Inx I AvaywbK weávb. Inx I AvaywbK weávb. gvijvbv Iqvwn`ywÏb Lvb. Abyev` : gynv ` kvgmyj nk wmwïk. [ evsjv - Bengali]

Transcription

1 Bmjvg cöpvi eÿ iv, iveiqv wiqv`, mšw`avie Inx I AvaywbK weávb [ evsjv - Bengali] gvijvbv Iqvwn`ywÏb Lvb Abyev` : gynv ` kvgmyj nk wmwïk islamhouse.com Gi mkj ^Z mevi Rb D y³ Inx I AvaywbK weávb

2 c~e K_v deª qvwi 1955 mvj jl bši Avwgby ÏŠjv cv K Av qvwrz GK Bmjvgx gnv m j b Bmjv gi weávbgqzv cögvyv _ e³ Zv Ki Z `uvov jb gvijvbv Iqvwn`ywÏb Lvb e³ Zv k l hlb NvlYv `qv nq h, Gi wjwlz Kwc eyk j cviqv hv Q, ZLb evafv½v ev bi g Zv eyk ji w` K Qz U P j RbZvi XD nu K Ki g Zv wbwg lb wewk q hvq mekwu Kwc ciezx Z ON THE THRESHOLD OF A NEW ERA wk ivbv g cyw Kv AvKv i Zv cökvk Kiv nq mb _ K Iqvwn`ywÏb Lvb Avi e m bb AvaywbK hy Mi Roev`x wpš v PZbvi `uvzfv½v Reve w` Z wj L hv Qb MÖ š i ci MÖš, ipbv K i hv Qb cöe Üi ci cöeü GiB avivevwnkzvq 1966 mv j cökvk K ib (ag I AvaywbK P v jä) GB ebwu 1970 mv j bv g Aviex Z Ab~w`Z n j wgm ii cöl vz mvwnwz K Avng` evnhvz gš e K i ej jbñ Bmjv gi D b lkvj _ K ez gvb hym ch š Bmjv gi Ici AmsL eb wjwlz n q Q hw` BwZnv mi mkj AwjMwj P l ewo q Avjvni c _ AvnŸvbKvix MÖš mg~n Pvjywb w` q Qu K Avjv`v Kiv nq Zvn j wbtm ` n ÒBmjvg I AvaywbK P v jãõõ Zb a GKwU n e ˆ`wbK Avj- Avnivg, Kvq iv, 2 RyjvB 1973 mwz K_v ej Z wk Iqvwn`ywÏb Lvb Ggb GK cöwzfv whwb eû mgv jvp Ki fvlvq AvaywbK Ávb-weÁv bi gvkv ejvq GKKfv e Bmjv gi cöwzwbwaz K i hv Qb KviY wzwbb ez gvb we k GKgvÎ e w³z whwb Bmjv gi m~ èvwzzw è welq KI Avq Z Avb Z m g n q Qb gynv ` Avm mvkvqx` : mvßvwnk Avj Avjvgyj Bmjvgx, 26 m Þ ^i 1993 msl v 1327, el 29 Iqvwn`ywÏb Lvb weáv bi fvlvq K_v e jb ZvB Zvi MÖš mg~n Abyev` Kiv wkqz ZB mnrmva e vcvi bq ZeyI h nzz BZtc~ e Avwg Zvi 17wU MÖš Aviex Z Abyev` K iwq mb mvn mb evsjv fvlvq F³n niqv m Ë I gnvb Ki Yvg qi Ici fimv i L G KwVb Kv R nvz w` qwq ez gvb ebwu Iqvwn`ywÏb Lvb iwpz K qkwu cöe Üi mskjb hv evsjv fvlvfvlx fvb evb `i nv Z Zz j w` Z c i mªóvi `iev i jv Lv KvwU ïkwiqv Ávcb KiwQ ebwu c o Inx, wimvjvz I Avj KziAvb m ú K we `y cwigvyi hw` Kv iv fw³ kª v e o hvq Zvn j Avgv `i kªg ^v_ K n q Q e j g b Kie gynv ` kvgqzj nk wmwïk XvKv, 30 GwcÖj 2002 Bs

3 weáv bi gvb` Ê Inx Avjvni cöwz wek v mi c ib Av m wimvjv Z wek v mi ce wimvjvz A_, we kl Kvb e w³i Dci mªóvi c _ K Inx Z_v cöz v `k Avmv hv Z wzwb gvbe mgvr K mªóvi B Qv- Awb Qv I gwr m ú K AewnZ K i `b mªóv Ges InxcÖvß e w³i gv R h nzz Kvb cökvk hvmm~î ` k gvb bq, m nzz A b KB Inx I wimvjv Zi mz Zv m ú K wøav-ø Ø fv Mb, GgbwK A ^xkvii K i e mb A_P Inx Ggb GKwU welq hvi mz Zv cögv Y ewk `~i h Z nq bv eis G Kev i mnr wkqz WvUv e envi K ib Gi ^iƒc m ú K cwi vi aviyv biqv m e Avgv `i Av k cv k Ggb wkqz NUbv NU Q hv Avgv `i mxwgz kªey gzvi evb i wkš Zv m Ë I m jv AvuP Kiv m e AvaywbK Kv j Ggbme gwkbvix Avwe Z n q Q hv e envi K i GKwU Pjgvb gvwqi AvIqvR G Kev i Kvb Nu l D o M j hgbwu ïbvq, K qk gvbj `~i w` q D o M ji wvk Zgwb ïb Z cviv hvq ïay ZvB bq eis gnvrvmwzk iwk ( Cosmic Rays) Gi msnl I AvR Ki gvbyl ikw Ki Z cv i ^vfvwek Bw `ªqvbyf~wZi evb i kªey I aviy cöwµqv K mnr Kivi Rb AvaywbK we k Avwe Z n q Q m~²vwzm~² hš cvwz hv AZ š cwi vifv e cögvy K i h, ^vfvwek Bw `ªqvbyf~wZi evb i Kvb NUbv msnwuz n j ˆeÁvwbK gvb` Êi `vwe Abymv i Zv A ^xkvi Kiv hv e bv AvaywbK Kv j Avwe Z hš cvwzi mvnv h kªey I aviy cöwµqvi K_v ev` w` ji cövk wzk we k Ggbme D`vni Yi mv vr wg j hv Avgv `i K mwz mwz B fvwe q Zv j gvby li Bw `ªq gzv wbtm ` n mxwgz wkš, cövyxrm Z Ggb D`vniY wg j hv Avgv `i K mwz mwz Cl vwš^z K i Zv j KzKz ii NÖvYkw³ GZB cöej h, Kvb iv v w` q eû`~i GwM q hviqv Kvb cövyxi NÖvY mn RB m kuy K wb Z cv i KzKz ii GB we kl hvm Zv e envi K i Lye mn RB Acivax e w³ `i Lyu R ei Kiv hvq a i wbb `irvi Zvjv f ½ Kvb e w³ N i Xy K Aciva msnwuz Kij vqvw WM w` q ZvjwU ïuwk q KvwU gvby li fzi Q o w` j m wvk IB e w³ KB a i dj e h Zvjv f ½ N i Xy KwQj weávbxiv Ggbme cövyxi mv vr c q Q hv `i Telepathy- i gzv i q Q GKwU cz½ (Moth) Kvb Lvjv Rvbvjvi cv k i L w` j m we kl Kvq`vq Bw½Z `q cyi l cz½ eû`~i _ K GB Bw½Z AvuP Ki Z c i Awej ^ Reve `q GK cökvi dwos i q Q cvlv g j evû Kuvwc q Zvi RywU K Wv K Zvi Wv K mvov w` q jvryk x-dwos Aa gvbj `~i _ K Ggb wbe vk Bkviv cöiy K i hv Ab Kv iv c Ui cviqv m e bq GK cökvi MÖvm nvcv ii kªey gzv GZ Zx è h, nvb Wªv R bi cigvyyi A a Ki mgcwigv Yi bovpov KI m Ui c q hvq Gai bi eû D`vniY i q Q hv cögvy K i h, hvmv hv Mi Î Ggb A bk gva g i q Q hv ` wómövn bq wkš GZrm Ë I we kl Abyf~wZm úbœ cövyxiv Zv Ui cvq G Ae vq hw` KD `vwe K ib h, wzwb Avjvni c _ K Ggb wkqz AvIqvR c q Qb hv Ab KD ïb Z cvqwb, Zvn j G Z Avðh nevi wkqz bb hw` GB c w_ex Z Ggb wkqz AvIqvR _ K _v K hv Kej we km h š i mvnv h B kvbv hvq, hw` Ggbme Bkviv Bw½ Zi Av`vbcÖ`vb n Z _v K hv Kej we kl Rš -Rv bvqvib AvuP Ki Z cv i, Ab KD cv i bv Zvn j G Z Avðh nevi wk Av Q h, Avjvn Zvi we kl e e vcbvq we kl Kvb e w³i mv _ Mvcb ms hvm Kv qg K i Zuvi Kv Q Zuvi cweî msev` cvwv q Qb Ges Zvi g a Ggb hvm Zv m wó K i w` q Qb hv Z wzwb D³ msev` aviy Ki Z mg_ nb ev ezvi wbwi L `L Z M j Inx I Bjnvg Kvb `y e va e vcvi bq eis Inx I Bjnvg mv` k Ab vb eû welq gvby li AwfÁZvi AvIZvq G m Q Inx Z wek vm Kivi A_, GKwU m vebv K ev e NUbv wn m e g b biqv Inx Z wek vm Kivi A_ Kvb H `ªRvwjK wel q wek vm Kiv bq

