e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî GKv`k-Øv`k kªwy

Transcription

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2 Any kind of e-book & Software : Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvv cy ÍK evw KZ K Aby gvw`z e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî GKv`k-Øv`k kªwy ipbvq gv. iæevb qz nv mb mnkvix Aa vck I wefvmxq cöavb, K vgweªqvb K jr wewegm (m vb), GgweG (e e vcbv), ivrkvnx wek we` vjq cöv³b cöfvlk, K jr Ae W fjc g U Aëvi bwuf ( KvWv), XvKv cixÿk: gva wgk I D P gva wgk wkÿv evw, XvKv, NTRCA mb`cövß m Rbkxj UªwbscÖvß (TTC) ZvbwRbv nk mnkvix Aa vck, K vgweªqvb K jr we.kg (m vb) e e vcbv, Gg.Kg, XvKv wek we` vjq cöv³b cöfvlk, K jr Ae W fjc g U Aëvi bwuf ( KvWv) NTRCA mb`cövß m Rbkxj UªwbscÖvß (TTC) gv. mvbdzj AvRg mnkvix Aa vck, K vgweªqvb K jr we.we.g (Abvm ). Gg.we.G ( gri gv K wus) cöv³b cöfvlk, K jr Ae W fjc g U Aëvi bwuf ( KvWv) m Rbkxj UªwbscÖvß (TTC) wbjydv Bqvmwgb mnkvix Aa vck, K vgweªqvb K jr weweg (m vb), GgweG (wndg vb wi mvm g v br g U) XvKv wek we` vjq gv vi UªBbvi (SESDP) NTRCA mb`cövß gv. Avkivdzj Avjg cöfvlk, K vgweªqvb K jr we.kg (m vb). Gg.Kg (e e vcbv), RvZxq wek we` vjq cöv³b cöfvlk, KvqvwjwU GWy Kkb K jr, XvKv NTRCA mb`cövß m Rbkxj UªwbscÖvß (TTC) gv. ` jvqvi nv mb cöfvlk, K vgweªqvb K jr we.kg (m vb), Gg.Kg (e e vcbv), RMbœv_ wek we` vjq cöv³b cöfvlk, DËiv Kgvm K jr Ges DËiv cvewjk K jr, XvKv m Rbkxj UªwbscÖvß (TTC) Avwmd-DR-Rvgvb NTRCA mb`cövß cöfvlk, K vgweªqvb K jr weweg (m vb), GgweG (gv K wus), XvKv wek we` vjq m Rbkxj UªwbscÖvß NTRCA mb`cövß

3 K vgweªqvb cvewj KkÝ cøu-2, jkvb, XvKv KZ K cökvwkz [cökvkk KZ K me ^Z msiwÿz] cö_g cökvk: 1 RyjvB, 2013 UªWgvK iwr: bs , kªwy-16 MYcÖRvZš x evsjv `k mikvi cövwß vb: K vgweªqvb eykm& Gb gvi 72, cömwz miwy,evwiaviv, R-eøK, XvKv dvb: , , Kw úduvi K úvr gvnv ` Igi dviæk f~ubqv cö Q` BDbyQ wgqv I Avãyjøvn Avj gvgyb wpî msm nxz g~j : UvKv

4 Any kind of e-book & Software : jlk `i K_v mkj cöksmv gnvb Avjøvn iveÿyj Avjvwg bi cig KiæYvgq AvjøvnÕZvjvi A kl K cvq AvaywbK Z_ mg m ú~y bzzb wm jev mi wfwë Z D Pgva wgk ch v qi wkÿv_ x `i Rb e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv welqwui cö_g cî (e emvq cwiwpwz) ebwu cökvk Ki Z c i Avgiv Avbw `Z wkÿv RvZxq Rxe bi me ÿ Î Dbœq bi c~e kz Avi `ªæZ cwiez bkxj we k i P v jä gvkv ejv K i evsjv `k K Dbœqb I mg w i w` K wb q hviqvi Rb cö qvrb mywkwÿz RbMY Avi GB mywkwÿz RbMY M o Zvjvi j ÿ RvZxq cvv cy ÍK evw 2013 mv j m ú~y bzzb wm jevm cöyqb K i Q Avi GB bzzb wm jev mi wfwë Z Avgiv ebwu cökvk Kivi Póv K iwq Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): GB ebwu cökv k cöz ÿ ev c ivÿfv e hv `i Aby cöiyv I mn hvwmzv c qwq Zv `i cöwz K ZÁ we kl K i Avgv `i K vgweªqvb K j Ri m vwbz Pqvig vb g nv`q ïiæ _ K Avgv `i AbycÖvwYZ K i Q Ab vb wefv Mi mnkg xe ` Zv `i AwfÁZv I avibv w` q Avgv `i K mg K i Q wewfbœ e emvq msmvb I Z_ mieivnkvix cöwzôvb jv _ K Z_ msmö n mnvqzvi Rb Zv `i K ab ev` Rvbvw Q ebwu ipbvq `kx-we `kx cöpyi ^bvgab jlk `i g~j evb eb qi mn hvwmzv MÖnY Kiv n q Q e j Zv `i wbku Avgiv wpifbx MÖš wu ipbvkv j AvaywbK evsjv evbvb ixwz Abymib Kivi h _ó Póv Kiv n q Q ebwu Z A bk bzzb Z_ ms hvrb Kiv n q Q c ôvi msl v mxgve Zvi Kvi Y B Qv _vkv m Ë I A bk welq ms ÿ c Av jvpbv Kiv n q Q AZ ší mzk _vkvi c ii wkqz fyjîæwu _ K hviqv A ^vfvwek bq ciez x ms i b Zv `~i n e Avkv Kwi G wel q m vwbz wkÿkgûjx I wkÿv_ x `i civgk mv` i M nxz n e cwi k l, ebwui e vck cöpvi I cömv i m vwbz wkÿkgûjxi I wkÿv_ x `i mỳ wó Kvgbv KiwQ K vgweªqvb K jr, XvKv Avjøvn nv dr jlke `

5 m~pxcî Aa vq weeiy c ôv bs 1. e emv qi gšwjk aviyv e emvq cwi ek GKgvwjKvbv e emvq Askx`vwi e emvq hš_g~jabx e emvq mgevq mwgwz ivóªxq e emvq e emv qi AvBbMZ w`k e emv qi mnvqk mev e emvq D ` vm e emv q Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³i e envi e emv qi bwzkzv I mvgvwrk `vqe Zv

6 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Scanner, Stcven J. Z. John M. Ivanoevich Business for the 21 st century. Richard & Irwin Inc., USA Kotler philip & Armstrong Principles of Marketing, Prentice Hall India, 12 th Edition. 3. Strauss Ansary and Frost-E-marketing, 3 rd edition. 4. Glos E. Raymond & Harold A Baker-Introduction to Business. 5. Lv jkz¾vgvb I gvnv `, evwyr I wkí AvBb 6. Lv jkz¾vgvb I gvnv `, e emvq bxwz I cö qvm, hgybv cökvkbx 7. dviækx KvRx D P gva wgk e emvq bxwz I cª qvm, KvRx cökvkbx 8. AvjZvd nvwbd D P gva wgk e emvq bxwz I cö qvm, i qj jvb eªix 9. Khalekujjaman Z Musharraf- Introduction to Business, Jamuna Publishar. 10. Lv jkz¾vgvb I gvnv ` e emv qi AvBbMZ cwi ek, hgybv cvewjkvm 11. Avjg Avkivdzj-Bb U jkpzqvj cövcvwu AvBb, Kvgiæj eyk nvdr 12. ingvb gvnveye-e emvq evwy R Kw úduvi 13. briæj I nvwim-d P gva wgk Awdm e e vcbv 14. wkiy Mvjvg-AvR Ki wek 15. Avjg gvnveyeyj-fvlv mšif, AvBwWqvj jvb eªix-xvkv 16. wbiäb I mwddwïb-d PZi evsjv e vkiy I ipbv 17. gvnvgỳ nvqvr-fvlv wkÿv 18. Lv jkz¾vgvb I AvZvDi- D P gva wgk e emvq D ` vm 19. IivKj wewm Gm wcöwjwgbvix-iivkj cvewj Kkb 20. Business dictionary.com 21. Encyclopedia. 22. Askx`vix AvBb Kv úvwb AvBb exgv AvBb c v U U AvBb UªWgvK AvBb Website of different organization (For example website of SME Foundation, FBCCI, Grameen Phone. 28. `wbk Kv ji KÚ, cö_g Av jv Any kind of e-book & Software : Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf):

7 cö_g Aa vq e emv qi g wjk aviyv BASIC CONCEPT OF BUSINESS cövpxbkvj _ KB gvbyl wbr cö qvrb guv bvi cö Póvq m Pó wqj grm AvniY, K wlkvr, cï wkkvi, cy wewbgq, Drcv`b cö Póv cöf wz A_ bwzk Kg Kv Ð wb qvwrz wqj Gi g~ j h wrwbm KvR K i Zvn jv gvby li Afve eva Afve c~i Yi j ÿ Zviv wewfbœ A_ bwzk Kg Kv Ð Rwo q c o Ges A_ DcvR bi cö Póv Pvjvq g~jz A_ bwzk Kg KvÐ I jb `b K wn ib D e nq e emv qi G Aa vq cvv k l Avgiv Rvb Z cvie e emv qi aviyv e emv qi AvIZv wk íi ewkó I cökvi f`; evwy R i ewkó I cökvi f`; cöz ÿ mevi ewkó I cökvi f` wkí, evwyr I cöz ÿ mevi g a cv_ K evsjv ` ki e emv qi AvIZv wn m e wkí, evwyr I cöz ÿ mevi mgm v I m vebv mvgvwrk e emvq aviyv e emv qi Kvh vewj e emv qi iæz A_ bwzk Dbœq b e emv qi Ae`vb RxweKv AR bi Dcvq wn m e e emvq

8 e emv qi aviyv Concept of Business Any kind of e-book & Software : e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî mvaviyfv e Kv bv wkqy Kbv- epvi Kvh µg K Avgiv e emvq wnmv e Rvwb wkš ïaygvî Kbv- epvi mv _ e emvq m ú ³ bq e emvq n jv Drcv`b, eèb Ges Drcv`b I eè bi mnvqk Kvh vewj Avgiv e emvq K GKwU Q Ki gva g Dc vcb Ki Z cvwiñ gybvdv AR bi D Ï k cwipvwjz A_ bwzk Kg KvÛ K e emvq e j cwiev ii m`m `i Rb Lv` Drcv`b Kiv, nuvm-gyiwm cvjb Kiv, mewr Pvl Kiv K e emvq ejv hvq bv wkš hlb Kv bv K lk gybvdvi Avkvq avb Pvl K i ev mewr djvq Zv e emvq e j MY n e Z e gybvdv AR bi D Ï k cwipvwjz mkj A_ bwzk Kg KvÐ e emv e j MY n e hw` m jv ` ki AvB b ea I mwvk Dcv q cwipvwjz nq gvbyl Zvi Afve c~i Yi j ÿ wewfbœ cy ev mev Drcv`b, eèb, Drcv`b I eè bi mnvqk Kvh µ g wb R K m ú ³ K i Ges gybvdv AR b K i G gybvdv AR bi D Ï k m úvw`z A_ bwzk Kvh µg KB e emvq e j Kg cî-1 Zvgv `i evwoi Av kcv k hme e emvq Pvjy Av Q Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv Zwi Ki Afve eva cy I mev Drcv`b Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): wewbgq I eèb µq-weµq wewbgq mnvqk KvR Afv ei cwiz wß I RxweKv AR b e emv qi ewkó (Characteristics of Business) mgvr weáv bi kvlv wn m e e emvq cy I mev Drcv`b I eèb Kvh vewji mv _ mswkøó gybvdv AR bi D Ï k cwipvwjz Giƒc Kvh vewji KZK jv ^Zš ewkó cwijwÿz nq hv wb æ Dc vwcz n jv e emv qi cö_g I cöavb ewkó n jv gybvdv AR b KviY e emv qi aib hv-b nvk bv Kb, gvwjkmy gybvdv AR b KB cöavb D Ïk wn m e MY K i e emvq MVb I cwipvjbv K i _v Kb

9 e emv qi g wjk aviyv 3 e emv qi Ab Zg ewkó n Q jvf- jvkmv bi SuywK MÖnY cö Z K e emvqx Zvi mvdj m ú K m ú~y AwbwðZ myzivs e emv qi Aw Í Z i mv _ jvf- jvkmv bi AwbðqZvi SuywK RwoZ g~jab e emv qi g~j PvwjKvkw³ mwvk mg q e emv qi myôz MVb I cwipvjbvi wbwg Ë mwvk cwigv Y g~jab cö qvrb gvwjk ev D `v³vmy G g~jab wb R `i Znwej _ K ev Ab Kv bv Drm _ K FY wn m e MÖnY Ki Z cv ib µzvmy Zv `i cö qvrbxq cy vw` P~ovšÍ fv Mi Dc hvmx K i c Z Pvq GR b B e emvq AvnwiZ cövk wzk m ú `i gv S Dc hvwmzv m wó K i Ges µzv `i fv Mi Dc hvmx K i Zv evrvirvz K i e emvwqk jb ` bi GKwU Ab Zg ewkó n Q µzv-we µzv A_ cö`vb I A_ MÖnY-G `ywui Aw ÍZ e emvwqk jb ` b Acwinvh e emvwqk jb `b wbqwgz I c btcywbkfv e n Z nq AvKw K Kv bviƒc jb `b K e emvq ejv hvq bv e emvq K Aek B AvBbvbyM I ea n Z n e e emvq memgq GKUv ^vaxb ckv wn m e MY nq 1.02 e emv qi AvIZv ev cwiwa Scope of Business Afve c~i Yi cö qvrbxq cy I mevi Drcv`b I eèb Ges Gi mnvqk hvezxq Kvh vewj e emv qi AvIZvfy³ A_ vr Drcv` bi cö qvrbxq KuvPvgvj msmön n Z Avi K i Zwi cy ev mev fv³vi nv Z cu Qv bv ch ší mkj Kvh vewjb e emv qi AvIZv ev cwiwai AšÍfy ³ wkí (Industry): wkí Drcv` bi evnb h Kg cö Póv ev cöwµqvi gva g cövk wzk m ú` AvniY Ges Gi Dc hvm m wói gva g gvby li e envi Dc hvmx cy cö Z Kiv nq Zv K wkí e j wk íi ewkó mg~n K. wkí cy `ªe cöwµqvrvzki Yi mv _ m ú ³; L. m ú` ev g~j Drcv`bB wk íi g~j jÿ ; M. wkí c Y i AvKviMZ Dc hvm m wó K i; N. wk í Drcvw`Z cy mvgmöx gvby li Afve gvp bi Kv R wb qvwrz; O. Aa cö Í yz cy K P~ovšÍ c Y iƒcvšíwiz K i

10 4 wkí K wb gœv³ wewfbœ fv M fvm Kiv hvq h_v Any kind of e-book & Software : cöv_wgk wkí: cörbb wb vkb K wlr e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî e emvq wkí evwyr cöz mev M Y wkí: Drcv`b we k lyg~jk cöwµqvwfwëk Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): ms hvrb wkí: mshy³ wbg vy mev cwi ekk wewbgq e vsk mnvqk Kvh vewj wegv cwienb `vgrvzkiy Af š ixy e `wkk evrvirvzkiy cömvi cvbkvwi LyPiv Avg`vwb QK: e emv qi AvIZv ißvwb cybtißvwb K. cöv_wgk wkí (Primary Industry) cöv_wgk wk í Kv bv iƒcmz cwiez b N U bv cöv_wgk wkí K wzbwu kªwy Z fvm Kiv n q Q cörbb wkí (Genetic Industry): h wk í Drcvw`Z cy mvgwmö cybtevi m wó ev Drcv` bi Kv R e eüz nq Zv K cörbb wkí e j D`vniY ^iƒc grm Pvl, bvm vwi, nuvmgyiwm, djg~j I Mevw` cïi Lvgvi wb vkb wkí (Extractive Industry): f~-mf, b`x, mvmi ev f~wg _ K cök wz cö`ë m ú` AvniY, Dchy³ Kv Ri cwi ek, DbœZgv bi cy I mev cwi ekb BZ vw`i gva g Avni Yi Kv R h wkí m úk hy³ Zv K wb vkb wkí e j

11 e emv qi g wjk aviyv 5 D`vniY ^iƒc mgy`ª nb Z grm wkkvi I RjR m ú` msmön, eb n Z KvV ev Ab vb ebr m ú` msmön, b`x nb Z evjy I f~-mf n Z LwbR c`v_ D Ëvjb BZ vw` K wlr wkí (Agricultural Industry): h cöwµqvq K wlr cy Drcv`b I AvniY Kiv nq Zv K K wlr wkí e j D`vniY ^iƒc avb I cv Ui K_v ejv hvq L. M Y wkí (Secondary Industry) h cöwµqvq m ú `i iƒ ci cwiez b N U Zv K M Y wkí e j wb gœ M Y wk íi m ve AvIZv jv Zz j aiv n jv Drcv`b ev cö ÍyZ wkí (Productive Industry): kªg I h š i mvnv h wewfbœ cöwµqvq KuvPvgvj ev Aa cö ÍyZ `ªe K gvby li e envi Dc hvmx c Y cö ÍyZ Kivi cö Póv K Drcv`b wkí e j A_ vr cy Drcv` bi Rb c Y i h iƒcmz cwiez b mvwaz nq mb cöwµqvb n jv Drcv`b wkí hgb- MvQ K U AvmevecÎ Zwi, eqb wkí, B úvz wkí BZ vw`

12 6 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî we kølyg~jk wkí (Analytical Industry): G RvZxq wk í Kv bv `ªe K we køly K i bvbv ikg `ªe Zwi Kiv nq hgb-a kvwaz LwbR Zj _ K ww Rj, c Uªvj, M v mvwjb, K ivwmb, LwbR Kqjv n Z KvK Kqjv,, b vc_vwjb, AvjKvZiv BZ vw` Zwi Kivi KvR Any kind of e-book & Software : cöwµqvwfwëk wkí (Processing Industry): G RvZxq wk í wewfbœ cöwµqv Aej ^b K i cy Drcv`b Kiv nq A_ vr cöwµqvrvzki Yi gva g cy Drcv`b Kivi wkíb n jv cöwµqvwfwëk wkí hgb-zzjv n Z e, AvL n Z wpwb BZ vw` h wmk wkí (Synthetic Industry): G wk í GKvwaK g wjk `ª e i mgš^ q GKwU bzzb `ªe Zwi nq hgb-mvi wkí GwU K qkwu g wjk DcKi Yi ga w` q mv i cwiyz n q Q mvevb, wm g U BZ vw` h wmk wk íi D`vniY Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): M. ms hvrb wkí (Assembling Industry): G cöwµqvq GKvwaK hš ev hš vsk ms hvrb K i bzzb cy Zwi Kiv nq hgb- gvui wkí, ij BwÄb mshy³ wkí (Integrated Industry): h wkí ÿ Î wewfbœ ai bi wkí cöwµqvi GKB mv _ mgš^q N U Zv K mshy³ wkí e j hgb- j n I B úvz wkí wbg vy wkí (Constructive Industry): h cöwµqvq wewfbœ ai bi wbg vy KvR m úbœ n q _v K Zv K wbg vy wkí e j hgb-iv Ív NvU, `vjvb KvVv, euva, mzz BZ vw` wbg vy mev cwi ekk wkí (Service Industry): h wkí RbKj vyg~jk Kv R wb qvwrz n q _v K Zv K mev cwi ekk wkí e j hgb-cvwb, we`ÿ r, M vm, Uwj dvb BZ vw` mieivn G wk íi AvIZvfy³

13 e emv qi g wjk aviyv 7 Kg cî-2 wewfbœ cökvi wk íi 5wU K i D`vniY cörbb wkí K wlr wkí we kølyg~jk wkí mshy³ wkí mevg~jk wkí 1. grm Pvl avb I cvu LwbR Zj _ K ww Rj j n I B úvz wkí cvwb wkí evwyr (Commerce): wk í Drcvw`Z cy cök Z fvmkvixi wbku A_ev KuvPvgvj I Aa cö Z cy ciezx fvmkvix ev Drcv` Ki wbku c uqv bvi ÿ Î m ve mkj cöwzeükzv K `~ixki Yi Rb M nxz hvezxq Kv Ri mgwó K evwyr e j evwy R i ewkó mg~n (Features of Commerce): 1. cy msmön I eèb: cy Drcv`b nq GK v b Ges fvm nq wewfbœ v b evwyr e emvq, cwieny, `vgrvzkiy, exgv, e vswks I cöpvi e e vi gva g H mg Í cy msmön K i eèb K i 2. Drcv`b I eè bi g a mgš^q: evrvirvzkiy cöwµqvq Drcv`b I eè bi g a mgš^qmvab K i evwyr evrvi w wzkxj ivl Z mvnvh K i 3. e emv qi cöwzeükzv `~ixkiy: evwyr e emvq, cwieny, `vgrvzkiy, e vsk, exgv I cöpv ii Øviv h_vµ g e emv qi e w³mz, vbmz, KvjMZ, A_ msµvší, SzwKMZ evav ev cöwzeükzvmg~n `~i K i myôzfv e e emvq K Pj Z mvnvh K i 4. c Y i gvb I Y DbœZKiY I msiÿb: c Y i gvb I Y DbœZKiY Ges msiÿ Yi j ÿ evwyr cöwgzkiy, ch vwqzkiy, wpwýzkiy, gvowkkiy c` ÿc MÖnY K i 5. e n`vqzb Drcv` b mvnvh : evwywr K cöwµqvq c Y i evrvirvzkiy wbwðz nq e j Drcv`K AweiZ Drcv`b Kv h wb qvwrz _ K evrv ii Pvwn`vbyhvqx e vck AvKv i Drcv`b Ki Z cv i

14 8 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî evwy R i cökvi f` wbgœiƒc wewbgq (Trade): cy `ªe ev mev mvgwmöi ^Z n ÍvšÍ ii KvR K cy wewbgq e j wewbg qi gva g ^Z n ÍvšÍ ii ÿ Î we` gvb e w³mz evav AcmvwiZ nq cy ev mev wewbgq K wb œv³ K qkwu kªwy Z fvm Kiv hvq 1. Af šíixy evwyr (Home Trade): GKwU ` ki f MvwjK mxgvbvi g a h µq - weµq Kvh m úvw`z nq, Zv K Af šíixy evwyr e j Af šíixy evwyr K cök wz Abyhvqx Avevi `yfv M fvm Kiv Any kind of e-book & Software : n q Q i. cvbkvix e emvq (Whole sale trade): h e emvq cvbkvwi e emvqx Drcv` Ki wbku n Z AwaK cwigv Y cy `ªe µq K i m jv QvU QvU j U LyPiv e emvqx `i wbku wewµ K i Zv K cvbkvwi e emvq e j ii. LyPiv e emvq (Retail trade): LyPiv e emvqx cvbkvi `i wbku _ K cy `ªe msmön K i m jv fv³v `i wbku wewµ K i Giƒc e emvq K LyPiv e emvq e j 2. AvšÍR vwzk/e `wkk evwyr (Foreign trade): GK ` ki mv _ Ab ` ki evwyr n j Zv K e `wkk evwyr e j G e e vq GK ` ki µzv Ab ` ki we µzvi mv _ evwyr K i _v K e `wkk evwyr wzbwu Dcv q n q _v K i. Avg`vwb (Import): Ab `k _ K cy wk b wbr ` k wb q Avmvi KvR K e j Avg`vwb ii. ißvwb (Export): ißvwb evwy R i ÿ Î cy `ªe ev mev ^ `k _ K we ` k cöiy Kiv nq iii. cybtißvwb (Re-export): GK `k _ K Avg`vwbK Z cy Z Zxq ` k wewµ Kiv n j Zv K cybtißvwb evwyr e j Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): wpî: cybtißvwb

15 e emv qi g wjk aviyv 9 mnvqk Kvh vewj (Auxilaries to trade): gybvdv AR bi D Ï k wkí I evwy R mnvqzv `v bi j ÿ hme Kvh m úvw`z nq m jvi e emv qi AvIZvaxb mnvqk Kvh vewj wbgœiƒc i. e vswks (Banking): e vswks e e v e emv cöwzôvb K FY mieivn K i e emv qi A_ ms vbrwbz cöwzeükzv `~i K i ii. wegv (Insurance): e emv qi mv _ RwoZ SzuwK msµvší cöwzeükzv `~ixki Y mnvqzv K i wegv iii. cwienb (Transportation): cwienb cy vbvší ii ÿ Î vbmz cöwzeükzv `~ixf~z K i _v K cwienb wzb Dcv q n q _v K- j c _, Rj c _, wegvb c _

16 10 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî iv. `vgrvzkiy (Warehousing): G cöwµqvq cy wkqz mg qi R b gryz i L mgqmz Dc hvm m wó Kiv nq Any kind of e-book & Software : Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): v. c vwks (Packing): cy evrvirvzki Yi Av M c Y i `vg, Y, ZvwiL BZ vw` msewjz GKwU AvKl Yxq gvo K cy K mvrv bv n j G K c vwks e j vi. evrvirvzkiy cömvi (Promotion): c Y i mwvk g~j vqb niqvi Rb, h D Ï k cy Zwi Kiv n q Q Ges gybvdv AR bi D Ï k cy K evrvirvzkiy Kiv nq evrvirvzki Yi iæz c~y wzbwu welq n jv-cy M elyv, evrvi M elyv, weµwqkzv cöz ÿ mev (Direct Services) A _ vcvr bi D Ï k hme Kvh mivmwi m úvw`z nq wksev `wnk ev gvbwmk kª gi wewbgq Kiv nq Zv K cöz ÿ mev e j wpî: cöz ÿ mev

17 e emv qi g wjk aviyv 11 cöz ÿ mevi ewkó : 1. A_ DcvR bi D Ïk ^vaxb ckvq wb qvwrz _v K, 2. cy Qvov mivmwi mev cö`vb, 3. mev`vzv I mev MÖnxZvi Dcw wz _vk Z nq cöz ÿ mevi AvIZv ev cökvi f` hme Kg KvÐ cªz ÿ mevi g a c o m jv n jv-wpwkrmv e wë, AvBb e wë, wnmve e wë, cª K kjx e wë, civgk e wë, nv Uj, mjyb, bvu kvjv, wm bgv nj, Awf bzv, Awf bîx `i Awfbq, Wv³viiv wg j wk wbk e emv ev K qkrb DwKj wg j GUwb dvg ev cö K kjxiv wg j BwÄwbqvwis dvg MVb Ki Z cv ib; hv cöz ÿ mev weµqkvix cöwzôvb wn m e m½z Kvi Y e emv qi AvIZvq Av m cwi k l ejv hvq h, e emv qi AvIZv AZ ší e vck ez gvb we k e emvq GKwU e vck AvIZvwewkó A_ bwzk Kg Kv Ði mgwó gvby li AdzišÍ Afve c~i Yi Rb e MZ I Ae MZ mev I kª gi h _ó cö qvrb i q Q Kv RB gvby li Gme Pvwn`v c~i Yi Rb A _ vcvr bi j ÿ m úvw`z hvezxq Kvh B e emv qi AvIZvfy³ Kg cî-3 wkí, evwyr I cöz ÿ mevi aviyv I ewkó we køly K i G `i g a cv_ K Lyu R ei Ki wkí evwyr cöz ÿ mev 1.03 evsjv ` k e emv qi AvIZv wnmv e wkí, evwyr I cöz ÿ mevi mgm v I m vebv Problems & Prospects of Industry, Commerce and Direct Services of Bangladesh evsjv `k wk í AbMÖmi GKUv `k cövpxb Kvj _ KB K wl LvZ G ` k gyl n ji ez gv b wk ívbœq bi Kv bv wekí bb RvZxq m ú` I M nxz e `wkk F Yi eo cwigvy A_ wk ívbœq bi ^v _ e eüz n q Q wkš cöz vwkz AMÖMwZ bvbvb Kvi YB GLbI AwR Z nqwb evsjv ` k wk íi mgm v (Problems of Industry in Bangladesh): evsjv ` k wkílv Z `~e jzvi wcq b wewfbœ KviY we` gvb wb gœ G m ú K Av jvpbv Kiv n jv 1 mr I hvm D ` v³vi Afve: Avgv `i ` ki mkj ch v qb `ÿ I hvm D ` v³v ev msmv Ki Afve jÿbxq A_P D ` v³v n jv e emv qi bzv hvm D ` v³v köyx M o bv DVvi Kvi Y G ` ki wkí ÿ Î h _ó m vebv _vkv m Ë I m m vebv K Kv R jvmv bv hv Q bv 2 e e vcbvi A`ÿZv: wkí wb R Pj Z cv i bv e e vcbvi Dci Zv K wbf i Ki Z nq wkí myôzfv e cwipvjbvi Rb Gi e e vck `i hiƒc `ÿzv I AwfÁZv _vkv cö qvrb Avgv `i ` k Zvi eob Afve cwijwÿz nq 3 g~ja bi Afve: wkí QvU eo h ai bib nvk bv Kb Zv Z hw` Kvg cwigv Yi g~jab ms vb Kiv bv hvq Z e Zv n Z KvwLZ dj jvf Kiv hvq bv

