóª K Kg ms vb I cöwk Y Kg m~wp e w Ki Z AviI ewk K i KvR Kivi AvnŸvb Rvbv Q wk v e e v 127

130 GKw` K e vck Kvh Ki mvgvwrk wbivcëv e e v I Ab w` K Dc iv³ evav I mgm v jvi Ici wfwë K i Rvcvb K GKwU ga -m c ³ mvgvwrk MYZš ejv hvq GwU we klfv e j Yxq, Rvg vwb KI ga -m c ³ mvgvwrk MYZš ejv nq, hw`i Rvg vwbi ivóªxq cöwzôvb Ges Kj vy I A_ bwzk g Wj jv Z gšwjk cv_ K i q Q Rvcvb PvKwii nvi % (59.7%) gvu RbmsL vi Zzjbvq eqmx gvby li PvKwii nvi (bvix `i) (m~î: BD iv vu) cyiæ li Zzjbvq bvixi Avq 45% cyiæ li Zzjbvq bvixi Av qi nvi (m~î: wndg vb W fjc g U Bb W, 2009, c. 186) ekvi Z i nvi % A_ bwzkfv e mwµq RbmsL vi g a ekv ii AbycvZ (m~î: BD iv vu) `xn mgq a i ekvi Z i nvi % A_ bwzkfv e mwµq Rb Mvôxi g a `xn mgq a i (12 gvm ev AwaK) ekv ii AbycvZ (m~î: BD iv vu) Av iv Rvb Z co b- Av qi AmgZv/ wrwb mnm % Av qi AmgZv wb ` kkvix AbycvZ gvb hz ewk AmgZv ZZ ewk (m~î: wndg vb W fjc g U wi cvu, 2009, c. 195) BDb-Szs wj (2006), Ô mvwrqv j W gvµvwu Bb Rvcvb, Gwj g U mvwrqvjvi W gvµvwu Bg Rvcvwbk Pb wm gõ, Bb: _gvm gqvi (ms.), cö vw m Wvi mvwrqv jb W gvµvwu, DBRev Wb, c ôv gvbe `vwi`ª m~pk 2009 wk v jv f Av_ -mvgvwrk cuf wgi iæz 2006 köwgk msmv bi NbZ % 7.4% 18.3% gvbe `vwi`ª m~pk K qkwu wb ` kk wb q MwVZ (Mo Avqy, ^v izvi nvi, ^v mevi my hvm) [0 = me wb œ `vwi`ª, 100 = m e v P `vwi`ª ] (m~î: wndg vb W fjc g U wi cvu, 2009 c. 180) Av_ -mvgvwrk cuf wgi Kvi Y wk v_ x `i djvd ji cv_ K i AbycvZ (m~î: IBwmwW, 2007) A_ bwzkfv e mwµq gvby li g a köwgk msmv bi mv _ RwoZ `i AbycvZ (m~î: IBwmwW) 128

131 5.5 myb Wb GwiK M mww qm GB wek vq bi hy MI e vck cwigvy mikvwi (Avw_ K) mvgvwrk wbivcëv myweav Ges DbœZgv bi Rb mev e e vi gva g myb Wb GLb ch ší HwZn evnx Kj vy iv óªi aviyv ervq i L Q D`vniY wn m e ejv hvq, wkï köwy _ K wek we` vjq ch ší wk v mybwwk `i Rb webvg~ j `Iqv nq mybwwk `i Rb ^v mevi webvg~ j i, ïay cö ekvwakv ii Rb GKwU bvggvî wd w` Z nq ekvi Z i Î Ae ewnz Av Mi ez bi m e v P 80 fvm ch ší myweav cö`vb Kiv nq, Ges e eq m Ach vß AvqKvix e w³i Rb Ki Øviv A_ vqbk Z wbwðz Aemi fvzvi e e vmn GKwU Avq msμvší mvaviy fvzvi e e v e eq m `vwi `ª i wecix Z myi v cö`vb K i hw` KD GwU we epbv K i h myb W bi GK-Z Zxqvsk A_ bwzkfv e mwμq e w³ RbM Yi mevi Î jv Z wb qvwrz, hvi A_ myb W bi Ki I Ae`v bi AbycvZ we k i m ev P jvi GKwU, Avi 1990 mv ji ïiæi w` K myb W b gnvg `v-ciez x hy Mi me P q ev R A_ bwzk msk Ui m ylxb n qwqj, Zvn ji GB cökœwu Rv M h GB wek vq bi hy M Ab me ` ki wecix Z Kxfv e myb W b Kj vy iv óªi aviyv i v c q Q GB cöm ½ mybwwk gvbwmkzv I ivr bwzk ms wz we klfv e D jøl hvm, hv iyvzxz Kvj _ KB mvgvwrk mgzvi aviv Øviv ˆewkó gwðz GB gvbwmkzv I ms wz cövpxb Rvg vb Rxebaviv _ K G m Q hv GKwU A c vk Z AbybœZ mvgšízš I `~i Ki Z cv i wb Av ikwu e vl v n Q AšÍZ mv cöwzk mgq ch ší myb W bi D jøl hvm mvgvwrk-mvs wzk mgzv vbxq Rxeb e e vq A c vk Z ^vaxb mgvr iæz c~y f wgkv cvjb K i hlv b fš MvwjK `~iz wew QbœZvi m wó K i Ggb ` k RvZxq PZbv eva m wó Z vbxq cökvm bi AZ ší Zvrch c~y f wgkv i q Q ZviciI K `ªxq AvBb e e v Ges wbw` ó K `ªxq Avw_ K fz zwk vbxq RxebhvÎvi gv bi gv S GKwU D P ch v qi GKZv wbwðz K i ivr bwzk e e v HKgZ, `i-klvkwl I GKxf Z niqv mybwwk ivr bwzk e e vq iæz c~y f wgkv cvjb K i AviI D jøl, mybwwk AvBb cöyqb cöwμqvq cövwzôvwbkfv e bvmwik mgv Ri AskMÖnY A bk ewk bzzb AvBb cöyq bi ïiæ ZB Gi mv _ m cwk Z welq jv ch v jvpbv Kivi Rb mikvi GKwU KwgwU MVb K i mvaviyz mikvib GB Î HwZn evnx Kj vy ivóª cwipvjbv mvgvwrk-mvs wzk mgzvi Øviv cöfvwez ivr bwzk ms wz HKgZ m úbœ I GKxf Z ivr bwzk KvVv gv 129