4 m vnbwµqv Ges `~iezx welq m ú K ej Z cvivi AwfÁZv _ K ejv hvq h, G hvm ZvwU KejgvÎ wkqz Rxe-Rš i g a B mxgve bq, eis gvby li g a I G ai bi m ve ˆewkó i q Q W. G jwk&ªm Kv i ji fvlvq: gvby li g bvrm Zi cwimxgv vb I Kv ji ej q KejgvÎ KvíwbK (Suppositional) n q _v K [Man the unknown p. 244] G Kvi YB Kvb AvIqvR ev gva g QvovB GK e w³ Ab e w³i Dci Zvi B Qvkw³i cö cy NUv Z cv i Ges K wîg wb`&ªvq (Hypnotic Sleep) Zv K Avweó Ki Z cv i Zv K nvmv ZI cv i Kuv`v ZI cv i Zuvi g bvrm Z bvbvwea wpš v fvebvi D `&ªKI NUv Z cv i GUv Ggb GKUv e vcvi hlv b evwn K Kvb hš cvwz e eüz nq bv B Qv cö cykvix I cöfvwez e w³i gv S wk n Q Zv Ab KD ej Z cv i bv wvk GKB ik gi NUbv gvbyl Ges Avjvni gv S msnwuz n j Zv ey S bv Avmvi cq b Kvb nzz _vk Z cv i bv Avjvni Aw Z g b bqv I gvby l gvby l G K Ab K cöfvwez Kivi h gzv i q Q m e vcv i ev e AwfÁZvi ci Inx I Bjnvg K A ^xkvi Kivi Kvb wfwë _v K bv ww m ^i 1950 mv ji NUbv ey qixqv cökvmb wncbwuó d«v Uvi ªyej Gi wei Uwjc vw_i gva g iwwi m cöpv i wenœ m wói Aciv a gvgjv `v qi K i wgdwb Li wirvbv nv U j cvidg iz zªej `k K `i GKRb K GKwU Zv mi cvzv DwV q wb Z e jb Zv mi bv gi mv _ nv U ji bvg ms hvrb K i B QvgZ Av M wc Q K i g b g b Kíbv K i wb Z e jb wncbwuó Zvi KwíZ evk web vm Abymv ib vbxq ezvi K `ª msev` cvvkvixi gyl w` q m vnbwµqvi gva g D PviY Kiv eb e j `vwe K ib K qk m KÊ AwZµvš n Z bv n ZB D PvwiZ n iv ÔwiRbv nv Uj ivyxõ nv Uj I Kv W i bvg Ges `k Ki Kí jv K gwš Z evk -web vm m ú~y wvk wqj Iw` K j j kªvzv GB AmsjMœ NUbvi KviY Rvb Z m cöpvi K `ª Uwj dvb Ki Z jvmj Zv `i ey S AvmwQj bv h, cwvz msev `i mv _ ÔwiRbv nv Uj ivyxõ G ev K i wk m úk msev` cvv Ki gvbwmk A_ev kvixwik Amȳ Zvi Kvi Y G mgm vi m wó nj wkbv Zv `Lvi Rb Wv³vi Avbv n j wzwb `L jb h msev` cvvk gvivz Kfv e Drw ß Ae vq i q Qb wzwb ej jb, msev` cv Vi GK gyn~ Z nvvr K i GKcÖKvi e _v Abyfe n q Q Gi ci wk N U Q Zvi wkqzb iy bb Avgvi cökœ GB h, GK e w³ hw` eû`~ i Aew Z Ab e w³i Kv Q Zvi Kíbv I wpš v- PZbv K ûeû cvwv q w` Z cv i, Zvn j Avjvn Ges ev `vi gv S G ai bi cöwµqv Kb msnwuz n Z cvi e bv? gvby li RM ZB hlb G ai bi A bk D`vniY i q Q, ZLb AZ š mnrfv eb eysv hvq h, Avjvn Ges ev `vi gv S Kxfv e kã I A _ i m vnbwµq m úbœ n Z cv i m vnb cöwµqvi GK e w³ Zvi a vb- aviyv Ab e w³i ü`qz U cöiy Ki Z cv i GwU GKwU ˆeÁvwbK mz Gi mvnv h Avgiv IB gnvrvmwzk m vnb wµqv m ú K aviyv wb Z cvwi, hv K ag xq cwifvlvq Inx ejv nq Inx g~jz GK cökvi gnvrmwzk m vnb, hvi mxwgz gvbwek iƒc m ú K Avgv `i aviyv n q Q eávwbk ` wó KvY _ K Inxi m vebv I ev ezv K g b wb j h cökœwu mvg b Av m, Zv nj Inxi cö qvrbxqzvi e vcvi A_ vr we kl Kvb e w³ K cq ` K i mªóvi c _ K Inx cöi Yi wk Av `Š Kvb cö qvrbxqzv Av Q? Aek B Av Q; KviY cöz vw`ó e w³ Z_v ivm~j gvbyl K Ggb welq m ú K Ávb `b hv gvby li Rb Rj evqyi gzb cö qvrb, wkš gvbyl Zvi wbr ^ Póv-mvabvq G cö qvrbwu KLbB guv Z cv i bv m Z i müv b gvbyl kzmnmª eqi KvwU q w` q Q P j M Q cör b i ci cörb gvbyl Rvb Z P q Q Zvi wb Ri cwipq, gnvwe k i cwipq? fv jv KvbwU, g ` KvbwU? Kxfv e gvby li Kj v Y G c w_exi Rxeb K my `i Kiv hv e wkš gvbyl AvRI ch š GB AbymÜvbK g mdjkvg nqwb

5 wkqzkv ji AbymÜvb I M elyvq Avgiv jvnv I c Uªv ji inm RMZ K D vwpz Ki Z mg_ njvg iß Ki Z cvijvg cövk wzk we k i kzmnmª wel qi mwvk Ávb wkš gbyl weávb GLb ch š Abvwe ZB _ K M Q DbœZZi gavmg~ ni kz Póv-mvabv AvRI ch š G Îi A Av ch š Avwe vi Ki Z cv iwb GUv GKUv eo cögvy h mªóvi Ki Yv I mvnvh Qvov gvbyl Zvi Rxebc_ I Rxebinm K K bb Avwe vi Ki Z cvi e bv bv ej cövbr werqx G jwk&ªm Kv i ji e³e Abymv i AvaywbK cöhyw³i m ó bqv wek cwi e ki mv _ gvbe më vi AmsjMœZvi wcq b KviY GB h, GKw` K RoRMr msµvš Ávb-weÁv bi Î e vck cömvi jvf N U Q, Ab w` K gvbyl msµvš Ávb-weÁvb G Kev i cöv_wgk ch v q _ K M Q GB wøzxq kvlvq hviv KvR Ki Qb Zviv m Z i gvnbvq cušqz Z cv ibwb Zviv Zv `i Kí jv K A nzzk NyicvK L q KejB nzvk n Qb G jwk&ªm Kv ij e jb, divwm wec ei g~jbxwz I gvk m jwb bi gzev `i cö qvm KejgvÎ KvíwbK gvby li Dci n Z cv i, KviY GUv cwi vifv e eysv cö qvrb h, gvbwek m úk msµš AvBb Kvbyb ( `ª : Law of Human relation) GLb ch š Abvwe Z i q M Q mgvr I A_ bxwz msµš Ávb-weÁvb wbqk aviyvwbf i Ges AKvU fv e cögvy hvm bq (Man the Unknown p-37) ez gvb hy M weávb eû`~i GwM q wm q Q e U wkš weáv bi G werq A bkuv KvUv Nv q jey wqwu q `evi g ZvB i Z c~y gvbwek mgm vi mgvav bi Î weávb GLbI Kvb f~wgkv ivl Z cv iwb J.W.N. Sullivan e jb, weávb AvaywbKKv j h wek Avwe vi K i Q, Zv gvbewpš vi `xn BwZnv m mgwak inm RbK ez gv b cök wzi e vcv i Avgv `i Ávb gvb ewznv mi h Kvb hy Mi Zzjbvq A bk ewk, wkš G ÁvbfvÊvi Lye KgB Avkvi mâvi K i Q KviY, h w` K ZvKvB `w` KB AwbðqZv (Ambiguities) Ges ˆecwiZ (Contradictions) Avgv `i Aw Z K wewl q Zzj Q e Zvwš K weáv bi ej q Rxebinm D`NvUb Kiv gvby li c m e bq [ `ª: Limitation of science p.1] GKw` K Ae v GB h, Rxebinm D`NvUb Ges Rxe bi ^iƒc m ú K ÁvbvR b Avgv `i Rb Acwinvh fv e cö qvrb; KviY G inm Ávb e ZxZ Avgv `i DËg Av emmg~n _ K hvq Z òvz, Avgv `i wpš vkw³ _ K hvq AcwiZ ß, eis Avgv `i Rxe bi cyiv wm guvb c o _v K wbn vr G jv g jv Ae vq Ab K_vq ej Z M j, Rxebinm Avwe vi Avgv `i Rxe bi eo cö qvrb wkš GB eo cö qvrbuv Avgiv wb Riv wkqz ZB c~iy Ki Z cvwi bv gvby li HwkK w`kwb ` kbv Z_v cöz v ` ki cö qvrb i q Q, G mz wu cögv Yi Rb Dc ivwjwlz mgm vwu `wjj wn m e h _ó Rxebinm D`NvUb AwZ Ri wi niqv m Ë I gvby li Avwe vi gzvi evb i _vkv GUvB cögvy Ki Q h, Ab Kvb Drm _ K G e vcv i w`kwb ` kbv biqvi cö qvrb i q Q hgbwu N U Q Av jvi Zv ci ejvq Av jv I Zvc gvby li Rb AwZ cö qvrbxq niqv m Ë I Zv ivlv n q Q gvby li gzvi evb i Avjvn cvk gvby li GB c w_exi evb i Aew Z m~ h i gva g G cö qvrb c~i Yi e e v K i Qb ivmyj hvpvb qi eávwbk c wz Inxi cö qvrbxqzv ^xkvi K i wb j Avgv `i `L Z n e h, h e w³ Inx cövwß Z_v cöz vw`ó niqvi `vwe K i Qb, wzwb wk mwz mwz Inx c q Qb? bvwk wg_ v I ev bvqvu `vwe K i Qb? Avgv `i ag wek vm Abymv i A b Ki DciB Inx G m Q, wk me kl ivm~j gynv ` mvjvjvû AvjvBwn Iqv mvjvg m ú K Av jvpbv Kie; KviY Zuvi beyiz cögvwyz n q M j Ab vb bex `i beyizi ^Ztù Z fv e cögvwyz n q hvq KviY wzwb Ab vb bex `i K ^xkvi K i Qb Ges Zv `i cöwz mevb K wek vm vcb Ki Z e j Qb Dc ivš gynv ` mvjvjvû AvjvBwn Iqv mvjvg h nzz ez gvb I fwel Zi mkj gvbe cör b i Rb GKgvÎ ivm~j, hvi c i Ab Kvb ivm~j Avm eb bv, m nzz gvbe Mvôxi gyw³ A_ev aÿs mi e vcviuv gynv ` mvjvjvû AvjvBwn Iqv mvjvg- K gvbv bv gvbvi Dci wbf ikxj NUbv cöevn