18 12 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî 4 mikvwi myôz bxwzgvjvi Afve: wkí K GwM q biqvi Rb mikv ii h myôy bxwz-cwikíbv I Z`byhvqx D ` vm Ges mn hvwmzv _vkv cö qvrb ZviI gvivz K Afve G ` k jÿyxq 5 DbœZ cöhyw³ I KvwiMwi `ÿzvi Afve: Avgv `i ` ki wkí cöwzôvb jv ewki fvm ÿ ÎB cyivzb hš cvwz I cöhyw³i e envi K i d j we `wk cöwz hvmx `i b vq gvbm Z cy Drcv`b Zv `i c ÿ m e nq bv G Qvov e emvq cwipvjbv I Drcv` b h ai bi Kjv K kj I c wz GLv b e eüz nq ZvI DbœZ bq d j e emvq msmvb jvi `ÿzvi gvb DbœZ niqvi my hvm Kg evsjv ` k wk íi m vebv (Prospects of Industry in Bangladesh) Any kind of e-book & Software : ` ki µgea gvb Rbkw³i Kg ms v bi e e v Ges `ªæZ A_ bwzk cöe w AR b wkívq bi Kv bv wekí bb cövk wzk M v mi e vck e envi, Af šíixy evrvi, we `kx wewb qvmkvix `i AvMÖn e w, DbœZgv bi Kqjv Lwbi müvb jvf, ißvwb hvm cy Drcv`b e w, emikvwi D ` vm m úªmvib, mykvmb cöwzôvq iæz v ivc, ivr bwzk w wzkxjzv AR bi cöqvm, wek vq bi cöfve BZ vw` mewkqzb G ` k wkílv Zi AMÖMwZi Bw½Z `q ` ki A_ bwzk mg w AR b wkílv Zi Dbœq bi Avek KZv I KiYxq m ú K mswkøó mkj gn ji BwZevPK ` wófw½ I g bvfve hz `ªæZ m wó nq ZZB Zv g½jrbk m e vcwi `kxq D ` vm I wewb qvm AvKl Yi cvkvcvwk we `wk wewb qvmkvix `i Av v AR b I cwi ek m wó Ki Z cvi j mkj evav-wecwë `~i K i m vebv K Kv R jvmv bv hv e Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): evsjv ` k e emv qi AvIZv wn m e evwy R i mgm v Problems of Commerce in Bangladesh evsjv ` k Af šíixy I e `wkk evwy R wewfbœ mgm v we` gvb h Kvi Y h _ó m vebv _vkvi cii G ` k evwy R i KvwÿZ m úªmviy m e n Q bv wb gœ Giæc mgm vmg~n D jøl Kiv n jv K. Af šíixy evwy R mgm v: (Problems of home trade) `ÿ D ` v³v I e e vc Ki Afve g~ja bi mxgve Zv cwienb I hvmv hvm e e vi mxgve Zv ivr bwzk Aw wzkxjzv mikvwi wewfbœ ms vi mn hvwmzvi Afve ga e emvqx `i ` ivzœ cy I mevi wbgœgvb L. e `wkk evwy R mgm v: (Problems of foreign trade ) ißvwbgylx wk íi Afve `ÿ ißvwbkvi Ki Afve ißvwb c Y i mxgve Zv ev cvkvk wk íi Dci AwZwbf izv ißvwb evrvi m úªmvi Y DbœZ K kj I cöhyw³ e env ii Afve `ªæZ wkc g U mgm v AvÂwjK mnvqzvi Afve ißvwb m úªmvi Y e vkiqvw I d ivqvw wjs KR wk íi Afve

19 e emv qi g wjk aviyv 13 evsjv ` k evwy R i m vebv (Prospects of commerce in Bangladesh): evsjv ` k evwy R vi m vebv h _ó Zv ejvi A cÿv iv L bv cvbkvwi I LyPiv e emv qi ÿ Î eª v Ûi c Y i m úªmviy, LyPiv weµqg~j wba viy, gvokxkiy e e vi Dbœqb, cöz ÿ evrvirvzkiy e e v cömvi BZ vw` c` ÿc MÖvgxY evrvi ch ší we Í Z n Q weavq jb `b A bk mnr n q Q gv_vwcqz Avq e w cviqvq gvby li fv Mi cöeyzv w`b w`b evo Q gvby li iæwp I Pvwn`vi mv _ Zvj wgwj q bzzb wwrvbb I gv bi cy evrv i Avm Q ivravwb _ K ïiæ K i QvU kni ch ší wecwb wezvb M o DVvq evwywr K Kg Kv Ûi we Í wz NU Q ißvwb evwy R we` gvb mgm v gv_vq i L Avg`vwbKviK `i g b Av v m wói D ` vm bqv n Q ißvwbgywl cöwzôvb jvi `ÿzv e w I we `wk evwywr K wgkb jv K mwµq Kivi D ` vm bqv n Q mewkqz wgwj q evsjv ` ki Af šíwib I e `wkk evwyr fwel Z AviI mg n e 1.04 mvgvwrk e emv qi aviyv Concept of Social Business cöpwjz e emvq Avgv `i wkÿv `q Kxfv e AwaK gybvdv AR b Kiv hvq A_ vr cöpwjz e emvq Avgv `i K ^v_ ci K i Zv j Aciw` K mvgvwrk e emvq Avgv `i K wkÿv `q Kxfv e e emv qi gva g ^í gybvdvq mgv Ri wewfbœ mgm v mgvavb Kiv hvq gybvdv AR bi wbr ^ ewkó, e emvq m úªmviy Ges mvgvwrk mgm v mgvav b D jøl hvm fzwgkv ivlvq ez gvb we k mvgvwrk e emvq aviyvwu e ck RbwcÖqZv AR b K i Q G avibvwu cö_ g Dc vcb I Dbœqb K ib evsjv ` ki bv ej werqx Wt gvt BDbym wzwb 2008 mv j Zvi cökvwkz eb ÒCreating a world without poverty:social business and the future of capitalism me cö_g G avibvwu `b ciewz Z 2010 mv j Zvi cökvwkz ÒBuilding Social Business: The new kind of Capitalism that serve humanity s most pressing needs G GB g WjwUi we ÍvwiZ Av jvpbv K ib wpî: mvgvwrk e emvq

20 14 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî mvgvwrk e emvq n Q GKwU KviY avwez (Cause-driven) e emvq mvgvwrk e emvq wewb qvmkvix ax i ax i Zvi wewb qvmk Z g~jab Zz j wb Z cv i wkš Gi evb i Kv bv jf vsk m fvm Ki Z cv i bv G e emv qi D Ïk n Q e emvq cwipvjbvi gva g mgv Ri GK ev GKvwaK mvgvwrk D Ïk AR b Kiv; GLv b wewb qvmkvixi Kv bv e w³mz D Ïk _v K bv G e emv qi gybvdv e envi Kiv nq mvgvwrk e emvq m úªmviy ev cy Dbœq b G Kvi YB wewb qvmkvix cöwzôvb _ K Kv bv gybvdv D Ëvjb K i bv c Y i LiP Zz j gybvdv AR bi cvkvcvwk G e emvq GK ev GKvwaK mvgvwrk D Ïk hgb Mixe `i ^v mev, Avevmb e e v, Avw_ K mev cö`vb, Acywó Z fvmv wkï `i cywói e e v Kiv, wbivc` Lvevi cvwb mieivn, bevqb hvm R vjvwbi e e v BZ vw` AR b Ki Z mnvqzv Ki e W. gynv ` BDb~m mvgvwrk e emv qi ÿ Î wb gœv³ ewk ó i K_v D jøl K i Qb mvgvwrk D Ïk _vk Z n e hgb: ^v, wkÿv, `wi`ªzv, cwi ek, Rjevqy BZ vw` jf vsk wn m e wewb qvmkvix Kv bv gybvdv MÖnY Ki Z cvi e bv GKwU e emvq K mvgvwrk e emvq wn m e we epbv Kiv hv e hw` GwUi gvwjkvbv `wi`ª kªwyi Rb nq Ges GwU mgv Ri Kv bv we kl D Ïk AR b wb qvwrz _v K mvgvwrk e emv qi cökvi f` (Types of Social Business): mvgvwrk e emvq `ycökvi h_v 1. UvBc-I: mvgvwrk e emvq 2. UvBc-II: mvgvwrk e emvq 1. UvBc-I: G ai bi mvgvwrk e emvq Kv bv wbw` ó mvgvwrk, bwzk A_ev cwi ekmz jÿ AR bi Rb Kv bv cy mieiv ni Dci iæz Av ivc Kiv nq hgb MÖvgxY Wv bvb (Grameen Danone), MÖvgxY kw³ (Grameen Sokti) 2. UvBc-II: G ai bi mvgvwrk e emvq gybvdvwbf i e emvq hwui gvwjk n eb Mwie ev mgv Ri wbgœweëiv hviv mivmwi jf vsk fvm Ki Z cv i ev c ivÿfv e myweav MÖnY Ki Z cv i hgb: MÖvgxY e vsk mvgvwrk e emvq Ae emvqx cöwzôvb Ges e emvwqk mvgvwrk `vwqz _ K wfbœ mvgvwrk e emv qi bxwzgvjv (Principles of Social Business) Any kind of e-book & Software : Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): W. gynv ` BDb~m Ges n vbm ibur (Hans Reitz), mvgvwrk e emv qi 7wU bxwzgvjvi K_v D jøl K i Qb m jv n jv mvgvwrk e emv qi D Ïk n e `vwi`ªzv `~i Kiv, A_ev mgv Ri GK ev GKvwaK mgm v mgvavb Kiv Avw_ K I A_ bwzk Dbœqb mvab wewb qvmkvixiv ïaygvî Zv `i cöv_wgk wewb qv Mi A_ Zz j wb Z cvi e wewb qv Mi AwZwi³ jf vsk fvm Ki Z cvi e bv hlb Kv úvwbi wewb qvmk Z A_ diz `qv n e ZLb Kv úvwbi hz gybvdv n e Zv Kv úvwbi Dbœqb I m úªmvi Y e envi Kiv n e cwi ekmz m PZbZv Kgx iv fv jv cwi e k Kv Ri cvkvcvwk b vh grywi cvq KvR Avb `i mv _ Kiv

21 1.05 e emv qi Kvh vewj Functions of Business e emv qi g wjk aviyv 15 cy ev mev Drcv`b Ges Drcvw`Z cy ev mev mvgmöx fv³vi Kv Q cu Qv bv ch ší hvezxq Kvh vewj e emv qi AšÍfy ³ fv³v ev µzvi mšíywó AR bb e emv qi g~j D Ïk ev jÿ wb gœ e emv qi iæz c~y Kvh vewjmg~n ey bv Kiv n jv Drcv`b ( production): cövk wzk m ú` msmön ev D Ëvjb K i fv³v `i Afve c~i Yi D Ï k G jv K e env ivc hvmx Kivi Rb e emvq Drcv`bKvh cwipvjbv K i _v K G KvR K iƒcvšíi Dc hvwmzv m wói ejv n q _v K Drcv`b e emv qi g~l KvR cwienb (Transportation): mvaviyz cy mvgmöx ` ki we kl GjvKvq Drcvw`Z nq Ges Zv ` ki wewfbœ A j fvm Kiv nq GgZve vq Drcvw`Z cy cwien bi gva g Drcv`b K `ª n Z ` ki wewfbœ GjvKvq wb q wm q fv³v `i KvQvKvwQ gry` Kiv nq G KvR K c Y i vbmz Dc hvwmzv m wó ejv nq cy mvgwmö K vbvší i cwievwnz Kiv n jb Zv fv M jvmv bv m e nq µq-weµq (Buying and selling): e emv qi Ab Zg cöavb KvR n jv cy I mev µqweµq Kiv mwz Kvi A _, cy I mevi µq-weµq e emv qi cövy ^iƒc A_ mieivn (Supply of money): e emv qi cö qvrb Abymv i e vswks-g wb qvwrz cöwzôvb jv A_ mieiv ni gva g e emvq-evwyr K MwZkxj K i Zv j SuywK n ÍvšÍi (Transfering risk): e emv qi gva g e emvq-msµvší eûwea SuywKI n ÍvšÍwiZ nq cy enbkv j wksev e emvq cwipvjbvkv j AwMœKvÐ, eb v, f~wgk ú, Pzwi-WvKvwZ BZ vw` Kvi Y hme SuywKi m wó nq wegv Kv úvwb mme SuywKi `vwqz MÖnY K i wnmveiÿy (Accounting): e emvq wnmve iÿv GKwU iæz c~y Kvh e emvqx jb `b wnmvefy³ KivB G Kv h i AšÍf y³ wnmveiÿ Yi gva g Kviev ii Avq-e q, jvf-ÿwz Ges Dnvi Avw_ K Ae v Rvbv hvq Gi Øviv hgb ez gvb Ae v eys Z cviv hvq Zgwb fwel r cš v w i Kiv nq weávcb I cöpvi (Advertisement and publicity): cª Z K e emvqx ms v cy -evz v m ve µzv `i ` wó MvPi Kivi D Ï k weávcb I cöpvikvh m úv`b K i _v K µzv m wó Kiv Ges RbmvaviY K cy wui LwiÏv i cwiyz Kivi Rb weávcb I cöpvi cö qvrb wpî: weávcb I cöpvi

22 16 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî gvokxkiy (Packing): cy weµq I en bi myweav _ wewfbœ cwigv Y cy K Av MB gvokxkiy Kiv cö qvrb DbœZ I AvKl bxq c v KU, evzj ev wu b cy gvokxkiy Kiv n j Zv µzv `i ` wó AvKl b I Gi h_vh_ msiÿ b mnvqzv nq Any kind of e-book & Software : Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): gryzkiy (Storing) Drcvw`Z ev µqk Z cy weµq n Z wkqzuv mgq bq g mygx `ªe Drcv`b I msmö ni ci A bkw`b gryz K i ivlvi cö qvrb c o ZvB Giƒc msiÿ Yi Rb e emvq K cö qvrb Abyhvqx `vgrvzkiy myweav M o Zzj Z `Lv hvq cöwgzkiy I ch vwqz KiY (Standardising and grading): cöwgzkiy n jv g wjk gvb wbav iy Ges ch vwqzkiy n jv D³ cöwzwôz gvb Abyhvqx cy `ªe fvm ev köwye Kiv e emv q cy -`ªe Drcv`b I e U bi ÿ Î cöwgzkiy I ch vwqzki Y cö qvrb c o evrvi msµvší M elyv I DrKl mvab (Market research and development): cy weµ qi KvR ÿgzvi mv _ mym úbœ Kivi Rb evrvi msµvší M elyv e emv qi GKwU cª qvrbxq KvR cö Z K e emvqx ms v weµ qi Rb B cy ev mev Drcv`b A_ev µq K i _v K wkš weµ qi evrvi e vck I AwbwðZ weµ qi mvd j i Rb evrvi cwiwa wba viy Kiv Ges LwiÏv ii Pvwn`v m ú K mywbwðz _vkv GKvšÍ `ikvi LwiÏv ii iæwp, Pvwn`vi ez gvb I fwel r MwZ-cÖK wz, evrv ii we Í wz, µqÿgzv BZ vw` wewfbœ welq m ú K AbymÜvb Kiv G Kv h i AšÍf y³ cwi k l ejv hvq, gvby li Afve c~i Yi D Ï k hvezxq ea A_ bwzk wµqvkjvcb n jv e emvq Avi e emv qi mv _ m úwk Z Kg KvÐB n jv e emv qi Kvh vewj m úvw`z Kvh vewji g a hme KvR gybvdv AR bi D Ï k Kiv nq, m jv e emvwqk Kvh Kjv ci AvIZvq c o cök Zc ÿ gybvdv AR bi D Ï k GKRb e w³ ev cöwzôvb hv K i ZvB e emvqxk Kvh Kjvc

23 1.06 e emv qi iæz Importance of Business e emv qi g wjk aviyv 17 ez gvb Dbœqbkxj we k `ªæZ A_ bwzk I mvgvwrk Dbœqb I cwiez bi Rb e emv qi iæz ev cö qvrbxqzv evwo q ejvi A cÿv iv L bv ` ki K wl, wkí, evwyr hvmv hvm, cwienb cöf wz iæz c~y wel qi Dbœq bi mv _ e emvq IZ cövzfv e RwoZ wb gœ e emv qi iæz ev cö qvrbxqzv ey bv Kiv n jv K. A_ bwzk iæz (Economic Importance): A_ bwzk Dbœqb (Economic development): cök wz cö`ë wewfbœ m ú` AvniY K i e emvq wk íi gva g bzzb bzzb Dc hvm m wó K i ` ki cövk wzk m ú `i h_vh_ e envi wbwðz K i e emvq A_ bwzk Dbœq b iæz c~y f~wgkv cvjb K i kªgwefv Mi mydj (Merits of division of labour): e emvwqk ZrciZv e w cviqvi `iæb Drcv`b I Ab vb e emvwqk Kh µ g kªgwefvm Ges we klxki Yi D e n q Q Gi d j kªg `ÿzv e w cvq Ges c Y i g~j Kg c o ZvB fv³viv ^í e q cy µq K i Zv fvm Ki Z mÿg nq cuywr MVb (Formation of capital): ` k cuywrmv bi nvi hz ewk nq, A_ bwzk Dbœq bi nvii ZZ e o hvq e emvq e vswks e e v, wegv e e v BZ vw`i gva g ` ki fzikvi wewÿß mâq GKwÎZ K i cuywr MV b mnvqzv K i Ges G cuywr e emv-evwy R e envi K i RvZxq Drcv`bkxjZv e w K i d j A_ bwzk Dbœqb Z ivwš^z nq cöhyw³i e envi I A_ bwzk Kj vy (Use of technology and economic welfare): e emvq DbœZ ai bi cöhyw³ e env ii gva g wbz bzzb cy Drcv`b K i gvby li AZ ß Pvwn`v c~iy Kivi cöqvm cvq cöhyw³i Dchy³ e envi mgv R gvby li Kj vy e q Av b Ges A_ bwzk Dbœq b cöz ÿfv e mnvqzv K i mikvwi Avq e w (Increase of government income): e emvqx cªwzôvb jvi wbku _ K wewfbœ cökvi Ki I ïé eve` mikvi cöpzi ivr ^ Avq K i G A_ mikvi RbwnZKiKv h e q K i ` ki mvgwmök A_ bxwz K Pv½v K i Zv j m ú `i e envi (Use of resources): e emvqx Kvh Kjv ci gva g ` ki fz i cövß cövk wzk m ú `i Dchy³ e envi m eci nq Lwb _ K m ú` D Ëvjb, mgỳ ª _ K grm m ú` AvniY, eb-r½j _ K ebr m ú` msmön BZ vw` meb e emv qi djköæwz

24 18 L. mvgvwrk iæz (Social Importance): e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî g~ j i w wzkxjzv iÿv (Keeping price stability): `ªe g~j ewk DVvbvgv Ki j gvby li RxebhvÎv Amnbxq n q D V ZvB e emvq cy g~j w wzkxj ivlvi Rb cö qvrbxq e e v MÖnY K i Any kind of e-book & Software : Kg ms vb (Employment): GKwU ` k AmsL e emvq cöwzôvb A_ bwzk AMÖMwZ Z Ae`vb iv L Gme cöwzôv b kz kz jv Ki Kg ms vb nq myzivs `Lv hv Q h, e emvq Kg ms v bi gva g A_ bwzk DbœwZi hvîvc_ K wbwe Nœ Kivi cöqvm Pvjvq cy mieivn (Product supply): mgv R emevmiz gvby li `bw `b Pvwn`v c~i Yi Rb cö qvrbxq gvbm Z cy `ªe I mev mieivn wbwðzki Yi gva g e emvq Kvh µg cwipvwjz nq Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): c Y i gvb Dbœqb (Improvement of the quality of products): e emv qi AvaywbKvq bi mv _ mv _ Drcvw`Z c Y i gvb e w i cö Póv Pvjv bv nq wba vwiz cy Y-gv b DËg n j fvmkvixiv h _ó DcK Z nq fvmkvix `i DcKvi mvgvwrk Kj v YiB bvgvšíi RxebhvÎvi gvb Dbœqb (Improvement of standard of living): e emvq GKw` K cöpzi cy `ªe hgb Drcv`b K i Ges Ab w` K Gme mvgwmö e envikvixi ØvicÖv ší G b nvwri K i Gfv e e emvq mvgwmökfv e RbM Yi myl-mg w e q Av b Ges Gi d j RbM Yi RxebhvÎvi gv bi Dbœqb N U AvšÍR vwzk m úk (International relation): e emvq w`k-w`m ší Gi evû cömvwiz K i wewfbœ RvwZi g a m cöxwz I åvz Z m wó K i AvšÍR vwzk evwyr e emv qi GKwU A½ wn m e wewfbœ ` ki g a c Y i jb `b NwU q cö Z K ` ki A_ bwzk Dbœq b mnvqk K i cwi k l ejv hvq h, AvaywbK we k gvbe Mvôxi me v½xy Kj vy I mf Zvi µ gvbœwz Z e emv qi iæz ev cö qvrbxqzv Acwimxg e w³, mgvr I RvZxq Rxe b cö qvrbxq cy ev mev AvniY, Drcv`b I weziy msµvší Kvh µ g e emv qi cö qvrbxqzv Ab ^xkvh 1.07 A_ bwzk Dbœq b e emv qi Ae`vb Effect of Business in Economic Development h Kvb ` ki Rb e emvq n Q A_ bxwzi g~l PvwjKv kw³ evsjv `k GKwU Dbœqbkxj `k DbœZ ` ki ch v q c Qv Z n j A_ bwzk Dbœq bi Kvb wekí bb K wlwbf i `k n ji G ` ki A_ bwzk Dbœq b e emv qi Ae`vb w`b w`b e w c q Q e emvq m ú `i myôz e envi wbwðz Kiv, e w³mz I RvZxq Avq e w, mâ q Drmvn cö`vb, g~jab MV b mnvqzv, mikv ii ivr ^ e w, Kg ms v bi my hvm m wó, gvbem ú `i Dbœqb, AeKvVv gvmz Dbœqb BZ vw` Kv h i gva g Avgv `i A_ bxwz Z iæz c~y f~wgkv ivl Q ZvB ejv hvq, evsjv ` ki A_ bwzk Dbœq b e emv qi Ae`vb e vck I Ab ^xkvh

25 1.08 RxweKv AR bi Dcvq wn m e e emvq Business as a Career e emv qi g wjk aviyv 19 Kv bv we kl we` vq e wëg~jk Ávb AvniY K i cvi`wk Zv I `ÿzv AR bi ci ev Íe Rxe b Zvi cö qvm I e env ii Øviv RxweKv wbe v ni cö Póv K ckv e j Kv bv gvbyl Zvi Rxeb K mvg bi w` K GwM q wb q hvevi Rb Kv bv KvR K Aej ^b Ki j muv ckv wn m e MY nq G ` wó KvY _ K e emvq K ckv ev RxweKv AR bi Dcvq ej Z cvwi KviY GKRb e w³ e emvq K i Zvi e w³mz ev cvwievwik Afvemg~n c~iy Ki Q e emvq gvby li RxweKv AR bi Ab Zg cöavb Dcvq h Kv bv e w³ Zvi ^í ev ewk g~jab wb q mn RB e emvq Ki Z cv i ZvB A b K e emvq K ckv wn m e MÖnY K i Q e emv qi gva g gvbyl Zvi Rxeb K DbœwZi w` K GwM q wb q hvq KD hw` PvKwi K i Z e m wbw` ó ezb cvq m ÿ Î Zvi Pvwn`v ev AvKvÿv mxwgz n q _v K wkš KD hw` e emvq mwvkfv e Ki Z cv i Z e m PvKwii P q A bk ewk DcvR b Ki Z cvi e GLv b Zvi DcvR b mxwgz _v K bv e emvq Kg ms v b iæz c~y f~wgkv iv L GKwU ` k hz ewk e emv qi m úªªmviy NU e ZZ ewk gvby li K g i ms vb n e e emvq n jv ^vaxb ckv ev e wë GKRb e emvqx eafv e h Kv bv e emv q cyuwr wewb qvm Ki Z cv i, mlvb _ K gybvdv AR b Ki Z cv i, GRb Kv bv Revew`wn KviI wbku Ki Z nq bv ZvB ^vaxb ckv wn m e e emvq K mevb cq ` K i eûwbe vpwb cökœ: 1 e emv qi cö_g I Ab Zg cöavb KvR Kx? K. evrvirvzkiy L. Drcv`b M. cöwgzkiy N. evrvi M elyv 2 UªW (µq-weµq) Kvb ai bi evav `~i K i? K. ^Z MZ L. cöpvimz M. A_ MZ N. iƒcmz 3 evwyr fv³v `i wbku cy cu Qv Z mnvqzv K i _v K i. vbmz evav `~i Kivi gva g ii. mvgvwrk mnvqzv `v bi gva g iii. A_ MZ evav `~i Kivi gva g wb Pi KvbwU mwvk? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

26 20 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî wb Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 4 I 5 bs cö kœi DËi `vi Rwjj eb _ K ez msmön K i Zv Øviv cwiev ii m`m `i K wb q mvdv, gvov BZ vw` Zwi K i Rbve Kvgv ji `vkv b mieivn K i Kvgvj m jv XvKv kn ii wewfbœ `vkv b mieivn K i 4 Rbve Kvgv ji e emvqwu Kvb ai bi e emvq? K. GKgvwjKvbv L. Askx`vwi M. cvbkvwi N. LyPiv 5 Rwjj hw` wb RB Zvi Drcvw`Z `ªe XvKv kn ii wewfbœ `vkv b mieivn Ki Z Pvq Any kind of e-book & Software : Zvn j Zvi cö qvrb n e i. cwiwpwz I evrvirvzkiy `ÿzv Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): ii. AwZwi³ Rbej I cö qvrbxq hš cvwz iii. cwienb myweav wb Pi KvbwU mwvk? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i,ii I iii m Rbkxj cökœ: 1 wg. AvKvk _vbj vû _ K Pvj µq K i D³ Pvj evqvb qi ci we k i wewfbœ ` k weµq K ib 2011 mv j AvšÍR vwzk evrv i Pv ji g~j n«vm c j wzwb mswkz n q c ob Ges `ªæZZvi mv _ `kxq evrv i D³ Pvj wewµ K i `b G Z wzwb Avw_ K ÿwzi m ylxb nb wkš 2012 mv ji ïiæ ZB AvšÍR vwzk evrv i Avevi Pv ji `vg evo Z ïiæ K i K. e emvq Kx? L. cöz ÿ mev ej Z Kx eysvq? M. wg. AvKvk Kvb ai bi evwy R i mv _ RwoZ? e vl v Ki N. Zzwg wk g b Ki `kxq evrv i Pvj wewµ bv K i Ab Kv bv Dcv q wg. AvKvk ÿwzi nvz _ K iÿv c Z cvi Zb? hyw³mn gzvgz `vi 2 w`cb we. G. cvm K i wb Ri cv q `vuov bvi Póv Ki Q wb R `i GKUv Abvev`x cykzi ms vi K i gv Qi iby Q o Q cv ki QvÆ RvqMv Z wkqz Pviv w` q Q `wbk hv Z wkqz wbqwgz Avq Av m GRb GbwRI _ K FY wb q GKUv gyimxi Lvgvi K i Q `yõrb Kg PvixI wb qvm w` q Q cöwzw`b m A bk wwg weµq K i wkš nvvr iv M A bk gyimx gviv hviqvq m kswkz cïcvjb Kg KZ v Zv K cöwkÿy bqvi Rb e j Qb K. mvgvwrk e emvq Kx? L. wb vkb wkí ej Z Kx eysvq? M. w`cb Kvb ai bi wkí M o Zz j Q Zv e vl v Ki N. w`c bi kskvi mv _ e emv qi Kvb ewk ó i mvgäm i q Q we køly Ki

27 wøzxq Aa vq e emvq cwi ek BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT ejv nq gvbyl cwi e ki `vm Rb _ K g Zz Aewa cwi ek cöz ÿ I c ivÿfv e gvbyl K PvwjZ K i Avgv `i Pvicv k hv wkqz Av Q Zv wb q Avgv `i cwi ek Aciw` K e emvq cwi ek mvgwmök cwi e ki GKwU Ask, hv ïay e emvwqk Kg Kv Ði mv _ RwoZ ez gvb cöwz hvwmzvc~y gy³evrvi A_ bxwzi hy M e emv qi mvdj AR b m ú~y iƒ c wbf i K i e emv qi cwi e ki Dci hme cvwicvwk K Dcv`vb e emvq K cöz ÿ I c ivÿfv e cöfvwez K i Zvi mgwó K e emv qi cwi ek e j cwi e ki Dcv`vb jv e emv qi Kvh vewj K e vckfv e cöfvwez K i G Aa vq cvv k l Avgiv Rvb Z cvie e emvq cwi e ki aviyv e emvq cwi e ki wewfbœ Dcv`vb e emv qi Dci cwi e ki Dcv`vb jvi cöfve e emvq cwi e ki Dcv`vb jvi g a Kvb jv evsjv ` k AbyK~j ev cöwzk~j Zv wpwýzkiy evsjv ` k e emvq cwi ek Dbœq bi mgm v evsjv ` k e emv qi cwi ek Dbœq bi c _ we` gvb mgm v jv `~i Kivi Dcvq wpwýzkiy

28 22 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî 2.01 e emvq cwi e ki aviyv Concept of Business Environment Any kind of e-book & Software : evsjv ` ki Kv bv MÖv g ^íweëm úbœ GKRb K l Ki N i GKUv wkï Rb wbj Gici Zvi cwiph v, e o IVv, jlvcov, Rxeb-RxweKv I wpšív-fvebv h ai bi n e Bsj v Ûi Kv bv MÖv g Rb bqv wkï Ges Zvi cwiph v, e o IVv, jlvcovmn mewkqz n e wfbœzi Gi wcq b Df qi cvwicvwk KZv A_ vr cövk wzk, A_ bwzk, mvgvwrk, ivr bwzk BZ vw` cwi e ki Dcv`vbmg~n wfbœ ev ÍeZvi Rb w` q Q GUv K A ^xkvi Kivi Kv bvb my hvm bb ZvB ejv hvq, cöwzwu gvbyl Zvi wpšív-wek vm, AvPvi-AvPiY, Rxeb-RxweKvmn h wfbœ fveaviv Z M o I V Gi wcq b me P q eo cöfve Zvi cwi ek mrb B ejv nq, gvbyl AvRb cwi e ki Øviv cöfvwez nq hme cvwicvwk K Dcv`vb e emvq K cöz ÿ I c ivÿfv e cöfvwez K i Zvi mgwó K e emv qi cwi ek hme Ae v e emv qi DbœwZi Dci cöfve we Ívi K i _v K, Zv K e emvq cwi ek e j e emvq cöwzôv bi cwi ek ej Z mvaviyz evb ii mme Dcv`vb jv K eysv bv nq h jv cöwzôv bi Rb my hvm e q Avb Z cv i wksev ÿwzi m wó Ki Z cv i 2.02 e emvq cwi e ki Dcv`vb Elements of Business Environment Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): ez gvb cöwz hvwmzvc~y gy³evrvi A_ bxwzi hy M e emv qi mvdj AR b m ú~y iƒ c wbf i K i e emvq cwi e ki Dci cwi e ki Dcv`vb jv gvby li A_ bwzk Kvh vewj Ges e emvqñevwyr K e vckfv e cöfvwez K i wb gœ e emvq cwi e ki Dcv`vb jv Zy j aiv n jv: 1 cövk wzk Dcv`vb (Natural element): cök wzmz Kvi Y h cwi ek m wó nq Zv K cövk wzk cwi ek e j Kv bv ` ki f~-cök wz, Rjevqy, cövk wzk m ú`, Ae vb, AvqZb, RbmsL v, b`b`x, cvnvo-ce Z BZ vw` cövk wzk cwi e ki Dcv`vb G Dcv`vbmg~ ni Dcw wz wksev Abycw wzi Øviv e emvq Kvh Kjvc cöfvwez nq m Kvi YB Gme Dcv`v bi AbyK~j ÿ Î e emvq-evwyr, wkí-kilvbv AwaK cwigv Y M o I V 2 A_ bwzk Dcv`vb (Economic element): ÒA_ bwzk cwi ek KZK jv Dcv`v bi mgš^ q MwVZ hv fv³vi µq ÿgzv I e qi aib K cöfvwez K i Ó Gme Dcv`v bi g a i q Q A_ I FY e e v, mâq I wewb qvm, g~jab BZ vw` A_ bwzk Kg Kv Ði Dci GKwU ` ki wkí I evwy R i cöwzôv I cömvi e vckfv e wbf ikxj GKwU ` ki RvZxq Avq, fv Mi cwigvy, Drcv`b I eèb, Mo gv_vwcqy Avq BZ vw`i Ici wfwë K i M o I V Kv bv ` ki A_ bwzk cwi ek Kv RB DcwiD³ Dcv`vbmg~n AbK~j n j e emvq evwy R i m cömviy I Dbœqb mnrzi nq