132 GB Î c` c wb q _v K; ZviciI msm`, ivóªxq KZ c GgbwK bvmwik mgvri GB Î f wgkv ivl Z cv i AvB bi wel qi Ici wfwë K i ivrbxwzwe`, we klá Ges mswkøó mvgvwrk Mvôxi cöwzwbwa `i wb q KwgwU MwVZ nq Ges Av jvpbvi Rb AbyK j GKwU Ae vb MÖnY K i GKwU Av cvlkvix I HKgZ m wócöey mgv Ri aviyv Giƒc Ôwkw_jÕ cöwμqvi my hvm K i `q mvgvwrk MYZ š i kw³kvjx Ae vb msweav b bwzevpk I BwZevPK bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzv mvj _ KB mvgvwrk MYZš myb W bi ivr bwzk A½ b cöfvekvjx Ae vb `Lj K i Av Q gnvg `vi mg q we k i cöavb A_ bwzk g~javivi wecix Z myb W b mâq Øviv A_ vqbk Z GKwU cvewjk Kg ms vb Kg m~wp MÖnY Kiv nq hvi D Ïk wqj eo cwievi jvi Avevmb e e v I AeKvVv gv Dbœq bi Rb `xn w` bi cöavbgš x U v R Bij vûvi Kg ms vb Kg m~wpi Î ivr bwzk mw` Qvi Ici Rvi w` q e jb, Òga BD iv c gvbyl iv Ívq evav ˆZwi K i Q Avi myb W b Avgiv DovjmoK wbg vy K i Dbœq bi Póv KiwQ Ó Kg ms vb Kg m~wpi mdjzv KejgvÎ mvk vj W gvμ vwuk IqvK vm cvwu K wbe vp b RqxB K i wb, Gi m`m msl vi e w K i Q, Avi Av`k MZ wg ji Kvi Y GjI (Landsorganisationen) köwgk msmv bi RbwcÖqZvI e w K i Q ga Wvbcš x we ivax ` ji wew QbœZvi Rb I mvgvwrk MYZ š i cöfvekvjx Ae vb kw³kvjx n qwqj W gvμ vu, MÖxbm I evgcš x Ges mv ek BD ivkgÿ wb `i (Eurocommunist) Øviv MwVZ Z_vKw_Z ÔmgvRZvwš K cÿõ, iÿykxj (Conservatives), D`vibxwZK (Liberals), K `ªxq (mv ek K lk) cvwu I wμwðqvb W gvμ vu `i (Christian Democrats) wb q MwVZ Z_vKw_Z Ôey R vqvõ ev Ôga Wvbcš x eøkõ Øviv P vjv Äi m ylxb nq 2006 mvj _ K Ôga Wvbcš xõiv mikvi MVb K i Avm Q Z e ga Wvbcš x eø Ki (hv ÔmyB W bi RvUÕ bv g cwiwpz) wbe vp b Rqjvf Kivi cii cvwu jvi GKwU eo Ask Kj vy iv óªi aviyv K mg_ b K i msweavb Ges gšwjk AwaKvi KvVv gv myb W bi msweavb KejgvÎ bwzevpk bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzvb `vb K i bv, GKBmv _ mỳ ~i-cömvix BwZevPK bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzvi cö`vb K i hw`i mvgvwrk, A_ bwzk I mvs wzk AwaKvi A_ vr BwZevPK bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzv ivr bwzk gšwjk AwaKv ii gz AvBbMZfv e Aek cvjbxq bq, ZviciI G jv mvgvwrk-ivr bwzk Kvw Z j wn m e we ewpz nq hgb, msweav bi 2 Aby Q ` ewy Z Av Q, Òe w³i e w³mz, A_ bwzk I mvs wzk Kj vy mvabb cvewjk Kvh μ gi g~j D Ïk n e we klk i mikvwi cökvm bi `vwqz n e KvR Kivi, Avevmb I wk vi AwaKvi wbwðz Kiv Ges mvgvwrk mev, mvgvwrk wbivcëv I GKwU DbœZ evm hvm cwi e ki e e v Kiv Ó AvBbMZfv e Aek cvjbxq nvk ev bv nvk, g~j K_v nj h Gme mvgwrk,

133 Aek cvjbxq nvk ev bv nvk, g~j K_v nj h Gme mvgwrk, ivr bwzk j jv msweav b Ggb iæz c~y vb AwaKvi K i i q Q h RbM Yi PZbvq G jvi D P Ae v bi Avk vm `q GwU myb W bi Kj vy ivóª Kg m~wp wba viy Ges Gi ivr bwzk (evrvi) A_ bxwz ZI cöwzdwjz nq ivr bwzk A_ bxwz myb W bi A_ bwzk bxwz Ò i nb- gbwbvi (Rehn- Meidner)Ó g W ji Ici wfwë K i M o D V Q köwgk msmvb A_ bxwzwe` Mv Ív ib (Gosta Rehn) I iæwjd gbwbvi (Rudolf Meidner) Gi bvg Abymv i GB g W ji bvgkiy Kiv n q Q 1951 mv j Zviv Ggb GKwU mvgwók A_ bxwzi g Wj ˆZwi K i hv Kv bv ai bi gỳ ªvùxwZi m vebv ˆZwi Kiv QvovB mk ji Rb Kg ms vb m wói cvkvcvwk Awfbœ cvwiköwgk bxwzi mgv ek NUvq Gi g~j aviyvwu wqj KejgvÎ GKwU D Pewa Z Pvwn`vi gva g mk ji Rb vqx Kg ms vb m wó Kiv KL bvb m e n e bv GB Pvwn`vi KviY wqj nq AbyK j wek A_ bwzk Dbœqb A_ev RvZxq A_ bwzk cö Yv`bv h nzz wfbœ A_ bwzk Î jv memgq wfbœ nv i m cömvwiz nq, m nzz mve wyk D P Pvwn`v Lye `ªæZ wewfbœ Lv Z Pvwn`vi Zzjbvq hvmv bi ^ízv m wó K i AZGe G ai bi A_ bwzk Î jv cöe w a i ivlvi Rb Ab vb Î jvi Kg x `i AvKl Yi Póv K i hlb mk ji Rb Kg ms v bi e e v _v K ZLb GB Póv KejgvÎ D P cvwiköwg Ki wewbg q AR b Kiv m e nq, Ges Zvi d j GB Î jv Z `ªe g~ j i e w N U GB cwiw wz Ab vb Î jvi Kg x `i μq gzv wdwi q Avbvi Rb Ab vb Î jvi cvwiköwgk e w i cöwz cwipvwjz K i, hv me `ªe g~ j i e w NUvq Ges GBfv e RvZxq A_ bxwz Z gỳ ªvùxwZ m wó nq Awfbœ cvwiköwgk bxwz wøzxq wek hy i ci cwiw wz AviI Lvivc Kivi Rb myb W bi köwgk msmvb jv Z_vKw_Z ÔAwfbœ cvwiköwgk bxwzõ ev Íevq bi Rb Rvi cö Póv Pvjvq GB bxwzi `ybwu j i q Q cö_gz, GwU ÔmgRvZxq Kv Ri Rb mgvb cvwiköwgkõ bxwz ev Íevqb Ki Z Pvq, Ges Gi gva g Mo kög Drcv`b gzvi cöwz SuvK cökvwkz nq wøzxqz, GwU wewfbœ Kv Ri cvwiköwg Ki cv_ K nªvm Ki e e j aviyv Kiv nq Gme j AR b wb œ ch v qi P q K `ªxq ch v q cvwiköwgk wba viy Av jvpbvi Ici ewk iæz Av iv ci Ici wbf ikxj gỳ ªvùxwZ Øviv hb Awfbœ cvwiköwgk bxwz bó n q bv hvq mrb Ô ib- gbwbvi g WjÕ ev R Ui DØ Ë Øviv GKwU K Vvi cvewjk A_ vqb bxwzi mycvwik K i hv ewa Z Pvwn`vi Ici k³ wbqš Y Avb e ib- gbwbvi g Wj 131