6 29 AvMó 570 wlªóv ã gynv ` mvjvjvû AvjvBwn Iqv mvjvg Rb MÖnY K ib wzwb hlb Pwj- k DcbxZ nb ZLb `vwe K ib h, mªóv Zuv K bex evwb q Qb I Zuvi Dci Inx cöiy K i Qb Ges we k i cöwzwu gvby li Kv Q Inxi evyx cuš Q w` Z e j Qb mv _ mv _ GI ej Z Avw`ó n q Qb h, h e w³ Zvi AbymiY K ie Zvi gh v`v n e D aÿ, ^M jv K c vš i h Zuv K Agvb Ki e Zvi cöwz`vb n e DËß bik kl bexi GB Ø _ nxb NvlYv Avgv `i gv_vi Dci GLbI ÄbiZ Zuvi G NvlYv Kvb mnr mij NvlYv bq, eis GUv Ggb GKUv NvlYv hv cöwzwu gvbyl K GK fqven cwiywzi e vcv i ûuwkqvi K i w` Q G NvlYvi `vwe Abymv i cöwzwu gvby li Dci Aek vex n q hvq h G e vcviwu K AZ š i Z mn b e Ges HKvwš KZvi mv _ cix v-wbix v Pvwj q Gi mz Zv hvpvb qi Rb m Pó n e KviY, g Zz i cib ivm~ ji ewy Z mb fq¼i cwiywzi gvkv ejv Ki Z n e ZvB ivm~j Zuvi `vwe Z mz wk bv Zv ˆeÁvwbK M elyv-c wzi Av jv K mz e j cögvwyz n Zv wbw Øavq g b wb q ivm~ ji wb ` wkz c_ Abymv i Rxeb cwipvjbv K i fqven cwiywz _ K wb R K euvwp q bqvi cö wz wb Z n e Gevi `Lv hvk ˆeÁvwbK ` wó KvY _ K klbexi beyiz `vexi mz Zv cögvwyz nq wk bv Kvb welq K weávbm Z ej Z n j Zv K wzbwu ch vq ci Z nq: 1. Hypothesis (cökí ev aviyv) 2. Observation (ch e Y) 3. Verification (mz Zv cögvy) cö_ g Kv bv wel qi mz Zv cögvyv _ GKwU aviyv Dc vcb Kiv nq hv K cökí e j Zvici D³ cökí K K `ª K i cö qvrbxq cix v wbix v I ch e Y P j ch e Yi ci Av m D³ cök íi mz Zv cªwzôvi cvjv Dc iv³ Abyµ g nqz KLbI e wzµgi n Z cv i, GgbI n Z cv i h, cö_ g wkqz ch e Y mvg b Avm e Ges ØxwZq ch v q Zv _ K GKwU cök íi Rb b e cö qvrbxq cix v-wbix v Øviv hw` D³ cökí mwvk e j cögvwyz nq, Zvn j Zv ˆeÁvwbK mz e j cöwzwôz n e G g~jbxwz Abymv i bexi beyiz `vwe K hw` cökí wn m e mve Kwi, Zvn j Avgv `i `L Z n e, ch e Y Øviv G cök íi mz Zv cögvwyz nq wkbv hw` ch e Y I cix v- wbix v Øviv Gi mz Zv cögvwyz nq Zvn j GUv cixw Z mz (Verified fact) wn m e cöwzôv jvf Ki e Ges GKwU ˆeÁvwbK mz wn m e G Z wek vm Kiv cöwzwu gvby li Rb Ri wi n q co e GLb `Lv hvk wk mb ch e Ymg~n hvi gva g gynv ` mv. Gi beyiz `vwe mz bv wg_ v, Zv ˆeÁvwbK gvb` Êi Av jv K hvpvb Kiv hv e Kx mb j Ymg~n hvi Av jv K wbwðz niqv hv e h, gynv ` mv. ev eb GKRb ivm~j Z_v Avjvni c _ K cöwiz cyi l wq jb Avgvi gzvbymv i wbgœ ewy Z ˆewkó mg~n Kvb bex I ivm~ ji g a Dcw Z _vkv Acwinvh fv e cö qvrb: wzwb A ^vfvwek ik gi Av`k gvbyl n eb KviY, hv K mªóv Zuvi cweî cöz v `k MÖn Yi Rb cq ` Ki eb Ges hvi gva g RxebMV bi hvezxq cvb- cövmövg evzjv bv n e Zv K Aek B m e vëg e w³ n Z n e Ges h Av`k wzwb cöpvi Ki eb Zvi c~y v½ cöwzdjb Zuvi Rxe bi cöwzwu c` c cwijw Z n Z n e hw` Zuvi Rxe b G Av`k jvi c~y v½ cöwzdjb `Lv hvq Zvn j eys Z n e, Zuvi `vwe Z wzwb mz KviY, wg_ v n j G Av`k jv wekvj gwni n AvKv i Zuvi Rxe b cökvk cz bv Ges wek evmx Zuv K mgwak ewjô Pwi Îi AwaKvix wn m e AvL vwqz KiZ bv Zuvi K_v I Kv R Ggb ˆewkó _vk e, hv n e m ú~y B AmvaviY Ges me mvavi Yi bvmv ji evb i G `y Uv gvb` Êi Av jv K cil Ki j eysv hv e h, gynv ` mv. Gi beyiz `vwe mz bv wg_ v

7 Pwjk eqi eq m wzwb beyiz cövß nb G Pwjk eq ii `xn BwZnv m wzwb mkj cökvi PvwiwÎK gvayh mw¾z n q D¾ j fv ii g Zv R vwz wewkiy K i hvb Zuvi PvwiwÎK J¾ j cöfvwez n q mevb Zuv K mz ev`x I wek e j AvL vwqz K i Zuvi m ú K Z`vwbš b we k i Awemsevw`Z gš e GiKg wqj h, wzwb A ^vfvwek ikgfv e fv jv gvbyl wq jb Ges KLbI wg_ v ej Zb bv beyiz `vwe Kivi cuvp eqi c~ e Kv ikiv bzzb K i KvÕev Ni wbg vy Ki Z D ` vm bq wbg vy KvR ïi n j nvr i AvmIqv` K Zvi c~ e i RvqMvq vc bi e vcv i ev`vbyev` ïi nq Pvi-cuvP w`b ch š G ev`vbyev` Pj Z _v K, wkš Kvb gxgvsmvq Avmv m e nq bv Ggb Kx kl ch v q hy eu a hviqvi Dcµg nq cwi k l wm vš nq h, AvMvgx Kvj cözÿ l h e w³ me cö_g evqzzjvq cö ek Ki e mb G e vcv i dvqmvjv ` e ciw`b hlb Kv ikiv me cö_g cö ekkvix K cöz Kij, ZLb mevb GKev K e j IVj, wzwb wek Avgiv Zuvi dqmvjv g b wb Z GKgZ. MvUv gvbwewznv m Ggb Kvb e w³i mv vr wgj e bv whwb mkj cökvi wez K i E aÿ _ K Ggbfv e PwjkwU eqi KvwU q Qb h mevb Zuvi PwiÎ I gn Z i e vcv i Gfv e HK gz cvly Ki e nivi nvq hlb cö_gevi Inx Av m, ZLb wzwb Pigfv e DrKwÉZ n q evwo wd ib Ges Zuvi x Lvw`Rv ivw`qvjvû Avbnv- K - whwb eq m Zuvi P q eo wq jb- NUbvi weeiy ïbvb Rev e wzwb ej jb, I Mv Aveyj Kv mg! Avjvn Avcbv K Aek B wndvhz Ki eb; Kbbv Avcwb mz K_v e jb Avcwb w`qvbz`vi Avcwb Lviv ci cöwz`v b fv jv `b Ges gvby li AwaKvi Av`vq K ib Avey Zv je bex mv. Gi PvPv wq jb bex mv. hlb Zv K Bmjv gi `viqvz w` jb ZLb wzwb GB e j A ^xkvi Ki jb h, eve-`v`vi ag wzwb cwiz vm Ki Z cvi eb bv wkš ciezx Z hlb wb Ri Q j Avjxi iv. Bmjvg a g `xw Z niqvi K_v ïb jb ZLb wzwb Q j K W K ej jb : erm! Zzwg G e vcv i ^vaxb; KviY Avgvi ` pwek vm gynv ` fv jv e ZxZ Ab wkqzi w` K Zvgv K WvK e bv beyiz cövwßi ci Qvdv cvnv oi cv` ` k jvk `i K mg ez K i ej jb : Avgvi e vcv i Avcbv `i Kx AwfgZ? mevb GKev K ejj: Avcbvi e vcv i mz Qvov Ab wkqzi AwfÁZv Avgv `i bb ivm~jyjvni beyizc~e -Rxeb m ú K GUv Ggb GKUv ekw hv mgmö gvbwewznv m Kvb Kwe, wpš vwe` A_ev jl Ki Rxe b cviqv hv e bv gynv ` mv. hlb cöwiz niqvi NvlYv w` jb, ZLb g vi jvk `i ü` q KLbB G ai bi m ` ni D `ªK nqwb h gynv ` mv. wg_ v e j Qb KviY, Zuvi `xn RxebBwZnvm wg_ vpvwizv _ K m ú~y cweî G Rb KLbI Zviv gynv v` mv. K wg_ v msµš Acev` `qvi KíbvI K iwb eis Zuvi wei vpiy Ki Z wm q Zv `i Db ËZvq c q Q, m Kve Muv_v MvB Z ïi K i Q, A_ev Zuv K Rxb-cix AvQi K i Q, Gme wkqzb Zviv e j Q wkš KviI mvnm nqwb h, ivm~jyjvni mz evw`zv I Bgvb`vwi Z we `ygvî m `n Ki e GUv Avm jb Avð h i e vcvi h, MvUv RvwZ h Lv b Zuvi kî Z iƒcvš wiz n q Q Ges cwîk wf U-fvwo Z hvi emevm ch š Am e n q D V Q, mb e w³ m ú K BwZnvm ej e h, g vq Ggb KD bb hvi Kv Q g~j evb wkqz i q Q A_P Zv ivm~jyjvni Kv Q Zuvi mz evw`zv I AvgvbZ`vixi Kvi Y Mw QZ iv Lwb beyi Zi Î qv`k mv j hlb wei vpiykvixiv Zuvi Rxeb msnv ii Rb ` pmskí n q Zuvi evwoi Pvicvk wn i Ggbfv e `uvwo qwqj h, ei niqv gvî mw wjzfv e AvµgY Ki e, wvk

8 mb gyn~ Z cövywcöq mnpi Avjx Be b Avey Zv je iv. K Dc `k w`w Q jb h, AgyK Agy Ki m ú` Avgvi Kv Q Mw QZ i q Q, Avgvi hvevi ci cö Z K K Zvi m ú` eyws q ` e bmi Be b nvixm, whwb ivm~ ji we ivax niqvi mv _ mv _ cvw_ e welqvw` m ú K Kv ik `i g a mgwak AwfÁ wqj, GKw`b Kv ik `i K LZve K i ejj : n Kv ikmy! gynv ` Zvgv `i K Ggb Kx mgm vq d j Q hvi Kvb mgvavb Luy R cv Q bv? m Zv Zvgv `i Pv Li mvg bb eo nj Zvgiv fv jvfv eb Rvb, m Zvgv `i g a me P q mz ev`x, me P q ekx AvgvbZ`vi I mgwak wcöq e w³ wq jb wkš hlb Zvi Pzj mv`v n Z P j Q Ges m IB `vwe DÌvcb K i Q hv Zvgiv ïbq, ZLb Zvgiv ej Z jvm j, G e w³ hv`yki, G Kwe, G Db v` Avjvn K mv x i L ejwq, Avwg gynv `i K_v ï bwq; gynv ` Rv`yKi bq, m Kwe bq, m Db v`i bq Avgvi Avk¼v nq, bzzb Kvb wec` Zvgv `i K MÖvm K i bv e m Avey R nj evm~jyjvni mv. Nvi kî wqj m GK`v ivm~jyjvn K mv. ejj : gynv `! Avwg ewj bv h Zzwg wg_ v ejq wkš Zzwg hv cöpvi KiQ Zv Avwg ï e j g b Kwi bv (wmiv Z Be b wnkvg, LÊ-1, c -319 ivm~jyjvni beyiz Kej Avie `i Rb wqj bv eis wzwb wq jb mgmö wek evmxi bex ZvB wzwb Zuvi RxeÏkv ZB cöwz ekx `kmg~ ni ivrv ev`kvn `i K Bmjv gi w` K Avnevb K i Zv `i wpwv cöiy K ib i g mg&ªvu wnivkj ivm~jyjvni cî c q wmwiqvq mdiiz Kv ik `i evwyr `j K Zuvi `iev i Zje Ki jb mgªv Ui `iev i nvwri n j wzwb Zv `i K wrávmv Ki jb : Avcbv `i GjvKvq h e w³ bex niqvi `vwe Ki Q, GLv b KD wk Zuvi AvZ xq i q Qb? Avey mywdqvb ejj : m Avgvi eskai, Rvnuvcbv! Gi ci wnivkj Avey mywdqvb K wkqz cökœ Ki jb : GB `vwe DÌvc bi c~ e Avcbviv wk KLbI Zuv K wg_ v ej Z ï b Qb? Avey mywdqvb : K bi bv wnivkj : m wk KLbI Kvb A½xKvi f½ K i? Avey mywdqvb: KL bv Zv K A½xKvi f½ Ki Z `wlwb ey bv ï b wnivkj ej jb, NUbv hw` GB nq h, wzwb gvby li e vcv i KLbI wg_ v e jbwb Zvn j mªóvi e vcv i GZeo wg_ v ejv Zvi c m e bq Avey mywdqv bi G ^xkv ivw³ jv m mgqkvi, hlb Avey mywdqvb ïay h Bmjvg MÖnY K iwb Zv bq, eis ivm~jyjvni wei cwipvwjz hy - R ½ m wqj GKRb cy ivav Avey mywdqvb wb RB ^xkvi K i Q h, wnivkj Gi `iev i Dcw Z Ab vb Kv ikiv Zv K wg_ vev`x e j cöpvi Ki e, G Avk¼v bv n j H w`b m wg_ v ejz (eylvix ÔÔKxfv e ivmyjyjvn m. Gi cöwz Inx bvwhj ïi njõõ Aa vq) mgmö BwZnv m Ggb Kvb e w³ Luy R cviqv hv e bv hvi wei vpiykvixiv K Vvi kî Zvq we fvi niqv m Ë I Zvi c G ai bi mv x ` e G NUbvwU wbwðziƒ c gynv `i mv. bex niqvi e vcv i GKwU wbf i hvm cögvy G Î W. jwr Gi e³e we klfv e cªwyavb hvm wzwb e jb, ÔÔAvwg AZ š web qi m ½ ej Z mvnm KiwQ h, hw` KD mwz mwz cöfyi c _ K cöz v `k c q _v Kb, Zvn j GKgvÎ gynv `i ag K cöz vw`ó ag iƒ c ^xkvi Ki Z n e hw` Z vm, w`qvbz`vix, Mfxi wek vm, fv jvg ` hvpvb qi DbœZZi gvb`ê Ges Ab vq I cvc we gvp bi DËg gva gmg~nb HwkK cöz v `k cövwßi cögvy n q _v K Zvn j gynv `i wgkb wbtm ` n cöz vw`ó wgkb wqj ÕÕ wzwb hlb Bmjv gi w` K Avnevb ïi Ki jb ZLb Zuv K A bk Kó-wbh vzb mn Ki Z n q Q wbr Mv Îi jv Kiv Zuvi c _ KuvUv wewq q w` q Q, bvgvr co Z M j Zuvi gv_vq gqjv Pvwc q `qv n q Q nvivg kwi d bvgvr Av`v qi mgq DKev Beb Avey gyqxr GK`v ivm~jyjvni Mjvq Puv`i cwp q Ggb fxermfv e Uvb `q h, ivm~jyjvn mv. gvwu Z c o hvb