29 e emvq cwi ek 23 3 mvgvwrk I mvs wzk Dcv`vb (Social and cultural element): gvbyl mgvre Rxeb hvc b Af Í G mgvre gvby li a vb-aviyv, wkÿv I ms wz, g bvfve I wek vm, ixwz-bxwz, g~j eva, ag xq PZbv BZ vw`i Dci wfwë K i M o I V mvgvwrk cwi ek e emvq-evwy R i Dci G mvgvwrk Dcv`vb jvi cöfve Amxg mvgvwrk cwi ek mnr, my `i I AbyK~j n j e emvq evwyr Zvi Kvg jÿ AR b Ki Z mÿg nq 4 ivr bwzk I AvBbMZ Dcv`vb (Political and legal element): GKwU ` ki ivr bwzk I AvBbMZ Dcv`vbmg~n e emv qi Dbœqb I wekv k e vck f~wgkv iv L Kv bv ` ki mikvwi wbqg-kvbyb, AvBb-k Ljv I wbivcëv e e v AbyK~j n j e emvqi `ªæZMwZ Z wekwkz n Z cv i wvk Zgwb ivr bwzk w wzkxjzv, e emvq evwy R i cöwz mikv ii ` wófw½, evwyr bxwz, ivr ^ bxwz, wewb qvm bxwz BZ vw`i AvbyK~j Ges mikvwi c ô cvlkzv e emv qi m úªmviy I Dbœq b BwZevPK f~wgkv iv L e emvq cwi e ki Dcv`vbmg~n cövk wzk Dcv`vb A_ bwzk Dcv`vb mvgvwrk I mvs wzk Dcv`vb ivr bwzk I AvBbMZ Dcv`vb Z_ I cöhyw³mz Dcv`vb Avš R vwzk Dcv`vb f~-cök wz Rjevqy cövk wzk m ú` AvqZb I RbmsL v cvnvo-b`x BZ vẁ A_ I FY wk v ms wz ivr bwzk cöhyw³mz wk v e e v ag xq PZbv w wzkxjzv e e v mâq I mvgvwrk ixwzbxwz bxwzgvjv weávb M elyv mikvwi Z_ cöevn wewb qvm g~jab g bvfve I e emvq msµvš cöwzôvbmg~n Avw_ K wek vm AvBb-Kvbyb BZ vw` cöwzôvbmg~n g~j eva AvBb-k Ljv BZ vw` BwZnvm I cwi ek HwZn BZ vw` msµvš AvBb BZ vw` wpî: e emvq cwi e ki Dci cöfve we ÍviKvwi Dcv`vbmg~n Avš R vwzk Pzw³ wek evwyr bxwz Avš R vwzk evrvi e e v cöwz ewk ` ki mv _ m úk DbœZ ` ki mv _ m úk BZ vw`

30 24 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî 5 Z_ I cöhyw³mz Dcv`vb (Information and technological element): ez gvb wek e e v Z_ I cöhyw³ wbf i cöhyw³ hgb gvby li Rxe b G b Q AvaywbKZvi Quvqv, ez gvb Kw úduviwfwëk Z_ e e vi Zgwb gvby li Rxebaviv K cy ivcywi e` j w` q Q cöhyw³ I KvwiMwi Áv bi Øviv M elyv I D ve bi d j wek cv Q bzzb bzzb Avwe vi, µzv I fv³viv cv Q bzyb bzzb cy I mevmvgmöx Avevi Z_ e e vi Aeva cöevn e emvq-evwyr MwZ mâvi Ki Z mÿg n q Q Z _ i Aeva cöevn e ZxZ AvR Ki wek vq bi (Globalisation) hy M e emvq-evwy R AMÖMwZ I Dbœq bi cöz vkv `yivkvgvî 6 AvšÍR vwzk Dcv`vb (International element): ez gvb e emvq-evwy R i ÿî AvR Avi Kej mxwgz MwÐ Z Ave bb e emvq AvR ` ki mxgvbv Qvwo q wek e vcx Zvi mkj Wvjcvjv cömvwiz Ki Z mg_ n q Q myzivs e emv qi AvšÍR vwzk w`k K Ae njv Kivi my hvm bb GKwU ` ki mv _ Aci ` ki m úk, we kl K i DbœZ ` ki mv _ Dbœqbkxj ev AbybœZ ` ki m úk e emvq K we klfv e cöfvwez K i GQvov AvšÍR vwzk Pyw³, wek evwyr bxwz I wek evrvi e e v, cöwz ewk `kmg~ ni mv _ m úk BZ vw` h Kv bv ` ki e emvqevwy R AbyK~j cwi ek m wó K i cwi k l ejv hvq, e emvq cwi e ki Dc iv³ cöwzwu Dcv`vbB e emvq K Kv bv bv Kv bvfv e cöfvwez Ki Q Any kind of e-book & Software : Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): e emv qi Dci cwi e ki Dcv`vb jvi cöfve The Effect of Environmental Elemants on Business e emvq GKwU A_ bwzk Kg KvÐ gvby li Rxeb cöyvwj I Ab vb A_ bwzk Kg Kv Ði Dci cwi e ki wewfbœ Dcv`vb ev kw³mg~n hfv e cöfve we Ívi K i, Zgwbfv e e emvq Ges ZrmsµvšÍ Kvh vewji cwi ekmz wewfbœ PjK / Dcv`vb / kw³ Øviv cöfvwez nq cwi e ki Dcv`vbmg~ ni g a hgb i q Q f~-cök wz, Rjevqy, g wëkv, b`-b`x, cvnvo-ce Z BZ vw`i g Zv cövk wzk Dcv`vb, Zgwb i q Q mvgvwrk, mvs wzk, ivr bwzk, A_ bwzk, cöhyw³, mikvwi wewa-weavb BZ vw`i g Zv A- cövk wzk Dcv`vbmg~n Kv bv wbw` ó A ji G mgq cwi ekmz Dcv`vb GKK Ges mw wjzfv e Anin H v bi e emvwqk Kg aviv, wm vší, djcö`zv BZ vw` K cöfvwez K i wb gœ e emv qi Dci cwi e ki Dcv`vbmg~ ni cöfve Av jvpbv Kiv n jv 1 cöwzôv bi Rb g~jab cövwß (Availability of capital for the venture): e emvq GKwU m Rbkxj I D vebg~jk KvR e emvqxi Giƒc D vebx kw³ K ev Í e iƒc`v bi Rb cö qvrb ch vß g~ja bi msmvb vcb, KjKâv I hš cvwz µq, KuvPvgvj msmön BZ vw` eve` cöpzi A _ i cö qvrb D`vi FY`vb bxwz, myôz I Kvh Ki kqvi evrv ii Dcw wz Ges m e vcwi ` ki A_ bwzk DbœwZi Dci g~jab mieivn cwiw wz wbf ikxj ` k AbyK~j A_ bwzk cwi ek we` gvb _vk j e emv qi g~jab cövwß mnr nq Ab w` K cöwzk~j A_ bwzk cwi ek g~jab cövwß Z wenœ m wó K i d j e emvq evavcövß nq

31 e emvq cwi ek 25 2 AbyK~j Ki KvVv gv (Favourable tax structure): ` ki weivrgvb AbyK~j Ki I ïé bxwz e emv qi Dci BwZevPK cöfve d j ` k we` gvb Ki KvVv gv Z hme Lv Z ev A j wkí-kvilvbv I e emvq vc b Ki iqvz `qv nq, mme Lv Z ev A j `ªæZ wkí KviLvbv M o D V cöwzk~j Ki I ïé KvVv gv bzzb wkí vcb K wbiærmvwnz Kivi mv _ mv _ Pvjy wkí KviLvbv I e emvq Kg Kv Ði BwZ NUvq 3 jvb mý cövwßi myweav (Facility to getting licence): ` k wkí vcb I e emvwqk Kg KvÐ cwipvjbvi Rb cö qvrb mswkøó KZ c ÿi Aby gv`b wkí vc bi Giƒc Aby gv`b ev jvb mý cövwßi myweav ev Amyweav e emvqx Kvh µ g h_vµ g BwZevPK ev bwzevpk cöfve we Ívi K i ZvB `Lv hvq, wewfbœ ÿ Î mikvwi Aby gv`b I jvb mý cö`v b `xn m~wîzvi bxwz e emvqx D ` vm K wbiærmvwnz K i Avevi G ÿ Î Z wiz e e vi bxwz wkí KviLvbv vc b mnvqk kw³ wn m e KvR K i 4 f~wg cövwßi myweav (Advantages of getting land): wkí ev e emvq vc b h_vh_ myweav msewjz f~wg cö qvrb myôz hvmv hvm I cwienb e e v, evrv ii bku, KuvPvgvj, kögkw³, M vm, we`ÿ r BZ vw`i mnrjf Zv msewjz f~wg h_vh_ wkí vc bi mnvqk Ab w` K wkí vc bi Dc hvmx f~wgi Ach vßzv e emvq Kg KvÐ K evavmö Í K i 5 myôz hvmv hvm I cwienb e e v (Smooth communication and transportation system): myôz I ch vß hvmv hvm I cwienb e e v GKwU AwZ iæz c~y A_ bwzk Dcv`vb-hv e emvq ev wk íi cöwzôv I Gi AMÖMwZ Z BwZevPK cöfve we Ívi K i myôz hvmv hvm e e v GKw` K hgb KuvPvgvj msmö ni Rb Acwinvh, Ab w` K Drcbœ cy evrvirvzki Yi Rb I iæz c~y Avevi DbœZ hvmv hvm I cwienb e e v e emvq mswkøó wewfbœ c ÿi mv _ hvmv hvm vc bi Rb I GKvšÍ Acwinvh 6 evrv i cö e ki my hvm (Facility to access in the market): Drcvw`Z cy Aev a weµ qi my hvm Z_v c Y i evrvi jv fi my hvm Av ikwu A_ bwzk Dcv`vb-hv wkíxq Drcv`b K cöz ÿfv e DrmvwnZ K i g~jz cy Drcvw`Z nq evrv i weµ qi wbwg Ë GgZve vq, Kv bv c Y i evrvi hw` GK PwUqv ev wbqwš Z ev msiÿyg~jk nq Z e H wk íi AMÖMwZ e vnz nq A bk mgq `Lv hvq c U U, UªWgvK, KwcivBU A_ev Ab Kv bv mikvwi wb ` k c Y i evrvi K msiwÿz I mskzwpz K i iv L Giƒc Ae vq e emvq Kg KvÐ evavmö Í n q _v K 7 AbyK~j FY I Avw_ K myweav (Favourable credit and financial facilities): e emvqxmy wkí vcb Ges Pjgvb wk í cö qvrbxq PjwZ g~jab hvmvb `qvi wbwg Ë A_ev m úªmvi Yi Rb ^í I `xn gqvw` g~jab ev F Yi cö qvrbxqzv eva K ib GgZve vq, Kv bv A j Giƒc g~jab ev FY cövwßi my hvm bv _vk j e emvqxmy wbiærmvwnz n q c ob d j e emvq Kg KvÐ e vnz nq Avevi cö qvrbxq FY ev g~ja bi hvmvb `qvi Rb h A j ch vß e vsk, myôz kqvi evrvi ev we `wk mvnvh we` gvb mlv b mn RB wkí I e emvq cöwzôvb M o D V

32 26 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî 8 mnvqk I mevg~jk cöwzôv bi Dcw wz (Presence of supporting and service organisations): Kv bv A_ bwzk Kg KvÐ ev wkí cöwzôvbb ^qsm ú~y bq GK K LvZ ev wk í Dbœqb Ab vb A bk wkí ev e emv qi mg_ b ev mnvqzvi Dci wbf ikxj ZvB e vsk, wegv, cwienb, M vm, we`ÿ r, dvqvi mvwf m, cvbkvwi I LyPiv `vkvb, givgwz mc, Uwj hvmv hvm, WvK BZ vw`i g Zv mev`vbkvwi Ges mnvqk cöwzôvb e emvq cö Póv K emevb K i Zzj Z cv i Any kind of e-book & Software : 9 mvgvwrk-mvs wzk Ae v (Socio-cultural conditions): Kv bv mgv R bzzb wkí vc bi D ` vm ev D` g M o DVv bv DVvi cq b H A ji mvgvwrk, mvs wzk cwi ek ev g~j ev ai cöfve A bklvwb AvaywbK cömwzkxj mvgvwrk-mvs wzk ixwzbxwz, AvPvi-AvPiY, g~j eva, wek vm-awek vm, cq `-AcQ `, Av em-abyf~wz BZ vw` bzzb e emvq cöwzôvb M o DVvi mnvqk n ji mbvzbx mvs wzk g~j eva e emvq D ` vm m wó Z e vnvz NUvq mbvzbx mvs wzk g~j ev a wek vmxmy mvgšíev`x wpšív- PZbvq wek vmx Zuviv e emv q A_ -wewb qv Mi P q f~wgi gvwjkvbvq A_ wewb qvm K AwaK mvgvwrk gh v`vi cözxk g b K ib d j wewb qvm wfbœ Lv Z cöevwnz nq weavq e emvq Kg KvÐ e vnz nq Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): 10 AbyK~j mikvwi bxwzgvjv (Favourable government policies): ivóªxq mkj ch v q cöyxz I RvwiK Z wewfbœ AvBb-Kvbyb, wewa-weavb, mikvwi-av `k-aa v `k BZ vw`i eovrv j Ave _ K GKRb e emvqx ev wkí D ` v³v K e emvq vcb I cwipvjbv Ki Z nq e emv qi Rb jmœ _ K wejywßkvj ch ší wewfbœ AvBbKvbyb e emvwqk Kvh µg K cöfvwez I wbqwš Z K i mikvwi Giƒc AvBbKvby bi g a Ki, ïé, f vu, e emvq msmvb, e vsk, wegv, e `wkk wewbgq, cwi ek, köwgk, cwienb, Avg`vwb-ißvwb BZ vw` welqk wewa-weavb Ab Zg e emv qi cöwz mikv ii g bvfve cöyxz I RvwiK Z Gme AvBb, wewa-weavb BZ vw` Z cöwzdwjz nq 11 A_ bwzk e e v (Economic system): A_ bwzk cwi e ki iæz c~y Dcv`vb A_ bwzk e e vi GKwU ` ki e emvq cöqvm K e vckfv e cöfvwez K i Ôgy³Õ ev cyuwrzvwš KÕ A_ e e vq A_ bwzk Kg Kv Û iv óªi Zgb n Í ÿc bv _vkvq e w³mz ch v q D ` vm cövavb jvf K i Ab w` K, Ôwbqwš ZÕ ev ÔmgvRZvwš KÕ A_ e e vq Drcv` bi mgmö cöwµqv iv óªi gvwjkvbv I wbqš Yvaxb _v K weavq e w³mz ch v q e emvq D ` vm MÖnY ev wkí vcb evavmö Í nq 12 ` ki ivr bwzk w wzkxjzv (Political stablility): ` ki ivr bwzk w wzkxjzv wkí ev e emvq cwi ek K e vckfv e cöfvwez K i ivr bwzk Aw wzkxjzv, AvÂwjK Ø Ø-msNvZ, Nb Nb mikvi I bxwzi cwiez b BZ vw` wkí I evwywr K cwi ek K wewnœz K i KviY Giæc cwiw wz Z `xn gqvw` cwikíbv I wm vší MÖnY I G `i ev Íevqb evavmö Í nq Ab w` K ` k

33 e emvq cwi ek 27 ivr bwzk w wzkxjzv I e emv qi Dbœq b `xn gqvw` myôz bxwzgvjv envj _vk j wkí-evwy R i Dbœqb N U 13 weávb I cöhyw³ (Science and technology): gvby li Rxe b bvukxq cwiez b mva b me P q cöfve we ÍviKvwi Dcv`vb weávb I cöhyw³ ez gvb hy Mi cwbwmwjb, I cbnvu mvr vwi, Kw úduvi, gvevbj dvb BZ vw` we qki Avwe vi I e envi weávb I cöhyw³mz Dbœq bib dmj cöhyw³i `ªæZ Dbœqb GKw` K hgb Drcv`b K mnrzi K i, Drcv` bi YMZ gvb I cwigvy e w K i, Zgwb Zv e emvqx `i Rb wech qi m wó Ki Z cv i KviY bzzb cöhyw³i Avwef ve cyivzb cöhyw³i cöwz vcb K Aek vex K i Zv j DcwiD³ Av jvpbvi cöwÿ Z ejv hvq, e emvq Kg KvÐ cwi e ki wewfbœ Dcv`vb Ges Zv _ K D ~Z wewfbœ cvwicvwk K kw³ Øviv cöfvwez nq c w_exi wewfbœ A j ev ` k cwi ekmz kw³i Giƒc cöfve wfbœzi n q _v K GRb ivó _ K iv óª, AÂj _ K A j e emv qi cök wz, MwZaviv, Dbœqb, cöe w BZ vw` Z wfbœzv cwijwÿz nq Kg cî-1 e emv qi Dci cwi e ki Dcv`vbmg~ ni cöfve we kølyc~e K evsjv ` ki Dci Gi cöfve wpwýz Ki 2.04 evsjv ` ki e emvq cwi ek Dbœq bi mgm v Problems in Developing Business Environment of Bangladesh 1 AeKvVv gv m¼u: evsjv ` ki e emvq cwi ek Dbœq b Ab Zg mgm v n Q AeKvVv gvmz m¼u ev mgm v, AeKvVv gv ej Z, iv ÍvNvU, we`y r e e v, M vm, KuvPvgv ji cövc Zv,

34 28 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî hvmv hvm e e v, e emv qi jvb mý cövc Zv BZ vw` K eysvq GB welq jv Avgv `i ` k mn R cviqv hvq bv 2 cövwzôvwbk Lv Zi `ye jzv: e emvq cwi ek Dbœq b wewfbœ cöwzôv bi mvnvh cö qvrb hgb- Avw_ K cöwzôvb (e vsk, wegv, kqvi evrvi) GB mkj Lv Z h _ó `ye jzv Av Q 3 mgwók A_ bwzk Aw wzkxjzv: e emvq ÿ Î h _ D ` v M e `wkk wewb qvm cviqv hvq bv, hvi d j mgwók A_ bxwzi e e vcbv `ye j n q c o Q 4 cy evrvi I kögevrv ii A`ÿZv: cy mieiv n `wi niqv ev e q e w Avg`vwb I ißvwb evwy R i ÿ Î cöwµqvrvz RwUjZv, A_ vq bi mnrcövc Zvi Afve, I iæjm Ae AwiwRb BZ vw`i Rb cy evrvi I kögevrv i A`ÿZv `Lv w` Q 5 ivr bwzk Aw wzkxjzv: evsjv ` ki ivr bwzk cwi ek kz m vebv K webó Ki Q ej j Any kind of e-book & Software : A h w³k n e bv ivr bwzk Aw ivzv, mš vm, Puv`vevwR, UÛvievwR meb n Q ivr bwzk QÎQvqvq hv RbMY K ev i ev i nzvk Ki Q 6 Drcv` b e eüz cöhyw³ I `ÿzvi NvUwZ: Dcv` b e eüz cöhyw³ I `ÿzvi NvUwZi Kvi Y µzvi Pvwn`v Abycv Z YMZ gv bi cy mieiv n e _ Zv `Lv `q 2.05 evsjv ` ki e emvq cwi ek Dbœq bi mgm v mgvav bi Dcvq Ways to Overcome Business Environment Development in Bangladesh Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): Avgv `i e emvq cwi e ki ÿ Î AeKvVv gvmz h mgm v hgb- hvmv hvm e e v, we`ÿ r e e v, M vm BZ vw` mnrjf Ki Z n e e emvq cwi e ki Dbœq b wewfbœ cöwzôv bi mvnvh hgb-e vsk, wegv, kqvi evrvi n Z mn R Avw_ K mvnvh ev FY myweav ch vß n Z n e h _ D ` v M e `wkk wewb qv M D ` v³viv hv Z DrmvwnZ nq Ges mgwók A_ bxwz K mej Ki Z n e ivr bwzk Aw izv, mš vm, Puv`vevwR, UÛvievwR, Ab K VKv bvi cöeyzv `~i Ki Z n e Drcv` b DbœZ cöhyw³ I `ÿzvi e envi Ki Z n e hv Z µzv `i K Pvwn`v Abyhvqx bmz gv bi cy me ivn Kiv hvq Avg`vwb ißvwb evwy R i ÿ Î cöwµqvmz RwUjZv `~ixkiy, iæjm Ae AwiwRb BZ vw` h_v_ K i cy evrvi I kög evrv ii A`ÿZv `~i Ki Z n e Kg cî-2 evsjv ` k e emvq cwi ek Dbœq bi mgm v we køly c~e K Gi mgvav bi Dcvq wpwýz Ki

35 e emvq cwi ek 29 eûwbe vpwb cökœ: 1 c Y i Pvwn`v wba vik cwi ek KvbwU? K. cövk wzk cwi ek L. ivr bwzk cwi ek M. mvgvwrk cwi ek N. AvBbMZ cwi ek 2 mgv Ri gvbyl GKw` K Drcv`bKvwi Ab w` K fv³v wn m e Kvb f~wgkv cvjb K ib? K. iæz c~y f~wgkv L. mgš^qkvixi f~wgkv M. ØZ f~wgkv N. Drcv`bKvwii f~wgkv 3 `ÿ kögkw³i Ici wbf ikxj i. e emv qi DbœwZ ii. Ávb weáv bi DbœwZ iii. wk íi mvdj wb Pi KvbwU mwvk? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii 4. evsjv ` k e emv qi A_ bwzk cwi ek cöwzk~j n ji wb Pi KvbwU wewb qvm mnvqk f~wgkv cvjb Ki Z cv i? K. RbemwZc~Y `k niqvq wewfbœ c Y i Pvwn`v L. mikvwi gỳ ªv bxwzi Dbœqb M. cyuwr evrv ii Dbœqb N. D ` v³v K DrmvwnZKiY 5. Zwi cvkvk wkí evsjv ` k GKwU m úªmviykxj wkí G wk íi Dbœq b hme A_ bwzk I mvgvwrk cwi e ki Dcv`v bi cöfve i q Q Zvi g a KvbwU we `k _ K Avg`vwb Ki Z nq bv?

36 30 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî K. g~jab ev cyuwr L. cöhyw³ M. Rbkw³ N. kw³ m ú` Any kind of e-book & Software : m Rbkxj cökœ: 1 wg. ingv bi Ôingvb K _ viõ bv g gqgbwmsn evmv-evwo gv K U GKwU Kvc oi e emvq i q Q Ryb-RyjvB gv m nizv ji Kvi Y weµq Kg niqvq g~jab AvU K M Q mvg bi C`yj wdz i wemz mg qi ÿwz cywl q b eb e j wg. ingvb fve Qb K. mâq I wewb qvm Kvb ai bi cwi e ki Dcv`vb? L. e emv qi AvBbMZ cwi ek ej Z Kx eys? Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): M. wg. ingv bi e emv q Kvb e emvq cwi e ki cöfve cwijwÿz nq? e vl v Ki N. Ôe emvq cwi e ki GKwU Dcv`v bi AbyK~j cöfveb wg. ingv bi wemz ÿwz cywl q wb Z mnvqkõ G e vcv i Zvgvi gzvgz e ³ Ki 2 bqb K l Ki Q j cwj we a Z hgybv b`xi cv o Zv `i evwo cöpzi dmj djvq Zv `i cwievi Av M ^ Qj wqj wkš b`x fv½ bi Kvi Y wemz wzb eq i mewkqzb b`xm f wejxb n q Q ZvB bqb e emvq Ki e fve ji cyuwri ms vb Ki Z bv cvivq GLb B Ui fvuvq KvR K i K. cwi ek Kx? L. mvgvwrk cwi ek ej Z Kx eysvq? M. bq bi cwievi ^ Qj _vkvi wcq b Kvb ai bi cwi e ki Ae`vb ewk wqj e vl v Ki N. bqb e emvq Ki Z bv cvivi wcq b Kvb cwi ek `vq? DÏxc Ki Av jv K Zv we køly Ki

37 e emvq cwi ek 31

38 Any kind of e-book & Software : Z Zxq Aa vq GKgvwjKvbv e emvq SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP BUSINESS c w_exi cövpxbzg I mnr cök wzi e emvq msmvb wn m e GKgvwjKvbv e emvq cwiwpz GKK gvwjk Kg cuywr wb q h Kv bv RvqMvq ^vaxbfv e wbr wm v ší AvBbvbyM AvbyôvwbKZv QvovB G ai bi msmvb M o Zzj Z cv i G Z SuywKi cwigvyi AZ ší Kg ZvB e emv msmv bi BwZnvm ch v jvpbv K i Avgiv `wl, e emvq ïiæi cöv_wgk ch vq _ KB GKgvwjKvbv e emvq hvîv ïiæ K i AvaywbK cöwz hvwmzvg~jk we k I RbwcÖqZvi mv _ mdjfv e wu K Av Q evsjv ` ki g Zv Z Zxq we k i Dbœqbkxj `k jvi A_ bwzk DbœwZ Z GKgvwjKvbv msmvb e vckfv e Ae`vb ivl Z cvi Q Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): G Aa vq cvv k l Avgiv Rvb Z cvie gvwjkvbvi wfwë Z e emv qi aviyv GKgvwjKvbv e emv qi ewkó GKgvwjKvbv e emv qi iæz GKgvwjKvbv e emv qi Dchy³ ÿî jv wpwýzkiy e n`vqzb e emv qi cvkvcvwk GKgvwjKvbv e emvq wu K _vkvi KviYmg~n

39 32 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî 3.01 gvwjkvbvi wfwë Z e emvq Business Based on Ownership mg qi wmuwo e q gvby li wewfbœgylx Pvwn`v c~i Yi Rb hy M hy M M o D V Q bzzb bzzb e emvq msmvb e emv qi gvwjkvbv, cök wz, AvqZb, Kvh ÿî BZ vw` f ` wfbœ wfbœ iƒc cwimön K i Q wb œ gvwjkvbvi ` wó KvY _ K e emvq msmv bi cökvi f` `Lv bv n jv 1. GKgvwjKvbv e emvq 2. Askx`vwi e emvq e emvq msmv bi cökvi f` 3. Kv úvwb msmvb 4. mgevq mwgwz GKgvwjKvbv e emv qi aviyv wpî: e emvq msmv bi cökvi f` Concept of Sole Proprietorship Business 5. ivóªxq e emvq 6. e emvq RvU 7. h _ D ` v M e emvq mvaviyfv e GKRb e w³i gvwjkvbvq cöwzwôz, cwipvwjz I wbqwš Z e emvq K GKgvwjKvbv e emvq e j GKK gvwjkvbvq c w_ex Z me cö_g e emvq Kvh µg ïiæ n qwqj GRb GwU K me P q cövpxbzg e emvq msmvb ejv nq ez gvb cöÿvc U ejv hvq, gybvdv AR bi jÿ wb q hlb Kv bv e w³ wbr `vwq Z g~jab hvmvo K i Kv bv e emv MVb I cwipvjbv K i Ges D³ e emv q AwR Z mkj jvf wb R fvm K i ev ÿwz n j wb RB Zv enb K i, ZLb Zv K GKgvwjKvbv e emvq e j GKgvwjKvbv e emvq MVb AZ ší mnr h Kv bv e w³ wb Ri D ` v M ^í A_ wb q G RvZxq Kvievi ïiæ Ki Z cv ib Ges AwaK A_ I wewb qvm Ki Z cv ib AvB bi Pv L GKgvwjKvbv e emv qi MVb I cwipvjbvq Zgb Kv bv eva evakzv bb MÖv g-m Ä, nvuevrvi ev iv Ívi cv k wksev wbr evwo Z h KD QvU-Lv Uv e emv ïiæ Ki Z cv i Z e kn i ev c imfv GjvKvq D ` v³v K UªW jvb mý msmön K i e emv Avi Ki Z nq Avgv `i ` ki AwaKvsk e emvq msmvb GKgvwjKvbvi wfwë Z MwVZ ïay ZvB bq BD ivc I Av gwikvi cövq 80% e emvq GK gvwjkvbvwfwëk Avgv `i ` ki mvaviy gyw` `vkvb, Pv qi `vkvb, AwaKvsk LyPiv `vkvb GKK gvwjkvbvi wfwë Z cöwzwôz