134 A_ bwzk bxwzi Giƒc aviv Kg Drcv`bkxj Kv cvwb jv K `ybfv e wzmö Í K i cö_gz, Zv `i `ye j e q Ges g~j e e vi Kvi Y Pvwn`vi ^ízvi mgq Zviv weμq mgm vi m ylxb nq wøzxqz, Awfbœ cvwiköwgk bxwz Zv `i we` gvb e q mgm v K AviI e w K i Zv `i cöwz hvwmzv K e vnz Ki e, KviY me Î cvwiköwgk Pvwn`v wbwðz Kiv n q Q Ges me Kv cvwb Mo kög Drcv`b gzvi Dbœq bi mv _ Zvj wgwj q cwipvwjz n Q Ab w` K wvk wecixzfv e, D P Drcv`bkxj Kv cvwb jv `yb w`k _ K myweav fvm Ki Q: cö_gz, Zv `i AbyK j e q e e v Ges Zvi d j AbyK j `ªe g~ j i Kvi Y Zviv cöpzi Pvwn`vi m ylxb n Q, Ges wøzxqz, e `ve ÍK Z cvwiköwgk B QvK Zfv e cybtwba viy Kiv nq hv Z K i grywii Rb wba vwiz A_ m c~y fv e ewèz bv nq Gfv e Gme Kv cvwb bzzb D P Drcv`bkxj Kg ms vb m wói Rb g~jab c q _v K mikvwi c` ÿc wn m e ekviz mgv R KvVv gvmz Dbœqb mvgvwrk bxwzi ÿ Î bzzb evz v `q Kv RB mxgve Avw_ K bxwz I Awfbœ cvwiköwgk bxwzi mgš^ qi d j wzmö Í nq wb œ Drcv`bkxj Kv cvwb jv I Kv cvwb-mswkøó köwgkiv Gi d j m ó ekviz K bwzevpkfv e RbM Yi mgm v wn m e `Lv nq bv, eis BwZevPKfv e RbM Yi Rb P v jä g b Kiv nq, hv GKwU AwZ DbœZ mwμq kög evrvi bxwzi Øviv mgvavb Ki Z n e GKwU evamg cöwk Y I `ªæZ mnvqzv e e v MÖnY K i ekvi `i Drcv`bkxj I D P cvwiköwgkc~y Kv Ri Rb hvm Zvm cbœ Kiv nq Gme Î GKwU wbqwš Z ivr ^ bxwz, Awfbœ cvwiköwgk bxwz Ges mwμq kög evrvi bxwz ˆewk K evrv ii cö qvrb Abyhvqx myb W bi A_ bxwzi cöwzwbqz bevqb I MVbMZ mgš^q AR bi Rb KvR K i 1990 mv ji msk Ui ci _ K GKwU ißvwb-wbf i `k wn m e `ªæZ Avwef Z niqvi GKwU fvj e vl v GwU, KviY mlv b GKwU DbœZ mwμq kög evrvi bxwz wqj Ges msmvb jv I e e vcbv cwil` HwZn MZfv eb D P Drcv`bkxj Kg ms vb m wói cöwz iæz `q, hv Z K i wb œ Drcv`bkxj LvZ jv K i v Kiv hvq m RbkxjZv Lye `ªæZ Kg ms v bi m wó Ki Z cv i AvšÍR vwzk AbyK j A_ bwzk Ae vi d j myb W bi ißvwbi AbycvZ gvî cuvpeq i GK-Z Zxqvsk e w c q 33 _ K 45 kzvs k DbœxZ nq Kj vy ivóª hy ciez x A_ bwzk cöe w i m~pbvi d j myb W b `ªæZ cybm Vb cöwμqv ïiæ nq, Avi köwgk I K lk `i GKwU `wi`ª ivóª _ K GKwU ÔKg Rxex mgv RÕ cwiyz nq e w³ gvby li cövpz h i myweav Kv R jvwm q mvgvwrk KvVv gv Z Gme Dbœq bi cvkvcvwk gšwjk exgv bxwz, hgb ivrv n Z wflvwi ch ší GKB ivóªxq fvzv, KŠkjMZfv e GKwU RxebhvÎvi gvb i vkvix m c~ik e e v ( hgb AwZwi³ Avq msμvší fvzv e e v) Øviv mshy³ nq Gi D Ïk wqj fvuvi `i mš ó ivlv Ges cybivq ivr bwzk gzv wbwðz Kiv 132

135 Z e mybwwk Kj vy ivóª bm` myweav `Iqv QvovI bvmwik `i Rxe bi m ve gšwjk mgm v _ K i v Ki Z bvbv myweav w` q _v K GQvovI mlv b kög evrvi bxwzi AvIZvq GKwU DbœZ cvewjk mev e e v i q Q hv wkï I e `i cövq webvg~ j mev `Iqvi cvkvcvwk ^v myweav I wk v cö`vb K i _v K Ges cöwk Y I hvm Zv AR bi Rb wewfbœ c` c MÖnY K i cö Z K wb Ri Avq Abyhvqx Ki `q mgvr hme myweav w` q _v K Zv cöavbz e w³i `Iqv wkw Íi Ici wbf i bv K i eis e w³i Ae vi Ici wbf i K i Gme myweav evrv ii Ici wfwë K i MÖnY Kiv nq bv, eis ivr bwzk cöwμqv Øviv wba vwiz nq ( gbwbvi/ nwevm, 1984: 56) mvaviyfv e KejgvÎ bvix `i mwμq Kivi gva g mve wyk c~y Kvjxb Kg ms vb cwiw Z mikvwi mev jvi `ªæZ m cömviy AwR Z n Z cv i 1960 _ K 1990 ch ší mg q myb W bi A_ bwzkfv e mwμq bvix `i Kg ms v bi nvi BD ivcxq Mo 50 kzvsk _ K we k i m e v P 83 kzvs k DbœxZ nq mikvwi mevi m úªmviy Kj vy iv óªi Í jv wb P ewy Z nj Aemi fvzv: cyiv bv Aemi fvzv e e v, hgb mevi Rb ivóªxq fvzv I Kg ms vb Avq msμvší fvzv, 1990 mv j GKwU ÔRbmsL v Z Ë i cögvyõ wn m e ms vi Kiv nq GLb _ K 61 _ K 67 eqi ch ší fvzv e e vi myweav MÖnY Kiv hv e GBfv e Ki Øviv A_ vqbk Z wbwðz fvzv Kg ms vb Øviv ch vß I Ach vß AvqKvix Df qb c q _v K Ges Zv `i e w³mz m cwë G Î wnmve Kiv nq bv Kg Rxexiv Zv `i cwigvck Z Avq msμvší fvzv e e vi Rb wbw` ó 16 kzvsk nv i Ki `q, Ges 2.5 kzvsk nv i c _K cö Z K e w³i Rb MwVZ Aci GKwU wewb qvm Znwe j wewb qvm K i, hv _ K GKwU e w³mz fvzvi wkw Í `Iqv nq ekviz exgv: GLb ch ší ekviz exgv GKwU ^ Qvi wfwë Z cwipvwjz n q Q GB ZnwejwU köwgk msmvb jv Øviv cwipvwjz, hv AZ ší D P NbZ c~y köwgk msmv bi Dcw wzi GKwU KviY wn m e we ewpz nq Gme Ae`vb memgq wb œ Ges myweav wmsnfvm Ki Øviv A_ vqbk Z Z e 2006 mvj _ K gzvq _vkv K `ª Wvbcš x RvU Gme Ae`v b cwiez b Av b, hv GB e e vi Ici Ggb weiƒc cöfve d j h eû gvbyl Znwej I köwgk msmvb jv Z vm K i köwgk msmvb jvi NbZ MZ 100 eq ii g a me wb œ Znwej m` m i Rb ekviz myweav ez gv b ^vfvwek Av qi 80 kzvs k `vuwo q Q Aemi fvzv ekviz exgv 133