9 G ai bi AZ vpvi wbh vz b hlb Kvb KvR nj bv, ZLb ivm~jyjvn I Zuvi AvZ xq- ^Rb `i K GjvKvevmxiv eqku K i wbr b GK cvnv oi cv` ` k AvZ xq- ^Rbmn ivm~j- K Avkªq wb Z nq G mgq AwZ cö qvrbxq wrwbmcî GgbwK Lv` `ªe wb qi Kvb e w³ ivm~jyjvni Kv Q cušq Z cvi Zv bv Zv `i mv _ Kvb epv- Kbv `xn wzb eqi ch š eü wqj bex gynv ` Zuvi AvZ xq- ^Rbmn GZ K ó Rxeb KvUv jb h, cvnvwoqv MvQ (Zvjn) Gi cvzv L q Rxeb aviy Ki Z n q Q ivm~ ji GK mv_x ey bv K ib h, GKevi Avgvi n Z GKwU ïk bv Pvgov Av m Avwg cvwb w` q PvgovwU ay q bb, Av b fybv Kwi Ges cvwb Z Pzwe q Zv LvB g vevmx `i GB AgvbwlK AvPiY I wb` q ^fve ` L ivm~jyjvn Zv qd Mgb Ki jb g v _ K Pwjk gvbj `~ i Aew Z Zv qd abvx jvk `i Avevmf~wg wn m e cwiwpwz wqj Zv q di jv Kiv ivm~ ji mv _ Am`vPiY Kij GKRb ejj : ivm~j evbv bvi Rb Avjvn eyws Zvgv K Qvov Avi KvD K c jb bv? Zv qdevmxiv KUzevK e envi K ib vš nqwb eis mlvbkvi Db Ë Rvqvb I evjk `i K ivm~ ji cq b jwj q `q Gi ivm~j K j K i Ggbfv e cö i wb c ïi K i h ivm~ ji cweî `n i ³ iwäz n q hvq e`bvq KvZi n q e m co j Iiv ivm~j K `uvo Kwi q `q Ges Avevi Pj Z ïi Ki j cö i wb c Avi K i mü v Nwb q G j Iiv hlb P j hvq ZLb Av½yi Mv Qi Avov j wzwb Avkªq bb GB mb e`bv`vqk NUbv hvi e vcv i Av vrvb Av qkv K GK`v e jwq jb : Avwg Zvgvi KvD gi eû Ab vq AZ vpvi mn K iwq Z e AvKvevi w`b Zv `i Ab vq AZ vpvi wbzvš B `ytmnbxq wqj GZme Ab vq-az vpvi I `~we mn Kó m Ë I wzwb Zuvi Kg _ K we `ygvî wcqcv nbwb Kv ikiv Zuvi wei vpiy K i Kvb mdjzv AR b Ki Z cv iwb cwi k l Zviv ivm~ ji Rxebea Kivi cwikíbv MÖnY K i AZtci GKevi Db y³ Zievwi nv Z Kv ik `i Rvqvbiv ivmy ji evwo NivI K i e m hvq cözz l wzwb Avjvni we kl Ki Yvq wbwe Nœ Ni _ K ei n q h Z m g nb Ges wnriz K i gw`bvq wm q emevm Ki Z ïi K ib wnri Zi ci Kv ikiv ivm~jyjvn mv. Gi wei mk Awfhv b wjß nq `xn `k eqikvj Zviv ivm~jyjvn I Zuvi mnpie ` K hy -R ½ Rwo q iv L Gme hy ivm~ ji eû cövywcöq mnpi I m½xmy wbnz nb Ges hy PjvKvjxb mg q h me `ytl Kó mn Ki Z nq Zv mevb wzwb mn K ib Gfv e Uvbv ZBk eq ii `ytlwerwoz BwZnv mi ci Rxe bi kl w`b jv Z hlb g v Rq nq, ZLb kî c AebZ g K ivm~jyjvni mv. mvg b G m `uvovq Gmgq Rxe bi Kvb `ytl-k ói cöwz kva biqvi Kvb wpš vb wzwb Ki jb bv ïay Zv `i K wrávmv Ki jb, Zvgv `i mv _ Kx ai bi AvPiY Kie e j g b Ki? Zuviv ejj : `yqvj fvb Ges `qvjy fvb qi Q j ivm~jyjvn mv. ej jb, hvi Zvgiv ^vaxb DbœZ Pwi Îi GB D`vniYwU MvUv gvbwewznv m Ggb GKwU A jšwkk NUbv hv cö MwZnvwmK hy M NU j wbqk KíKvwnbx e j Dwo q `Iqv n Zv KviY, G ai bi gnvbyfezvm úbœ gvbyl AvR ch š Kv_vI m wó nqwb cö dmi eymi_ w _ h_v _B e j Qb h, hlb Zuvi mvgwmök Yvewj I Kg KvÊmg~n K GKxf~Z K i `wl Ges fvwe h wzwb Kx wq jb Ges Kx n q M jb Zuvi AbymvixMY, hv `i g a Rxe bi w úwiu duy K w` qwq jb, Kx me mvdj B bv `Lv jb! ZLb wzwb Avgvi Kv Q BwZnv mi GKgvÎ eo I mygnvb e w³ wn m e `Lv `b, hvi D`vniY wzwb wb RB [Mohammad and Mohammedanism p-344] ïay ZvB bq eis A_ -m ú` I cvw_ e Hk h i ejvq wzwb h gnvbyfezvi cwipq w` q Qb Zvi D`vniYI wzwb wb RB beyiz cövwßi c~ e wzwb g vi GKRb mdj e emvqx wq jb Avie

10 GjvKvi GK abvx gwnjv Lvw`Rv wq jb Zvi x wkš wimvjv Zi `vwqz Awc Z niqvi ci Zuvi e emv I Lvw`Rvi m ú` Avjvni iv vq e q K i w` jb wimvjv Zi `vwqz cvjb Ki Z wm q Zuv K GZ Kó Ki Z nq h, wzwb GK`v ej jb : Avjvni iv vq GZ Kó mn K iwq hv Ab KD KLbI K iwb gkkvz : wkzveyiwikvk wzwb Kej Zvi wgk bi LvwZ i GZme mn K iwq jb Zv bv n j, Rxe b mdjkvg niqvi mkj Î Zuvi mvg b Db y³ wqj hlb wzwb g vq wq jb, ZLb IKev bvgk GK e w³ ivm~jyjvni `iev i AviR K i ejj, ÔÔfvwZRv! hw` GB ag cöpv ii wcq b `ywbqv DcvR b Kiv Zvgvi D Ïk n q _v K Zvn j e jv, Avgiv Zvgvi Rb GZ m ú` Rgv K i w`b h Zzwg Avgv `i g a me P q m ú`kvjx n q hv e Avi hw` my `ix Kvb bvixi mvwbœa PvI, Zvn j G mv me P q my `ixi mv _ Zvgvi we q w`b Avi hw` ivrv ev`kv niqv D Ïk n q _v K, Zvn j G mv Zvgv K Avgv `i ivrv evwb q w`b Avi hw` Ggb nq h, Zzwg GK cökvi Db ËZvq fymq Ges Ggb wkqz `LQ hv `~i Ki Z cviq bv Zvn j e jv, Avgiv Zvgvi wpwkrmvi e e v Kwi ÕÕ ivm~jyjvn m. IKevi e³e bxi e ï b M jb cözzë i wzwb KziAv bi K qkwu AvqvZ c o ïwb q w` jb (wmiv Z Be b wnkvg, LÊ-1,c -314) gw`bvq wzwb wekvj iv óªi AwacwZ wq jb ivm~ ji Ggb RvbevR Av Z vrmmx m½x-mv_x wq jb, BwZnv m hv `i Kvb Zzjbv Lyu R cviqv hvq bv wkš Zv m Ë I wzwb AZ š ^vfvwek Rxebhvcb K i Qb Igi iv. ey bv K ib : GK`v Avwg ivm~jyjvn mv. Gi K cö ek Kwi ivm~jyjvn Lvwj Mv q LRy ii PvUvB q ï q Av Qb Zuvi cweî ` n PvUvB qi `vm úó `Lv hv Q K i Pvicv k PvL eyjv j hv `wl Zv nj, wzbwu Pvgov, GK Kv Y wkqz Qvj, Ab Kv Y `yb KwRi gz Mg G ` k ` L Kvbœvq d U cwo ivm~j wrávmv Ki jb : Kuv`Q Kb Igi? ejjvg : Kvqmvi I wkmivi Zv `ywbqvi Hk h i q Q, Avi Avcwb Avjvni ivm~j, Avcbvi GB Ae v? Avgvi K_v ï b ivm~j e m co jb ej jb : Igi! Zzwg wk PvIbv h `ywbqv I `i nvk, Avi cikvj nvk Avgv `i Av qkv iv. e jb : `yb gvm P j hz wkš ivm~ ji wewe `i evwo Z Pzjv R jz bv IiIqvn iv. wrávmv Ki jb, Zvn j Avcbviv evup Zb Kx K i? wzwb ej jb : ïay LRyi I cvwb L q gv S g a Avbmvi `i KD KD `yai cvvv Zb Avqkv iv. _ K Ab GK ey bv Abymv i, ivm~jyjvni mv. cwievi KLbI Uvbv wzbw`b AvUv L Z cv ibwb Ges G Ae v ZB ivm~j `ywbqv Z vm K i Qb gzv _vkv m Ë I ivm~jyjvn mv. G ai bi Rxebhvcb K i Qb wzwb hlb `ywbqv Q o P j hvb ZLb x-mš vb `i Rb wkqzb i L hvbwb bv UvKv, bv cqmv, bv DU, bv fiv eis `ywbqvi GK wekvj iv óªi whwb cöwzôvzv, whwb Zuvi RxeÏkv ZB Rvb Zb h, Zuvi ivrz Gwkqv Avwd«Kvi mxgvbv cwi q BD ivc ch š cuš Q hv e wzwb NvlYv w` jb h, Avgiv bex, Avgv `i KD DËivwaKvix nq bv hv i L hvb Zv nq Q`Kv (eylvix I gymwjg) PwiÎ, Kg KvÊ, HKvwš KZv I Z v Mi h SjK Dc i ewy Z nj, Zv Kvb mvgwqk ev wew Qbœ& NUbv bq eis G ai bi NUbv cöev nib wøzxq bvg ivm~ ji Rxeb Zvui gvbezv eva GZB DbœZ I A ^vfvwek wqj h, wzwb m wó bv n j BwZnvm wjl Z eva n Zv h, GB gv ci Kvb gnvgbxlx m wó nqwb Ges KLbI n ei bv GB gv ci AmvaviY I kªô gvb ei ejvq GUv Kvb Avðh bq h, wzwb Avjvni c _ K cöwiz cyi l n eb eis Zuv K ivm~j wn m e bv gvbvuvb n e Avð h i KviY Zvu K ivm~j g b wb j Avgiv Zuvi A jšwkk e w³ Z i GKUv hyw³hy³ e vl v Luy R cvb c vš i hw` Zuv K ivm~j gvb Z A ^xkvi Kwi, Zvn j Avgv `i Kv Q G cö kœi Ab Kvb DËi _v K bv KviY, mgmö gvb ewznv m Zuvi Zzj Ab KD m wó nqwb cö dmi w _i wb gœv³ e³e wu GKw` K G ev ezvi c GKwU cök ó ^xkv ivw³, Ab w` K ivm~ ji wimvjv Zi cöwz Cgvb Avbvi GKwU Ø _ nxb Avnevb gynv ` mv. Zuvi Rxeb