40 Askx`vwi e emv qi aviyv Concept of Partnership Business Any kind of e-book & Software : GKgvwjKvbv e emvq 33 `yb ev Z ZvwaK e w³ Pzw³e n q wb R `i g a gybvdv eè bi wbwg Ë h e emvq msmvb M o Zv j Zv K Askx`vwi e emvq e j e emvq RM Z GKgvwjKvbv me P q cövpxb I RbwcÖq n ji GKK gvwj Ki g~ja bi ^ízv, Amxg `vq, e emv qi ÿz`ª AvIZv BZ vw` mxgve Zvi Rb e emv qi cwiwa Av iv e w I SzuwK Kwg q Askx`vwi Z i wfwë Z e emvq Kivi cö qvrbxqzv `Lv `q Z e Askx`vwi e emv q wkqy wkqz mgm vi `Lv `q we kl K i gybvdv eèb, wm vší MÖnY, `vwqz I Kg wefvrb, m`m `i cvi úwik m úk wba viy BZ vw` wel q m`m `i g a Ø Ø I Av vi msku `Lv w` Z cv i d j Askx`vwi Pzw³cÎ I Askx`vwi AvBb cöyqb Ki Z nq evsjv ` ki Askx`vwi e emvq Ô1932 mv ji Askx`vwi AvBbÕ Øviv cwipvwjz nq 1932 mv ji Askx`vwi AvBb Abyhvqx m`m msl v me wbgœ 2 Rb Ges m e v P 20 Rb n e Z e Askx`vwi e emvqwu hw` e vswks e emvq nq ZLb m e v P m`m msl v 10 Gi ewk n e bv Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): Kv úvwb msmv bi aviyv Concept of Company Organisation GKgvwjKvbv e emv qi gva g we k i ey K e emv qi h AbyôvwbK hvîv ïiæ n qwqj Kvjµ g Zv Avi GKgvwjKvbvi g a mxgve _v Kwb GKgvwjKvbv e emv qi ek wkqz mxgve Zv we kl K i g~ja bi ^ízv I GKK cwipvjbv I ÿz`ª AvqZ bi Rb Askx`vwi e emv qi DrcwË nq wkš Askx`vwi e emvqi g~ja bi mxgve Zv, AvBbMZ mxgve Zv, vwqz nxbzv I Amxg `v qi fvi _ K gy³ n Z cv iwb GK mgq gvby li Pvwn`v, cö qvrbxqzv I e emv qi AvIZv AviI e w c Z _v K djköæwz Z AvB bi wfwë Z m wó nq AwaK g~jab I e n`vqz bi h _ g~jabx e emvq hv Kv úvwb msmvb bv gi cwiwpz KwZcq e w³ ^ Qvq wgwjz n q wbw` ó D Ïk AR bi Rb mw wjzfv e cuywr mieivn K i mxgve `v qi wfwë Z h e emvq MVb K i Zv K Kv úvwb msmvb ev h _ g~jabx Kv úvwb e j h _ g~jabx e emvq AvB bi gva g m ó I cwipvwjz nq me cö_g Kv úvwb AvBb cvm nq weª U b 1844 mv j hv `The joint stock Company Act 1844 bv g cwiwpz wqj weªwuk kvwmz fvizxq Dcgnv ` k cö_g Kv úvwb AvBb cvm nq 1850 mv j 1913 mv j fvizxq Kv úvwb AvBb Avevi bzzb K i cvm nq ^vaxb evsjv ` ki A bk eqi hver 1913 mv ji Kv úvwb AvBb Pvjy wqj Kv úvwb AvB bi e vck ms vi K i 1994 mv j evsjv ` k bzzb Kv úvwb AvBb cöez b Kiv nq ez gv b evsjv ` ki mkj Kv úvwb e emvq 1994 mv ji AvBb Abyhvqx cwipvwjz n Q KwZcq e w³ ^ Qvq gybvdv AR bi D Ï k h _fv e g~jab wewb qvm K i ` ki cöpwjz Kv úvwb AvBb Abyhvqx Kvb e emvq MVb Ki j Zv K Kv úvwb msmvb e j G e emv wbr bvg I mxj gvni Øviv cwipvwjz Ges m`m `i _ K wfbœ Aw Í Z i AwaKvix n q _v K

41 34 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî mgevq mwgwzi aviyv Concept of Co-operative Society mgev qi kvwãk A_ n jv mw wjz D ` vm ev cö Póvq KvR Kiv mw wjz cö Póvq GwM q hviqvi Aby cöiyv I wpšív _ KB mgev qi DrcwË wkíwecøe I cöhyw³wbf i e n`vqzb e emvq msmv bi wekv ki d j c~uwrev`x mgvr e e vi wfz hz greyz n Z _v K, Gi cöfv e mgv Ri A_ bwzk elg I `Lv w` Z _v K ^íweë I ga weë köwyi ckvrxex I e emvwqiv Avw_ Kfv e `~ie vi m ylxb n Z _v K cyuwrevw` mgv Ri m ó G RvZxq A_ bwzk elg I `~ie v _ K gyw³i cöqv m we k i wewfbœ ` k mgevq msmvb M o D V me cö_g mgevq Av `vj bi m~pbv nq cwðg BD ivc, DËi Av gwikv I Rvcv b Z e mgevq mwgwz cöwzôvi c _ AMÖcw_K msmvb n Q 1844 mv j DËi Bsj v Ûi ip Wj bvgk v b cöwzwôz ip Wj mgevq mwgwz (Rochdale Equitable Pioneers Society) 28 Rb ZuvZ köwg Ki 28 vwj s cvdû cyuwr wb q cöwzwôz G mgevq mwgwz K we k i me cö_g mgevq e emvq wn m e MY Kiv nq mgv Ri kªgrxex, ga weë I ^íwe Ëi KwZcq e w³ ^ Qvq wgwjz n q mgwakv ii wfwë Z wb R `i Avw_ K DbœwZi Rb h e emvq msmvb M o Zv j Zv K mgevq mwgwz e j gybvdv AR b bq, m`m `i Kj vymvabb mgevq mwgwzi cöavb D Ïk ivóªxq e emv qi aviyv Concept of the State Enterprise mvaviy A _ mikvi KZ K MwVZ, cwipvwjz I wbqwš Z e emvq K ivóªxq e emvq e j Giƒc e emvq ivóª KZ K cöwzwôz n Z cv i Avevi e w³gvwjkvbvaxb h Kv bv e emvq K iv óªi cö qvr bi RvZxqKi Yi gva g ivóªxq e emv q wbqš Y, cövk wzk m ú`mn mkj m ú `i mymg eèb I e env ii D Ï k Ges we kl wkqz RbKj vyg~jk ÿ Î ivóªxqfv e e emvq cöwzwôz n q _v K ZvQvov `kiÿv I wbivcëvi Rb A wbg vy wk íi Dci wbqš Y ivlvi D Ï k I cöwzôv I cwipvwjz n q _v K ez gv b we k i cövq me ` kb ivóªxq cwipvjbvq ek wkqz e emvq cwipvwjz n q _v K e emvq Rv Ui aviyv Concept of Business Combination e emvq RvU g~jz Kv úvwb msmv bib e vckzi I ewa Z iƒc Dbwesk kz Ki wøzxqv a awb `kmg~ ni Kv úvwb gvwjkmy wb R `i ga Kvi cöwz hvwmzv n«vm, GK PwUqv e emvq cöwzôv Ges m e v P gybvdv AR bi Rb mw wjz n q RvU MVb K ib Uªv, Kv U j, nvwìs Kv úvwb, cyj cöf wz G ai bi Rv Ui wewfbœ iƒc RvU MV bi d j mgv R awb-`wi `ªi cv_ K e vckzi nq Ges köwy msmöv gi aviyv ` pg~j n Z _v K h _ D ` v M e emv qi aviyv Concept of Joint Venture Business `wk I we `wk D ` v³v `i mgš^ q Kv bv e emvq MVb I cwipvjbv Kiv n j Zv K h _ D ` v M e emvq e j Dbœqbkxj I awb `k jvi D ` v³v `i mgš^ q Giƒc e emvq ez gv b ek RbwcÖqZv jvf K i Q Giƒc e emv qi we kl myweav n jv, G Z ` ki Af ší i we `wk cyuwr I cöhyw³i mnr AvMgb N U, Af šíixy m ú `i m e v P e envi m e nq Ges we `wk D ` v³v `i mvnp h `kxq D ` v³vmy `ÿzv AR b Ki Z cv i d j wkívqb Z ivwš^z nq

42 3.02 GKgvwjKvbv e emv qi ewkó Features of Sole Proprietorship Business Any kind of e-book & Software : GKgvwjKvbv e emvq 35 GK gvwjkvbv e emv qi ^Zš wkqy ewkó i q Q hv Ab vb e emvq _ K G K c _K K i iv L GK gvwjkvbv e emvq n Q c w_exi cövpxbzg e emvq GKgvwjKvbv e emv q AvBbMZ Zgb Sv gjv bb Ges h KD B Q Ki j ^í cuywr wb q G e emv ïiæ Ki Z cv i wb gœ GKgvwjKvbv e emv qi ewkó mg~n wpwýz Kiv n jv G RvZxq cªwzôvb MVb Kiv LyeB mnr I mij h Kv bv e w³ h Kv bv mg q G cökvi Kvievi MVb Ki Z cv i Giƒc Kvievi vcb Kivi Rb mikvwi AvBb I wbq gi Kv bv eva evakzv _v K bv Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): G RvZxq e emv qi g~jab gvwjk wb RB mieivn K i m wbr ^ mâq n Z g~ja bi ms vb Ki Z cv i A_ev cö qvrb n j wb Ri `vwq Z Ac ii wbku n Z FY K i g~ja bi Afve c~iy Ki Z cv i e emv qi mkj SzuwK gvwjk GKvB enb K i gvwjkb e emv qi cök Z AwaKvix myzivs Zv KB e emv qi mg Í SzuwK I AwbðqZv enb Ki Z nq e emvq cwipvjbv I e e vcbvi m ú~y `vwqz n jv gvwj Ki Aek gvwjk ^qs e e vcbvi bxwz I c wz wba viy K i A bk ÿ Î e emv qi cöz ÿ cwipvjbvi `vwqz Kg Pvixi Dci Q o w` Z cv i e emv qi AvqZb ÿz`ª niqvq wm vší MÖn Y KvD K WvK Z nq bv gvwjk h Kv bv cwiw wz Z `ªæZ wm vší MÖnY Ki Z cv i wnmve Zwii ÿ Î Kv bv euvavaiv wbqg bb gvwjk Zvi wb Ri g Zv K i wnmve msiÿy Ki Z cv i ZvB G ÿ Î GKZidv `vwljv c wz Z wnmve ivlv nq Giƒc e emvq cöwzôv bi GKK KZ Z i AwaKvix niqvq h Kv bv wel q m `ªæZ wm vší MÖnY Ki Z cv i GRb G ai bi e emv q AwaKZi bgbxqzv jÿ Kiv hvq GKgvwjKvbv e emv q gvwjk wb RB e emvq cwipvjbv K i weavq µzv, mieivnkvwi, Kg Pvix BZ vw` c ÿi mv _ Zvi cöz ÿ m úk M o D V ZvB cöz ÿ m úk hlv b e emvwqk ^v _ AZ vek K, mlv b G ai bi e emvqb me v cÿv DËg Giƒc e emv qi Kv bv AvBbMZ c _K mëv bb Kvievi n Z gvwjk K c _K K i `Lv nq bv Giƒc e emv qi vwqz gvwj Ki B Qvi Dci wbf ikxj gvwjk B Qv Ki j h Kv bv mgq e emvq wu q dj Z cv i Avevi B Qv Ki j hzw`b Lywk ZZw`b ch ší m Kvievi Pvjy ivl Z cv i

43 36 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî Kg cî-1 GKgvwjKvbv e emv qi ewkó jv we køly K i G e emv qi iæz wpwýz Ki 3.03 GKgvwjKvbv e emv qi iyz Importance of Sole Proprietorship Business ez gv b MwZkxj we k i RwUj A_ bwzk mgv R GKgvwjKvbv e emv qi iæz I cö qvrbxqzv Acwimxg Av Mi w` b AvZ wbf ikxj A_ bwzk e e vq gvbyl hlb ïay cö qvrbxq wrwbm Drcv`b K i Zv `i cö qvrb wguv Zv ZLb GKgvwjKvbv e emv qi ZZUv iæz wqj bv wkší Kv ji weez b mf Zvi µgwekv ki mv _ mv _ gvby li Pvwn`v e w, e n`vqzb Drcv`b, hvmv hvm I cwienb e e vi DbœwZ BZ vw` Ki Y GKgvwjKvbv e emv qi iæz w`b w`b e w cv Q wb b wewfbœ ` wó KvY _ K GKgvwjKvbv e emv qi iæz Av jvpbv Kiv n jv 1 mnr MVb (Easy Formation): GKgvwjKvbv e emv qi MVb cöyvwj AZ ší mnr e n`vqzb e emv qi MVb I cwipvjbv c wz LyeB RwUj Ges AvbyôvwbKZv cvjb Ki Z nq G Kvi Y G ai bi e emvq cöwzôvb M o Zzj Z mevb cq ` K i 2 Kg SzuwK (Small risk): GKgvwjKvbv e emvq `vq Amxg n ji SzuwKi cwigvy Kg mzk Zv I wbôvi m ½ KvR Ki j SzuwK K mvd j i nvwzqv i iƒcvšíwiz Kiv hvq 3 g~ja bi ^ízv (Limited capital): evsjv ` ki AwaKvsk jvkb `wi`ª Zv `i mâq I g~ja bi cwigvy LyeB Kg ZvB GKgvwjKvbv e emvq Zv `i cq `i ZvwjKvq AMÖvwaKvi cvq 4 mâq I wewb qvm e w (Increase of saving and investments): kni I MÖvgM Ä e vck Rb Mvôx Giƒc e emvq M o Zvjvi gvb m Zv `i ÿz`ª mâq K GKwÎZ K i G ai bi e emvq MVb K i _v K hv ` ki Rb g~jab MVb Ges wewb qvm I Drcv`b e w Z iyz c~y f~wgkv cvjb K i _v K 5 RxebhvÎvi gv bvbœqb (Raising standard of living): RvZxq Avq I m ú` e w i mv _ mv _ gvby li RxebhvÎvi gv bvbœqb n q _v K Ab w` K Pvwn`v Abyhvqx cy `ªe mieivn K i G e emvq gvby li RxebhvÎvi gv bvbœq b we kl f~wgkv cvjb K i _v K 6 AbybœZ A_ bwzk Ae v (Undeveloped economy): evsjv ` ki Av_ -mvgvwrk Ae v gv UB DbœZ bq Af šíixy I vbxq Pvwn`v c~i Yi Rb cöavbz ÿz`ª ÿz`ª cöwzôv bi gva g cy Drcv`b Kiv nq e n`vqzb Drcv` bi Rb cö qvrbxq cyuwr I cöhyw³i NvUwZ _vkvq ÿz`ªvqz bi GKgvwjKvbv e emvqb G ` k RbwcÖq

44 GKgvwjKvbv e emvq 37 7 e vck mev cö`vb (Rendering of greater service): ^í g~jab wb q AwZ mn R G e emvq kn ii K `ª j _ K ïiy K i MÖvg-M Äi me Î M o I V ZvB cö qvrbxq cy I mevmvgmöx mn R fv³v mvavi Yi nv Z Zz j w` q G e emvq e vck Rb Mvôx K mev cö`vb Ki Z cv i 8 Kg ms vb (Employment): GKKfv e cöwzwu e emvq cöwzôv b Kg msl K jv Ki Kg ms vb n ji mgwómzfv e AwaK msl K jv Ki ekvi mgm v `~ixki Y GwU AZ ší iæz c~y f~wgkv cvjb K i _v K 9 m ú `i mymg eèb (Proper distribution of wealth): GKgvwjKvbv e emvq ` ki h Kv bv v b M o DV Z cv i e j m ú `i mymg eè bi ÿ Î iæz c~y f~wgkv cvjb K i _v K 10 RvZxq Avq I m ú` e w (Increase of national income and wealth): m ú `i mymg eè bi d j e w³mz Avq I m ú` e w i cvkvcvwk RvZxq Avq I m ú` e w c q _v K cwi k l ejv hvq h, GKgvwjKvbv e emv q gvby li iywp, cq `, B Qv BZ vw` K cövavb `qv nq e j e n`vqzb e emv qi cvkvcvwk GwU AvRI wu K Av Q ZvB GKgvwjKvbv e emv qi iæz Acwimxg Any kind of e-book & Software : Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): GKgvwjKvbv e emv qi Dchy³ ÿî Suitable Areas for Sole Proprietorship Business GKgvwjKvbv e emv qi Ggb wkqz ewkó I myweav Av Q h Kvi Y G RvZxq e emvq mk ji wbku RbwcÖq hme ÿ Î GKgvwjKvbv e emvq AwaK Dc hvmx wb gœ mb ÿî jv Av jvpbv Kiv n jv ^í cuywr wewb qvm (Investment of small capital): wpî: ^ícyuwri e emv wkqy wkqy Kvievi Av Q h jvi MVb I cwipvjbvi Rb Lye mvgvb cuywr n jb P j Giƒc Kvievi GKgvwjKvbv e emv qi Rb Dchy³ hgb: gyw`lvbv, cvb-wewoi `vkvb, Pv qi `vkvb, mjyb, dwiiqvjv BZ vw` cwiez bkxj Pvwn`vi cy `ªe (Goods of flexible demand): hme c Y i iæwp I Pvwn`v wbqwgz cwiez bkxj m ÿ Î fv³v `i Pvwn`v Abyhvqx cy `ªe hvmv bi Rb GKgvwjKvbv e emvqb cö hvr hgbñcömvabx mvgmªx, Ry qjvwi, m wlb cy BZ vw`

45 38 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî ÿz`ªvqzb e emvq (Small Scale Business): me ai bi ÿz`ªvqzb e emvq-evwyr I wkí cöwzôvb GKgvwjKvbv e emv qi Aax b cwipvwjz nq hgb ÿz`ª I KzwUi wkí, LyPiv Kvievi BZ vw` cpbkxj cy (Perishable Goods): cpbkxj e emvq mvaviyz GKgvwjKvbvi wfwë Z cwipvwjz n q _v K G ai bi cy `ªe `ªæZ evrvirvzki Yi cö qvrb n q c o hgb gvq, gvsm, `ya, djg~j, kvk-mewr, wwg BZ vw` ckv`vwi e emvq (Professional businesss): wpî: ckv`vwi e emvqx ckv`vwi e emvqmg~n cövqb GKgvwjKvbvi wfwë Z MwVZ I cwipvwjz n q _v K hgb Wv³vwi, AvBb e emvq, cöwzwbwa e emvq, PvU vw GKvDw Us dvg BZ vw` cöz ÿ mev`vb (Direct services): hme e emv _ K fv³viv cöz ÿ mev Pvq m jv GKK gvwjkvbvi wfwë Z msmwvz niqv DËg hgb Kb dkkbvwi e emvq, Pyj KvUv mjyb, jwûª cöf wz Kvievi vbxq mxwgz Pvwn`v (Local limited demand) : hme c Y i Pvwn`v vbxqfv e mxgve m jvi Drcv`b I eè bi Rb GKgvwjKvbv e emvq m e vëg K wlr c Y i e emvq (Business of agricultural goods): K wlr c Y i e emvq AwaKvsk ÿ ÎB GKgvwjKvbv e emvq nq hgb av bi e emvq, cv Ui e emvq BZ vw` fvm c Y i `vkvb (Consumer goods shop): me ai bi wbz e envh fvm c Y i `vkvb GKgvwjKvbv e emv qi wfwë Z cwipvwjz nq hgb-gwbnvwi `vkvb, gyw` `vkvb BZ vw` cwienb I R vjvwb e emvq (Business of transportation and fuel): cy `ªe I hvîx mvaviy cwien b wbhy³ Kvievi cöwzôvbmg~n GKgvwjKvbvi wfwë Z cwipvwjz n q _v K hgb evm, UªvK, jâ, c Uªvj cv ú BZ vw` wpî: cwienb e emvq

46 GKgvwjKvbv e emvq 39 cökvkbv e emvq (Publication business): cökvkbv e emvq hgb Le ii KvMR, ebcî, g vmvwrb, mvßvwnk, mvgwqkx BZ vw` LyPiv e emvq mvaviyz GKgvwjKvbv Kviev ii wfwë ZB MwVZ nq Any kind of e-book & Software : e w³mz bcyy cö`k b (Show of individual skill): hme e emv qi ÿ Î e w³mz bcyy cö`k bi gva g e emv qi mv_ KZv AR b Ki Z nq m jv GKgvwjKvbv Kviev ii Aax b cwipvwjz niqv DwPZ hgb wkíkg, Av jvkwpî BZ vw` e emvq ^vaxb RxweKv (Free occupation): ^í SuywK Z ^vaxbfv e gybvdv AR bi D Ï k cöwzwôz Kvievi GKgvwjKvbvi wfwë Z msmwvz nq hgb Kvgvi, Kzgvi, ZuvZx BZ vw` ^í SzuwKi e emvq (Business of minimum risk): Ggb wkqy e emvq Av Q hlv b SuywKi cwigvy G Kev ib Kg Kg Av qi GKK gvwjk G ai bi e emvq K ewk cq ` K i hgbñily ai `vkvb Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): cwi k l ejv hvq, ^ícyuwr, `ªæZ wm vší MÖnY, mnr vbvšíi BZ vw` Kvi Y GKgvwjKvbv e emv A bk ÿ Î e n`vqzb e emv qi Zzjbvq AwaK Dc hvmx G Kvi Y GKgvwjKvbv e emvq DcwiD³ ÿîmg~ n h _ó `ÿzvi mv _ wu K Av Q 3.05 e n`vqzb e emv qi cvkvcvwk ÿz`ªvqzb GKgvwjKvbv e emvq wu K _vkvi KviY Causes of Survival of Sole Proprietorship Business Side by Side with Large Organisation e n`vqzb Drcv`b I jvf AR b cöf wz ÿ Î AwaK myweav fvm Ki ji ÿz`ªvqzb GKgvwjKvbv e emvq we kl KZK jv ÿ Î mvdj jvf K i Q G Kvi Y e n`vqzb e emv qi cvkvcvwk GKgvwjKvbv e emvq AvRI `ÿzvi mv _ wu K Av Q wb b G KviY jv e vl v Kiv n jv 1 MVb myweav (Easy of formation): GKgvwjKvbv e emvq MVb Ki Z Kv bviƒc AvB bi AvbyôvwbKZv cvjb Ki Z nq bv h Kv bv jvk Aí g~ja b Giƒc e emvq MVb Ki Z cv i h Kv bv jvk Aí g~ja b Giƒc e emvq MVb Ki Z cv i wkš e n`vqzb GKgvwjKvbv cöwzôvb MVb Kiv Kómva e j A bk jvk e n`vqzb e emv qi cÿcvwz bq G Kvi YB e n`vqzb e emv qi cvkvcvwk GKgvwjKvbv e emvq wu K Av Q 2 we kl ÿ Îi myweav (Suitability of special field): e nv`vqzb I ÿz`ªvqzb e emvq cöwzôv bi Kvh ÿ Îi cök wz wfbœ wkqy e emv Av Q hv Z e n`vqzb e emvq wb cö qvrb hgbñcvb wewoi `vkvb, gyw`i `vkvb, mjyb cöf wz 3 ^vaxbfv e KvR Kivi my hvm (Opportunity to act independently): gvbyl m wói miv Rxe A bk gvbyl Av Q hviv A b i PvKwi Ki Z cq ` K i bv Zviv ^í cuywr wb q ^vaxbfv e e emv Ki Z Pvq Giƒc g bvfve GKgvwjKvbv e emvq cöwzdwjz n Z `Lv hvq 4 Ae vb (Location): e n`vqzb e emvq mvavyz kn ii K `ª j vwcz nq MÖv gi Avbv P- Kvbv P e n`vqzb e emvq cöwzôv Kiv m e bq G ÿ Î ÿz`ªvqzb GKgvwjKvbv e emvq cªwzôv Kiv evãbxq

47 40 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî 5 Av v I wek vm (Confidence and trust): G ai bi e emv qi gvwjk GKRb gvî e w³ ZvB e n`vqzb e emv qi g Zv A b i Av v I wek v mi cö qvrb c o bv 6 ^í e q (Economy of cost): GKgvwjKvbv e emvq mvaviyz gvwjk wb R ev cwiev ii jvkrb wb q cwipvjbv K i _v Kb d j e emv qi me Í i e q ms KvPb m e nq wkš e n`vqzb e emvq Giƒc e q ms KvPb m e bq d j GKgvwjKvbv e emvq e n`vqzb e emv qi cvkvcvwk mvdj RbKfv e wu K _v K 7 mxwgz Drcv`b I Pvwn`vm úbœ `ª e i Rb Dc hvmx (Suitable for products having limited production and demand): hme c Y i Drcv`b I Pvwn`v mxwgz Ges vbxq MwÛi g a mxgve mme c Y i Drcv`b I eè bi ÿ Î GKgvwjKvbv e emvq AwaK Dc hvmx 8 mnr cwipvjbv (Easy administration): mxwgz AvqZb I mxwgz c Y i e emvq niqvq GKgvwjKvbv e emvq cwipvjbv Kiv mnr nq Kbbv e n`vqzb e emv qi g Zv cwipvjbvmz AvbyôvwbKZv cvjb Ki Z nq bv 9 ^í SzuwK (Limited risk): AZ ší `ÿzvi mv _ G ai bi e emvq cöwzôvb cwipvwjz nq e j e n`vqzb e emv qi Zyjbvq SuywKI Kg _v K 10 Pvwn`vi bgbxqzv (Flexibility of demand): ez gvb cöwz hvwmzvg~jk evrv i µzvi Pvwn`v I iywp w`b w`b cwiez b n Q Giƒc cwiewz Z iywpi mv _ Zvj wgwj q Pj Z n j e n`vqzb e emvq A cÿv ÿz`ªvqzb GKgvwjKvbv e emvq AwaK Dc hvmx cwi k l ejv hvq, e n`vqzb Drcv`b I eè bi hy MI GKgvwjKvbv e emvq evwyr Kvh Ki fywgkv ivl Q e n`vqzb e emv q cöwz hvmx bv n q Zvi mn hvmx wn m e GKgvwjKvbv e emv qi iæz w`b w`b e w cv Q Kg cî-2 GKgvwjKvbv e emv qi ewkó, iæz I Dchy³ ÿîmg~n we køly K i Gi RbwcÖqZvi KviY jv Lyu R ei Ki

48 eûwbe vpwb cökœ: 1 me P q RbwcÖq Ges mnr I mij cök wzi msmvb Kv bvwu? K. mgevq msmvb L. GKgvwjKvbv e emvq M. h _ g~jabx e emvq N. Askx`vwi e emvq Any kind of e-book & Software : GKgvwjKvbv e emvq 41 2 GKgvwjKvbv e emvq mxwgz AvqZ bi nq Kb? K. ^í cyuwr I GKK mvg _ i mxgve Zvi Rb L. GKK gybvdv fvm Kivq M. cöz ÿ m ú K i R b N. AwbwðZ vwq Z i R b wb Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 3 I 4 bs cö kœi DËi `vi ^íwkwÿz ivzzj hye Dbœqb cöwkÿy GKv Wwg _ K Kw úduv ii Uªwbs bq evrv i GKwU QvU dvb I d Uv vu Gi `vkvb wqj Zvi Gi mv _ Kw úduvi K úv Ri KvRwU hy³ K i ivzzj Kv R mnvqzv Kivi Rb QvU fvb kvwkj I Zvi eüy wgbnvr K mv _ bq 3 ivzz ji e emvqwu Kv bv ai bi e emvq? K. GKgvwjKvbv L. Askx`vwi M. h _ gvwjkvbv N. mgevq 4 ivzy ji e emv qi d j i. Zvi Avq e w c q Q Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): ii. Kg ms vb n q Q iii. fv³v `i Pvwn`v c~iy n Q wb Pi Kv bvwu mwvk? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i,ii I iii

49 42 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî m Rbkxj cökœ: 1 ^vaxb PZv ekvi hyek cöyq 10 nvrvi UvKv avi K i gvu 20 nvrvi UvKvi cy wk b gyw`i `vkvb mvwr q e emvq ïiæ K ib ^í cyuwri Kvi Y Zvi `vkv b ch vß cy mvgmöx bb d j m cövqb µzvi Pvwn`v c~i Y e _ nq G Z m fxly wpwšíz n q c o GgZve vq vbxq K qkrb µzvi civg k m hme cy w` Z cv i bv Zvi GKUv ZvwjKv K i ciez x Z Hme cy `vkv b Zv j wkqz w` bi g a B Zvi weµq e w cvq Ges ax i ax i m cöwzwôz e emvqx n q I V K. GKgvwjKvbv e emvq Kx? L. GKgvwjKvbv e emvq Kb GZ RbwcÖq? M. GKgvwjKvbv e emv qi Kvb ewkó wu DÏxc Ki e emvwq K cöwzwôz e emvqx n Z mvnvh K i Q e vl v Ki N. DÏxc Ki cwiw wz Z GKgvwjKvbv e emvq wbe vpb Kivi wm v šíi h w³kzv e vl v Ki 2 Rbve mvjgvb cvuprb Kg x wb q kvcjv e vjq bv g GKwU Kvc oi `vkvb cwipvjbv K ib evrv i cöwz hvwmzv gvkv ejvq g~jab e w Kivi Rb g wlk mg SvZvi wfwë Z wzwb Zvi eüz Kwjg K e emv qi m`m K ib G Z cöwzôvbwu jvfrbk n q D V wkš GKRb `bv`vi GK jÿ UvKv `bv cwi kv a Mwogwm Ki ji wzwb mb cvibv Av`v qi Rb AvBbx e e v wb Z cvi Qb bv d j cöwzôvbwu mgm vi m ywlb nq K. e emvq RvU Kx? L. h _ D ` v M e emvq ej Z Kx eys? M. Rbve Kwjg K m`m bqvi c~ e DÏxc K ewy Z cöwzôvbwui aib wk wqj e vl v Ki N. DÏxc K DwjøwLZ cöwzôvbwu fwel Z Giƒc mgm v Gov Z KiYxq Kx? hyw³mn Zvgvi gzvgz `vi

50 Any kind of e-book & Software : PZz_ Aa vq Askx`vwi e emvq PARTNERSHIP BUSINESS e emvq cwiev ii wøzxq m`m n jv Askx`vwi msmvb GKgvwjKvbv e emv q GKK gvwj Ki cuywr I mvg _ i mxgve Zvi Kvi Y GK ch v q eo ai bi msmv bi cö qvrb Abyf~Z nq djköæwz Z GKvwaK e w³i gvwjkvbv I ZË veav b m wó nq Askx`vwi msmvb G e emv q b~ bzg 2 Rb Ges me vwak 20 Rb m`m _v K Z e e vswks e emv qi ÿ Î me vwak 10 Rb m`m _v K 1932 mv ji fvizxq Askx`vwi AvBb Abyhvqx, ÒmKj e w³i Øviv ev mk ji c ÿ GKRb Øviv cwipvwjz e emv qi gybvdv wb R `i g a eè bi wbwg Ë KwZcq e w³e M i g a Pyw³e m úk B n jv Askx`vwi e emvq evsjv ` k ez gv b 1932 mv ji Askx`vwi AvBbwU cöpwjz i q Q Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): G Aa vq cvv k l Avgiv Rvb Z cvie Askx`vwi e emv qi ewkó mg~n Askx`vwi e emv qi MVb cªyvwj Askx`vwi e emv qi myweav I mxgve Zv/Amyweav Askx`vwi e emv qi cökvi f` Askx`vwi e emv qi Pzw³c Îi bgybv I welqe Askx`vwi e emv qi wbeüb c wz Ges wbeüb bv Kivi cwiyvg Askx`vi `i aib Askx`vi `i hvm Zv Askx`vwi e emv qi we jvcmvab cöwµqv evsjv ` k Askx`vwi e emv qi ez gvb Ae v