136 ekvi Z i Aóg w`b n Z ciez x 200 w`b ch ší GB nv i myweav cö`vb Kiv nq, Ges Gici Awbw` ó Kvj ch ší nªvmk Z 70 kzvsk nv i myweav cö`vb Kiv nq m`m bq Ggb e w³iv GKwU wb œ ivóªxq myweav c q _v K mvgvwrk mnvqzv ^v mev e e v me Rbxb bxwz Avq mnvqzv: myb W b Avq mnvqzv ^v I mvgvwrk gš Yvj qi `vwqz, wkš GwU vbxq cökvmb Øviv Av qvwrz Ges vbxq Ki ØvivB A_ vqbk Z Avw_ K mnvqzvi gvîv cöwzwbwaz g~jk RxebhvÎvi gv bi Ici wfwë K i RvZxq ^v I Kj vy evw Øviv wba vwiz nq ^v mev e e v: myb W bi me Awfevmxi cövq webvg~ j wpwkrmv mev cviqvi AwaKvi i q Q GB e e vwu vbxq cwil` Øviv cwipvwjz Ges cöavbz mivmwi AvqKi Øviv A_ vqbk Z `k f ` GKwU mvgvb cwigvy wd w` Z nq GQvovI eq i cövq 6,000 μvbv ii ewk Avq K i Ggb e w³iv Avq-NvUwZ c~i Yi Rb AwaKvicÖvß wpwkrmv exgv K ii evb i GKwU eva Zvg~jK Kg Rxex `i Abỳ vb Ges exgv Abỳ vb Øviv A_ vqbk Z hw`i ez gv b IBwmwW `k jvi g a K ii AbycvZ myb W b me P q ewk, Zvi gv b GB bq h Kj vy ivóª Kg m~wp we kl e qeûj mybwwkiv h cwigvy Ki I mvgvwrk Abỳ vb `q, hy³iv óªi bvmwikiv e w³mzfv e Rxe bi gšwjk Riæwi Ae v - ekviz, Amȳ Zv, eva K i ÿ Î - wbivcëv wbwðz Kivi Rb Zvi P q Kg Ki `q bv Z e me P q eo cv_ K wu nj myb W b me RbMY GB wbivcëv jvf Ki ji hy³iv óª hviv UvKv w` Z cv i bv Zviv e w³ gvwjkvbvaxb exgv e e vi AšÍf z³ nq bv hw` wek vq bi we Í wzi d j A_ bwzk mxgvbv Db y³ nq, Z e Af šíixyfv e Avg`vwb cöwz hvwmzv wb œ Drcv`bkxj Kg x ` ji Ici Pvc m wó Ki e hw` Kg x `i PvKwi nviv bv Ges mvgvwrk Í i wb œmvgx niqv Avk¼v GKwU fv jv Avq exgv Ges cöwk Y m vebvi gva g `~i Kiv hvq, Zvn j A_ bwzk KŠkj wba vi Y wekvj myweav cviqv hv e Ges A_ bxwz K ewnwe k Db y³ Ki Z Af šíixy ivr bwzk e q K g hv e Kv RB ewa òz A_ bwzk wek vq bi Kv j RxebhvÎvi gvb a i ivl Z Ges cöwk Y e e v m wói Rb GKwU Kj vy bxwz ZvB GKwU `ỳ vší A_ bwzk bxwz MVb Ki e G ai bi bxwz KejgvÎ A_ bwzkfv e wzmö Í `i i vi Rb MwVZ mvgvwrk bxwzi wecixz 134

137 wk v e e v h nzz AvaywbK wkí I mevwfwëk mgv Ri cök Z Ôg~j Dcv`vbÕ Ávb I Gi m Rbkxj e envi wb q MwVZ, ZvB wk v e e v GKwU wek vqbk Z A_ bxwzi Dchy cwi Dbœq bi Rb KŠkjMZ iæz enb K i myb W b GKwU DbœZ Ges KejgvÎ wkûvimv U b e e v Qvov cövk-we` vjq _ K wek we` vjq ch ší cövq webvg~ j i wk v e e v i q Q wk v e e v myb W b 7-16 eqi eqm ch ší wk v eva Zvg~jK Ges me wk v_ x (e vck) MÖæÛm Kvjv (Grundskola) ch v q AskMÖnY K i MÖæÛm Kvjv ch v q cvkk Z `i cövq 90 fvm wzbeqi gqv`x wrgbvwm qm Kvjv (Gymnasieskola) ch v q AskMÖnY K i nmm Kvjv (Hogskola) ev K jr nj Z Zxq Í ii wk v cöwzôvb Ges 1970 mv j mevi Rb Db y³ Kiv nq AskMÖn Yi hvm Zvm cbœ h KD Zvi cq ` Abyhvqx wel q fwz n Z cv i hz Y ch ší Avmb Lvwj _v K; Ab _vq wewfbœ welq we epbv K i Zv `i GKwU A c gvy ZvwjKvq ivlv nq GQvov myb W b DbœZ gv bi eq wk v e e vi i q Q cwi k l: ga weë köwyi KŠkjMZ iæz hzw`b ga weë köwy Kj vy iv óªi myweav jvi g~j vqb Ki e ZZw`b ch ší vwû bwfqvi Kj vy ivóª e e v wu K _vk e ga weë köwy wmsnfvm Ae`vb iv L Ges cöwz`v b GKwU DbœZ gv bi mev cöz vkv K i Z e hw` mikvwi exgv myweav ga weë köwyi cöz vkv Abyhvqx bv nq Z e Zviv e w³ gvwjkvbvaxb e e vi cöwz AvMÖnx n e mvaviyz Kv bv e w³b `yb Y LiP Ki Z Pvq bv ZvB ga ez xfv e Zviv fv Ui gva g D P Kihy³ Kj vy iv óªi we ivwazv Ki e GwU KejgvÎ `wi`ª Ges myweavewâz `i Aw ÍZ me wb œ ch v q wuwk q ivlvi welq bq nvr -4 Gi g Z eis mgmö RvwZ K D P myweav `IqvUvB nj gyl GwUB Kj vy iv óªi aviyvi cö kœ vwû bwfqvi DËi msweav b wjwce BwZevPK I bwzevpk bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzvi wfwë Z myb W bi gšwjk AwaKvi Kv bvfv eb KejgvÎ AvbyôvwbKZvi Lvjm bq, eis GwU ev Íe mz AZGe myb Wb K D P-m c ³ mvgvwrk MYZš wn m e köwykiy Kiv hvq 135