11 mvqv ý wvk m wel qb Zuvi `vwe A zyœ i L Qb hv w` q Zuvi wgkb ïi K iwq jb Avwg ` pfv e wek vm I mvnm cö`k b KiwQ h, DbœZZi `k b I mwz Kvi wlªóev` GKw`b g b wb Z eva n e h wzwb GKRb bex wq jb ivm~jyjvn mv. Inx cövwßi me P q eo cögvy n jv gnvmöš Avj-KziAvb hv wzwb GB e j ck K i Qb h, Bnv Avjvni c _ K AeZxY n q Q ejvi A c v iv L bv h, GB cweî evyxm vib ivm~jyjvni mv. Inx cövwß I Bmjv gi mz Zv cögv Yi Rb h _ó welqwu h nzz e vck Av jvpbvi `vwe`vi ZvB ciezx Aa v q GB g g Av jvkcvz Kiv n jv Inxi weávbgqzv cögv Y cweîmöš Avj KziAvb ivm~jyjvn mv. hlb `vwe Ki jb h, Avj-KziAvb mz I b v qi w`kvix wn m e AeZxY n q Q ZLb A b K DbœwmKZv `wl q D³ `vwe cöz vl vb Kij Zviv ejj, G MÖš gvbe iwpz, Avjvn cö`ë bq Gi Rev e Avj-KziAv b ejv n jv, hw` Zvgiv Zvgv `i K_vq mz ev`x ni Zvn j KziAv bi gz Av ikwu MÖš cöyqy K i `LvI Z e wk Zviv e j m GUv wj L Q Avi Zviv wek vm K i bv, ZvB hw` nq Zvn j Gi gz Kv bv MÖš wb q AvmyK hw` Zviv mz ev`x nq (Zzi : 33-34) mv _ mv _ Avj-KziAvb Ø _ nxb fvlvq NvlYv Kij h, ÔÔmgMÖ gvbe I RxbRvwZ GKwÎZ n q hw` Avj-KziAv bi g Zv GKwU MÖš cöyqb Ki Z Pvq Zvn j Zviv Zv cvi e bv, hw`i G K A b i mn hvmx nq GLb cökœ n jv Avj-KziAv bi wk mb ˆewkó hvi AbyKiY Kiv gvby li c m e bq Gi A bk w`k i q Q Z e Avwg GLv b ïay GKwU e vcv i Av jvkcvz Kie hv Avj KziAv b Gfv e ewy Z n q QÑ Giv wk KziAvb wb q wpš v K i bv? hw` GUv Avjvn e ZxZ Aci KviI c _ K n Zv, Z e G Z Aek B eû ˆecixZ `L Z cz [Avb-wbmv : 82] D³ Avqv Z ÔÔBLwZjvdÕÕ k ãi A_ ecixz, AmsjMœZv, cv_ K BZ vw` Av_ vi Avi eix ecix Z i A_ K i Qb (inconsistency) AmvgÄm Zv e³ e ˆecixZ bv _vkv GKwU `yj f e vcvi, Avjvn e ZxZ Ab KviI c G ai bi e³e ck m e bq ˆecixZ gy³ e³e Dc vcb Ki Z n j Aek B e³vi Ávb AZxZ, ez gvb I fwel r ch š cwie ß n Z n e gnv we k i z`ªvwz z`ª welq m ú K Zv K n Z n e mycwiávz Zvi Ávb n Z n e mivmwi, gva gwenxb Dc ivš Zvi g a Ggb me ˆewkó _vk Z n e mivmwi, gva gwenxb Zvi g a Ggb me ˆewkó _vk Z n e h, wzwb mkj cökvi cöfve _ K wegy³ _ K Kvb wrwbm K wvk mfv e `L eb, hfv e Zv ev e i q Q G A ^vfvwek ˆewkó mg~n KejgvÎ mªóvi g a B cviqv hvq Kvb gvbyl KL bv Gme Yvewji AwaKvix n Z cv i bv GUvB n jv g~j KviY, hvi `i b Avjvni cweî evyx mkj cökvi ˆecixZ I AmvgÄm Zv _ K eû E aÿ gvby li g a G ai bi Yvewj bb, ZvB Zvi evyx KL bv ˆecixZ gy³ n Z cv i bv Lv`vqx ˆewkó K_v I e³ e ˆecixZ _vkv Kvb A ^vfvwek NUbv bq ˆecixZ gvbe wpš vi GKwU Awe Q` A½ G gnvwe k i m wób Gfv e n q Q h, GLv b mªóv K ev` i L mvgäm c~y Kvb gzv`k m wó Kiv m e bq Avjvn e ZxZ Ab Kvb wfwëi Dci wbf i K i h gzv` k i MvovcËb n e Zv mv _ mv _ ˆecix Z i wkkvi n Z eva G gnvwe k i mvgwmök KvVv gvi

12 m ½ Zv KLv bv Lvc L Z cv i bv Kvb gvby li eªbbcöm~z gzv` k i c ˆecixZ gy³ niqv KLbB m e bq K qkwu D`vni Yi mvnv h e vcviwu cwi vi Kivi Póv Kiv n jv Awfe w³ev` Evolutionism Gi GKwU D`vniY ˆRweK Awfe w³ev` WviDBb ( ) Ges Ab vb weávbxiv `L Z c jb h, c w_ex e wepiyiz Rxe `i gv S evwn K cv_ K _vkv m Ë I ˆRweK bxwzgvjvi Î G K A b i m ½ h _ó wgj iv L D`viY ^iƒc hw` Nvovi KvVv gv K mvrv `uvo Kiv bv nq Zvn j gvby li AvK wzi mv _ A bkuv mv` k g b n e G ai bi ch e Y _ K Zuviv G w_dwi Kv qg Ki jb h, gvbyl c _K Kvb cörvwz bq eis gvbyl Ges cövyx GKB es ki wewfbœ aviv ey K fi w` q Pjgvb Rxe, PzZ ú` cövyx, evbi BZ vw` Evolutionism cöwµqvi wcq bi Kwo, c vš i gvbyl n jv AMÖeZx Kwo G w_dwi GKkZ eqi ch š gvby li wpš vrmz K cöfvwez K i i L Q wkš ciez xkv j m úvw`z M elyv _ K cözxqgvb nq h, gnvwe k i mvgwmök KvVv gvi mv _ G w_dwi Av `Š Lvc Lvq bv D`vniY ^iƒc, ˆeÁvwbK M elyvi gva g GUv Av `vr Kiv n q Q h, c w_exi eqm cövq `yb nvrvi wgwjqb eqi G mgqmxgv WviDB bi Evolutionism cöwµqvi gva g cörvwzmg~ ni D b l I weez bi Rb wkqz ZB h _ó bq weávbxiv wnmve K i ` L Qb h, GKwU AwZ mvgvb cövwubx A ½i Evolutionism cöwµqvq m wó n Z KvwU KvwU wgwjqb eq ii cö qvrb AZtci gvî `yb nvrvi wgwjqb eq i c w_ex e `k j vwak c~y v½ kixiwewkó Rš -Rv bvqvi I `yb j e jzvi Aw Z Avmv Kx K i m e `yb nvrvi wgwjq bi GB mxwgz mg qv Zv GKwU mvgvb cövyxi m wó n Z cv i bv mlv b Awfe w³i AmsL ch vq cwi q gvby li g Zv DbœZ cörvwzi m wói K_v Zv KíbvB Kiv hvq bv Awfe w³ev` ˆRe cöwµqvq h aiymz cwiez bi `vwe K i G e vcv i MwYZwe` patau AsK K l `L Qb Zuvi K vjkz jkb Abymv i h Kvb cörvwz Z AwZ mvgvb cwiez b Avm Z n j `k j wuªwjqb mg qi cö qvrb GB mgm vi mgvavb K í pandpermia bvgk w_dwi Dc vb Kiv nq G w_dwi Abymv i gnvk~ b i Kv_vI cö_ g Rxe bi m wó n q Q Ges mlvb _ K mdi K i Zv c w_ex Z G m Q wkš we epbv K i `Lv Mj h G w_dwi g b bqvi c _ Av iv eo eo euvav `uvwo q Av Q KviY, G c w_ex e ZxZ gnvwe k Ggb Kvb MÖ ni müvb cviqv hvqwb hlv b Rxe bi D b l I wekvk jv fi Dchy³ cwi ek i q Q D`vniY ^iƒc, cvwb hv Rxe bi cökvk I vwq Z i Rb AwZ cö qvrb, Zv G c w_ex e ZxZ Ab Kv_vI cviqv hvqwb G w_dwi I hlb cö qvm Kiv m e n jv bv ZLb weávbx `i K qkrb (Emergent Evolution) AvK vr Awfe w³i w_dwi Dc vcb Ki jb G w_dwi Abymv i aviyv Kiv n jv h, Rxeb I Zvi cökvimg~n AK vr m wó n q Q wkš G h Kej Kv R wjwc, GUv Kvb ˆeÁvwbK gzev` bq AK vr m wó KL bv c`v _ i AÜ wbqgvbymv i niqv m e bq AK vr m wói cq b Aek B GKRb n ckvix cö qvrb A_ vr, IB AwZcÖvK wzk n ckvix KB cwi k l gvb Z nq hv K A ^xkvi Kivi Rb GZme w_dwi Dc vcb Kiv n Q Avm j G wek f~l Êi m wókjv eys Z n j mªóvi Aw Z wek vm Kiv Qvov Avi Kvb Dcvq bb gvby li AÁZv Encyclopaedia of Ignorance (AÁZvi wek Kvl) bv g jûb _ K GKwU eb cökvwkz n q Q D³ wek Kv l Ávb-weÁv bi wewfbœ kvlvi eo eo we` vb e w³my AskMÖnY K i Qb G MÖ š i cwiwpwz Z ejv n q Q h, wek e iy lvurb weávbx, weáv bi wewfbœ kvlvq Rwic Pvwj q `wl q Qb, Kvb Kvb Î Avgv `i Áv bi eo ai bi k~b Zv i q Q