51 44 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî 4.01 Askx`vwi e emv qi aviyv Concept of Partnership Business Askx`vwi e emvq GKwU cövpxb ai bi msmvb ïiæ Z GKK gvwjkvbvi wfwë Z G msmvb cöwzôv jvf Ki ji GK ch v q G m Kv bv Kv bv ÿ Î e emvwqk cª qvr bb GKvwaK e w³ mvg _ i mgš^q Acwinvh n q c o Rb bq Askx`vwi e emvq msmv bi mnr A _ G Ki AwaK e w³ gybvdv AR bi D Ï k Askx`vwiZ ev kwikvbvi wfwë Z h e emvq MVb K i Zv K Askw`vwi e emvq e j e vck A _ Kgc ÿ `yrb Ges m e v P wekrb (e vswks e emv qi ÿ Î m e v P `krb) e w³ gybvdv ARb I Zv wb R `i g a eè bi wbwg Ë Pzw³e n q ^ Qvq h e emvq cöwzôvb M o Zv j Zv K Askx`vwi e emvq ejv n q _v K 1932 mv ji Askx`vwi AvB bi 4bs avivq ejv n q QÑÒmK ji Øviv A_ev mk ji c ÿ h Kv bv GKR bi Øviv cwipvwjz e emv qi gybvdv wb R `i g a eèb Kivi D Ï k Pzw³e e w³ `i g a h m ú K i m wó nq, Zv K Askx`vwi e emvq e j Ó 4.02 Askx`vwi e emv qi ewkó mg~n Features of Partnership Business Askx`vwi e emvq `yb ev Z ZvwaK e w³i mw wjz Pyw³i gva g MwVZ GKwU e emvq msmvb gvwjkvbv MVb I cwipvjbvmz wewfbœ w`k _ K Askx`vwi e emvq KZK jv ewk ó i AwaKvix hv G e emvq K Ab vb e emvq _ K Avjv`v K i Q wb gœ Askx`vwi e emv qi ewkó mg~n Av jvpbv Kiv n jv: 1. Askx`v ii msl v (Number of partners): evsjv ` k cöpwjz AvBb Abymv i Kgc ÿ `yrb Ges mvaviy e emv q 20 R bi AbwaK e w³i mgš^ q G e emvq MwVZ nq cöm½µ g D jøl Kiv cö qvrb h, e vswks e emv qi ÿ Î 10 R bi AwaK n j D³ cöwzôvb K cö Z K m` m i Rb GK nvrvi UvKv ch ší Rwigvbv w` Z n Z cv i 2. Pzw³e m úk (Contractual relation): Pzw³B Askx`vwi e emv qi g~j wfwë Pzw³i gva gb Askx`vwi e emv qi m wó nq Rb MZ ev mvgvwrk AwaKvi e j bq `yb ev Z ZvwaK e w³ e emvq cöwzôvi j ÿ Pzw³ Z Ave n jb Askx`vi `i Pyw³e m úk cöwzwôz nq 3. mnr MVb cöyvwj (Easy formation): Askx`vwi e emvq msmvb h _ g~jabx Kv úvwb MV bi g Zv ZZ RwUj bq `yb ev Z ZvwaK e w³ (wkš mvaviy e emv q 20 R bi AwaK bq, Ges e vswks e emv q 10 R bi AwaK bq) GK Î wgwjz n q Pzw³e n q G e emvq MVb Ki Z cvi e e emv qi D³ Pzw³ g wlk ev wjwlz DfqB n Z cv i D³ Pzw³ wbeüb ev AwbeÜbK Z n Z cv i Z e Pzw³i D Ïk Aek B AvBbm Z n Z n e 4. g~jab (Capital): e emv qi g~jab Askx`viMY hvmvb `q K KZUzKz g~jab hvmvb w` e Zv Zv `i wb R `i g a m úvw`z Pzw³i Dci wbf i K i G wel q Kv bv Pzw³ bv _vk j Zviv mgvbfv e g~jab hvmvq cöm½µ g D jl Kiv cö qvrb h, Kv bv g~jab bv w` q Askx`vi n Z cv i Ges gybvdv eè b AskMÖnY Ki Z cv i

52 Askx`vwi e emvq `vq-`vwqz (Liabilities): Askx`vwi e emv qi `bvi Rb cö Z K Askx`vi e w³mz I mgwómzfv e `vqx _v K A_ vr e emv q jvkmvb n j jvkmv bi fvm Zv `i g a m úvw`z Pzw³ Abymv i fvm K i `qv nq jvkmv bi fvm ïay GKR bi c ÿ enb Kiv m e n j Ges Ab m`m `i c ÿ Zv enb Kiv m e bv n j weëkvjx GKRb K mkj jvkmv bi SzuwK enb Ki Z nq ms ÿ c ejv hvq, Askx`v ii `vq mxgvnxb Ges Zviv e w³mz I mgwómzfv e Kviev ii `bvi Rb `vqx _v K 6. jf vsk eèb (Profit sharing): Kv bv Askx`vi KZ jf vsk cv e Zv Zv `i g a m úvw`z Pzw³i Dci wbf i K i Pzw³ Z gybvdv eè bi D jl bv _vk j evsjv ` ki Askx`vwi AvBb Abymv i cö Z K Askx`vi mgvb Abycv Z gybvdv fvm Kivi AwaKvix 7. ci ú ii cöwz ci ú ii Av v I wek vm (Mutual trust and confidence): Askx`vi `i g a cvi úwik mwøk vm I Av v Askx`vwi Kviev ii GKwU ewkó G K Ac ii cöwz wek v mi Dci Askx`vwi e emv qi Aw ÍZ wbf i K i A bk mgq GK ev GKvwaK Askx`v ii c ÿ n q e emvq cwipvjbv K i m ÿ Î Askx`viMY D³ e w³i cöwz Av vevb bv n j e emvq Pj Z cv i bv GKRb Askx`vi Zvnvi Kvh Øviv cö Z K Askx`vi K mgfv e Ave K i Ges e emvq Kv bv jvkmvb `Lv w` j Zv mgfv e ev Pzw³ gvzv ek mkj Askx`vi K enb Ki Z nq 8. wbeüb (Registration): Askx`vwi e emv qi wbeüb eva Zvg~jK bq GwU wbewüz n Z cv i bvi n Z cv i Z e fwel r weev` Gov bvi Rb wbeüb Kiv fv jv GwU 1932 mv ji Askx`vwi AvBb Øviv wbqwš Z nq 9. mëv (Entity): e emvq cöwzôv bi gvwjkvbv n Z Gi c _K Kv bv mëv bvb Askx`viM Yi e w³mz e emv qi mëv bb h _-g~jabx Kv úvwbi b vq dvg (Firm) ev cöwzôvb wbr bv g Pzw³ Z Ave n Z cv i bv G Kvi Y G RvZxq cöwzôvb Ab Kv bv Askx`vwi e emv qi m`m n Z cv i bv ev Ab Kv bv e w³i mv _ Askx`vwi Pzw³ Z Ave n Z cv i bv 10. Askx`vi `i hvm Zv (Capacity of partners): ` ki cövß eq h Kv bv bvmwik Askx`vwi e emv qi m`m n Z cv i Z e cvmj, bvevjk, `Dwjqv cöf wz e w³ Pzw³ m úv` bi Abychy³ weavq Askx`vwi e emv qi m`m n Z cv i bv Any kind of e-book & Software : Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): cwi k l ejv hvq h, D jwlz ewkó mg~n Askx`vwi msmvb K ^KxqZv `v bi gva g Dc hvmx ÿ Î mdjzvi mv _ e emvwqk Kg KvÐ cwipvjbv Ki Z mnvqzv Ki Q Kg cî-1 Askx`vwi e emv qi aviyv I ewkó jv we køly K i D³ e emv qi AviI wkqz myweav I Amyweav ei Ki Askx`vwi e emv qi myweav Askx`vwi e emv qi Amyweav

53 46 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî 4.03 Askx`vwi e emv qi MVb c wz Formation of Partnership Organization Askx`vwi e emvq MVb Kiv mnr `yb ev Z ZvwaK e w³ gybvdv AR bi D Ï k wb R `i g a Pzw³e n q g~jab mieivn K i G e emvq MVb Ki Z cv i Avgv `i ` k 1932 mv ji Askx`vwi AvBb Abyhvqx G e emvq MwVZ I wbqwš Z n q _v K Askx`vwi e emvq MVb Ki Z n j wbæwjwlz c wz AbymiY Ki Z nq GKwÎZ niqv Pzw³cÎ m úv`b Pzw³cÎ wbeüb UªW jvb mý msmön Ab vb mikvwi `ß ii AbygwZ e emvq ïi wpî : Askx`vwi e emv qi MVb c wz 1 GKwÎZ niqv (Being united): cö_ g cö qvrbxq msl K D ` v³v ev m`m e emv qi D Ï k GKwÎZ n eb 1932 mv ji Askx`vwi AvB bi weavb Abymv i me wbæ m`m msl v 2 Rb Ges m e v P m`m msl v mvaviy ÿ Î 20 Rb Ges e vswks Askx`vwi e emv qi ÿ Î 10 Rb 2 Pzw³cÎ m úv`b (Sign contract): Askx`vwi e emvq m úwk Z welq hgbñg~ja bi cwigvy, jvf jvkmvb eèb, cvi úwik AwaKvi BZ vw` D jøl K i m`m `i g a Pzw³cÎ m úv`b Ki Z nq Z e Pzw³cÎ Qvov g wlk Pzw³i wfwë ZI Askx`vwi e emvq MwVZ n Z cv i 3 Pzw³cÎ wbeüb (Register contract): G ch v q Askx`vi `i Øviv m úvw`z Pzw³cÎ mikvi wba vwiz wbeü Ki Awd m wbeüb Kiv Z nq Aek AvB b Pzw³c Îi wbeüb eva Zvg~jK Kiv nqwb A_ vr Gi wbeüb bv Ki ji P j 4 UªW jvb mý msmön (Collecting trade licence): e emvq ïiæ Kivi Rb G ch v q vbxq c imfv ev wmwu K c v ik bi wba vwiz Awdm _ K wba vwiz wd Rgv w` q UªW jvb mý msmön Ki Z nq Aek c i GjvKvi evb i G ai bi UªW jvb mý Lye iæz c~y bq 5 Ab vb mikvwi `ß ii AbygwZ (Permission from other Govt. authority): G ÿ Î e emv qi cök wz Abymv i mswkøó mikvwi `ßi _ K AbygwZ wb Z nq hgb ißvwbgylx Mv g Um BÛvw ªi Rb ißvwb Dbœqb eÿ iv Ges Uªv fj G RwÝi ÿ Î emvgwik wegvb PjvPj I ch Ub gš Yvj qi AbygwZ cö qvrb 6 e emvq ïiæ (Start Business): DcwiD³ AvbyôvwbKZvmg~n mdjfv e mgvß n j Askx`viMY gybvdv AR bi Rb e emvwqk Kg KvÛ ïiæ K ib cwi k l ejv hvq h, Dc i ewy Z AvbyôvwbKZvmg~n avivevwnkfv e AbymiY K i GKwU Askx`vwi e emvq msmvb MwVZ n Z cv i Z e me ai bi Askx`vwi e emv qi ÿ Î DwjøwLZ mkj AvbyôvwbKZv cvjb Kivi cö qvrb bvi n Z cv i

54 4.04 Askx`vwi e emv qi cökvi f` Types of Partnership Business Any kind of e-book & Software : Askx`vwi e emvq 47 GKvwaK e w³ Pzw³i gva g gybvdv AR bi Rb h e emvq M o Zv j Zv K Askx`vwi e emvq e j ev Íe ÿ Î Avgiv K qk ai bi Askx`vwi e emvq `wl wb gœ e emv qi cök wz I Askx`vi `i `vq-`vwq Z i wfwë Z G e emvq K K qkwu kªwy Z wef³ Kiv hvq h_v Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): mvaviy Askx`vwi e emvq Askx`vwi e emvq mxgve Askx`vwi e emvq/ mxwgz Askx`vwi e emvq Hw QK Askx`vwi e emvq wbw` ó Askx`vwi e emvq wbw` ó mg qi Rb cöwzwôz Askx`vwi e emvq wbw` ó D Ïk mva bi Rb cöwzwôz Askx`vwi e emvq wpî: Askx`vwi e emv qi cökvi f` 1 mvaviy Askx`vwi e emvq (General partnership business): h Askx`vwi cöwzôv bi Askx`vi `i `vq Amxg Ges Askx`viMY GKK I h _fv e `bv cwi kv ai Rb `vqx _v K Zv K mvaviy Askx`vwi e emvq e j G ai bi Askx`vwi cöwzôv bi cwipvjbvq mkj Askx`v ii mgvb AwaKvi _v K mvaviy Askx`vwi e emvq mk ji Øviv A_ev mk ji c ÿ GK ev GKvwaK Askx`v ii Øviv cwipvwjz evsjv ` k Askx`vwi e emvq ej Z mvaviy Askx`vwi e emvq K eysvq evsjv ` k cöpwjz 1932 mv ji Askx`vwi AvBb Abyhvqx mvaviy Askx`vwi e emv qi wbeüb eva Zvg~jK bq Giƒc e emvq `yõai bi n Z cv i K. Hw QK Askx`vwi e emvq (Partnership at will): 1932 mv ji Askx`vwi AvBb Abymv i Kv bv Askx`vwi Pzw³c Î Askx`viMY e emv qi vwqz ev mxgvbv wba viy bv Ki j Zv K Hw QK Askx`vwi e emvq e j AvBb Abymv i G e emvq wb gœv³fv e MwVZ n Z cv i i. Awbw` ó gqv `i Rb e emvq MwVZ n j; ii. wbw` ó D Ïk mva bi cii e emvq Pvjy _vk j; iii. wbw` ó mg qi cii e emvq Pvjy _vk j;

55 48 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî L. wbw` ó Askx`vwi e emvq (Particular partnership): Askx`vwi AvB bi 8 avivq ejv n q Q h, GKRb e w³ Ab Kv bv e w³i mv _ GK Î Kv bv wbw` ó gqv` ev cö Póvi Rb Askx`vwi wn m e MY n Z cv i G KB wbw` ó ev we kl Askx`vwi e emvq e j Giƒc e emvq `yai bi n Z cv i i. wbw` ó mg qi Rb cöwzwôz Askx`vwi e emvq (Specific term partnership): GKwU wbw` ó mg qi Rb MwVZ Askx`vwi e emvq K wbw` ó mg qi Rb cöwzwôz Askx`vwi e emvq e j G wbw` ó mgq AwZµg niqvi mv _ mv _ Giƒc Askx`vwi e emv qi wejywß N U Z e Askx`viM Yi m wz Z G ai bi e emv qi gqv` kl niqvi cii Pvjy _vk Z cv i ii. wbw` ó D Ïk mva bi Rb cöwzwôz Askx`vwi e emvq (Specific Job partnership): we kl Kv bv D Ïk mva bi Rb Kv bv Askx`vwi e emvq MVb Kiv n j Zv K wbw` ó D Ïk mva bi Rb vwcz Askx`vwi e emvq ejv nq wbw` ó D Ïk AwR Z n j Gi wejywß N U Aek mkj Askx`vi GKgZ n j GiciI Pvjv Z cv i 2 mxgve Askx`vwi e emvq (Limited partnership): GK ev GKvwaK Askx`v ii mxwgz cwigvy `vq-`vwqz wb q h Askx`vwi e emvq MwVZ nq Zv K mxgve Askx`vwi e emvq e j A_ vr hw` Kv bv Askx`v ii `vq Amxg bv _v K ev Kv bv GK ev GKvwaK m` m i `vq Pzw³ Abyhvqx ev AvBbMZ Kvi Y mxgve _v K Zv K mxgve Askx`vwi e emvq e j G e emvq `yõai bi Askx`vi _v K h_v i. mvaviy Askx`vi, hv `i `vq Amxg _v K ii. mxwgz Askx`vi, hv `i `vq mxgve _v K cwi k l ejv hvq h, ` k hme Askx`vwi e emvq Pvjy Av Q Zvi g a mvaviy Askx`vwi e emvq ewk Z e Gi cvkvcvwk mxgve Askx`vwi e emv qii Aw ÍZ jÿ Kiv hvq 4.05 Askx`vwi e emv qi Pzw³cÎ Deed of Partnership Business Askx`vwi e emvq ci úi Pzw³i wfwë Z MwVZ nq Pzw³ Z Ave niqvi cöv v j Askx`vwi msmvb MV b Qy e w³my ^ZtcÖ Yvw`Z n q e emvq msmvb I cwipvjbv msµvší hvezxq welqvw` wba viy K i Ges Zv `i me m wzµ g M nxz welqvw` wjwlzfv e GKwU `wj j mwbœ ewkz K i D³ `wjj KB Askx`vwi Pzw³cÎ e j evsjv ` k envj 1932 mv ji Askx`vwi AvB bi 5 aviv g Z, ÓAskx`vwii m úk Pzw³ n Z Rb jvf K i; mvgvwrk gh v`v e j bq Ó (The relation of partnership arises from contract and not from status )

56 Askx`vwi e emvq 49 hgybv G UvicÖvBR Pzw³cÎ Zvs... 1g c 2q c bvg :... bvg :... wvkvbv :... wvkvbv :... Pzw³i kz vewj : Any kind of e-book & Software : mv xm Yi bvg, wvkvbv I ^v i: Askx`viM Yi bvg I ^v i: Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): wpî: Askx`vwi Pzw³cÎ cwi k l ejv hvq h, Kvievi cwipvjbvi myweavrbk Ges we jvcmvab msµvší kz vewj msewjz wjwlz Askx`vwi Pzw³ K Askx`vwi Pzw³cÎ ev `wjj e j ÒPzw³B Askx`vwi e emv qi wfwëóñe vlv Ki Contract is the Essence of Partnership Explain. Askx`vwi e emv qi g~j wfwë n jv Pzw³ A_ vr Pzw³i gva g GKwU Askx`vwi e emvq Rb jvf K i Ges Pzw³ n Z D ~Z m úk Øviv Askx`vwi e emvq cwipvwjz nq Askx`viM Yi cvi úwik m úk I wba vwiz nq Pyw³i gva g Askx`vwi AvB bi 5 avivq úófv e ejv n q Q h, ÒAskx`vwii m úk Pzw³ n Z Rb jvf K i, AvZ xqzv ev mvgvwrk AwaKvi e j bq Ó (Partnership relation arises from the contract and not from status. ) mvaviyfv e Kv bv e emv q GKvwaK m`m Ges gybvdv eè bi ewkó _vk j Zv K Askx`vwi e emvq g b Kiv nq wkš AvBbMZ wepv i Askx`vwii Aw ÍZ wby q Pzw³e m úk B gyl e j we ewpz D jøwlz msáv Ges Av jvpbvi cöwÿ Z cwijwÿz nq h, Askx`vwi m ck m wó Z Pzw³i Avek KZv i q Q hme D Ïk mva bi Rb Askx`vwi Pzw³ m cbœ Kiv nq Zvn jv i. Kv bv wel qi fyj eysveyws wbimb; ii. Askx`vwi Z i wfwë I iÿvkep wn m e KvR K i; iii. Pzw³cÎ cövgvy `wjj wn m e KvR K i; iv. Z Zxq cÿ n Z FY ev Kv bv cökvi my hvm-myweav cviqvi Rb ; v. Pzw³i wfwë Z e emvq cwipvjbv K i; vi. Askx`vi `i g a cvi úwik m úk wba viy; vii. g~jab Avbqb I Zvi e envi mywbwðz Kivi Rb

57 50 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî wb Pi K qkwu D`vni Yi gva g welqwu e vl v Kiv n jv 1 wn `y hš_ cvwievwik e emvq (Hindu joint family business): Kv bv wn `y cwiev ii m`m iv hw`i Zv `i cwiev ii gvu Avq wb R `i g a eèb K i _v K wkš ïaygvî Pzw³ bv _vkvq ez gv b G K Askx`vwi e emvq ejv hvq bv 2 DËivwaKvi m úk (Heriditary relationship): Pjgvb e emv qi Kv bv m` m i g Zÿ i ci Zvi x ev mšívbiv Kviev ii gybvdv fvm Ki ji Zviv e emvq Askx`vi bq Askx`vi n Z PvB j Zv `i cö Z Ki Avjv`v Avjv`vfv e Ab vb Askx`vi `i mv _ Pzw³e n Z n e 3 c`gh v`v (Designation) : mvgvwrk c`gh v`vi Rb Kv bv Kg Pvix ev Kg KZ v K gybvdvi wkqy Ask cö`vb Kiv n ji Zv K e emv qi Askx`vi ejv hv e bv KviY ïaygvî mvgvwrk c`gh v`vi Rb gybvdvi Ask fvm Ki Q wkš Pzw³ Z Ave bv niqvi Rb Askx`vi bq 4 mvgvwrk Ae vb (Social position) : K qkrb MvwqKvi Mv bi Abyôvb _ K cövß Avq wb R `i g a fvm K i wb ji Zv `i msmvb K Askx`vwi e emvq ejv hvq bv KviY Zv `i g a e emvq ev gybvdv AR b msµvší Kv bv Pzw³ m úvw`z nqwb 5 F Yi gybvdv cövwß (Profit receive for status) : Askx`vwi e emv q FY w` q Kv bv e w³ FY Pyw³ Abyhvqx e emvq n Z gybvdv MÖnY Ki Z cv i wkšíy Zvi mv _ Askx`vwi Pzw³ bv _vkvq Zv K Askx`vi wn m e MY Kiv hv e bv 6 ckv`vwi ` ji gybvdv eèb (Profit distribution in professional group): ckv`vwi mvs wzk `j gybvdv AR bi ci Zv wb R `i g a eèb K i wb ji Zv `i Askx`vi ejv hv e bv KviY Zviv Askx`vwi Pzw³ m úbœ K iwb cwi k l ejv hvq h, Askx`vwi e emv qi Aw ÍZ hvpvb qi cöavb gvckvwv n Q Askx`vi `i g a m úvw`z Pzw³ gyjz Pzw³ wjwlz ev g wlk hfv eb nvk bv Kb Zv e emvq MVb I cwipvjbvi w`k-wb ` kk (Guide line) wn m e we ewpz nq ZvB ejv nq, ÒPzw³B Askx`vwi Kviev ii g~j wfwë Ó Askx`vwi Pzw³c Îi welqe Contents of Partnership Deed Askx`vwi Pzw³cÎ Askx`vwi e emvq cwipvjbvi g~jgš wn m e cwiwpz Askx`viMY wb R `i g a cvi úwik Avjvc-Av jvpbvi gva g wb RivB Pzw³c Îi welqe Í y wba viy K i _v K Askx`vi `i g a fwel Z SMov-weev` I gvgjv- gvkïgv Gov Z Pzw³c Îi kz vewjb Kvh Ki f~wgkv iv L wb æ Askx`vwi Pzw³c Îi welqe Í y D jøl Kiv n jv 1. Askx`vwi e emv qi bvg; 2. e emv qi wvkvbv; 3. e emv qi AvIZvfy³ GjvKv; 4. e emv qi cök wz, D Ïk I AvIZv; 5. e emv qi Kvh µg we Í wzi ez gvb I m ve GjvKv; 6. e emv qi vwqz ; 7. Askx`vi `i bvg, wvkvbv I ckv; 8. e emv qi gvu g~ja bi cwigvy; 9. g~jab Avbqb I msmön c wz;

58 Askx`vwi e emvq Askx`vi `i cök wz wba viy; 11. Askx`vi `i cö Z Ki cö`ë cuywri cwigvy I Zv cwi kva c wz; 12. g~ja bi Ici my` `qv n e wkbv, n j wk nv i; 13. Askx`viMY e emvq n Z Kv bv A_ D Ëvjb Ki Z cvi e wkbv, cvi j K KZ ev wk nv i; 14. D ËvwjZ A _ i Ici mỳ aiv n e wkbv; 15. e emv qi jvf- jvkmvb eèb c wz I nvi; 16. e emv qi cwipvjbv I e e vcbv c wz; 17. e emv qi wnmve ewn iÿy I wnmve wbixÿv c wz; 18. e emv qi wnmve ewn msiÿy I cwi`k b msµvší wbqg; 19. h e vs K wnmve Lvjv n e Zvi bvg, wvkvbv I wnmv ei aib; 20. e vs Ki wnmve cwipvjbvkvix e w³ ev e w³e M i bvg c`we; 21. e emv qi `wjj c Î ` ÍLZ cö`vbkvix e w³ ev e w³e M i bvg c`ex; 22. e emv qi cö qvr b Kv bv Askx`vi FY mieivn Ki j Zvi Ici `q my `i nvi; 23. e emv qi cö qvr b Ab Î n Z FY msmön c wz; 24. Askx`viM Yi AwaKvi, `vwqz I KZ e m ú K wek` ey bv; 25. Kv bv Askx`vi K Kv bv ezb ev cvwi ZvwlK `qv n e wkbv, n j Kx nv i; 26. e emv qi mybvg g~j vqb m úwk Z wewa-weavb; 27. Askx`vi `i g a Kv bv weev` `Lv w` j Zv gxgvsmv c wz; 28. Askx`vi AcÖK wz ev `Dwjqv n j Zvi Ask wbiƒcy, msiÿy I cwi kva c wz; 29. e emvq m cömvi Yi wbqg; 30. bvevjk Askx`vi MÖn Yi wbqg; 31. bzzb Askx`vi MÖnY I cö qvr b we` gvb Kv bv Askx`vi K ewn v ii wbqg; 32. Kv bv Askx`v ii g Zÿ ev AemiMÖnYKv j e emv qi `vq-m úwë wbiƒcy I cvibv cwi kva c wz; 33. e emv qi Avw_ K eq ii ïiæ I kl mgq; 34. FY MÖnY I cö`v bi wbqgvewj; 35. Askx`vi KZ K cö`ë F Yi wbqg I my `i nvi; 36. FY cwi kva I Av`vq c wz; 37. e emv qi we jvcmvab c wz; 38. e emv qi we jvckv j e emv qi `vq-m úwë g~j vqb I eèb cöyvwj; 39. Pzw³c Îi Kv bv cwiez bi cö qvr b wbqg c wz; 40. Pzw³c Îi evb i Kv bv wel q gzv bk `Lv w` j Avgv `i ` k Zv 1932 mv j Askx`vwi AvBb Abyhvqx A_ev msl vmwiô m` m i gzvg Zi wfwë Z gxgvsmv Kiv nq Aek Pzw³c Îi Kv bv aviv ev avivmg~n mkj m` m i gzvbyhvqx AvB bi AvIZvq _ K me `vb cwiez b,cwiea b, ms hvrb ev iwnz Kiv hvq Any kind of e-book & Software : Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): cwi k l ejv hvq h, Pzw³ g wlk n Z cv i, Z e mgm v `Lv w` j g wlk Pzw³i Kv bv AvBbMZ wfwë bb GRb Pzw³ wjwlz niqv myweavrbk

59 52 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî 4.06 Askx`vwi e emv qi wbeüb c wz Process of Registration of a Partnership Askx`vwi e emv qi wbeüb ej Z mikvi wba vwiz wbeü Ki Awd m e emv qi bvg ZvwjKvfy³ Kiv K eysvq A_ vr wbw` ó GjvKvi wbeü Ki Kvh vj q iwÿz eb Z Askx`vwi e emv qi bvg I cö qvrbxq Z_ wjwce KiY K Askx`vwi e emv qi wbeüb ejv nq 1932 mv ji Askx`vwi AvB bi 58 aviv Abyhvqx Kv bv Askx`vwi cöwzôvb wbeüb Ki Z n j cö_gz wbeü Ki Awdm n Z wba vwiz wd Rgvc~e K GKwU dg / Av e`bcî msmön Ki Z n e Av e`bcîwu h_vh_fv e c~iy K i Pyw³cÎ I MVbZš mn wbeü Ki Awd m Rgv Ki Z n e mvaviyz Av e`bc Î wbæ wjwlz welqmg~n D jøl Ki Z nq 1. Askx`vwi cöwzôv bi bvg; 2. cöavb Awd mi wvkvbv; 3. Ab Kv_vI e emv qi kvlv Awdm _vk j Zvi wvkvbv; 4. e emv qi D Ïk I AvIZv; 5. e emv qi gqv` (hw` wbw` ó gqv `i Rb nq); 6. cöwzwôz niqvi ZvwiL; 7. cö Z K Askx`v ii bvg, wvkvbv, ckv; 8. Askx`vi wn m e hvm`v bi ZvwiL BZ vw` Av e`bcîwu cö Z K Askx`vi KZ K ev Zvi Dchy³ / AvBbMZ cªwzwbwa KZ K ^vÿwiz n Z n e wbeük Av e`bcî I Pzw³cÎwU cixÿv-wbixÿv K i mš ó n j e emvqwu ZvwjKvfy³ Ki eb Pzw³cÎ wksev Av e`bc Îi Kv bv cwiez b, cwiea b, ms hvm I we qvrb Ki Z n j wbeü Ki AbygwZ wb Z n e Ges Zv m ^ Ü Zv K AewnZ Ki Z n e Askx`vwi e emv qi wbeüb wk eva Zvg~jK Is Registration of a Partnership Business Compulsory wbeüb Askx`vwi e emv qi GKwU iæz c~y w`k Askx`vwi e emv qi wbeüb eva Zvg~jK bv n ji evâbxq e U KviY Askx`vwi e emvq wbewüz n j Gi AvBbMZ wfwë my` p nq Ges e emvwqk Kg KvÛ cwipvjbvq ek wkqy myweav fvm K i wbeüb Askx`v ii B Qv-Awb Qvi Ici Q o `qv n q Q Askx`vi e emv qi wbeüb eva Zvg~jK bv n ji evãbxq e U KviY Askx`vwi e emv q wbewüz n j ciez xkv j Askx`viM Yi ga w Z m ve Kjn A_ev Z Zxq c ÿi mv _ `bvcvibv wb úwëi cwi cöwÿ Z mnvqk nq wbeüb Ki j e emv qi Pzw³cÎwU AvBbm Z `wjjiƒ c ^xk wz jvf K i e Z: wbeüb Askx`vwi e emv qi Aw ÍZ cökvk K i ZvQvov wbewüz Askx`vwi e emvq KZK jv my hvm-myweav fvm K i