138 myb Wb PvKwii nvi 2008 cyiæ li Zzjbvq bvixi Avq ekvi Z i nvi 2008 `xn mgq a i ekvi Z i nvi 2008 Av qi AmgZv/ wrwb mnm % (71.8%) 67% 6.2% 0.8% 25% gvu RbmsL vi Zzjbvq eqmx gvby li PvKwii nvi (bvix `i) (m~î: BD iv vu) cyiæ li Zzjbvq bvixi Av qi nvi (m~î: wndg vb W fjc g U Bb W, 2009, c. 186) A_ bwzkfv e mwμq RbmsL vi g a ekv ii AbycvZ (m~î: BD iv vu) A_ bwzkfv e mwμq Rb Mvôxi g a `xn mgq a i (12 gvm ev AwaK) ekv ii AbycvZ (m~î: BD iv vu) Av qi AmgZv wb ` kkvix AbycvZ gvb hz ewk AmgZv ZZ ewk (m~î: wndg vb W fjc g U wi cvu, 2009, c. 195) gvbe `vwi`ª m~pk % gvbe `vwi`ª m~pk K qkwu wb ` kk wb q MwVZ (Mo Avqy, ^v izvi nvi, ^v mevi my hvm) [0 = me wb œ `vwi`ª, 100 = m e v P `vwi`ª ] (m~î: wndg vb W fjc g U wi cvu, 2009 c. 180) wk v jv f Av_ -mvgvwrk cuf wgi iæz % Av_ -mvgvwrk cuf wgi Kvi Y wk v_ x `i djvd ji cv_ K i AbycvZ (m~î: IBwmwW, 2007) köwgk msmv bi NbZ % A_ bwzkfv e mwμq gvby li g a köwgk msmv bi mv _ RwoZ `i AbycvZ (m~î: IBwmwW, 2007) 136

139 6. Dcmsnv i ïiæ mvgvwrk MYZ š i wfwëi Ici cov kvbv kl Kivi Rb GKRb cvv Ki me P q miv Dcvq Kx? GKfv e GwU n Z cv i GB cov kvbvi mvivsk ˆZwi Kiv, Zv `i iæz wby q Kiv Avi Zv `i hyw³ jvi ^c wb R `i `vuov Z `Iqv wkš GwU ïay GKwU LÐwPÎ ` e, h nzz GB eb Z Avgiv ` LwQ h aviyvmz g Wj wn m e nvk ev ivr bwzk KvR wn m eb nvk, mijfv e mvgvwrk MYZ š i Dcmsnv i cšuqv bv hvq bv Ab w` K GKwU aviyv I GKwU ivr bwzk KvR Dfq wn m eb mvgvwrk MYZ š i c_ K evievi cix v Ki Z n e, Awf hvrb Ki Z n e Avi cybwbg vy Ki Z n e, hw` G K mdjfv e AbymiY Ki Z nq mvgvwrk MYZ š i wezk GKwU Avjv`v welq, GB Kvi Y h GwU w i _v K bv wkš mvgvwrk MYZš mgv Ri wekv ki w` K Zx è bri iv L, SzuwK bq I my hvm bq Avi Zvici ivr bwzkfv e e envi K i GB ˆewkó mvgvwrk MYZš K Ab vb ivr bwzk g Wj _ K Avjv`v K i GwU hv ejv n q Q Zvi mv _ j M _v K bv ev cwiewz Z ev ÍeZv I bzzb msk Ui cöwz AÜI _v K bv wkfv e wek vqb K gvkv ejv Kiv hvq Zv n e A`~i fwel Zi g~j P v jä jvi GKwU G Z hgb SzuwK Av Q, Zgwb Avevi my hvmi Av Q Rvg vwbi GmwWwc Zvi nvgeym Kg m~wp Z GB P v jä wb q Q, hv wek vq bi wewfbœ welq _ K mvgvwrk MYZ š i cöw Z D Z KvR wpwýz K i Dbœqb, b vh Zv I MYZš ÒGKwesk kzvãx n Q cö_g mwz Kvi ˆewk K kzvãx Gi Av M KL bvb gvby liv wek Ry o G K Ac ii Ici GZ wbf ikxj wqj bv [...] GB kzvãx nq mvgvwrk, cwi ekmz I A_ bwzk Dbœq bi GKwU kzk n e hv mevi Rb m c`kxjzv, b vh Zv I MYZš wb q Avm e, A_ev GwU n e eèb I Awbqwš Z mwnsmzvi wz³ hy i GKwU kzk Avgv `i wk ívbœz `k jvi ez gvb RxebhvÎv c w_exi cwi ekmz UKmB Ae v K Pv c d j Q... hv SzuwKi g a Av Q Zv nj GKwU my `i wqgqvg Rxeb Dc fv Mi my hvm, wek kvwší Avi Avgv `i c w_exi evm hvm Zv Ó (nvgeym Kg m~wp 2007: 6) 137

140 wvkvvkfv e Pjv cyuwr I Avw_ K evrvi ÒGKwU AvaywbK ˆewk Kfv e AvšÍtmshy³ RvZxq A_ bxwzi cö qvrb fvjfv e Kvh Ki Avw_ K I cyuwr evrvi Avgiv YMZ cöe w i Rb cyuwr evrv ii m vebv Kv R jvmv Z PvB [...] hlv b Avw_ K evrvi ïay ^í gqv`x jvf Ki Z Pvq mlv b Zviv D ` v³v `i `xn gqv`x cöe w i KŠkj e vnz K i, Avi Gfv e Kg ms vb bó K i Ab vb wel qi g a Avgiv Ggb wewb qvmkvix `i DØy Kivi Rb Ki I Kv cvwb AvBb e envi Ki Z PvB hviv `ªæZ jv fi e` j `xn gqv`x cöwzköæwz Pvq...cY I Avw_ K evrv ii g a μge w gvb AvšÍRv wzk Z`viwKI AviI Riæwi n q c o Q Ó (nvgeym Kg m~wp 2007: 47) Dchy³ KvR (Decent Work) Ògvby li hw` ïay Ggb my hvm _vkz hvi Ici Zviv wbf i Ki Z cv i, Zvn j Zviv Zv `i cöwzfv I m gzvi cy ivcywi wekvk NUv Z cviz ˆeÁvwbK I KvwiMwi DbœwZi MwZ, we k Kv Ri I cöejzi cöwz hvwmzvi `ªæZ cwiez b A bk ewk bgbxqzv `vwe K i GKBmv _ Zviv e w³mz Dbœq bi Rb AviI my hvm `q... wbivcëv I bgbxqzv GKmv _ Kiv I GB cwiez bi c _ wbivcëv wbwðz Kivi Rb Avgiv GKwU AvaywbK Kv Ri mg qi bxwz ˆZwi Ki Z PvB, Avi Kg ms vb exgv wn m e ekvi exgvi bzzb g Wj cöez b Ki Z PvB... wkš bgbxqzv hz`~i cö qvrb I Kvg ; Zvi Aek B AccÖ qvm n Z cv i bv Avgiv Ggb Kg ms vb DrmvwnZ Ki Z PvB hv vqx Ges mvgvwrk exgvi Ici wbf ikxj, Avi Avgiv AwbwðZ Kg ms vb _ K ewi q Avm Z PvB hb Kg xiv Avi Aiw Z bv _v K Ó (nvgeym Kg m~wp 2007: 54 Q) Ic ii welq jv _ K `Lv hvq mvgvwrk MYZš K memgqb bzzb P v jä gvkv ejv Ki Z nq Avi Zv Ki Z nq Gi wfwë m c K cy ivcywi m PZb _ K I ev ÍeZvi ^ Q ` wó wb q 138