13 In the Encyclopedia of Ignorance some so well-known scientists survy different fields of research, trying to point out signifcant gaps in our knowledge of the world. gnvwe k i mªóv c w_exuv Ggbfv eb evwb q Qb h, Kvb hvwš K e vl v we kl bi gva g Gi AeKvVv gv K eysv wkqz ZB m e bq D`vniY ^iƒc cö dmi Rb wgbvw w _ Awfe w³ev`- K Built-in problems (hvi wf ZB i q Q mgm v) e j AvL vwqz K i Qb KviY, Avgv `i w_dwi i q Q wkš ev ezvi wbwi L cil K i ` L Zvi mz Zv hvpvb qi Kvb gva g e e v Avgv `i n Z bb Avj KziAvb Abymv i gvbyl Ges Ab vb cörvwzmg~n mygnvb mªóv Avjvn Zvjvi m wó c vš i Awfe w³ev` Evolutionism Abymv i mkj cökvi Rxe bi wekvk AÜ e Zvwš K cöwµqvi gva g N U Q m wóz Ë i KvivwbK w_dwi e vl v we kl Yi Kvb cö qvrb Av Q e j g b Kwi bv KviY, AvjvncvK wbi¼zk B Qvi AwaKvix GK më v Zvi Kvb e Kw `ªK gva gi cö qvrb nq bv wzwb Zuvi GKvš B Qvq h Kvb wrwbm K Aw Z cö`vb Ki Z cv ib Gi wecix Z Awfe w³ cöwµqvi Î cöwzwu NUbvi cq b GKwU e Kw `ªK Kvi Yi Dcw wz AZ vek Kxq Avi h nzy H KviYmg~n Avwe vi Kiv m e nqwb, m Rb Awfe w³ev` e vl vwenxbb _ K M Q Awfe w³ev` ˆeÁvwbK hyw³k~b Zvq fym Q c vš i KziAvwbK w_dwii cq b mnr eva hyw&³ i q Q ivrbxwz weávb ivrbxwz weáv bi e vcviuvi wvk GKB ikg GbmvB K v cwwqv weªuvwbkvi (1984) cöeükv ii fvlvq : ivr bwzk `k b I ivr bwzk ev`vbyev` g~jz GKwU K `ª K j K i N~Y vqgvb _ K Q Avi Zv nj K Kvi Dci KZ Z Ki eñ political philosophy and political conflict have revolved basically around who should have power over whom (14/1697) wemz cuvp nvrvi eq i G Î A bk kw³kvjx gavi cö Póv e q n q Q wkš Zv m Ë I Av Rv ch š ivrbxwz-weáv bi Î Ggb mvgäm c~y bxwzgvjv Avwe vi nqwb hv K `vk wbk B ú bvrv Scientific base eávwbk eywbqv` e j AvL vwqz K i Qb ivrbxwz weáv bi Î GK WR bi ekx School of thinking cviqv hvq h jv K Avgiv eo `ybwu MÖ c fvm Ki Z cvwi GK, GKbvqKZš, `yb. MYZš G `ybwui cö Z KwUB KwVb cö kœi m ylxb GKbvqKZš ev `i wec cökœ Kiv nq h, GKRb gvby li Dci Ab Av ikrb Kb gzvevb n q Zvi Dci KZ Z Pvjv e? Avi G Rb Zv e vckfv e MÖnY hvm Zv AR b Ki Z cv iwb wøzxqwu nj MYZš Z_v MY gzv I MYKZ Z i gzev` hw`i G wøzxq gzev`wu MÖnY hvm Zv c q Q wkš gzv`wk K ` wó KvY _ K Gi wec A bk Awf hvm i q Q MYZ š i (Democracy) Av`wk K wfwë nj GB h, mg gvbyl ^vaxb I mevi AwaKvi mgvb i kvi MÖš (Social Contract) Gi cö_g c vivmövdwu Gfv e ïi n q Q : gvbyl ^vaxb n q Rb wb q Q wkš Avwg Zv K k Ljve `L Z cvw Q Democracy, GKwU wmök kã hvi A_ nj MYkvmb wkš ev wek A _ mkj gvby li kvmb gzv cöwzwôz n e GUv Am e mevb mevi Dci kvmb Ki e, GUv wk K i m e Dciš gvbyl K mvgvwrk Rxe e j AvL vwqz Kiv nq gvbyl I c w_ex Z GKv _v K bv h, m hfv e B Q mfv eb Rxebhvcb Ki e eis GKRb gvbyl mgv Ri Ab vb gvby li mv _ RwoZ gvbyl GKwU mgv R Rb bq mgvr Zvi Dci ikgvix wewa wb la Pvwc q `q hlb mkj RbZv GKB mv _ kvmb cwipvjbv Ki Z m g bq Zvn j MYkvmb c wz Kxfv e Kvh Ki Kiv m e n Z cv i, G e vcv i wewfbœ ZË ck Kiv n q Q Zb a me P q cöwm n jv i kv KZ K Dc vwcz ZË i kv Zvi ZË K MYAwfg Zi (General will) eywbqv `i Dci `uvo Kwi q Q GB MYAwfgZ wbev Pb cöwµqvi gva g cökvwkz nq Gfv e MYkvmb

14 g~jz RbMY KZ K wbevwpz e w³e M i kvm b cwiyz nq fvu cö qv Mi mgq RbM Yi ^vaxbzv A bkvs kb _v K Z e fvu `qvi ci RbMY K wb R `i g ZvB wkqz e w³e M i kvwm Z cwiyz n Z nq i kv, Gi DËi w` Z wm q e j Qb, Kvb e w³i Lqvj-Lywki AbymiY Kiv Mvjvgx, wkš Lv` e w³i cöyxz AvB bi AbymiY Kiv ^vaxbzv To follow one's impulse is slavery but to obey the self-prescribed law is liberty (15/1172) G DËiwU wkqz ZB m š vlrbk bq myzivs, G ZË wu KwVb cö kœi gy LvgywL n q Q KviY RbMY cöz Kij h, bv `wbk k ãi mgvnvi _vkv m Ë I wbev Pb c wzi gva g MYZš PP v g~jz wbe vwpz ivrz cö_vib bvgvš i wbe vp bi ci MYZš x e w³em wvk GKB cök wzi e b hvb, hgbwu wq jb Av MKvi ivrv ev`kvnmy Gfv e mkj ivr bwzk wpš vwe`my ZvwË K A úózv I ˆecix Z fym Qb hv _ K cwiîvy cviqvi Kv bv c_ AvcZ` wó Z cwijw Z n Q bv wek v mi w`k _ K gvby l gvby l mvg Zv mevi Kv QB m ev P gvbwek Y wn m e ^xk Z wkš gvby li G mvg Zv mwz Kvi A _ bv ivrz š i gva g AR b Kiv m e n q Q, bv m e n Q cöpwjz MYZvwš K c wz Z ivrzš hw` we kl GKwU cwiev ii kvmb n q _v K Zvn j MYZš wbe vwpz e w³e M i ivrz ˆe Ab wkqz bq Z e hlb ivrcwiev ii kvmb Aejyß n q Q ZLb RbZvi mvg b ïay GKUvB my hvm wqj Zvn jv wbe vwpz e w³em KZ K kvwmz niqvi Dci wb R `i K ivwr K i bqv ivrzš I MYZ š i g a cv_ K ïay GZUzKz h, bzzb kvmk Mvôx wb R `i K RbM bi cöwzwbwa e j NvlYv `q c vš i Av MKvi kvmkmy wb R `i K Avjvni cöwzwbwa Representative of God on Earth GbmvB K vwcwwqv weªuvwbkvi cöeükvi G Î gvby li e _ Zvi Lvjvmv Gfv e e ³ K i Qb h The history of political philosophy from Plato until the present day makes plain that modern political philosphy is still faced with the basic problems (14/695) ivr bwzk `k bi BwZnvm, c Uv _ K AvR ch š GUvB cögvy Ki Q h, bqv ivr bwzk `k b GL bv wkqz RwUj I gšwjk mgm vq RR wiz, ivrzš A_ev MYZš DfqUv ZB m ev P gzvi AwaKvi wkqz gvby li nv Z b Kiv nq G wn m e Dfq c wzb gvby l gvby l mgzvi Av` k i wecix Z wm q `uvovq MYZš, g~jz gvby l gvby l mvg Zv cöwzôvi bv gb ck Kiv n q Q wkš wb Ri Af š ixy ˆecix Z i Kvi Y Zv Kej Dëv djvdjb Drcv`b K i Q Avm j G c w_ex Z Kej GKUvB ivr bwzk `k b i q Q hv ZvwË K ˆecixZ _ K m ú~y gy³, Avi Zv n jv Avj-KziAv bi ivr bwzk `k b Avj KziAvb wek cöwzcvjk Avjvni kvmbkz v niqvi w_dwi ck K i-. Zviv e j-avgv `i wk Kv bv e vcv i wnm&mv i q Q, ej mg wkqzb Avjvni G w_dwi ZvwË K ˆecixZ _ K m ú~y gy³ KviY, G w_dwi Abymv i hlb AvjvnB GKgvÎ kvmk Ges mkj gvbyl kvwmz, ZLb mevb GKB KvZv i wm q `uvovq KviY, m ev P KZ Z gvby li MwÊi evb i GK gnvm Z i nv Z Zz j `qvq gvbwek cwigê j kvmk Avi kvwm Zi Kvb cökœb I V bv wkš ivrzš I MYZ š G KZ Z GKwU Mvôxi nv Z _vkvq gvby l gvby l mgzv K bv Kv qg m e nq bv Avjvni kvmk Z i w_dwi GKUv c~y ½, mgwš^z I ˆecixZ gy³ aviyv ck K i c vš i gvby li kvmk Z i bxwzi AvIZvq Ggb Kv bv w_dwi ˆZwi Kiv Av `Š m e nq bv, hv ˆecixZ _ K n Z cv i cweî mkj ivr bwzk w_dwii Póv I Kvgbv GUvB wqj h, gvby li gv S kvmk I kvwm Zi f`v f` kl K i Kxfv e mgzv Kv qg Kiv hvq wkš gvby li kvmk Z i cwigê j G fvme Ub KLbB kl nq bv eis G Ae v me mgqb weivrgvb _vk e h, gvby li g a GKvsk