60 Askx`vwi e emvq 53 Askx`vwi AvB bi 69 (1) aviv g Z, Askx`vwi cöwzôvb wbewüz bv n j, ev wbeüb ewn Z mswkøó Askx`v ii bvg wjwlz bv _vk j Kv bv Askx`vi Aci Askx`vi ev cöwzôv bi weiæ Pzw³ n Z D ~Z AwaKvi Av`v qi Rb gvgjv Ki Z cvi e bv Any kind of e-book & Software : cwi k l ejv hvq h, Askx`vwi e emvq wbeüb AvBbZ eva Zvg~jK bq Z e Askx`viMY fwel r my hvm-myweavi R b wbeüb K i wb Z cv i KviY msmvb wbeüb Kiv ev bv Kiv Askx`vi `i B Qvi Dci wbf i K i Z e GK_v mz h, wbeüb Kiv n j KwZcq AvBbMZ myweav cviqv hvq ZvB Giƒc e emvq cöwzôvb wbeüb KivB DËg Askx`vwi e emv qi wbeüb bv Kivi cwiyvg Consequences of Non-Registration of Partnership Business Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): mv ji Askx`vwi AvB b e emv qi wbeüb eva Zvg~jK Kiv nqwb Z e wbewüz Askx`vwi dvg I Askx`vi K ek wkqy myweav `qv n q Q ZvB AwbewÜZ Askx`vwi e emvq I Gi m`m MY wbewüz e emv qi Zzjbvq wkqyuv AmyweavRbK cwiw wzi m ylxb nq 1 cvibv Av`v qi mgm v (Problem in collecting credit): A-wbewÜZ cöwzôvb 100 UvKvi ewk cvibv Av`v qi Rb gvgjv Ki Z cv i bv [69(4) aviv] 2 Z Zxq c ÿi weiæ gvgjvq mgm v (Problem in submit case against third party): A-wbewÜZ Askx`vwi Kvievi Zvi Kv bv AwaKvi Av`v qi Rb Z Zxq c ÿi weiæ gvgjv Ki Z cv i bv wkš Z Zxq cÿ Zvi Kv bv AwaKvi Av`v qi j ÿ AwbewÜZ Askx`vwi Kviev ii weiæ gvgjv Ki Z cvi e 3 Pzw³RwbZ AwaKvi Av`v qi mgm v (Problem in Established right in contract): AwbewÜZ Askx`vwi cöwzôv b Pzw³RwbZ Kv bv AwaKvi Av`v qi j ÿ Kvb Askx`vi Ab Kv bv Askx`v ii weiæ gvgjv Ki Z cv i bv [69(1) aviv] 4 ^v_ iÿv (Protect interest) : ^v_ Av`v qi Rb Kv bv Askx`vi Aci Kv bv Askx`vi e emvq cöwzôv bi weiæ gvgjv Ki Z cv i bv 5 cvi úwik gvgjv `v qi-g mgm v (Problem in case file against each other): AwbewÜZ Askx`vwi cöwzôv bi Askx`viMY ci ú ii weiæ Pzw³i kz g b Pjvi Rb Av`vj Z gvgjv Ki Z cv i bv Z e DcwiD³ Amyweav jv _vkv m Ë I AwbewÜZ Askx`viM Yi wb œv³ AwaKvi jv ejer _v K i. wbr cvibv ey S cviqvi AwaKvi: we jvc mvabk Z e emvq n Z Askx`viM Yi cvibv ey S bqvi AwaKvi Av Q ii. we jvcmvab I wnmve msµvší AwaKvi: AwbewÜZ Askx`vwi msmv bi Askx`iMY e emvq we jvc mvab I wnmve msµvší wel q gvgjv Ki Z cv i iii. cöwzôv bi m úwë D v ii AwaKvi: AwbewÜZ Askx`vwi e emvq msmv bi Askx`viMY wnmve-wbkvk I m úwë D v ii Rb Av`vj Z gvgjv Ki Z cv i iv. Pzw³RwbZ AwaKvi: Kv bv Askx`vi Pzw³ f½ Ki j Zvi weiæ gvgjv Ki Z cv i

61 54 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî 1932 mv ji Askx`vwi AvBb Abymv i wbewüz Aswk`vwi e emvq hme my hvm-myweav fvm K i Zv wb gœ D jøl Kiv n jv K. Askx`viMY cvibv Av`v qi Rb Z Zxq c ÿi weiæ gvgjv Ki Z cvi e; L. AwaKvi cöwzôvi Rb GK Askx`vi Ab Askx`v ii weiæ gvgjv Ki Z cvi e bv; M. Giƒc e emv q Z Zxq cÿ K Pzw³ cvj b eva Kivi Rb gvgjv Ki Z cvi eb; N. Z Zxq cÿ `vwe Av`v qi Rb Kv bv Askx`v ii weiæ gvgjv cwipvjbv Kivi AwaKvi Av Q; O. cö Z K Askx`vwi e emv qi ÿ Î jvf- jvkmvb wnmv ei ci Askx`viM Yi wb R `i AvqKi cö`vb Ki Z nq, d j Sv gjv _ K Ae vnwz cviqv hvq; P. cöwzôvb wbewüz n j AvBbMZ gh v`v cvq d j Giƒc e emvq cöwzôvb FY`vbKvix cöwzôv bi wbku gh v`v c q _v K cwi k l ejv hvq h, Askx`vwi e emvq msmvb wbewüz niqv eva Zvg~jK bv n ji fwel Z fyj eysveyws wbim bi R b Ges Askx`vi `i AwaKvi cöwzôv Kivi Rb Giƒc e emvq msmv bi wbeüb Kiv evãbxq n e 4.07 Askx`v ii cökvi f` Classsification of Partners e emvq ÿ Î Avgiv wewfbœ Askx`vwi e emvq msmvb `wl Zgwb Ae v, f~wgkv, KZ e, `vq- `vwqz, ÿgzv cöf wzi ` wó KvY _ K wewfbœ Askx`vi `wl 1. mwµq Askx`vi 2. wbw q Askx`vi 3. bvggvî Askx`vi 4. AvcvZ` wó Z Askx`vi 5. bvevjk Askx`vi Askx`v ii cökvi f` 6. AvPi Y AbywgZ Askx`vi 7. Kgx Askx`vi 8. mxwgz ev mxgve Askx`vi 9. cöwzeü Askx`vi wpî : Askx`v ii cökvi f` 1. mvaviy ev mwµq Askx`vi (Active partner): h e w³ Pzw³i e j Askx`vi n q cöwzôvbwu cwipvjbvq mwµqfv e wbhy³ _v K Zv K mwµq Askx`vi e j H e w³ K Ab vb Askx`viM Yi cöwzwbwa ejv n q _v K Giƒc Askx`v ii `vwqz n jv K. e emv q cö qvrbxq g~jab mieivn Kiv; L. `bw `b Kvh µg cwipvjbvq AskMÖnY Kiv; M. e emvq cwipvjbvq m ó `vq-`vwqz m ú~y enb Kiv BZ vw`

62 Askx`vwi e emvq wbw Œq ev NygšÍ Askx`vi (Sleeping or Inactive partner): h e w³ cöwzôvb n Z jvf I ÿwzi Ask MÖnY K i, A_P wb R e emvq cwipvjbvq AskMÖnY K i bv, Zv K wbw q Askx`vi e j wbw q Askx`vi K Kvievi n Z Aemi MÖn Yi Rb weáwß (Public notice) `evi Kv bv eva eva KZv bb weáwß bv w` ji Aemi MÖn Yi ciez x mg q m úvw`z Kv h i Rb m `vqe n e bv Any kind of e-book & Software : Giƒc Askx`v ii ewkó n jv K. e emv q g~jab mieivn K i; L. e emvq n Z gybvdv MÖnY K i; M. jvkmvb I `vq enb K i; N. e emvq cwipvjbvq mwµqfv e AskMÖnY _ K weiz _v K; O. Zviv Ab Askx`v ii Dci wbf i K i; P. Ab Askx`v ii Dci Av v i L e emvq cwipvjbvq wbw qfv e AskMÖnY K i BZ vw` 3. bvggvî Askx`vi (Nominal partner): Giƒc Askx`v ii Askx`vwi e emv q Kv bv ^v_ _v K bv KejgvÎ wb Ri mybvg Askx`vi wn m e e envi Ki Z `qv nq wkš evwn ii cvibv`vim Yi wbku F Yi Rb wzwb `vqx _v K Giv e emv q g~jab wewb qvm K i bv, cwipvjbvqi Ask bq bv, Z e Pzw³ Abyhvqx jv fi Ask A_ev wbw` ó ezb ev A_ bq bvggvî Askx`v ii ewkó n jv K. Giƒc Askx`vi e emv q g~jab wewb qvm K i bv; L. G Askx`v ii mybvg I hk e emv q e eüz nq; M. KD mij wek v m H Askx`v ii Dcw wzi Kvi Y e emv q FY`vb Ki j Zvi Rb bvggvî Askx`vi `vqe nb BZ vw` 4. AvcvZt` wó Z Askx`vi (Quasi-partner): Kv bv Askx`vi Kvievi n Z Aemi MÖn Yi ci Zuvi cö`ë g~jab Zz j bv wb q FY wn m e e emvq i L w` j Zuv K AvcvZt` wó Z Askx`vi e j g~ja bi Dci wzwb mỳ c q _v Kb Kvh Z Giyc e w³ e emv qi cvibv`vi; Askx`vi bq Z e Kv bv mwµq Askx`viMY weáwß bv w` q e emv q _ K P j M j Zvi Øviv Z Zxq c ÿi m ó `vq Zv KB enb Ki Z n e 5. bvevjk Askx`vi (Minor admitted as a partner): AcÖvß eq e w³ (A_ vr 18 eq ii wb P) Askx`vwi Kviev i AskMÖnY Ki j Zv K bvevjk Askx`vi e j 1932 mv ji Askx`vwi AvB bi 30(1) avivq ejv n q Q h, mkj Askx`viM Yi Aby gv`bµ g Kv bv we` gvb cöwzôv b bvevjk K Askx`vwi my hvm-myweav jv fvm Ki Z `qv nq wkš m cöwzôv bi Kv bv `vq-`vwqz enb K i bv e j Askx`viiƒ c ^xkw Z cvq bv 1932 mv ji Askx`vwi AvB bi 30 aviv Abyhvqx bvevjk Kvb e emv qi Askx`vi bv n Z cvi ji m Ab vb Askx`v ii m wzµ g e emv q g~jab wewb qvm K I gybvdv fvm Ki Z cv i wkšíy Kvb cökv ib Zv K dv g i `vq-`vwq Z i Rb `vqx Kiv hv e bv Kej dv g `q Zvi g~ja bi Ask cwigvy `v qi Rb B Zv K `vqx Kiv hvq, AwZwi³ wkqzi Rb `vqx Kiv hvq bv GgbwK Zvi e w³mz m úwëi G `vq n Z gy³ wkšíy m hlb mvevjk n e ZLbB m dv g I mewkqzi Rb `vqx n e Aek mvevjk niqvi 6 gv mi g ab Zv K Pzw³c Î ` ÍLZ w` Z n e GgbwK ZLb bvevjk Ae vq h w`b n Z m dv g i Askx`viiƒ c MY n qwqj, m mgqkvi `vq Ges Kvh Kjv ci Rb Zv K `vqx Kiv hv e bvevjk Askx`vi K mxgve Askx`vi e j WvKv nq Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf):

63 56 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî 6. AvPi Y AbywgZ Askx`vi (Partner by holding out): h e w³ cök Z Askx`vi bv n qi Zvi K_vevZ v, AvPiY Øviv wb R K e emv qi Askx`vi e j cwipq `b Zv K AvPi Y AbywgZ Askx`vi e j hw` KD G Z cöfvwez n q e emvq K FY `q ev Pzw³ K i Z e H `vq AvPi Y AbywgZ Askx`vi K wb Z n e msávi Av jv K ej Z cvwi AvPi Y AbywgZ Askx`vi n jv K. AvPi Yi gva g cwipq`vbkvwi Askx`vi; L. G Askx`vi e emvq cwipvjbvq AskMÖnY K i bv; M. e emv q g~jab mieivn K i bv; N. e emvq n Z gybvdvi MÖnY K i bv; O. wkšíy AvPiY Øviv cöfvwez Z Zxq c ÿi `v qi Rb AvPi Y AbywgZ Askx`vi `vqe nb; P. Giƒc Askx`v ii fvuvwakvi _v K bv BZ vw` 7. Kgx Askx`vi (Working partner): h Askx`vi e emv q Kv bv g~jab wewb qvm K i bv ïaygvî wbr ^ kög I `ÿzv mwµqfv e wb qvwrz iv L Zv K Kgx Askx`vi e j Pzw³ Abyhvqx Giv Ab vb Askx`v ii b vq e emv qi jvf-ÿwz AskMÖnY K i Ges Amxg `vq en b eva _v K Aek e emvq cwipvjbvi Rb G `i K wbw` ó nv i ezb ev jv fi Ask `qv n Z cv i 8. mxwgz ev mxgve Askx`vi (Limited partner): Pzw³ Abyhvqx e emv qi Kv bv Askx`v ii `vq mxgve n j ev AvBbMZfv e mkj Askx`v ii m wzµ g Kv bv bvevjk K myweav cö`v bi D Ï k Askx`vi wn m e MÖnY Kiv n j m ÿ Î Abyiƒc Askx`vi K mxwgz Askx`vi e j G `i `vq mvaviyz e emv q wb qvwrz D³ Askx`v ii g~jab ch ší mxgve nq AvBb Abyhvqx Giƒc Askx`vi e emvq cwipvjbvq AskMÖnY Ki Z cv i bv Kv bv mvevjk hvm e w³i Pzw³i kz Abyhvqx Giƒc Askx`vi n Z cv i Kv bv Askx`vwi e emv q GK ev GKwaK mxwgz Askx`vi _vk ji Zv K mxgve Askx`vwi e emvq (limited partnership) e j 9. cöwzeü Askx`vi (Patner by estoppel): hw` e emv qi Askx`viMY Kv bv e w³ K e emv qi Askx`vi wnmv e cwipq `q Ges D³ e w³ Zv R bi g bzv Aej ^b K i Z e Zv K cöwzeü Askx`vi e j Giƒc cöpviyvi d j m ó `v qi Rb D³ e w³ Z Zxq c ÿi wbku `vqe nq cöwzôvb wb Ri ^v _ Kvb e w³ ev Z Zxqcÿ K Gai bi cöwzeü Askx`vi wn m e cwipq w` q _v K Gai bi Kv Ri Rb cöwzôvb cöwzeü Askx`vi K gvwmk nv i m vbx ev Ab Kvb myweav w` Z cv i cwi k l ejv hvq h, Askx`vwi e emv qi Askx`vi n Z n j Kv bv e w³i Aek B Pzw³ m úv` bi hvm Zv _vk Z n e Aek bvevjk Ab Askx`vi `i m wzµ g mxwgz Askx`vi n Z cv i Z e cvmj, `Dwjqv mikvwi Kg Pvix, we `wk ivóª`~z I we `wk kîæ AvBb Abyhvqx Askx`vi n Z cv i bv Kv bv cöwzôvb ev msn Askx`vi niqvi hvm Zv iv L bv

64 Askx`vwi e emvq 57 Kg cî-2 NygšÍ ev wbw q Askx`vi Ges bvggvî Askx`vi `i g a 3wU cv_ K ei Ki Any kind of e-book & Software : NygšÍ Askx`vi 4.08 Askx`vi `i hvm Zv Qualification of Partner bvggvî Askx`vi ` ki cövß eq h Kv bv bvmwik Askx`vwi e emv qi m`m n Z cv i Z e cvmj, bvevjk, `Dwjqv cöf wz e w³ Pzw³ m úv` bi Abychy³ weavq Askx`vwi e emv qi m`m n Z cv i bv Pzw³ Askx`vwi e emv qi wfwë Avgv `i Pzw³ AvB bi 11 aviv Abymv i bvevjk (18 erm ii Kg eq ) Pzw³ m úv` b Aÿg Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): Askx`vwi e emv qi we jvcmvab Dissolution of Partnership Business Askx`vwi e emv qi we jvc mvab ev cwimgvwß ej Z mkj Askx`viM Yi g a Askx`vwi m ú K i Aemvb K eysvq Ges Zvi cwiywz ^iƒc e emv qi we jvc N U _v K Askx`vwi m úk wejywß n jb e emvq eü n q hv e Ggb bvi n Z cv i KviY Aci Askx`viMY e emvq ervq i L e emvq Pvjv Z cv i m ÿ Î G K e emv qi cybtmvb e j Askx`vwi e emv qi we jvcmva bi mv _ h welq jv RwoZ K. Askx`vi `i Pzw³RwbZ m ú K i Aemvb N U; L. cöwzôv bi mkj Kg Kv Ûi wejywß; M. cöwzôv bi mgy`q m ú` I `vq- `bvi g~j vqb Ges mswkøó mkj K cwi kva Kiv cwi k l ejv hvq h, e emv qi we jvcmva b cöwzôvb I Askx`vwi Z i- Df qib we jvcmvab nq wkš Askx`vwii we jvc NU j e emv qi cwimgvwß NU Z cv i Askx`vwi e emv qi we jvcmvab c wz Methods of Dissolution of Partnership Business Askx`vwi e emv qi we jvc mvab ej Z Askx`vi `i g a e emv qi mkj m ú K i m ú~y Aemvb K eysvq wb P ewy Z h Kv bv c wz Z Askx`vwi e emv qi we jvc N U 1. mk j GKgZ n q we jvcmvab 2. Hw QK we jvcmvab Askx`vwi e emv qi we jvcmvab c wz 3. Kv bv we kl NUbvi cöw Z we jvcmvab 4. eva Zvg~jK we jvcmvab ] [ 5. Av`vj Zi gva g we jvcmvab wpî: Askx`vwi e emv qi we jvc mvab c wz

65 58 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî 1 mk j GKgZ n q we jvc mvab (Dissolution by mutual agreement): Askx`viMY GKgZ n q Kvievi we jvcmva bi wm vší wb j h Kv bv mgq ev mk ji g a m úvw`z Pzw³i kz vbymv i wbw` ó mgq k l Kviev ii wejywß NUv bv hvq (aviv 40) 2 weáwß Øviv we jvcmvab (Dissolution by notice): Hw QK Askx`vwi Kviev ii ÿ Î weáwßi gva g Askx`vwi Kviev ii we jvcmvab N U _v K A_ vr h Kv bv GKRb Askx`vwi ^ Qvq weáwß cö`v bi Øviv G RvZxq Kvievi we jvc Ki Z cv i Kvievi we jvc mva bi h ZvwiL D³ weáwß Z jlv _v K mb ZvwiL _ K Kviev ii we jvc mvab Kvh Ki n q _v K hw` Zvwi Li D jøl bv _v K Z e h Zvwi L Askx`viMY weáwß m ú K AewnZ nb m ZvwiL _ KB Kviev ii wejywß N U Q a i bqv nq [aviv 43 (1) I (2)] 3 we kl Kv bv NUbvi Rb we jvc mvab (Dissolution on the happening of some contingencies): 1932 mv ji Askx`vwi AvB bi 42 aviv Abymv i wbæwjwlz we kl NUbvi cwi cöwÿ Z Askx`vwi Kviev ii wejywß N U _v K i. Askx`viMY GKgZ n q (By consensus of partners): mkj Askx`vi ^ Qvq GKgZ n q Askx`vwi Kvievi wu q dj Z cv i ii. wbw` ó mgq mgvcbv ší (After the end of fixed time) : Kv bv wbw` ó mg qi Rb Askx`vwi Kviev ii Pzw³ n q _vk j D³ mgq DËxY nevi mv _ mv _ Kvievi cöwzôvbwui we jvc mvab N U iii. Askx`vi Db v` ev cvmj n j (If a partner becomes lunatic) : Kv bv Askx`v ii gw Í wek wz NU j KvieviwU f ½ h Z cv i iv. Askx`v ii g Zÿ i Kvi Y (On the death of partner): h Kv bv Askx`v ii g Zÿ i Kvi Y G RvZxq Kvievi f ½ h Z cv i v. D Ïk AR bi ci (After the achievement of the objective): Kv bv wbw` ó D Ïk K mvg b i L Kvievi vwcz n j H D Ïk nvwm ji ci KvieviwU wejywßi cökœ D V vi. Kv bv Askx`vi Aemi MÖnY Ki j (On the retirement of a partner): Kviev ii h Kv bv Askx`vi hw` Aemi MÖn Yi wbwg Ë Av e`b ck K i Z e Avskx`vwi Kviev ii we jvc mvwaz nq vii. Av`vjZ KZ K `Dwjqv NvwlZ n j (If a partner is declared insolvent by the court): hw` Kv bv Askx`vi we kl Kv bv Kvi Y Av`vjZ gvidz `Dwjqv NvwlZ nq Zvn j D³ Kviev ii wejywß N U 4 eva Zvg~jK we jvc mvab (Compulsory dissolution): wb œwjwlz ÿ Î Askx`vwi Kviev ii eva Zvg~jK Aemvqb n q _v K i. `DwjqvZ (Insolvency): mkj Askx`vi ev GKRb e ZxZ mkj Askx`vi Av`vjZ KZ K `Dwjqv NvwlZ n j Askx`vwi Kviev ii Aemvb n e ii. AvB bi cwicš x n j (Illegality): Askx`vwi Kvievi cwipvjbvq hw` Kv bv A ea NUbv N U hvq Ges Zv Z cöwzôv bi Kvh Kjvc AvBb we ivax e j AvL vwqz nq Zvn j Kviev ii we jvc mvab NU e (41 aviv)

66 Askx`vwi e emvq 59 5 Av`vj Zi wb ` k Abymv i we jvc mvab (Dissolution by the court) 1932 mv ji Askx`vwi AvB bi 44 aviv gvzv ek Kv bv Askx`vi GK ev Z`ya Askx`v ii weiæ Kv bv gvkvïgv `v qi Ki j Av`vjZ wb æi h Kv bv Ae vi cwi cöwÿ Z Kvievi we jvc mva bi wb ` k Any kind of e-book & Software : w` Z cv i i. Kv bv Askx`vi Db v` ev cvmj n j; ii. Kv bv Askx`vi B QvK Zfv e Askx`vwi Kviev ii Pzw³ µgvmz f½ Ki j; iii. Kv bv Askx`vi `Dwjqv e j cögvwyz n j; iv. Kv bv Askx`vi Zvi Aciv ai Rb `Û ev mvrvcövß n q _vk j; Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): v. Kv bv Askx`vi Z Zxq c ÿi wbku e-avbbxfv e Zvi AvswkK ev m ú~y ^Z n ÍvšÍi K i _vk j; vi. Av`vjZ hw` G g g wbwðz n q _v K h, µgvmzfv e Kviev ii ïayb jvkmvb n Q; vii. GQvov h Kv bv Kvi Y Av`vjZ hw` g b K i h, Kvievi cöwzôvbwui we jvc mvabb n Q h_v_ n e; Z e Askx`vwi Kviev ii we jvc mvab NU e (aviv-42) Kg cî-3 Zvgv `i GjvKvq Av M Askx`vwi wfwë Z e emv cwipvwjz n Zv wkš ez gv b m jvi we jvc mvab n q Q Ggb cöwzôv bi bvg jl 4.10 evsjv ` k Askx`vwi e emv qi Ae vb Partnership Business in Bangladesh evsjv `k e emv-evwy R cðvrc` GKwU `k eo ai bi wkí-kvilvbv, e emv-evwyr GLv b GLbI Zgb M o I Vwb eo eo kn i ev Zvi Avkcv k wkqz eo ai bi e emvq- Kv úvwb msmvb wn m e M o DV ji MÖvg-M Ä, nvu-evrv i Ggb wk kn ii K `ª j GKgvwjKvbv e emv qi msl vb me vwak Askx`vwi e emv qi msl v m wepv i bnv qz bmy : hv 5% Gi ewk bq A_P Askx`vwi e emvq cöwzôvi gva g G ` ki me ÎB gvsvwi ai bi e emvq msmvb M o Zvjvi h _ó my hvm wqj

67 60 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî evsjv ` k Askx`vwi e emvq e vckzv jvf Ki Z bv cvivi wcq b h mkj KviY we` gvb Zv wb œ Zz j aiv n jv 1. e emvwqk Ávb I AwfÁZvi Afve (Lack of business knowledge and experience): Avgv `i ` k hviv bzzb e emv q bv g Zviv G m ú K Kvh Z Zgb Kv bv Ávb wb q Av m bv hviv e emv q wjß Zv `ii AwaKvs kib G wel q Ávb I AwfÁZvi h _ó Afve jÿ Kiv hvq G ai bi e w³em ÿz`ª GKgvwjKvbv e emvq MVb K i cwipvjbvq hfv e ^v Q ` eva K i Askx`vwi e emvq MV b Abyiƒc ^v Q ` eva K i bv 2. cvi úwik Av v I wek v mi Afve (Lack of reciprocal trust and faith): Avgv `i RbM Yi g a cvi úwik Av v I wek v mi AfveI cöku A_P Askx`vwi e emv qi GKwU iæz c~y Dcv`vb n jv Askx`vi `i ga Kvi cvi úwik Av v I wek vm Ab `i Ici Av v bv _vkvi Kvi Y A b KB Giƒc e emvq cq ` K i bv 3. mzzvi Afve (Lack of honesty): Avgv `i ` ki A b Ki g a e emvwqk jb ` b mzzvi gvivz K AfveI jÿyxq K_vevZ vq Avgiv hzuv mr Kvh ÿ Î ZZUv bq A bk ÿ ÎB `Lv hvq, Askx`vwi e emvq h Pvjvq ciezx mg q e emv qi mkj m úwë K m wb Ri fv e Ges Ab `i VKv bvi nxb Pµv ší wjß nq 4. g~ja bi mgm v (Problem of capital): Avgv `i ` k hviv Askx`vi wn m e Giƒc e emv q hvm`vb K i Zv `i cö Z KiB Avw_ K mvg_ AZ ší mxgve d j e emv q cö qvrbxq g~jab hvmvo Kiv hvq bv Askx`vi `i bvbvb gz Ges mr I mvg_ evb wewb qvmkvixi Afv ei bzzb Askx`vi MÖnY K i g~ja bi ms vb KivI A bk ÿ ÎB m e bq 5. AvBbMZ mnvqzvi Afve (Lack of legal assistance): Avgv `i ` k Askx`vwi e emvq cwipvjbv I wbqš Yi ÿ Î AvBbMZ mnvqzv I wbqš YI Kvg gv bi bq Avgv `i ` k AwaKvsk ÿ ÎB g wlk Pzw³i gva g Giƒc e emvq MVb Kiv nq hvi d j ciezx mg q bvbvb mgm v `Lv `q 6. cövb fu Kv úvwbi ÿ Î wkw_j wbqg-kvbyb (Loose rules and regulation in case of private company): Avgv `i ` k Kv úvwb AvB b Gi MVb wkqzuv KovKwo Av ivc Kiv n ji Zv GLbI Zgb h _ó bq Kv úvwb MV bi gva g ÿîwe k l myweav jv fi my hvm _vkvq A b KB Askx`vwi e emvq Mo Z DrmvwnZ nq bv DcwiD³ mgm vw` QvovI Askx`vwi e emv qi hme mvaviy Amyweav; hgb-askx`vi `i Amxg `vq, ^vaxb mëvi Afve, gvwjkvbv n ÍvšÍ i Amyweav, RbAv vi Afve, cwipvjbvmz RwUjZv BZ vw` mgm vi GLv b i q Q

68 eûwbe vpwb cökœ: 1 Askx`vwi msmv bi g~j wfwë Kx? K. AvBb L. Pzw³ M. Pzw³cÎ N. wbeüb Any kind of e-book & Software : 2 Askx`vwi e emv q GKRb Askx`v ii `vq Kgb? K. g~jab ch ší mxgve L. cöwzköæwz g~j ch ší mxgve M. e emv q Zvi cvibv ch ší mxgve N. e w³mz mnvq-m ú` ch ší mxgve 3. weáwßi gva g wejywß Kiv hvq Kvb Askx`vwi e emvq? K. Hw QK Askx`vwi e emvq L. NygšÍ Askx`vwi e emvq M. mvaviy Askx`vwi e emvq N. Kg x Askx`vwi e emvq Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): Askx`vwi e emvq Askx`vwi e emvq GKgvwjKvbv e emvq n Z DËg KviY i. AwaK cuywr msmön Kiv hvq ii. mw wjzfv e wm vší MÖnY Kiv hvq iii. gvwj Ki ^vaxbzv ewk _v K wb Pi KvbwU mwvk? K. i L. ii M. i I ii N. i, ii I iii 5 wg. ingvb cvi úwik mg SvZvi wfwë Z GKwU e emvq cwipvjbv Ki Q e emv qi g~jab mieivn Ki ji cwipvjbvq AskMÖnY Ki Q bv wzwb Kx ai bi Askx`vi? K. mxwgz L. wbw q M. mvaviy N. bvggvî 6 Askx`vwi e emvq wbewüz n j myweav cviqv hvq i. ^v_ iÿv Kiv hvq ii. ivr ^ n Z gyw³ cviqv hvq iii. Askx`v ii weiæ gvgjv Kiv hvq wb Pi KvbwU mwvk? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i,ii I iii

69 62 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî m Rbkxj cökœ: 1 mvb`, LvKb I gvgyb mg SvZvi wfwë Z `X Builders bv g GKwU wbg vy cöwzôvb MVb Ki jv hvi jÿ imyjcyi MÖv g GKwU Kvj fvu wbg vy Kiv ciewz Z g nklvjx Z GKwU N~wY So AvkÖq K `ª wbg v Yi KvR cj GRb Zv `i AwaK g~ja bi cö qvrb ZvB Zviv mygb K GB k Z e emvq AšÍfy ³ Ki Z Pvq, m ïay e emvq 5,00,000 UvKv wewb qvm Ki e wkš cwipvjbvq AskMÖnY Ki Z cvi e bv K. wjwlz Pzw³ K Kx ejv nq? L. Askx`vwi e emv qi wbeüb Kx eva Zvg~jK? e vl v Ki M. `X Builders Kvb ai bi Askx`vwi e emvq cöwzôvb? e vl v Ki N. DÏxc K mygb Kvb ai bi Askx`vi? Zv K e emvq AšÍfy ³ Kivi h w³kzv we køly Ki 2 K, L I M GKwU AwbewÜZ Askx`vwi cöwzôvb cwipvjbv Ki Q wzb R bi g~ja bi cwigvy mgvb Ges gybvdv fv Mi nvii mgvbycvwzk Z e K Zvi g~ja bi AwZwi³ `vq enb K i bv cöwzôvbwu ez gv b A bk Póv K ii GKRb `vkvb`v ii wbku n Z 10,000 UvKv Av`vq Ki Z cvi Q bv Zviv fve Q cvibv Av`v qi Rb Av`vj Zi AvkÖq wb e K. evsjv ` k KZ mv ji Askx`vwi e emv qi AvBb cöpwjz? L. bvggvî Askx`vi ej Z Kx eys? M. DÏxc Ki cöwzôvbwu Kvb ai bi Askx`vwi e emvq msmvb? e vl v Ki N. Zzwg Kx g b Ki Av`vj Zi gva g cvibv Av`vq Ki Z cvi e? gzvgz `vi