141 mvgvwrk MYZ š i Ici wez K AskMÖn Yi Rb Avgiv Avcbv `i Avgš Y Rvbvw Q d«wwik-gevu -w duzs-gi AvKv Wwg di mvk vj W gvμvwm GB D Ï k GKwU ÿî ˆZwi K i Q mvgvwrk MYZ š i gyl g~j eva I Zv `i ev ÍweK Abykxjb wb œwjwlz AvUwU mwgbvi gwwd j Avbv n q Q mvgvwrk MYZ š i wfwë A_ bxwz I mvgvwrk MYZš Kj vyg~jk ivóª I mvgvwrk MYZš wek^vqb I mvgvwrk MYZš BD ivc I mvgvwrk MYZš GKxKiY, Awfevmb I mvgvwrk MYZš ivóª, mykxj mgvr I mvgvwrk MYZš kvwší I mvgvwrk MYZš 139

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143 Haverkate, Görg (1992), Verfassungslehre. Verfassung als Gegenseitigkeitsordnung, Munich. Heidelmeyer, Wolfgang (ed.) (1997), Die Menschenrechte. Erklärungen, Verfassungsartikel, internationale Abkommen, 4th updated and expanded edition, Paderborn, Munich, Vienna and Zurich. Heinrichs, Thomas (2002), Freiheit und Gerechtigkeit. Philosophieren für eine neue linke Politik, 1st edition, Münster. Hondrich, Karl Otto, and Claudia Koch-Arzberger (1994), Solidarität in der modernen Gesellschaft, Frankfurt am Main. Kant, Immanuel (1963), Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten, in: Kants Werke in sechs Bänden, edited by W. Weischedel, Vol. IV, Darmstadt. Kersting, Wolfgang (ed.) (2000), Politische Philosophie des Sozialstaats, Weilerswist. Kocka, Jürgen (1995) (ed.), Bürgertum im 19. Jahrhundert, Vol. 1: Einheit und Vielfalt Europas, Göttingen. Lassalle, Ferdinand (1987), Reden und Schriften, edited by Jürgen Friederici, 1st edition, Leipzig. Lehnert, Detlef (1983), Sozialdemokratie zwischen Protestbewegung und Regierungspartei , 1st edition, Frankfurt am Main. Die Linke (2007), Programmatische Eckpunkte der Partei Die Linke. Available at: index.php?id=377 (accessed on 24 July 2009). Locke, John (1988), Two Treatises of Government, 3rd edition, Cambridge University Press. Luxemburg, Rosa (1990 [1899]), Sozialreform oder Revolution? Mit einem Anhang Miliz und Militarismus, in: Rosa Luxemburg, Gesammelte Werke, Vol. 1: , part 1, 7th edition, Berlin, pp Marx, Karl (1998), Kritik der politischen Ökonomie (= MEW 23), Berlin. Meidner, Rudof and Anna Hedborg (1984), Modell Schweden. Erfahrungen einer Wohlfahrtsgesellschaft, Frankfurt/New York. Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat (1989), The Spirit of the Laws, edited and translated by Anne M. Cohler, Basia Carolyn Miller and Harold Samuel Stone, Cambridge University Press. Merkel, Wolfgang et al. (2006), Die Reformfähigkeit der Sozialdemokratie. Herausforderungen und Bilanz der Regierungspolitik in Westeuropa, 1st edition, Wiesbaden. Meyer, Thomas, in collaboration with Nicole Breyer (2005), Die Zukunft der Sozialen Demokratie, Bonn. Meyer, Thomas (2005), Theorie der Sozialen Demokratie, 1st edition, Wiesbaden. Meyer, Thomas (2006), Praxis der Sozialen Demokratie, 1st edition, Wiesbaden. Neugebauer, Gero (2007), Politische Milieus in Deutschland. Study, Friedrich- Ebert-Stiftung, Bonn. Platzeck, Matthias, Frank-Walter Steinmeier and Peer Steinbrück (eds) (2007), Auf der Höhe der Zeit. Soziale Demokratie und Fortschritt im 21. Jahrhundert, Berlin. Nida-Rümelin, Julian, and Wolfgang Thierse (eds) (1997), Philosophie und Politik, 1st edition, Essen. Plehwe, Dieter, and Bernhard Walpen (2001), Gedanken zu einer Soziologie der Intellektuellen des Neoliberalismus, in: Hans-Jürgen Bieling, Klaus Dörre et al. (2001), Flexibler Kapitalismus. Analysen, Kritik, politische Praxis, Hamburg, pp Rawls, John (1979), A Theory of Justice, revised edition, Harvard University Press. Ritsert, Jürgen (1997), Gerechtigkeit und Gleichheit, 1st edition, Münster. Rousseau, Jean-Jacques (1997), Discourse on Inequality, translated by Maurice Cranston, Harmondsworth: Penguin. Schultheis, Franz, and Kristina Schulz (eds) (2005), Gesellschaft mit begrenzter Haftung. Zumutungen und Leiden im deutschen Alltag, Konstanz. Sen, Amartya (1985), Commodities and Capabilities, Amsterdam. Walzer, Michael (1997), Pluralismus und Demokratie, in: Julian Nida-Rümelin und Wolfgang Thierse (1997), Philosophie und Politik, 1st edition, Essen, pp

144 mnvqk MÖš GB wiwv ii g a Ave bv _ K hviv mvgvwrk MYZ š i wfwëi Ici Av iv co Z Pvq Zv `i Rb wb œwjwlz cvv mycvwik Kiv n Q mvgvwrk MYZš wiwvi Vaut, Simon et al.: Reader 2: Economics and Social Democracy Division for International Cooperation, Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (ISBN: ) wkfv e GKwU AvaywbK, g~j eva-wbf i mvgvwrk MYZvwš K A_ bwzk bxwz mdj n Z cv i? Kvb Z Ë i g a ^vaxbzv, b vqwepvi I GKZvi Ici wfwë K i GKwU A_ bwzk bxwz Av e`b ˆZwi Ki Z cv i? Gi Aax b Kvb bxwzmg~n _v K? Ges m e vcwi: m jv ev Í e wkfv e ev ÍevwqZ n Z cv i? A_ bxwz I mvgvwrk MYZ š i Ici GB wiwvi Gme cö kœi DËi LuvRvi Póv K i Q weªwuk A_ bxwzwe` Rb gbvw KBbm-Gi ZË mg~n GKwU iæz c~y f~wgkv cvjb K i A_ bxwzi DËvj mg q, hlv b GLbI A b K cwiw wzi Ici wbf i K i Pj Q, cö Z Ki wbr ^ (A_ bwzk) bxwz m ú K c~y v½ aviyv _vkv me Zv iæz c~y Petring, Alexander et al.: Reader 3: Welfare State and Social Democracy Divison for International Cooperation, Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (ISBN ) MYZš I Kj vyg~jk iv óªi g a m úk ; ivr bwzk `j jvi mvgvwrk bxwz m úwk Z Kg m~wp; eûj Av jvwpz mgv jvpbv I ez gvb mg qi P v jä: GB mkj welqmg~n ÔKj vyg~jk ivóª I mvgvwrk MYZš Õ kxl K wiwv i Av jvpbv Kiv n q Q Gi K `ª h mkj cökœ i q Q: Kiv ivc e e v, ekviz exgv, AemifvZv, ^v mev Ges wkÿvi Ici bxwz wba vi Y mvk vj W gvμ vu `i Kvb& K úvm e envi Ki Z n e? ZvwË Kfv e I ev ÍweK Abykxj bi AwfÁZvi Ici h gšwjk m úk vcb Kiv n q Q Zv GLv b cwi vifv e I h_vh_fv e e vl v Kiv n q Q 142