15 G bv g A_ev mbv g kvmk e b KZ Z Pvwj q hv e Avi Ab iv kvwm Zi Ae vb g b wb Z eva n e wkš hlb Avjvn K kvmk wn m e g b bqv nq ZLb GB f`v f` Aejyß nq Gevi GKw` K _v Kb wek cöwzcvjk Avjvn, Ab w` K mgmö gvbe Mvôx Gevi kvmk I kvwm Zi we f` Kej Avjvn I ev `vi gv S mxwgz n q hvq gvby l gvby l ivr bwzk Ae vbmz w`k _ K Avi KvbB cv_ K _v K bv Avmj K_v n jv gvbe mgv R kvmk I kvwm Zi e eavb kl Ki Z PvB j GKgvÎ Dcvq n jv, Avjvn K cök Z ev`kvn g b wb q Zuvi KZ Z i Aax b wb R `i K mu c `qv GUvB n jv GKgvÎ ivr bwzk w_dwi hv ZvwË K ˆecixZ _ K cweî GQvov GZrmsµš Ab - Kv bv w_dwib ecixz _ K gy³ n Z cv i bv `yb cökvi ˆecixZ myiv Avb-wbmvi DwjwLZ Avqv Z h ˆecix Z i K_v ejv n q Q Zvi we kl `ybwu w`k i q Q GKwU Af š ixy, Ab wu evwn K Af š ixy ecixz ej Z eysvq MÖ š i GKvsk Ab As ki A_ev GK ey bv Ab ey bvi wecix Z `uvov bv Avi evwn K ˆecixZ ej Z eysvq MÖ š DwjwLZ Kvb ey bv ewnwe k i Kvb NUbvi wecix Z Ae vb bqv AvjÑKziAvb `vwe K i h, GB Dfq cökvi ˆecixZ _ K m m ú~y cweî c vš i gvby li Kv bv mvwnz Kg B GB Dfqwe` ˆecixZ _ K gy³ n Z cv i bv GUv wmwi wkl i D vwmz ga v ýi m~ h i g ZvB mȳ úó h, Avj-KziAvb gvby li eªbbcöm~z mvwnz Kg bq eis GK gnv kw³ai wek cöwzcvj Ki cöz v `k ev Inx hw` Avj-KziAvb Inx bv n q Kv bv gvby li mvwnz Kg n Zv Zvn j Gi g a I H mkj Am ú~y Zv cy iv gvîvq _vk Zv hv mkj gvby li m wók g B GK PwUqvfv e cviqv hvq Af š ixy ˆecixZ Kv bv evyx Z Af š ixy ˆecixZ _vkv g~jz Af š ixy Ac~Y ZviB djvdj Af š ixy ˆecixZ _ K evupvi Rb `ywu wrwb mi Dcw wz AZ vek Kxq 1. c~yv ½ Ávb, 2. e wbôzv Avi Kv bv gvby li c B G `yb cökvi NvUwZ _ K gy³ niqv KL bv m e bq G Rb B gvby li Kv bv K_v I ey bv Af š ixy ˆecixZ _ K gy³ n Z cv i bv wek cwzcvjk GKgvÎ AvjvnB mkj Ac~Y Zv _ K cweî G Kvi YB ïay Avjvni cweî evyxb Af š ixy Ac~Y Zv _ K m ú~y fv e gy³ gvbyl Zvi mxgve Zvi Kvi Y eû welq K Zvi gav I eyw i AvIZvq Avb Z mg_ bq G Kvi Y m Zvi wepvi eyw i Av jv K KL bv GKcÖKvi e³e `q Avevi KL bv Ab cökvi gvby li eqm msw ß I bvwz`xn gvby li Rvbv I ÁvbvR bi ce kl niqvi eûc~ e g Zz i KwVb _vev Zvi mkj Kvh KvwiZvi Aejywß NUvq gvbyl Zvi Ac Áv bi f½yi wf Zi Dci `uvwo q Ggb K_v e j, hv ciezx Z ev ewei e j cögvwyz nq gvby li KL bv Kv iv mv _ eüz Z i m úk nq Avevi Kv iv mv _ kî Zvi Kv iv mv _ cögñfv jvevmvi Avevi Kv iv m _ N Yv I AeÁvi Kv iv e vcv i mȳ gw gš e Ki Z cöqvm cvq, Avevi Kv iv ejvq cöwzwµqvkxj gvbwmkzvi wkkvi nq gvby li Dci KL bv wpš v I DrKÉvi gyn ~Z AwZµvš nq Avevi KL bv Avb `-Djv mi gvby li fvermr KL bv GK cökvi _v K Avevi KL bv Ab cökvi G me Kvi Y gvby li wpš v PZbv wewfbœ avivq cöevwnz nq ZvB Zv m KL bv GK ikg K_v e j, Avevi KL bv Ab ikg AvjvncvK G ai bi mkj Ac~Y Zv _ K cweî G Rb Zvi evyx m v ii i q Q KíbvZxZ HK mvgäm Zv bex Cmvi e w³z D`vniY ^iƒc evb ej Gi K_v _iv hvk evb ej cö_ g cöz vw`ó Hkx evyx wqj G Z Kvb m `n bb wkš ciezx Z gvbe ipbvi mswgkªy NUvq evb ej Zvi ^ QZv nvivq Ges G Z ek wkqz Aš m snv Zi m wó nq evb e ji h Ask K bzzb mymgvpvi (New testament) ejv nq G Z Cgv Av. Gi esk cwiµgvi ey bv i q Q GB esk cwiµgv gw_d- Gi

16 M ú v j Gfv e ïi nq, Cmv gwmi wczv `vd` wczv Aveªvnvg GUv msw ß esk cwiµgv Gici M ú v j we vwiz eskcwiµgv DwjwLZ n q Q hvi ïi Z n jb Beªvwng Avt Ges k l BDQzd bv gi R bk e w³ whwb, evb e ji ey vbvmymv i gviqv gi ^vgx wq jb, hvi M f Cmvi Rb Gici cvvk gv K i M ú vj co Z ïi Ki j Cmvi eskcwiµgvq `L Z cvq : Cmv gwmi wczv Ck i Gi A_ G `uvovq h, evb e ji GK Aa vq Abymv i gvwmn BDQzd bvgx GK e w³i mš vb, Avevi GKB evb e ji Ab Aa vq Abymv i Lv`vi mš vb evb ej, ïi Z wbtm ` n mªóvi evyx wqj I mkj cökvi msnvz I ˆecixZ _ K cweî wqj wkš ciezx Z G Z gvby li evyxi mswgkªy N U Q, d j Gi e³e mg~ n m wó n q Q ci úi we ivwazv I msnvz evb e ji GB Aš m snv Zi e vcv i Pv P i c _ K GK Avðh ik gi e vl v cö`vb Kiv nq GbmvB K v cwwqv weªuvwbkv Abymv i DwjwLZ BDQzd Gi e vcv i wb gœv³ e³e `L Z cviqv hvq Christ earthy father, the virgin Mary's husband. whïwlª ói ˆbmwM K wczv, Kzgvix gviqv gi ^vgx Kvj gv K &ªi wpš vq Aš m snvz GB wqj agx q evyx Z Aš m Nv Zi D`vniY Gevi Ab vb evyx Z Aš m Nv Zi D`vniY wbb G Î Avwg Kvj gv K&ª i D wz `e ez gvb hy M gv K&ª i gavmz e ov Z i Ae v GB h, cö dmi john Kenneth galbraith gv K&ª i K_v D jl K i e jb- If we agree that the Bible is a work of collective authorship, only Mohammad rivals Marx in the number of professed and devoted followers recruited by a single author, and the competition is not really very close. the followers of Marx now far outnumber the son of prophet. [john Kenneth galbraith, the age of uncertainty, British Broadcasting Corporation, 35 Marylebone high street, London, p-77] ÔÔAvgiv hw` g b wbb h, evb ej K qkrb jl Ki mw wjz Kg Zvn j Abyi³ f³ I Abymvix `i msl vi w`k _ K GKgvÎ gynv `B n e gv K&ª i cöwzøw Ø GKK MÖš Kvi Z e cöwzøw ØZvUv ev e ewk KvQvKvwQ bq KviY, gv K&ª i Abymvix `i msl v bex gynv `i Abymvix `i Zzjbvq e o wm q Q ÕÕ wkš gv K&ª i GB mywe Z RbwcÖqZv m Ë I KwVb ev ezv n jv GB h, gv K&ª i evyxm vi Aš m Nv Z ficyi gv K&ª i wpš vq G Zv ewk Aš e cixz h, gvk&ª m ó ipbv m vi K Aš m snvzgq evyxmgmö ej j fyj n e bv D`vniY ^iƒc gvk &ª e j Qb- G c w_ex Z mkj KzKxwZ I Aïf K g i g~ j i q Q mgv R wewfbœ kªyxi Dcw wz G kªyxmg~n Zvi gzvbymv i, e w³gvwjkvbv c wz _vkvi d jb m wó n q Q mgv Ri GK kªyx Z_v ey Rv qv kªyx Drcv` bi mkj gva gmg~n Kzw MZ K i gnbzx RbZv K jy U bq, ^e mvš K i d j G mgm vi mgvav bi e vcv i gv K&ª i gš e n jv cyuwrcwz kªyxi KvQ _ K m ú `i gvwjkvbv wqwb q G b gr`yi kªyxi Kivq Z w` q w` Z n e GB Kvh µg K wzwb kªyxk~b mgvr cöwzôv e j AvL vwqz K i Qb wkš GUv GKUv cwi vi Aš m snvzgq e³e KviY, DwjwLZ Kvh µ gi Øviv h wrwbmwu Aw Z jvf Ki e Zv kªyxk~b mgvr bq eis Drcv` bi KjKâvi Dci _ K GK kªyxi KZ Z LZg n q Ab kªyxi KZ Z Kv qg n e GUv kªyxi Aejywß bq eis Kej nvz e`j cv_ K ïay GZUzKz h, cö_ g G KZ Z gvwjkvbvi bv g PjZ, Avi GLb Zv Pj e e e vcbvi bv g h welqwu K gvk&ª kªyxgy³ mgvr e j Qb muv g~jz cyuwrcwz `i gvwjkvbvi e` j KwgDwb kªyxi gvwjkvbv wewkó mgvr e ZxZ Ab wkqz bq

17 gvk&ª GKB wrwbm K GK v b fv jv e jb Ab v b Lvivc Z e abvx `i wei ey bvzxz N Yv I K Vvi g bvfv ei Kvi Y wzwb Zvi wpš vi GB Aš m snvz K AvuvP Ki Z c ibwb wzwb Drcv` bi gva gmg~ ni KZ Z GK kªyxi nvz _ K wqwb q wb q Ab kªyxi nv Z w`w Q jb wkš DMÖev`x gvbwmkzvi Kvi Y GB ˆecixZ K Abyfe Ki Z cv ibwb eis GKB cök wzi `ywu NUbvi GKwU K e j Qb jyéb Ab wu K j Qb mvgvwrk e e vcbv Avj-KziAvb G ai bi Aš m snvz _ K m ú~y cweî Avj-KziAv bi GKwU ey bv Ab wui mv _ KL bvb msnv Z Av m bv MvUv Avj-KziAv b ewy Z evyxm vi ci úi mg_ K I GKB my Zvq Mv_v G welqwu AvjÑKziAv bi Hkx Drm Z_v Inxi mz Zv cögv Yi Î GKUv ewjô `wjj AcÖvmswMK D`vniY Avj-KziAv bi wei vpviykvixiv G Î wkqz D`vniY w` q AvjÑKziAv bi Aš m snvz cögvy Kivi Póv K i Q wkš G mkj D`vni Yi me jvb AcÖvmswMK GKUz g bv hvm w` q `L jb e vcviuv cwi vi n q hv e D`vniY ^iƒc ejv nq h, Avj-KziAv b GKw` K ejv n q Q, mkj gvbylb mgvb Gikv` n q QÑ n jvkmkj, Zvgv `i cöfy K fq K iv wzwb Zvgv `i GK AvZ v _ K m wó K i Qb Ges mb AvZ v _ KB Zvi Rvov m wó K i Qb Ges Zv _ K eû bibvix Qwo q w` q Qb myiv wbmv: 1 we`vq n ¾ i fvl Y mkj gvby li mgzvi K_v K_v D jl K i ejv n q Q, ÔÔgvbyl Av`g _ K Avi Av`g gvwu _ K ÕÕ G bxwz Abymv i bvix I ci li gv S KvbB cv_ K bb wkš ev e Zv nqwb GKw` K Avj-KziAvb mvg ev `i K_v e j Ab w` K bvixi cöwz elg g~jk ` wó Z ` L KviY, mv x cö`v bi Î `ybrb bvix K GKRb cyi li mgvb ejv n q Q GUv GKUv wbn vz fyj aviyv GUv wvk h, `ybrb gwnjvi mv x GK Rb cyi li mv xi mgvb mve Kiv n q Q, Z e Gi wfwë bvix-cyi l kªyxmz elg m wó Kiv bq eis Gi cök Z KviY Ab Lv b G wb ` kwu AvjÑKziAv bi h Avqv Z G m Q mlv bb Gi KviY ey bv K i ejv n q Q- ÔÔhLb Zvgiv FYmsµvš jb `b Ki e ZLb Zv jlvi e e v K iv Ges Zvgv `i cyi l `i g a `ybrb cyi l K mv x iv Lv, Avi hw` `ybrb cyi l bv cviqv hvq Zvn j GKRb cyi l `ybrb gwnjv, hv `i Zvgiv cq ` Ki Zv `i ga _ K hv Z H `yb gwnjvi g a hw` KD fy j hvq Zvn j Ab Rb iy Kwi q w` e [Avj evkviv : 282] : G Avqv Zi kã jv AZ š cwi vifv eb e ³ Ki Q h, G wb ` ki wfwë bvix I cyi l RvwZMZ cv_ K bq eis iy _vkv I bv _vkvi wfwë Z G wb ` k Rvwi n q Q G AvqZwU Rxe bi GKwU KwVb ev ezvi w` K Bw½Z Ki Q h, bvixi iykw³ mvavibfv e cyi li Zzjbvq Kg GRb FYmsµvš e vcv i mv xi Î GKRb cyi li j `ybrb gwnjvi mv x MÖnY hvm n e hv Z mv x `qvi cö qvrb n j Df q wg j G K A b i iy cöwµqvq mnvqzv Ki Z cv i GLv b Avwg iy Kwi q w` Z PvB h, AvaywbK M elyv I ZË vbymüvb G welqwu cöwzwôz K i w` q Q h, bvixi iykw³ Zzjbvg~jKfv e cyi li P q `ye j ivwkqvq G e vcv i ixwzgz ˆeÁvwbK M elyv n q Q Ges Zvi djvdj MÖš vkv i Qvwc q cökvk Kiv n q Q G M elyvi msw ß weeiyx cî cwîkv ZI cöpvwiz n q Q bqv w`jx _ K cökvwkz UvBgm Ae BwÛqv 18 Rvbyqvwi 1985 GB g g wi cv U Ki Z wm q e j Q : Memorising ability : Men have a greater ability to memorise and process mathematical information than woman but females are better with words, a Soviet scientist says, reports UPI Men dominate mathematical subjects