70 Any kind of e-book & Software : câg Aa vq hš_g~jabx e emvq JOINT STOCK BUSINESS mf Zvi µgweez bi avivq m~pbv j Mœ e emv qi cwimi wqj Aí I mskxy, ZvB Gi mvsmvwbk iƒc wqj mnr, QvU hgb GKgvwjKvbv, Askx`vwi Aóv`k kzvãxi gvsvgvws n Z ïiæ n q Ebwesk kzvãxi cö_gv a Bsj v Û wkí wecøe msnwuz n j wkí I e emvq-evwy R i ÿ Î e vck cwiez b mvwaz nq c~ e Kvi KvwqKkª gi vb `Lj K i bq hš cvwz Ges ïiæ nq e n`vqzb Drcv` bi cvjv GgZve vq e emvq msmv bi cöv_wgk iƒc Z_v GKgvwjKvbv e emvq Ges Askx`vwi e emv qi c ÿ G `i KwZcq mxgve Zvi Kvi Y e n`vqzb cy `ªe vw`i Drcv`b I eèb Kvh cwipvjbv Kiv Am e n q c o djköæwz Z GB cwiez bi mv _ Zvj wgjv Z h q AwaK g~jab, mxgve `vq, `ÿ cwipvjbv I e e vcbv Ges wpišíb Aw Í Z i myweav wb q hy Mvc hvmx e emvq msmvb wn m e h _ g~jabx e emv qi D e N U Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): G Aa vq cvv k l Avgiv Rvb Z cvie Kv úvbx msmv bi aviyv Kv úvbx msmv bi ewkó mg~n Kv úvbx msmv bi cökvi f` cvewjk I cövb fu wjwg UW Kv úvbxi g a cv_ K Kv úvbx msmv bi iæz Kv úvbx msmv bi myweav I mxgve Zv Kv úvbx msmv bi MVb cöwµqv - cwi gje Üi aviyv, welqe I bgybv - cwi gje Üi iæz - cwi gj wbqgvewji aviyv I welqe - cwi gjeü I cwi gj wbqgvewji cv_ K - weeiyc Îi welqe mg~n

71 64 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî Kv úvbx wbeübc Îi aviyv I bgybv Kvh vi i AbygwZcÎ Kv úvbxi g~jab msmö ni Drmmg~n kqvi Gi aviyv Ges cökvi f` FYcÎ Gi aviyv Ges cökvi f` kqvi I FYc Îi cv_ K Kv úvbx msmv bi we jvc mvab c wz evsjv ` k Kv úvbx msmv bi ez gvb Ae v evsjv ` k Kv úvbx msmv bi fwel Z m vebvi w`k jv mv úªwzkkv ji wekvkgvb e emvq jvi aviyv 5.01 Kv úvwb msmv bi aviyv Concept of Company Organization cök wzmzfv eb Kv úvwb msmvb GKwU jvfrbk e emvq cöwzôvb Gi K wîg mëv, wpišíb Aw ÍZ, wbr ^ mxj gvni, cöf wz we kl ewkó G K Ab e emvq msmvb _ K c _K K i Q wb æ Kv úvwb msmv bi cök wz m ú K GKwU aviyv `qv n jv Kv úvwb n jv AvBbm ó GKwU K wîg e w³mëv we kl cöwzôvb Kv úvwb AvBb h _ g~jabx Kv úvwb K GKRb e w³i gz ^Zš mëv `vb K i Q Kv úvwbi GB mëv AvBbMZfv e ^xk Z GB mëv e j GwU wbr bv g me Î cwiwpz Ges GB mëv wb q Kv úvwb e emvq cwipvjbv Ki Z cv i hw`i Kv úvwbi nvz-cv bb, m L Z cv i bv, Ny gv Z cv i bv Zey G K e w³ wn m e MY Kiv nq, hv K K wîg e w³mëv e j AvL vwqz Kiv n q _v K A_ vr AvB bi Pv LB GwU GKwU ^Zš e w³, hv A` k I A úk bxq Z e i³gvs mi Mov gvbyl ev e w³ bv n ji Kv úvwb GKRb e w³i g ZvB wbr bv g Z Zxq c ÿi mv _ h Kvb ai bi Pzw³ Z Ave n Z cv i Ges Aci KI Pzw³ Z Ave Ki Z cv i GwU wbr bv g A b i weiæ Av`vj Z gvkïgv `v qi Ges Ac ii Kv úvwbi weiæ gvkïgv `v qi Ki Z cv i AvB bi ` wó Z Kv úvwb c _K I wpišíb Aw ÍZ m úbœ K wîg e w³mëvb G K wpišíb Aw ÍZ (Perpetual succession) `vb K i Q Kv úvwbi m` m i A_ vr gvwj Ki Aw Í Z i mv _ Gi Aw Í Z i Kv bv mswkøózv bb Kvb Kvi Y Kv úvwbi m`m c` cwiez b wksev mkj m` m i g Zÿ NU ji Kv úvwbi Aw ÍZ wejyß nq bv G cöm ½ m jvgvb ebvg m jvgvb GÛ Kvs wjt-gi gvgjvi iv q ejv nq h, Kv úvwb Gi m`m `i _ K c _K Ges Gi ^Zš Aw ÍZ we` gvb

72 hš_ g~jabx e emvq 65 ez gv b e vck cöpwjz, RbwcÖq I e nr cwim i Kvh Kix e emvq msmvb n jv Kv úvwb msmvb mvaviy A _, K qkrb e w³ ^ Qvq gybvdv AR bi D Ï k h _fv e g~jab wewb qvm K i ` ki cöpwjz AvB bi AvIZvq Kv bv e emvq msmvb MVb Ki j Zv K Kv úvwb msmvb e j evsjv ` k G ai bi Kv úvwb Ò Kv úvwb AvBb 1994Ó Abymv i MwVZ, cwipvwjz I wbqwš Z n q _v K Kv úvwb wbr bv gi mxj gvn ii wpišíb Aw Í Z i I K wîg e w³mëvi AwaKvix n q _v K ZvB e vckfv e ejv hvq h, Kv úvwb n jv AvBb m ó K wîg e w³mëvwewkó, wpišíb Aw ÍZ m úbœ mxwgz `vqwewkó Ggb GKwU ms v ev cöwzôvb hlv b wkqy jvk gybvdv AR bi D Ï k h _fv e g~jab wewb qvm K i 1994 mv ji Kv úvwb AvB bi 2 (1) (N) aviv Abyhvqx Ò Kv úvwb ej Z G AvB bi Awa b MwVZ I wbewüz Kv úvwb ev Kv bv we` gvb Kv úvwb K eysvq Ó ("Company means a company formed and registered under this Act of any existing.") Kv úvwb msmvb ev Kv úvwb n jv AvBb-m ó K wîg e w³ mëvi AwaKvix Ggb GK ai bi AvaywbK I cöpwjz e emvq msmvb hv A` k, A úk bxq A_P wpišíb Aw Í Z i AwaKvix hvi wbr ^ bvg mxj gvni Øviv cwiwpz I cwipvwjz nq GB msmvb ^ Qvq h _fv e kqvi µ qi gva g g~jab wewb qvm K i Ges wewb qvmk Z g~ja bi Dci gybvdv NvlYv I eèb K i Any kind of e-book & Software : Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): Kv úvwb msmv bi ewkó Features of Company Organization ez gvb e n`vqzb e emv qi RM Z Kv úvwb msmvb AZ ší iæz c~y I RbwcÖq e emvq msmvb GwU GKwU AvBb-m ó h _ gvwjkvbvi ^ Qvg~jK e emvq msmvb, Gi Ggb we kl KZK jv ewkó Av Q hv G K Ab vb e emvq msmvb _ K c _K mëvi AwaKvix K i Q Kv úvwb msmv bi G ewkó jv wb gœ Av jvpbv Kiv n jv K. mvaviy ewkó mg~n Common Features of a Company 1. RwUj MVb c wz (Complicated formation): h _ g~jabx Kv úvwbi MVb c wz AZ ší RwUj Kv úvwb MV bi ÿ Î h _ó AvBbvbyM AvbyôvwbKZv cvjb Ki Z nq 2. ^ Qvg~jK ms v (Voluntary association): h _ g~jabx Kv úvwb GKwU ^ QvcÖ Yvw`Z e emvq ms v gybvdvi D Ï k KwZcq e w³i ^ QvK Z cö Póvq Kv úvwb MwVZ n q _v K h KD B Qv Ki jb kqvi µq Kivi gva g Kv úvwbi gvwjk n Z cv i, Avevi KD B Qv Ki jb kqvi n ÍvšÍi K i mn RB e emvq n Z we`vq wb Z cv i 3. wecyj cuywr (Huge capital): eû msl K e w³i msmvb weavq Kv úvwb Zzjbvg~jKfv e AwaK g~jab msmön Ki Z cv i GwU RbM Yi wbku kqvi wewµ K i cö qvrbxq g~ja bi ms vb K i _v K 4. e n`vqzb e emvq msmvb (Large-scale enterprise): AvaywbK e n`vqzb e emvq msmvb wn m e h _ g~jabx Kv úvwb mgwak cwiwpz cöpzi m`m msl v, e vck g~jab me ÿ ÎB Kv úvwb e n`vqzb cöwzôvb wn m e ^xk Z

73 66 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî 5. jf vsk eèb (Distribution of dividend): h _ g~jabx Kv úvwbi AwR Z gybvdvi GKUv wbw` ó Ask jf vsk wn m e kqvi gvwjk `i g a kqv ii AvbycvwZK nv i ewèz n q _v K Kv úvwbi mvaviy mfvi Aby gv`bµ g cwipvjkmy GB jf vs ki cwigvy NvlYv K ib 6. Kiv ivc (Taxation): Kv úvwbi Ici avh K ii nvi mvaviyz AwaK n q _v K Gi AwR Z gybvdvi Ici Kiv ivc Kiv nq Avevi kqvi gvwjk `i cövß jf vs ki Dci Ki cö`vb Ki Z nq 7. we jvcmvab (Dissolution): h _ g~jabx Kv úvwbi MVb hgb AvbyôvwbKZvc~Y Zgwb Gi we jvcmva bi ÿ ÎI AvbyôvwbKZv cvj bi cö qvrb nq Kv úvwb AvB bi weavb Abyhvqx Gi we jvcmvab N U G Kvi Y Kv úvwbi m`m ev kqvi nvìvimy B Qv Ki jb Gi we jvcmvab Ki Z cv i bv 8. MYZvwš K e e vcbv (Democratic management): h _ g~jabx Kv úvwbi e e vcbv I cwipvjbvi ÿ Î mkj Í i MYZvwš K bxwzgvjv Abym Z nq MYZvwš K cöwµqvq kqvi nvìvim Yi fv Ui gva g Kv úvwbi cwipvjkmy wbe vwpz n q _v K Ges Zv `i Øviv Kv úvwb cwipvwjz nq GQvov e emv qi D jøl hvm bxwz wba vi Yi ÿ ÎI kqvi nvìvim Yi fv Ui djvd ji Ici iæz v ivc Kiv n q _v K L. AvBbMZ ewkó mg~n Legal Features of a Company 1. AvBb-m ó cöwzôvb (Law-created concern): Kv úvwb AvBb Øviv G cöwzôvb m ó nq evsjv ` k h _ g~jabx Kv úvwbmg~n 1994 mv ji Kv úvwb AvBb Abyhvqx MwVZ, cwipvwjz I wbqwš Z n q _v K D³ AvB bi 2.1 (N) avivq ejv n q Q h, Ó Kv úvwb ej Z G AvB bi Aax b MwVZ Ges wbeübk Z Kv bv Kv úvwb ev Kv bv we` gvb Kv úvwb K evsv e Ó 2. m`m msl v (Number of members) : Kv úvwb AvB bi weavb Abyhvqx Kv úvwbi m`m msl v wba vwiz cövb fu wjwg UW Kv úvwbi ÿ Î Gi m`m msl v b~ bzg 2 Ges me vwak 50 R b mxgve _v K Ges cvewjk wjwg UW Kv úvwbi ejvq me wbæ m`m msl v 7 Ges m e v P msl v Kv úvwbi msn- vi K DwjøwLZ kqvi msl v Øviv mxgve _v K 3. c _K I K wîg e w³mëv (Seperate and aritificial entity): Kv úvwb GKwU ^Zš K wîg e w³ wn m e cwimwyz nq G K wîg e w³mëv Gi m`m `i mëv _ K m ú~y Avjv`v AvBb Abyhvqx GwU K wîg I ^Zš e w³mëvi gh v`v fvm K i _v K GB AvBbMZ mëve j Kv úvwb wbr bv g A b i mv _ hgwb jb `b Ki Z cv i Zgwb gvkïgvi `v qi Ki Z cv i 4. wpišíb Aw ÍZ (Perpetual succession): AvB bi ` wó Z Kv úvwb wpišíb Aw Í Z i AwaKvix GK K wîg e w³ Kv úvwbi m`m ev kqvi gvwjk `i Aw Í Z i Dci G Aw ÍZ wbf i K i bv Kv úvwbi gvwjkvbv ev m`m c `i cwiez b Gi Aw ÍZ wecbœ nq bv Kej Kv úvwb AvB bi weavb Abyhvqx Kv úvwbi we jvcmvab Kiv n jb Gi Aw Í Z i cwimgvwß N U _v K

74 hš_ g~jabx e emvq mxwgz `vq (Limited liability): Kv úvwbi m`m ev kqvi nvìvi `i `vq mxwgz GKRb m`m h cwigvy A _ i kqvi wkb e wvk m cwigvy A _ i Rb B Zv K `vqx Kiv h Z cv iñgi ewk bq A_ vr Gi m`m `i `vq Zv `i µqk Z kqv ii gvu g~j ch ší mxgve _v K 6. eva Zvg~jK wbeüb (Compulsory registration): h _ g~jabx Kv úvwbi wbeüb AvBbMZfv e eva Zvg~jK Kv úvwb AvBb Abymv i h _ g~jabx Kv úvwb K Aek B wbewüz n Z n e wbeüb e ZxZ Kv bv Kv úvwb MwVZ Ges cwipvwjz n Z cv i bv 7. mvaviy mxj gvni (Common seal): cöwzwu Kv úvwbi wbr ^ bvgvw¼z GKwU mvaviy mxj gvni _v K Kv úvwbi hvezxq `wjj-` Ív er I KvMRc Î G mxj gvni e envi Kiv eva Zvg~jK G mxj gvn ii gva gb h _ g~jabx Kv úvwb ^Zš I K wîg e w³mëv wb q Rbmvavi Yi wbku cwiwpwz jvf K i 8. kqv ii n ÍvšÍi hvm Zv (Transferability of shares): h _ g~jabx Kv úvwbi kqvi jv Aev a n ÍvšÍi hvm kqv ii n ÍvšÍ ii mv _ mv _ Kv úvwbi gvwjkvbvqi cwiez b m~wpz nq A_ vr kqvi n ÍvšÍ ii gva g kqvi µqkvix Kv úvwbi gvwjk nb Any kind of e-book & Software : Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): cwi k l ejv hvq h, Kv úvwb msmvb AvBb-m ó K wîg e w³mëvi AwaKvix e n`vqzb cök wzi e emvq cöwzôvb hv Kv úvwb AvBb Ges wbr ^ vikwjwc I cwi gj wbqgvewji AvIZvq GKwU ^Zš e emvq msmvb wn m e MwVZ I cwipvwjz n q _v K Kg cî-1 Kv úvwb msmv bi aviyv I ewkó mg~n we køly K i Gi myweav I Amyweav mg~n wpwýz Ki Kv úvwb msmv bi myweav Kv úvwb msmv bi Amyweav

75 68 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî 5.03 Kv úvwb msmv bi cökvi f` Types of Company Organization GKw` K e emvq RM Z e vck Dbœqb Ab w` K GKgvwjKvbv I Askx`vwi e emv qi mvsmvwbk mxgve Zvi Kvi Y bzzb msmvb KvVv gv Kv úvwb msmv bi DrcwË N U, ciez x mg q e emvq RM Z Av iv e vck Dbœq bi d j Gi e emv qi MwZ cök wz ZI cwiez b m~wpz nq hvi d j Kv úvwbi ai bi cv_ K N U wb gœ Kv úvwbi cökvi f` we ÍvwiZ Av jvwpz n jv (K) `vqwfwëk Kv úvwb (Companies on the basis of the liability of the members): m`m `i `v qi cök wz Abymv i Giƒc kªyxweb vm Kiv nq `vq-gi cök wz Abyhvqx Kv úvwb wzb cökvi n Z cv i h_v 1. kqvi Øviv mxgve `vqwewkó Kv úvwb (Companies limited by share): h Kv úvwb Z m`m M Yi `vq kqv ii AvswKK g~j ch ší mxwgz _v K, Zv K kqvi Øviv mxgve `vqwewkó Kv úvwb e j hgbñcövb fu wjwg UW I cvewjk wjwg UW Kv úvwb 2. cöwzköæwz Øviv mxgve `vqm úbœ Kv úvwb (Companies limited by guarantee): hme Kv úvwb Z m`m MY wbw` ó cwigvy A_ ch ší `vq cwi kv ai cöwzköæwz `q, Zv `i cöwzköæwz Øviv mxgve `vqm úbœ Kv úvwb e j Giƒc Kv úvwb Z h me m`m kqvi Øviv cöwzköæwz `vq enb K i, kqv ii Acwi kvwaz g~j ch ší Zv `i `vq _v K kqvig~j cwi kvwaz n q M j Zviv `vqgy³ Avw_ K g~j Øviv cöwzkª ywz `vqm úbœ m`m MY H cwigvy A_ cwi kva bv niqv ch ší `vqe _v Kb mvaviyz Ae emvwqk D Ï k G ai bi cöwzköæz Kv úvwb MwVZ nq Kv úvwb `vqwfwëk Kv úvwb MVb cök wzwfwëk Kv úvwb m`m wfwëk Kv úvwb gvwjkvbvwfwëk Kv úvwb Ab vb Kv úvwb 1. kqvi Øviv mxwgz `vq m úbœ Kv úvwb 2. cöwzkö wz Øviv mxwgz `vqm úbœ Kv úvwb 3. Amxg `vqm úbœ Kv úvwb 1. mb`cövß Kv úvwb 2. wewae Kv úvwb 3. wbewüz Kv úvwb 1. cövb fu wjt Kv úvwb 2. cvewjk wjt Kv úvwb 1. mikvwi Kv úvwb 2. emikvwi Kv úvwb 1. nvwìs Kv úvwb 2. mvewmwwqvwi Kv úvwb 3. we `wk Kv úvwb 4. eûrvwzk Kv úvwb wpî: Kv úvwb msmv bi cökvi f`

76 hš_ g~jabx e emvq 69 L. Amxg `vqm úbœ Kv úvwb (Unlimited company): hme Kv úvwb Z m`m M Yi `vq Amxg nq, Zv `i Amxg `vqm úbœ Kv úvwb e j Gme Kv úvwb Z m ó `v qi Rb Kv úvwbi m úwë QvovI kqvi nvìvim Yi e w³mz m úwë `vqe nq ez gv b G ai bi Kv úvwb bb ej jb P j M. MVb-cÖK wzwfwëk Kv úvwb Companies on the basis of incorporation MVb cök wzi Dci wbf i K i Kv úvwb K wzb fv M fvm Kiv hvq 1. mb`cövß Kv úvwb (Chartered company): ivóªcöavb ev ivrv ev ivbxi we kl Av `k e j G ai bi Kv úvwb MwVZ nq we kl K i Kv úvwb AvBb Pvjy niqvi c~ e G ai bi Kv úvwb MwVZ n Zv B BwÛqv Kv úvwb, w` e vsk Ae Bsj vû, w` PvU vw e vsk Ae A ªwjqvÑ G ai bi Kv úvwbi D`vniY ez gv b GLb Avi Giƒc Kv úvwb msmvb ` wó MvPi nq bv 2. wewae Kv úvwb (Statutory company) : Any kind of e-book & Software : Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): hlb ` ki AvBb cwil` ev cvj v g U we kl AvB bi gva g Kv bv Kv úvwb MwVZ nq, ZLb Zv K wewae Kv úvwb e j evsjv `k K wl Dbœqb K c v ikb, wkí Dbœqb K c v ikb, wirvf e vsk Ae BwÛqv cöf wz Giƒc Kv úvwb 3. wbewüz Kv úvwb (Registered company) : hme Kv úvwb wbeü Ki Awd m ZvwjKfyw³i gva g m wó nq, m jv K wbewüz Kv úvwb e j ez gv b we k i AwaKvsk Kv úvwbb wbewüz Kv úvwb N. m`m msl vwfwëk Kv úvwb Companies on the Basis of Number of Member m`m msl vi Dci wfwë K i Kv úvwb K cöavbz `yfv M fvm Kiv nq 1. cövb fu wjt Kv úvwb (Private ltd. company): AvaywbK e n`vqzb e emvq RM Z ^vaxb mëv I mxwgz `vq wewkó QvU ai bi Kv úvwb msmvb nj cövb fu wjwg UW Kv úvwb GwU wbr bv gb me mvavi Y cwiwpz wpî: wewae Kv úvwb

77 70 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî mvaviyz AvZ xq ^Rb I eüzevüe wg j mxwgz `v qi wfwë Z h Kv úvwb MwVZ I cwipvwjz nq Zv K cövb fu wjwg UW Kv úvwb e j e Z h Kv úvwbi m`m msl v me wb œ `yõrb Ges m e v P câvk R b mxgve Ges hvi kqvi Aev a n ÍvšÍi hvm bq, Zv K cövb fu wjwg UW Kv úvwb e j 1994 mv ji Kv úvwb AvB bi 2(1) (U) avivq ejv n q Q h,òcövb fu wjwg UWÓ ej Z Ggb Kv úvwb K eysv e hv Gi cwi gj wbqgvewj Øviv K. Kv úvwbi kqvi hw` _v K, n ÍvšÍ ii AwaKv i evavwb la Av ivc K i L. Kv úvwbi kqv i ev ww eâv i (hw` _v K) Puv`v `v bi wbwgë (Subscription) Rbmvavi Yi cöwz Avgš Y Rvbv bv wbwl K i M. Gi m`m msl v Kv úvwbi PvKwi Z wbhy³ e w³my e ZxZ câv ki g a mxgve iv L m`m msl v mxwgz e j cövb fu wjwg UW Kv úvwb Zzjbvg~jKfv e ÿz`ªvqz bi n q _v K Kv úvwb AvBb Abyhvqx GB Kv úvwbi MVb _ K ïiæ K i cwipvjbvi wewfbœ Í i AvBbMZ Sv gjv A bkuv Kg AvBb Abyhvqx GUv ^vaxb K wîg e w³mëvi gh v`v fvm K i Ges kqvi nvìvi `I `vq mxgve _v K myzivs, cöpwjz Kv úvwb AvB bi Aax b wbewüz n q h Kv úvwb K wîg e w³mëvi gh v`v jvf Ki ji cwi gj wbqgvewj Abyhvqx 50 R bi AwaK m`m MÖnY Ki Z cv i bv, Rbmvavi Yi D Ï k kqvi weµ qi Avnevb Rvbv Z cv i bv Ges kqvi gvwjkmy Aev a kqvi n ÍvšÍ ii myweav fvm K i bv Zv K cövb fu wjwg UW Kv úvwb e j 2. cvewjk wjt Kv úvwb (Public ltd. company): gybvdv AR bi D Ï k Kgc ÿ 7 (mvz) Rb Ges m e v P h Kvb msl K ( kqvi msl v Øviv mxgve ) m`m ^ Qvq mxwgz `v qi wfwë Z kqvi n ÍvšÍ ii AwaKvi wb q K wîg mëvwewkó h cöwzôvb MwVZ nq, Zv K cvewjk wjwg UW Kv úvwb e j GB msmv bi g~jab KZK jv LÛ LÛ kqv i wef³ Ges kqvi jv Aev a n ÍvšÍi hvm cvewjk wjwg UW Kv úvwbi gvwjkvbv I e e vcbv m ú~y Avjv`v Kv úvwbi wbe vwpz cwipvjk cl ` Øviv GB Kv úvwbi e e vcbv I cwipvjbv Kvh cwipvwjz nq cvewjk wjwg UW Kv úvwb wbewüz nevi ci Kvh vi i AbygwZcÎ msmön K i Zvi Kvh µg myôzfv e ïiæ K i evsjv ` ki cvewjk wjwg UW Kv úvwbi AvBbMZ msáv D jøl Kiv n jv: 1994 mv ji Kv úvwb AvB bi 2(1-T) avivq ejv n q Q h, ÒcvewjK wjwg UW Kv úvwb ej Z cövb fu Kv úvwb bq Ggb Kv úvwb evsvq, hv Kv úvwb AvBb 1994 mvj ev Kv úvwb AvBb 1913 ev 1882 A_ev Kv úvwb AvBb 1886 A_ev GZØviv evwzjk Z Ab Kvb AvBb Abyhvqx wbewüz n q Q Ó cvewjk wjwg UW Kv úvwb me v cÿv ewk RbwcÖq gybvdv AR bi wbwg Ë eû msl K e w³i µxz kqv ii wfwë Z Kv úvwb AvBb Abyhvqx GB Kv úvwb MwVZ I cwipvwjz nq

78 P. gvwjkvbvwfwëk Kv úvwb Companies on the Basis of Ownership Any kind of e-book & Software : gvwjkvbvi wfwë Z Kv úvwb `yõikg n Z cv i hgb hš_ g~jabx e emvq mikvwi Kv úvwb (Government company): hme Kv úvwb mvaviyz mikvwi gvwjkvbvq MwVZ nq, A_ev Kv úvwb Z Kgc ÿ 51% kqv ii gvwjkvbv mikv ii _v K Zv K mikvwi Kv úvwb e j 2. emikvwi Kv úvwb (Non-government company): hme Kv úvwb emikvwi gvwjkvbvq cwipvwjz nq m jv K emikvwi Kv úvwb e j O. Ab vb Kv úvwb (Other companies): GQvovI wewfbœ ai bi Kv úvwb e emvq RM Z RwoZ i q Q wb æ m jv Av jvpbv Kiv n jv 1. nvwìs Kv úvwb (Holding Company): Kvb Kv úvwb MVb ev µqm~ Î Ab Kv úvwb wbqš Yi AwaKvsk ÿgzv c j Zv K nvwìs Kv úvwb ev wbqš YKvix Kv úvwb e j Giƒc Kv úvwb wbqš YK Z Kv úvwbi 50%-Gi AwaK kqv ii gvwjk Ges AwaKvsk cwipvjk wb qvm I AcmviY ÿgzv fvm K i nvwìs Kv úvwbi ewkó n jv K. Kvb Kv úvwbi kqvi g~ja bi 50% Gi ewk mieivnkvix; L. mvewmwwqvwi Kv úvwbi AwaKvsk cwipvjk wb qv Mi ÿgzv G Kv úvwbi Dci b Í _v K; M. Aaxb Kv úvwbi e e vcbv cwil` wbe vp bi `vwqz I G Kv úvwb ewkifvmb fvm K i; N. cwipvjk `i c`pÿ wz ev Aemi`v bi ÿgzvi Gi Dci b Í _v K; O. G Kv úvwbi c~y wbqš Y _ K Aaxb Kv úvwbwu cwipvwjz nq; BZ vw` 2. mvewmwwqvwi Kv úvwb (Subsidiary company): hme Kv úvwbi 50% -Gi AwaK kqv ii gvwjk Ab Kv úvwb Zv K mvewmwwqvwi Kv úvwb e j A a Ki ewk g~jab mieivnkvix Kv úvwb Giƒc Kv úvwbi cy iv wbqš Yi `vwq Z _v K wbqwš Z Kv úvwb K mvewmwwqvwi Kv úvwb ejv nq 3. we `wk Kv úvwb (Foreign company): h Kv úvwb ` ki evb i MwVZ n q, Kv bv wbw` ó ` k Kvh µg cwipvjbv K i, Zv K we `wk Kv úvwb e j 4. eûrvwzk Kv úvwb (Multinational company): Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): wpî: eûrvwzk Kv úvwb

79 72 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî h Kv úvwbi gvwjkvbv, e e vcbv Ges wbqš Y GKvwaK ` ki Awaevmx AšÍf y³ _v K Zv K eûrvwzk Kv úvwb e j hgbñbdwbwjfvi evsjv `k wjwg UW, bm j evsjv `k wjwg UW BZ vw` cwi k l ejv hvq h, Kv úvwb msmvb wewfbœ cökv ii n q _v K e env ii ewpî, D Ï k i wfbœzv wksev mg qi wfwë Z Kv úvwbi wewpîzv cömvwiz n q Q Kg cî-2 cövb fu I cvewjk wjwg UW Kv úvwbi 6wU cv_ K wjl cövb fu wjwg UW Kv úvwb 5.04 Kv úvwb msmv bi iæz Importance of Company Organization cvewjk wjwg UW Kv úvwb Kv úvwb K wîg e w³mëv wewkó e emvq msmvb GB e nëg e emvq msmvbwu Ab vb msmvb _ K ewk my hvm myweav fvm K i ez gvb e emvq I wkÿvk g i e vck cömv ii g~ j i q Q h _ g~jabx e emv qi Abb Ae`vb wb æ Gmg Í myweavmg~n ey bv Kiv n jv 1. ch vß g~jab msmön (Enormous capital): Kv úvwbi cöwzwu kqv ii g~j nq Kg Kg g~ j AwaK msl K kqvi wewµ K i g~jab msmön Kiv mnr nq G Z Aí mâqkvix `i wbku _ K g~jab msmön Kiv myweavrbk Ges Kv úvwbi g~ja bi cwigvyi AwaK nq 2. e n`vqzb e emvq cöwzôvb (Establishment of large-scale business): e n`vqzb e emvq MVb I cwipvjbvq Kv úvwb me P q Dc hvmx msmvb wecyj cwigvy kqvi I FYcÎ weµq Ges `ÿ e e vck wb qvm K i mn RB Kv úvwb G ai bi e emvq MVb I cwipvjbv Ki Z cv i 3. DËg wewb qvm ÿî (Proper Investment Field): Kv úvwb msmvb mviv we k B DËg wewb qvm ÿî wn m e cwiwpz kqv ii g~j gvb Kg niqvq mkj ai bi gvbyl I Avw_ K cöwzôvb Gi kqvi wk b wewb qvm Ki Z cv i jf vsk QvovI kqv ii g~j gvb e w, ivbu kqvi cövwß BZ vw` myweav _vkvq Zv mevi wbku AviI AwaK AvKl bxq 4. SuywK eè bi my hvm m wó (Creating Facilities of Risk Distribution): GKK gvwjkvbv ev Askx`vwiiwfwË Z KL bvb eo ai bi SzuwKc~Y Lv Z A_ wewb qvm m e nq bv A_P Kv úvwb msmv b SzuwK eè bi my hvm _vkvq G Z A_ wewb qv Mi mnr my hvm m wó nq Kv úvwb hz eo nq wewµz kqv ii msl vi ZZB e w cvq SzuwKI Z Zv ewk eè bi my hvm m wó n q _v K