145 ivr bwzk fvebvi BwZnvm Euchner, Walter, Helga Grebing et al. Geschichte der sozialen Ideen in Deutschland. Sozialismus. Katholische Soziallehre. Protestantische Sozialethik mgvrzš, K v_wjk mvgvwrk gzev`, Ges cö U v U mvgvwrk bwzkzv Kw `ªK fvebvi BwZnv m mvgvwrk Av `vjb I Dbœq bi g a m úk jv e vckfv e ch v jvpbv Kiv n q Q GB mgwš^z n vûey K Langewiesche, Dieter: Liberalismus und Sozialismus. Ausgewählte Beiträge Verlag J. H. W. Dietz Nachf. (ISBN: ) 17wU wbe Ü Uzweb R bi cöwm BwZnvmwe` wwuvi j vbwrdb k Ebwesk I wesk kz Ki mvgvwrk g~j evamg~n - D`vi bwzkzvev` I mgvrzš - Zv `i mvs wzk, mvgvwrk I ivr bwzk cöwÿ Z KZUv MwZkxj I cvi úwik cöfvekvjx wqj Zv wbixÿv K i Qb dvd Ûkb Meyer, Thomas: Theory of Social Democracy [original German edition: 2005]. Polity Press wek^vqbk Z GB c w_ex Z cöfve we Ív ii Rb `ywu kw³ cöwz hvwmzv Ki Q: Av cwÿk D`vi bwzkzvi MYZš I mvgvwrk MYZš _gvm gqvi GLv b mvgvwrk MYZ š i ZvwË K wfwë cwi vi K i Qb GLv b bvmwik I ivr bwzk gšwjk AwaKv ii mv _ mv _ mvgvwrk I A_ bwzk AwaKvimg~n iæ Z i mv _ Av jvwpz n q Q Meyer, Thomas, in collaboration with Nicole Breyer: Die Zukunft der sozialen Demokratie Politische Akademie der Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. (ISBN: ) GB cökvkbvq Ô` w_iwi Ae mvk vj W gvμ vwm A vû cövw m Wvi mvwrqv jb W gvμvwuõ-gi AwZ iæz c~y Dcmsnvimg~ ni mvivsk Kiv n q Q 143

146 Rvg vwb Z mvgvwrk MYZš Eppler, Erhard: Eine Partei fur das zweite Jahrzehnt: die SPD? Vorwarts buch Verlag. (ISBN: ) GmwcwWÕi GKRb gzvgz ˆZwiKvix bzv GinvW Gcjvi ïay Zvi ` ji Kvh μg I fwel r myweav wb q jlv GKwU eb cökvk K i Qb wkfv e MZ wmwk kzvãx Z evrvi gšjev`x `i fvebv BD ivc I Rvg vwb K e` j w` q Q Zvi GKwU PgrKvi ey bv w` q Qb wzwb GLb Ggb GKwU Rvg vb mgv Ri aÿsmve kl c o i q Q hvi b vh Zvi aviyv Mfxifv e ÿwzmö Í n q Q, Avi GLv b abx I Mwie `i e eavb Ggb GKwU ch v q e o Q h GKwU mvgvwrk Av `vj bi SzuwK ˆZwi n q Q Gabriel, Sigmar: Links neu denken. Politik fur die Mehrheit (ISBN: ) wmmgvi M vweª qj GKwU ivr bwzk QK Dc vcb K ib hv evgcš x niqvi A_ Kx m wel q bzzb K i fvevq, Avi nq ^xk wz bv cviqvi gz nvwi q hviqv A_ev cyiv bv evgcš x g W j wd i hviqvi gz GKwU gvivz K duv` _ K mveavb K i M vweª q ji g Z msl vmwiô `i gb Rq Kiv hvq h_v hvm bxwzi gva g, ÿgzvi wnmve-wbkvk ev AšÍnxb wez K i gva g bq wzwb AšÍnxb ÿgzvi ivrbxwz I e w³z -wfwëk wez K i evb ii ivrbxwz Z diz h Z e jb Beck, Kurt, and Hubertus Heil (eds): Soziale Demokratie im 21. Jahrhundert. Lesebuch zur Programmdebatte der SPD Vorwärts Verlag. (ISBN: ) GB eb qi m úv`køq Ab vb jl Ki mv _ GB wez K i KvVv gvq GKgZ n q Qb hlv b fwel Zi msku gvkv ejvq ` ji Kg m~wp wb q wezk I V: wkfv e Avgiv wek vqb K GKwU KvVv gvi g a wb q Avm Z cvwi Avi Kv K mv _ wb q? BD iv ci fwel r Kx? wkfv e Avgiv MYZš wdwi q Avb Z cvwi? Avgv `i A_ bxwz wkfv e wekwkz n Z cv i, Avi GKBmv _ mvgvwrk I cwi ekmz mgm v guv Z cv i? bzzb Kg ms vb Kv_v _ K n e Avi cöwz ivag~jk Kj vy ivóª Kx AR b Ki Z cv i? R vjvwb wb q Kx e vck cwiez b NU Z cv i? mvgvwrk MYZš wb q ivr bwzk Rv Ui fwel r Kx? 144