18 due to the peculiarities of their memory. Dr Vladimir knonovalov told the Toss news agency MwYwZK Z_ iy I cö mwms Gi gzv bvixi Zzjbvq cyi lib ewk Z e k ãi Î bvixb DËg R bk ivwkqvb weávbx G K_v e jb W. evw`wgi Kvb jvf Uvm G RwÝ K e jb h, iykw³i we kl Yv Y nzz MvwYwZK wel qi Dci cyi livb AvwacZ we vi K i Av Q GUv hw` Rxe bi GKUv KwVb ev ezv n q _v K h, bvixi iykw³ cyi li Zzjbvq Kg, Zvn j GUv weávb mgw_ Z K_v n e h, mv x msµš e vcv i `ybrb gwnjv K GKRb cyi li RvqMvq `uvo Kiv bv n e Avj-KziAv bi DwjwLZ evyx Avj-KziAv bi Kv bv Aš m snv Zi Bw½Z enb Ki Q bv eis GUvB cögvy Ki Q h, Avj KziAvb Ggb GK mªóvi cöz vw`ó evyx whwb mkj ev ezv m ú K mycwiávz GUvB n jv g~j KviY h, Avj-KziAv bi mkj wel qi cöwzb bri `qv n q Q Ges ci úi mgwš^z AvKv i Gi mkj e³e ck Kiv n q Q ewnm snvz G Î wøzxq welqwu n jv evb ii RM Zi mv _ msnvz A_ vr Kv bv wel q MÖ š i g a h e³e DwjwLZ n q Q Zvi mv _ ewnr M Zi Kv bv ev ezvi mv _ msnvz ev ˆecixZ m wó niqv GUv Ggb GKUv `ye jzv hv gvbe iwpz mkj MÖ š B Dcw Z gvbyl Zvi mxwgz Áv bi Av jv K K_v e j Avi gvby li Ávb I gavi cwiwa h nzz mxwgz, ZvB Zvi e³e ewnr M Zi ev ezvi mv _ msnvzgq n q c o GLv b Avwg K qkwu Zzjbvg~jK D`vniY w`w Q cövk wzk wbq gi D`vniY Z`vwbš b Avi e G iiqvr wqj h, cwiev i m`m `i msl v e o wm q A_ bwzk msku m wó n e e j Avk¼v K i KD KD ^xq mš vb K Rxeš nz v KiZ G cö_v K iwnzkiyv _ Avj KziAv b wb ` k `qv n jv :. ÔÔ Zvgiv Zvgv `i mš vb `i `vwi `ªi f q nz v K iv bv Avwg Zv `i wiwr Ki e e v Kie Ges Zvgv `ii, Zv `i nz v Kiv wbðqb e ov Ab vqõõ G NvlYvwU Avj KziAv bi GKUv `vwe wn m e a i bqv hvq A_ vr fwel Z c w_exi RbmsL v h ZvB evo K, G Z Avk¼v Kivi wkqz bb eis gvby li msl vi mv _ mvgäm i v K i i wu-wiwr Ki mieivn I mgvb Zv j Pj Z _vk e hfv e AvR Ki gvby liv i wu wiwrk cv Q AvMvgx w` bi gvby livi Z`ª cfv eb cv e wek vmmz w`k _ K gymjgvbiv G NvlYvi mz Zv me mgqb g b Avm Q G Kvi YB `vwi `ª i f q Rb wbqš Yi gvbwmkzv gymjgvb `i g a KLbB e vck AvKvi aviy K iwb gymjgvbmy Avjvn K wiwrk`vzv wn m e g b wb q G e vcv i Avjvni DciB fimv K i wkš G NvlYvi GK nvrvi eqi ci Bsjv Ûi iev U g vj_vm ( ) Rb msl vi Dci Zvi cöwm MÖš Lvbv ipbv K ib hvi cy iv bvg : An Essay on the principal of Population as it affects the Future Improvement of Society RbmsL v hlb eêvnxb Q o `qv nq ZLb Zv R vwgwzk nv i evo Z _v K c vš i Lv` mvgmöxi ea b cöwµqv nq MvwYwZK nv i ÕÕ Gi A_ n jv RbmsL vi ea b I Lv` mvgmöxi Drcv`b I ea b cöwµqv mgvbycvwzk nv i m úbœ nq bv KviY, RbmsL v R vwgwzk Z_v nv i evo Z _v K Avi Lv` ev o MvwYwZK Z_v nv i A_ vr RbmsL v AZ š `ª ZMwZ Z e o hvq Avi m Zzjbvq Lv` mvgmöxi ea bcöwµqv nq LyeB gš i MwZm úbœ

19 G Ae vi Av jv K g vj_vm e j Qb, c w_exi ey K gvbecörb K euvpv Z n j Rb wbqš Yi Avkªq bqv Qvov Avi Kv bv Dcvq bb RbmsL v K h Kv bv g~ j B nvk wbw` ó mxgvbv AwZµg Ki Z `qv hv e bv Ab _vq AwZ kxnöb m w`b Avm Q hlb Lv` mvgmöxi Amg ea bi Kvi Y `vwi `ª i hym ïi n e Ges AmsL gvbyl Lvevi bv c q gviv hv e g vj_v mi DwjwLZ ebwu wpš vrm Z mỳ ~icömvix cöfve d j Q g vj_v mi mg_ b AmsL jlk I e³v `uvwo q wm q Q cwi k l wek Ry o Rb wbqš Y I cwievi cwikíbvi cvb cövmövg I cö Póv eûav avivq Pj Z ïi K i wkš AvR Ki M elk I wpš vwe`my g vj_v mi aviyv K wbn vz fyj e j AvL vwqz K i Qb M elk Gwynne Dyer G Î cwipvwjz M elyv mg~ ni mvims c GKwU cöeü ck K i Qb cöeüwui A_ en wk ivbvg n jv g vj_vm : wg_ v bexõ Malthus : the False Prophet cövewük wepvi we klyc~e K e jbñ It is the 150 th anniversary of Malthus's death, and his grim prediction have not yet come true. The World's population has doubled and redoubled on a geometrical progression as he foresaw, only slightly checked by wars and other catastrophes, and now stands at about eight times the total when he wrote. But food production has more thebe kept pace. and the present generation of humanity on average the fed in history. g vj_v mi g Zz i ci 150 eqi cwi q Mj wkš Zvi fwel revyxi mz Zv Av Rv cögvwyz n jv bv c w_exi RbmsL v Zvi K_v gzb R vwgwzk nv i wø Y I PZzM yy e o M Q, hy I Ab vb `yn Ubv nzz hrmvgvb wbqwš Z n q g vj_v mi MÖš ipbvi mg qi Zzjbvq cövq AvU Y e o M Q Z e Lv` mvgmöxi wkqz eis ewa Z AvKv ib mgvš ivj ilvq P j Q Ges gvbervwz BwZnv mi mkj hy Mi Zzjbvq ez gv b fv jv Lvevi Lv Q [ wn `ȳ vb UvBgm 28 ww m ^i 1984] ievu g vj_vm MZvbyMwZK K wlk g i hy M Rb MÖnY K iwq jb wzwb fve Z cv ibwb h AwZ kxnöb Ggb weávbwbf i K wlk g i hym Avm Q hlb Lv ` vrcv`b cöwµqvq Af~Zc~e wece N U hv e wemz câvk eq i Pvlvev` c wz Z Af~Zc~e cwiez b mvwaz n q Q ez gv b Ggb DbœZ exr ecb Kiv hvq hv AwaK djb w` Z m g cïi e vcviuvi wvk GKB ikg f~wg De i KiviI bzzb bzzb c_ c wz Avwe Z n q Q gwk bi mvnv h Hme RvqMvq Pvlvev `i e e v Kiv n Q hlv b c~ e Pvlvev` Kiv Am e e j g b n Zv DbœZ we k K lk `i msl v kzkiv 90 fvm K g hviqv m Ë I K wlrvz `ª e i Drcv`b `k Y e o M Q, BZ vw` AbybœZ we k i fv M f~wg m ú `i h Ask i q Q Zvi DciB 33 wewjqb gvbyl emevm Ki Z cv i hlv b ez gv b gvî 3 wewjqb Dbœqbkxj I AbybœZ we k i RbmsL v ez gv bi Zzjbvq Av iv `k Y e o M ji Zv `i wbr ^ f~wg _ KB Zv `i Lv` mieivn n e F.A. O wn me K i ` L Q h, Z Zxq we k i RbmsL v hw` eêvnxbfv e Q o `qv nq Ges 2000 mv j 4 wewjq b wm q `uvovq Zvn ji fq cviqvi wkqz bb KviY, Gi P q `o Y ewk RbmsL v K Lv` mieiv ni gzv Z Zxq we k i f~wg ZB i q Q Lv` mvgmöxi GB e w ebr½j BZ vw` KZ b Kiv QvovB m úbœ n e ZvB, bv i q Q Avš R vwzk ch v q Lv` mgm v m wói Kv bv m vebv, bv i q Q `kxq ch v q Lv` NvUwZi Kv bv AvksKv MvqvBb WvBqvi Zvi wi cvu Gfv e kl K i Qb, Malthus was wrong. we are not doomed to breed ourselves into famine. g vj_vm fy ji g a wq jb Avgv `i fvm wjwc Ggb bq h, Avgv `i fwel Z cörb mg~n K `ywf KewjZ cwi e k Rb v Z n e G NUbvwU AZ š cwi vifv eb e ³ K i Q h, g vj_v mi MÖš ÔRbmsL vi g~jbxwzõ gvby li eªbbcöm~z GKwU aviyv Avi gvbyl GKwU wbw` ó Ave Z i g a mxwgz _ K Zvi wpš vaviv K