147 a AvšÍR vwzk cwigð j mvgvwrk MYZš Meyer, Thomas: Praxis der Sozialen Demokratie VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. (ISBN: ) GB eb q Dc vwcz n q Q _gvm gqv ii mvgvwrk MYZ š i Z Ë i Av jv K ^bvgl vz we klá `i Øviv m úbœ wewfbœ ` ki Ici mv úªwzk YMZ M elyv Gme ` ki g a i q Q myb Wb, Rvcvb, Rvg vwb, hy³ivr, b`vij vûm I hy³ivóª mvgvwrk MYZ š i cwigvck bzzb m~pki GLv b AšÍfz ³ Krell, Christian: Sozialdemokratie und Europa. Die Europapolitik von SPD, Labour Party und Parti Socialiste VS Verlag fur Sozialwissenschaften. (ISBN: ) Kv bv ` ji BD ivc msμvší bxwz K Avi Kx wba viy K i? Gi DËi LuvRvi Rb wμwðqvb μj wzbwu RvZxq ` ji 1979 I 2002 mv ji BD ivcxq bxwzi Zzjbv K ib `j wzbwu n Q Rvg vwbi GmwcwW, hy³iv R i jevi cvwu I d«â cvwu mvwkqvwj jlk GB wzbwu ` ji BD ivcxq GKxf Z niqvi KŠk j hvmv hvm Avi GKBmv _ cwi vi cv_ K I wpwýz K ib Merkel, Wolfgang, Christoph Egle, Christian Henkes, Tobias Ostheim and Alexander Petring: Die Reformfähigkeit der Sozialdemokratie. Herausforderungen und Bilanz der Regierungspolitik in Westeuropa VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. (ISBN: ) 1990 Gi `k Ki kl w` K mvgvwrk MYZvwš K `j jv ewkifvm BD-fz³ ivóª jv Z mikv i AskMÖnY KiwQj Gme `j KZUzKz mdjfv e Zv `i ms vi bxwz ev Íevqb Ki Z c iwqj? Zviv wk Kv bv GKK ÔZ Zxq DcvqÕ Aej ^b K iwqj? wewfbœ ` ki we ÍvwiZ M elyvi Ici wfwë K i Rvg vwb, d«vý, hy³ivr, b`vij vûm myb Wb I Wbgv K i mvgvwrk MYZvwš K bxwzi we køly I g~j vqb Kiv n q Q GB eb q 145

148 BwZnvm Dieter Dowe: Von der Arbeiter- zur Volkspartei. Programmentwicklung der deutschen Sozialdemokratie seit dem 19. Jahrhundert. Reihe Gesprächskreis Geschichte 2007, Heft 71 ( /04803.pdf) GKwU gy³, MYZvwš K I b vh ivóª I mgv Ri Ici Kg m~wp I PP v Dfq w`k _ K iæz c~y `xn vqx I AšÍnxb wezk mv c ÿ 1848 mv ji wecø ei mgq _ K mvgvwrk MYZ š i BwZnvm Zz j a ib ww quvi WvDB Grebing, Helga: Geschichte der deutschen Arbeiterbewegung. Von der Revolution 1848 bis ins 21. Jahrhundert Vorwarts Verlag. (ISBN: ) eû eqi a i `j jv Zv `i kög evrvi bxwzi Ici KZUzKz Av v evov Z c iwq jv Zvi mÿgzvi Ici ivr bwzk mvdj wbf i K i Q `xn w`b a i h wel q NvUwZ wqj Zv n Q fwel r mgv Ri Rb HwZn evnx Kg ms v bi evb i GKwU UKmB g Wj GKwU my `i Rxeb hvc bi Rb gvbyl K Aek B mwμq n Z n e Kv RB mevi Rb Kg ms vb wb q wkí wecøe-dëi Rvg vwb Kgb n Z cv i? Avi GB ÿ Î GKwU ivr bwzk `j wn m e GmwcwW I kög Av `vj bi KvR Kx n Z cv i? Miller, Susanne, and Heinrich Potthoff: Kleine Geschichte der SPD Verlag J. H. W. Dietz Nachf. (ISBN: ) Ôweªd wnw ª Ae w` GmwcwWÕ GKwU gvbm úbœ KvR wn m e MY n Q GwU Rvg vwbi me P q cyiv bv ivr bwzk ` ji ïiæ _ K MinvW köv qwvi-gi mikvi ch ší Gi Kvwnbx Zz j a i cvv Ki GK br i `Lvi Rb GKwU eqiwfwëk μgcäx GLv b `Iqv n q Q Schneider, Michael: Kleine Geschichte der Gewerkschaften. Ihre Entwicklung in Deutschland von den Anfängen bis heute Verlag J. H. W. Dietz Nachf. (ISBN: ) gvb Kj œvbwvi GLv b wkívq bi mg q UªW BDwbq bi ïiæ _ K ez gv bi wek vq bi hy Mi mgmvgwqk msk Ui mgq ch ší GKwU we ÍvwiZ I my-ávz BwZnvm Dc vcb K i Qb 146

149 20wU g~j kã 1. köwgk Av `vjb 2. evwj b, BmvBqvn 3. MYZvwš K mgvrzš 4. d«rvi, b vwý 5. ^vaxbzv 6. bvmwik AwaKvi I ^vaxbzv 7. b vh Zv 8. mgzv 9. Kv U, Bgvby qj 10. cyuwrev` 11. iÿykxjzv 12. D`vi bwzk MYZš 13. D`vi bwzkzv 14. Av cwÿk D`vi bwzk MYZš 15. jk, Rb 16. ivdjm, Rb 17. iæ kv, Ruv-RvK 18. GKZv 19. mvgvwrk MYZš 20. mvgvwrk MYZ š i ZË (_gvm gqvi) 147

150 wmwi Ri cöksmv ÔmvgvwRK MYZ š i Ici wiwvi jv RwUj welq jv K ms ÿ c I mnr eva fv e Dc vcb K i cöwzw`bkvi ivrbxwzi LyuwUbvwU - K, Kx, wkfv e Ges we klk i Kb - Zvi Ici GKwU Vvmv mvwe K ch v jvpbv hv mvbvi P qi g~j evb Õ wwqv b Kv vi, UªW BDwbqb mvaviy m úv`k ÔmvgvwRK MYZ š i wfwëi Ici wiwvi cök ZB GKwU UwbK hlb ivr bwzk cv_ K `ye j n q hvq, Ggb mgq jv Z Kv bv GKR bi ivr bwzk Kvh μ gi wfwë Avevi wbwðz Kivi mvg_ Drmvne ÄK cvv Ki Kv Q cöz vkv ZË xq I PP v Dfq ÿ ÎB mvgvwrk MYZ š i wewfbœ w` Ki cöwz mgv jvpbvi ` wó Z `Lvi GwU ivr bwzk we epbv K AviI aviv jv K i GB eb q Dc vwcz welqe i e vckzv mvwe K wpî K Svcmv K i `q bv GB wel qi cwi vi KvVv gv I msmvb we kl AvMÖ ni welqe Lyu R c Z mvnvh K i GK K_vq: AwZwi³ mijxkiy Qvov cwi vi aviyv Õ Djwi K DBU, wcbgm A vkwuwf MÖæc MwUb Rb ÔGK K_vq ejv hvq, mvgvwrk MYZ š i ZvwË K wfwëi Ici wewfbœ ai bi cvv Ki Rb jlvi KwVb KvRwU Z mdj n q Qb jlkiv hfv e GB welq K m ve e envikvix `i Dc hvmx K i e vl v Kiv n q Q mrb GB ebwu [mvgvwrk MYZ š i wfwë] we klfv e cöksmvi hvm hme jlv _ K GwU biqv n q Q Zv ^ Qfv e e vl v Kiv n q Q, Avi we ÍvwiZ MÖš cäx, A bk wpî, cwi vifv e wpwýz cöwμqv, cö Z K `vk wb Ki Rxebxi Ici gšíe, ez gvb wezk _ K biqv ev Í e cövmw½k Kg m~wpwfwëk Ø Øi welq GB eb q `Iqv n q Q GKBmv _ GwU GGmwWÕi mwgbvi I ^Zš fv e ivr bwzk wpšív-fvebv I Kvh μ gi Rb e envi hvm Õ gvb Kj ik K, Kv mj wek we` vjq 148