80 hš_ g~jabx e emvq `ÿ cwipvjbv (Efficient management): G ai bi Kv úvwb cwipvjbvi fvi cwipvjkgðjxi Dci b Í _v K cwipvjkgðjx MwVZ nq `ÿ cwipvjkmy Øviv Aek cwipvjkgðjx cwiez b hvm A_ vr cö qvr b cyivzb cwipvjkgðjx K cwiez b K i `ÿ cwipvjk wbhy³ Kiv hvq 6. MYZvwš K cwipvjbv (Democratic management): G ai bi Kv úvwb MYZvwš K c wz Z Kv úvwbi m`m `i Øviv wbe vwpz cöwzwbwa Øviv cwipvwjz I wbqwš Z n q _v K A_ vr msl vmwi ôi Øviv cwipvwjz nq e j Gi e e vcbv MYZvwš K 7. RbM Yi Av v (Public confidence): Kv úvwbi MVb, cwipvjbv, e e vcbv I wbqš Y AvBb Øviv wba viy nq e j G Z AvB bi eva evakzvi ewk _v K d j e emv qi Dci Rbmvavi Yi Av v e w cvq Ges wewb qvmkvixmy wbf q Zv `i A_ wewb qvm K i _v K 8. AvšÍR vwzk mybvg (International goodwill) : e n`vqzb cöwzwôz Kv úvwb kyay h ` ki g a Rbmvavi Yi Av v AR b K i Zv bq, eis ` ki evwn ii G `i mybvg Qwo q c o A_ vr c w_exi wewfbœ ` k Zv `i e emvwqk Kvh Kjvc Qwo q c o GK K_vq ejv hvq e `wkk e emv qi ÿ Î h _g~jabx Kv úvwbb n jv GKgvÎ Dchy³ e emvq msmvb 9. M elyv (Research): bzzb Drcv` bi K kj Avwe vi, Drcv`bÑe q n«vm BZ vw`i D Ï k Kv úvwb M elyv Kv h A_ e q Ki Z cv i hv GKgvwjKvbv ev Askx`vwi e emvq m e bq 10. K ii myweav (Tax relief): Ab vb e emvq msmv bi K ii nvi A cÿv Kv úvwbi K ii nvi Kg Aciw` K bzzb Kv úvwb jv wkqyw`b ch ší Ki cö`vb _ K invb cvq Any kind of e-book & Software : Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): cwi k l ejv hvq, DcwiD³ myweavw` QvovI G e emvq n Z mgvr, mikvi Z_v ` ki mkj RbMYB cöz ÿ I c ivÿfv e myweavcövß n q _v K G Kvi Y ez gv b Giƒc e emvq MV b e emvqx `i g a e vck AvMÖn jÿ Kiv hvq 5.05 hš_ g~jabx Kv úvwbi myweavmg~n Advantages of Company Organization 1. mxwgz `vq: h _ g~jabx Kv úvwbi kqv ii Avw¼K g~j (Face value) A_ev cöwzköæwz Øviv mxgve _v K d j RbMY webvwøavq I msmv b wewb qvm K i 2. AwaK cyuwr: G ms v RbM Yi wbku kqvi wewµ K i ch vß cyuwr msmön Ki Z cv i GgbwK cö qvr b FYcÎ wewµi gva gi g~jab msmön Kiv hvq, hv Ab vb msmvb jv cv i bv 3. wpišíb Aw ÍZ : AvB bi m ó K wîg e w³mëv G K wpišíb Aw ÍZ cö`vb K i Q d j Gi vwqz AwaK GgbwK NUbvµ g Kv úvwbi mkj m` ` i g Zz n ji ms v wejyß nq bv A_ vr GUv wbw` ó AvB bi Øviv MwVZ I wbqwš Z nq d j Gi we kl AvBbMZ mve Rbxb mëv Av Q hv e emv qi DbœwZi mnvqk 4. MYZvwš KZv: GUv AvB bi AvIZvq mvwe K MYZvwš K c wz Z wbqwš Z I cwipvwjz nq 5. Rbmvavi Yi Av v: wbw` ó AvB bi Øviv G ms v MwVZ, cwipvwjz I wbqwš Z nq e j GUv RbM Yi AwaK Av v AR b mÿg nq d j wewb qvmkvixmy wbwð ší G msmv b wewb qvm K i Ges K wîg e w³mëvi Kvi Y Kv úvwb AwaK F Yi myweav fvm K i

81 74 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî 6. AwaK Drcv`b: e n`vqz bi Kvi Y G msmvb e vck Drcv`b Ki Z cv i Ges RbMY Kgg~ j cy µ qi my hvm cvq 7. Kg ms v bi my hvm: Ab h Kv bv e emv qi Zzjbvq e n`vqz bi Kv úvwb Z RbM Yi K g i my hvm-myweav ewk d j RbM Yi AwaK Kg ms vb K i h _ g~jabx Kv úvwb ` ki ekviz `~ixki Y iæz c~y f~wgkv cvjb K i 5.06 Kv úvwb e emv qi Amyweav Disadvantages of Company wbewüz, wewae `vqm úbœ e nr AvKv ii e emvq msmvb Kv úvwb msmvb GwU A bk jv myweav fvm Ki ji wewfbœ w`k wepv i Gi ek wkqy AmyweavI ` ó nq wb æ Gme Amyweavmg~n Av jvwpz n jv: 1 MV b RwUjZv (Complexity in formation): we klz mve Rbxb Kv úvwb MVb Kiv ek RwUj GRb ek wkqy AvbyôvwbK I AvBbMZ c` ÿc MÖnY Kivi ci G Kv úvwb MVb Kiv m e nq A_ vr GwU MVb Kiv AZ ší e qeûj Ges mgqmv cÿ 2 AwZ e nr AvKvi (Gigantic size): h _g~jabx e emv qi AvqZb GZ e nr AvKvi aviy K i h, GwU cwipvjbv I wbqš Y Kiv AZ ší KóKi nq 3 ^RbcÖxwZ (Nepotism): cwipvjkm Yi g a D Pc` Kg Pvix wb qv Mi e vcv i hvm Zv I AwfÁZvi cwie Z ^RbcÖxwZi cöeyzv ewk _v K 4 gvwjkvbv I e e vcbvq we Q` (Divorce between ownership and management): G ai bi Kv úvwb Z kqvi nvìvimy mivmwi e e vcbvq AskMÖnY K i bv d j gvwjkvbv I e e vcbvq we Q` `Lv `q 5 kqvi ev RqvßKiY (Forfeiture of shares): kqv ii Zjex A_ Abv`vqx _vk j cwipvjkgðjx cwi gj wbqgvewj Abymv i cwipvjkgðjxi mfvq cö Íve cvm K i GwU ev Rqvß Ki Z cv i hme kqvi ev Rqvß Kiv nq Gi cö`ë A_ diz `qv nq bv, d j kqvi nvìimy ewâz nq 6 GK PwUqv D e (Growth of monopoly): e n`vqzb Kv úvwb jv e emvq m cömviy Ki Z Ki Z Ggb Ae vq G m `uvovq h, Zviv ZLb GK PwUqv e emvq cöfve we Ívi Ki Z mÿg nq 7 kªwgk kvly (Exploitation of workers): e n`vqzb Kv úvwb jvi `iklvkwli ÿgzv AwaK _vkvq Zviv Kg cwi ek K `~wlz K i kªwgk kvly Ki Z _v K 8 kªwgk-gvwjk we iva (Dispute between labour and owner): Kv úvwb cwipvjbvi fvi ckv`vwi cwipvjk `i nv Z _vkvq kªwgk I gvwj Ki g a we iva e w c q _v K 9 mgš^ qi Afve (Lack of co-ordination): e n`vqzb Kv úvwbi e e vcbvq mgš^ qi Afve _v K d j cöwzôv bi Drcv`b n«vm cvq 10 mikvwi wbqš Y (Government Control): e n`vqzb Kv úvwb jvi KvRK g i Dci mikvwi wbqg-kvbyb Av ivc Kiv nq e Ztc ÿ kqvi nvìvi `i ^v_ AÿzYœ ivl Z, wewfbœ `yb xwzi Aemvb NUv Z G ai bi wbqš Y LyeB Dc hvmx wkš mikvwi cökvm b Mj` _vkvi Kvi Y A bk ÿ ÎB AZ wak wbqš Y e e v Av ivc Kiv nq d j Kv úvwbi ^vfvwek KvRK g bvbv RwUjZv m wó nq

82 hš_ g~jabx e emvq 75 cwi k l ejv hvq, hw`i G e emv qi A bk jv Amyweav ev mxgve Zv i q Q ZeyI Zzjbvg~jK wepv i Gi myweavb A bk ewk mzk Zvi mv _ e e v MÖnY Kiv n j Gi A bk jv mxgve ZvB `~i Kiv m e ZvB mkj ` kb GwU GKwU AcÖwZØ Øx e emvq msmvb wn m e B Zvg a B Zvi vb K i wb q Q Kv úvwb msmv bi MVb cöyvjx Formation Procedure of Company Any kind of e-book & Software : Kv úvwb msmvb n jv AvBb-m ó e emvq cöwzôvb hv Kv úvwb AvB bi wba vwiz cš vq MwVZ I cwipvwjz nq cvewjk I cövb fu wjwg UW Kv úvwb Dfq Ò Kv úvwb AvBb 1994Ó Abymv i MwVZ I cwipvwjz nq Kv úvwb MV b wewfbœ ch v q KZK jv mywbw` ó c` ÿc ev c wz AbymiY Kiv n q _v K Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): wb gœ G AvBb Abyhvqx Kv úvwb AvB bi c` ÿc/c wz ey bv Kiv n jv 1. D ` vm MÖnY ch vq (Promotional stage): GKvwaK e w³ Kv úvwb MV bi j ÿ me cö_g D ` vmx nb Kv úvwb MV bi Rb cvewjk wjwg UW Kv úvwbi ÿ Î Kgc ÿ 7 Rb Ges cövb fu wjwg UW Kv úvwbi ÿ Î Kgc ÿ 2 Rb D ` v³vi cö qvrb nq e emv qi m vebv, mvdj BZ vw` wel q wpšívfvebv K i Zviv Kv úvwb MV bi cöv_wgk c` ÿc MÖnY K ib G e w³em ev cöez KMY G ch v q wb gœv³ KvR m úv`b K ib: K. cö qvrbxq wm vší MÖnY L. bv gi QvocÎ msmön 2. `wjjcî cöyqb ch vq Documents Preparation Stage cwikíbv Zwii ci D ` v³vmy Kv úvwbi Rb me P q iæz c~y wb œv³ `ywu `wjj cöyqb K ib K. vikwjwc/msn vik ev cwi gje (Memorandum of Association): GwU Kv úvwbi g~j `wjj ev mb` G `wj j Kv úvwbi bvg, Kv úvwbi wbewüz Awd mi wvkvbv, Kv úvwbi g~j jÿ mg~n, kqvi, g~ja bi cwigvy, kqv ii AvswKK g~j mn g~ja bi wefw³ Ges GwU cövb fu wjwg UW bv-wk cvewjk wjwg UW Zv D jøl Kiv Aek K L. msnwewa ev cwi gj wbqgvewj (Articles of association): G `wj j Kv úvwbi Af šíixy cwipvjbv msµvší wbqg-c wz jlv nq cvewjk wjwg UW Kv úvwb AvB b ewy Z Zdwmj-1 K msnwewa wn m e MÖnY Ki j m ÿ Î Zv K Avi G `wjj Zwi Ki Z nq bv 3. wbeübcî msmön ch vq (Certificate of incorporation collection stage): G ch v q cöez KMY Kv úvwb wbeü Ki Awdm n Z cö qvrbxq dig msmön Kib Ges Zv c~iyc~e K `wjjcî mwbœ ewkz K i wbeü Ki wbku Rgv `b Aek Rgv`v bi mgq g~jab Abycv Z cö qvrbxq v ú I wd Gi mv _ `vwlj Ki Z nq

83 76 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî Av e`bc Îi mv _ wb œv³ `wjj I KvMRcÎ Rgv `qvi cö qvrb c o K. Kv úvwbi vikwjwci wzb Kwc; L. msnwewai wzb Kwc; Aek cvewjk wjwg UW Kv úvwb Zdwmj-1 K msnwewa wn m e MÖnY Ki j G g g NvlYvc Îi Kwc; M. D ` v³v cwipvjk `i bvg, wvkvbv I ckv; N. D ` v³v cwipvj Kiv wbr ^vÿihy³ `vwqz cvj bi m wzcî; O. D ` v³v cwipvjkmy hvm Zvm~PK kqvi µ q m Z Av Qb G g g GKwU Pzw³cÎ I P. nvb Kv U i DwKj A_ev msnwewa Z D jøl Kv bv cwipvjk ev mwpe c `i AwaKvix e w³ KZ K cö`ë h_v_ Zvi NvlYvcÎ Dc iv³ mewkqz wvkfv e c q wbeük wbeüb eb Z Kv úvwbi bvg ZvwjKvfy³ K ib Ges cöez K `i wbeübcî (Certificate of Incorporation) Ges PvB j cöz vwqz ^vikwjwc I msnwewai Kwc cö`vb K ib Gi cib cövb fu wjwg UW Kv úvwb KvR ïiæ Ki Z cv i wkš cvewjk wjwg UW Kv úvwb K KvR ïiæ Kivi Rb wbeü Ki wbku n Z Kvh vi i AbygwZcÎ msmön Ki Z nq 4. Kvh vi ch vq (Commencement stage): cvewjk wjwg UW Kv úvwb K Kvh vi i AbygwZcÎ cviqvi Rb b~ bzg Puv`v (Minimum Subscription) msmö ni NvlYvcÎ Ges Rbmvavi Yi wbku kqvi weµ qi NvlYvcÎmn wkqz iæz c~y `wjjcîmn Av e`b Ki Z nq me KvMRcÎ wvk _vk j Ges mš ó n j wbeük cvewjk wjwg UW Kv úvwb K Kvh vi i AbygwZcÎ cö`vb K ib G cî cviqvi c ib cvewjk wjwg UW Kv úvwb e emvq ïiæ Ki Z cv i 5.08 vikwjwc / cwi gjeü / msn vi Ki aviyv Concept of Memorandum of Association vikwjwc n jv Kv úvwbi g~j `wjj, mb` ev msweavb G Z Kv úvwbi g~j welqvewj; hgb-bvg, wvkvbv, D Ïk, g~jab, `vq I m wzi welq wjwce _v K GUv Kv úvwbi Kvh ÿî I ÿgzvi mxgv wb ` k K i G Z AšÍf~ ³ bb Ggb Kv bv KvR Kv úvbx m úv`b Ki Z cv i bv vikwjwci welqe ev avivmg~n Contents of Memorandum of Association Kv úvwb AvB bi 6 avivq kqvi Øviv mxgve Kv úvwbi 7 avivq cöwzköæwz Øviv mxgve Kv úvwbi Ges 8 avivq Amxg `vq Kv úvwbi vikwjwci welqe Íy m ú K ejv n q Q wb gœ vikwjwci avivmg~n D jøl Kiv n jv 1. bvg aviv (Name Clause): Kv úvwbi bvg Ges bv gi k l cvewjk Kv úvwbi ÿ Î Ôwjwg UWÕ Ges cövb fu Kv úvwbi ÿ Î ÔcÖvB fu wjwg UWÕ -G kã jv hvm Ki Z n e Kv úvwbi h Kv bv bvg ivlv h Z cv i Z e bvg MÖn Yi ÿ Î AÎ AvB bi 11 avivq ewy Z wb æv³ wewawb la g b Pj Z nq

84 hš_ g~jabx e emvq 77 i) GKwU we` gvb Kv úvwb B Zvc~ e h bv g wbewüz n q D³ bv gb envj Av Q A_ev h bv gi mv _ cö ÍvweZ bv gi Ggb mv` k _v K h, D³ mv` k i d j cözviyv Kiv m e Any kind of e-book & Software : ii) mikvwi M R U cöávc bi Øviv Abwf cöz e j NvlYv K i Q; Ggb Kv bv bvg mikv ii wjwlz c~e vbygwz e wz i K MÖnY Kiv hv e bv iii) RvwZmsN ev RvwZmsN KZ K MwVZ Gi Kv bv mnvqk ms v A_ev wek ^v ms vi bvg ev Hme bv gi kã ms ÿc msewjz Kv bv bvg, RvwZmsN ev Gi mnvqk ms vi ÿ Î RvwZms Ni m µuvwi Rbv ij Ges wek ^v ms vi ÿ Î Gi WvB i±i Rbv i ji wjwlz c~e AbygwZ e ZxZ e envi Kiv hv e bv 2. Ae vb I wvkvbv aviv (Situation and Address Clause): Kv úvwbi wbewüz Kvh vjq h A j Aew Z _vk e m v bi bvg Gi mv _ Kv úvwb Kvb Kvb GjvKvq Gi Kvh vewj we Í Z Ki e ZvI ewy Z _vk e 3. D Ïk aviv (Objective Clause): Kv úvwb wk ai bi e emv q wjß _vk e Zv G avivq we Í Zfv e wjwce _vk e G D Ï k i evb i Kv bv e emvq Kiv hvq bv G aviv GKw` K Kv úvwbi ÿgzv K msávwqz K i Ges Ab w` K Kv úvwb cö`ë ÿgzv K mxgve K i D³ avivq Kv úvwbi m ve ÿîmg~ ni ey bv _v K Ges fwel Z cö qvrb n j Kx Kx e emvq Ki Z cvi e ZvI wek`fv e ewy Z _v K 4. `vq aviv (Liability Clause): Kv úvwbi m`m `i `vq Zv `i µqk Z kqv ii AvswKK g~j (Face value) Øviv mxgve _v K kqv ii Acwi kvwaz g~ j i Rb Kej kqvi nvìvi `i K `vqx Kiv hv e Ges kqv ii g~j m ú~y iƒ c cwi kva Ki j Zviv m ú~y `vqgy³ n eb 5. g~jab aviv (Capital Clause): cö ÍvweZ gvu g~ja bi cwigvy Ges g~jab KZK jv Ges Kx cökv ii kqv i wef³ _vk e Zv G avivq D jøl _v K Kv úvwbi G g~jab K wbewüz ev Aby gvw`z g~jab ejv nq Gi AwZwi³ g~jab Kv úvwb msmön Ki Z cv i bv 6. m wz aviv (Consent Clause): vikwjwci kl As k cö Z K m`m Zuvi bv gi wecix Z KZ jv kqvi µq Ki eb Zvi m wz aviv m ú K wbæiƒc weavb ewy Z n q Q i. msn- vi K ^vÿi cö`vbkvix cö Z K m`m K Kgc ÿ GKwU kqvi µq Ki Z n e [aviv 6 (L)] ii. cö Z K ^vÿikvix m`m K Zvi bv gi wecix Z µqk Z kqv ii cwigvy D jøl Ki Z n e [aviv 6 (M)] iii. cö Z K ^vÿikvix m`m AšÍZtc ÿ `yõrb mvÿxi Dcw wz Z vikwjwc Z ^vÿi cö`vb Ki eb Ges D³ ^vÿi mvÿx KZ K mz vwqz n Z n e [aviv 9(M)] Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): cwi k l ejv hvq, Dchy³ avivmg~n ewy Z mkj ai bi Kv úvwb K me `v AbymiY Ki Z nq Gi Kv bv GKwU kz cwiez bi ÿ Î Aby gv`b I we kl wm vší MÖnY I ÿî we k l Av`vjZ I mikv ii Aby gv`b MÖnY Ki Z nq wb gœ vikwjwci GKwU bgybv `qv nj: gviæwz xj wgj&m wjwg UW ^vikwjwc

85 78 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî 1. Kv úvwbi bvg: gviæwz xj wgj&m wjwg UW 2. Kv úvwbi wbewüz Awdm: ivr feb, 31, w`jkzkv evwywr K GjvKv, XvKv 3. Kv úvwb MV bi D Ïk mg~n: K. wewfbœ j n I B úvzmvgmöx Drcv`b I Avg`vwb Kiv; L. kv-iæg I weµq K `ª cöwzôvi gva g ` k-we ` k `ªe weµq Kiv: M. G R U wb qv Mi gva g ` ki me Î Drcvw`Z ev Avg`vwbK Z `ªe weµ qi e e v Kiv I N. D Ïk AR bi Rb g~j D Ï k i Avbylw½K I cö qvrbxq mkj Kvh m úv`b Kiv 4. Kv úvwbi AvIZvfz³ GjvKv: Kv úvwbi Kvh µg mviv evsjv `ke vcx e vc Z n Z cvi e 5. g~jab: Kv úvwbi g~ja bi cwigvy n e 50 KvwU UvKv, hv cöwzwu 100 UvKv g~ j i 50 jÿ mvaviy kqv i wef³ n e 6. m`m `i `vq: Kv úvwbi m`m `i `vq kqvi g~j Øviv mxgve _vk e Avgiv wb gœewy Z e w³em G g g m wz cö`vb KiwQ h, vikwjwc Z DwjøwLZ kz Abymv i Avgiv GKwU Kv úvwb MV b B QzK Ges Avgv `i bv gi Wvbcv k ewy Z wbw` ó A ¼i kqvi µ qi Avgiv cöwzköæwze m wz `vbkvix e w³ `i bvg I wvkvbv 1. mvbdzj AvRg 114 / G-G g bk i ivw wrmvzjv, XvKv 2. gv: Avwe` Avjg wbkzä feb 45, cvzjv Lvb jb, XvKv 3. di ` m Aviv emg Gb, Gm, ivw, cvebv µ q Qz kqv ii cwigvy µ q Qz kqvi g~ja bi cwigvy (cöwzuv 100 UvKv nv i) jÿ UvKv jÿ UvKv jÿ UvKv 4. Avkivdzj Avjg Gb, Gm, ivw, cvebv jÿ UvKv 5. RvwKqv myjzvbv jÿ UvKv Gb, Gm, ivw, cvebv 6. Avwmd-D¾vgvb jÿ UvKv Mvcvjcyi, GK`šÍ cvebv 7. ivqnvb Avjx 3 jÿ UvKv Mvcvjcyi, GK`šÍ, cvebv 8. gv: njvj AvKb jÿ UvKv ^vÿi wbjydv BqvQwgb gv: Avwe` Avjg di ` m emg Aviv Avkivdzj Avjg RvwKqv myjzvbv Avwmd-D¾vgvb ivqnvb Avjx

86 ewikvj, SvjKvVx gvu M nxz kqv ii msl v Any kind of e-book & Software : hš_ g~jabx e emvq 79 30,000 (wîk nvrvi) ZvwiL: 25 k Ryb, 2005 Bs Dc ivwjøwlz e w³e M i bvg, wvkvbv I ^vÿi mz vwqz Kiv n jv (GW fv KU AvZvDi ingvb) evsjv `k nvb KvU, XvKv evm v bi wvkvbv evqzzj Avgvb 81, jkmvk vm, KjvevMvb, XvKv Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): wpî: msn vi Ki bgybv 5.09 vikwjwci iæz ev Zvrch Importance of Memorandum of Association 30,00, (wîk jÿ) ( gv: Kwei nvmvbb) 131, wwavbwu G t ivw, XvKv evm v bi wvkvbv 103 / 1-G, DËi gym`vcvov XvKv gv: njvj AvKb GKUv ` ki Rb Zvi msweav bi AvBbMZ gh v`v hgb GKUv Kv úvwbi Rb Zvi msn vi Ki gh v`vi wvk Abyiƒc ej ji AZz w³ nq bv msn vi Ki iæz ev AvBbMZ Zvrch K wb gœv³fv e D jøl Kiv h Z cv i: 1. ÿgzvi wb ` k (Indication of power): vikwjwc Kv úvwbi Kvh ÿgzvi mxgv wb ` k K i Giƒc `wj ji D Ïk avivq ewy Z KvR ev Gi mv _ mswkøó Avbylw½K KvR Kv úvwb Ki Z cv i Gi evb i Kv bv KvR Kiv n j Zv ÿgzv ewnf yz KvR we ewpz nq 2. m úk wb ` k (Indication of relationship): msn vi Ki kz wj Øviv Kv úvwb I kqvi nvìvi `i g a GKwU Pzw³ ev AvBbMZ eü bi m wó nq A_ vr Kv úvwb I kqvi nvìvi `i ga Kvi m úk Gi Øviv wby xz n q _v K Kv úvwb Z Zv `i AwaKvi Ges `vqi Gi gva g wbiƒwcz nq 3. h_vwbq g cwiez b Avek K (Necessary to change at law): AvB b D jøwlz KviY e wz i K Ges AvBb gvwdk AvbyôvwbKZv cvjb bv K i kqvi nvìvi `i me m wzµ g M nxz wm v šíi Øviv msn vik cwiez b Kiv hvq bv A_ vr Giƒc `wjj h_vwbq g cwie Zb Avek K 4. ÿgzv ewnf ~Z Kv Ri `vq (Liability for ultra vires activites): Kv úvwbi cwipvjkiv hw` vikwjwci ÿgzv ewnf yz Kv bv Kvh K i Z e Zvi Rb ÿîwe k l Zviv Kv úvwbi ev Z Zxq c ÿi wbku `vqx _v K

87 80 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî 5. msn vi Ki AMÖMY Zv (Primacy of memorandum of asociation): msn vik I msnwewai g a Kv bv we iva `Lv w` j kqvi nvìviiv msnwewa ms kvab K i D³ Kvh Aby gv`b Ki Z cv i wkš msn vik envj _v K A_ vr Giƒc `wjj memgqb gyl we ewpz nq 6. cökvk `wjj (Exressed document): msn vik GKwU iæz c~y cökvk `wjj myzivs Kv úvwbi mv _ jb ` b mkj cÿ Zv AeMZ Av Q e j aiv nq Giƒc `wjj m ú K Rvbv wqj bv GB ARynvZ KLbB Av`vj Z MÖvn nq bv Dcmsnv i ejv hvq h, vikwjwc Kv úvwbi gyl `wjj, mb` ev msweavb cö Z K Kv úvwbi Rb G ai Yi `wjj Zwi Acwinvh cö_g cwipvjk I D ` v³v `i bvg Ges ^vÿi G Z _vkvq Zv Kv úvwbi HwZ n i cökvk K i vikwjwci cwiez b (Alternation of Memorandum of Association): Kv úvwbi vikwjwc cwiez b ek AvbyôvwbKZvc~Y I RwUj KvR vikwjwci cö Z KwU welqe cwiez bi wfbœ wbqg Kv úvwb AvB b ey bv Kiv n q Q wb gœ c wzmg~n Av jvpbv Kiv n jv 1. bvg avivi cwiez b (Change of name clause): GB avivi cwiez bi Rb kqvi nvìvi `i mvaviy mfvq we kl cö Íve cvm Ki Z nq Ges G wel q mikv ii AbygwZ msmön Ki Z nq AZtci we kl cö Íve cv mi I mikv ii AbygwZi Abywjwc Kv úvwb wbeü Ki wbku `vwlj Ki Z nq AvBbMZ mgm v `Lv bv w` j wbeük, eb Z cyivzb bvg ev` w` q bzzb bvg AšÍf y³ K ib Ges G g g mvwu wd KU cö`vb K ib AZtci bvg cwiez b KvR mgvß nq 2. D Ïk avivi cwiez b (Change of objects clause): GB avivi cwiez b kqvi nvìvi `i mvaviy mfvq GB g g we kl cö Íve cvm K i Av`vj Zi Aby gv`b jvf Ki Z nq Av`vj Zi Aby gv`b jv fi ci beÿb w` bi g a ms kvwaz vikwjwci gyw`ªz Kwc I Aby gv`b jv fi cöwzwjwc wbeü Ki wbku `vwlj Ki Z nq wbeük ms kvwaz vikwjwc Aby gv`b Ki j D Ïk avivi cwiez b m ú~y nq Aek wbgœwjwlz h Kv bv GKwU Kvi YB ïaygvî GB avivq cwiez b Kiv hvq K. AwaKZi e q ms KvP I e emvq cwipvjbvq `ÿzv e w i Rb ; L. bzzb A_ev DbœZZi Dcv q Kv úvwbi cöavb D Ïk mvab Kivi Rb ; M. vbxq Kvh ÿî cwiez b Kivi Rb : N. Ggb Kv bv bzzb e emvq Avi Kivi Rb hv Kv úvwbi ez gvb e emv qi mv _ jvfrbkfv e hy³ Kiv hvq; O. vikwjwc Z D jøwlz Kv bv D Ïk ms KvPb ev cwiz vm Kivi Rb ; P. Kv úvwbi hvezxq e emvq A_ev e emv qi Askwe kl A_ev GKvwaK e emv qi Kv bv GKwU weµq wksev n ÍvšÍi Kivi Rb ; Q. Ab Kv bv Kv úvwb ev e w³e M i mv _ GKÎxf~Z niqvi Rb

88 hš_ g~jabx e emvq Ae vb I wvkvbv avivi cwiez b (Change of situation and address clause): G ÿ ÎI D Ïk aviv cwiez bi Abyiƒc mvaviy mfvq we kl cö Íve cvm Ges Av`vj Zi Aby gv`b jvf Ki Z nq Ges Zv wbeük K Rvbv Z nq D Ïk avivi cwiez bi bv q h Kv bv GKwU KviY Giƒc cwiez bi ÿ ÎI cö hvr n q _v K Z e GKB kn ii g a ev vbxq GjvKvi g a wvkvbv cwiez bi ÿ Î wvkvbv vbvší ii 28 w` bi g a GB m ú K Kv úvwb wbeük K weáwß w` jb P j 4. g~jab avivi cwiez b (Change of capital clause): Kv úvwbi cwi gj wbqgvejx Z g~jab cwiez b m ú K weavb _vk j Kv úvwbi g~jab n«vm ev e w Kiv hvq g~jab e w i ÿ Î mvaviy mfvq mvaviy cö Íve cvm Ki jb P j wkš g~ja bi cwigvy n«vm Ki Z n j kqvi nvìvi `i mvaviy mfvq we kl cö Íve cvm K i Av`vj Zi AbygwZ wb Z nq AZtci Kv úvwbi vikwjwc Z bzzb g~ja bi cwigvy D jøl K i cö Íve MÖn Yi ci 15 w` bi g a g~jab cwiez bi NvlYv wbeü Ki wbku `vwlj Ki Z nq Any kind of e-book & Software : Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): cwi gj wbqgvewj Øviv ÿgzvcövß n j kqvi g~j Øviv `vq mxgve Kv bv Kv úvwb wbgœwjwlz h Kv bv Dcv q g~jab cwiez b ev n«vm e w Ki Z cv i K. bzzb kqvi wewj; L. ez gvb kqv ii g~j gvb e w ; M. kqvi jv K cybivq wef³ K i Aí g~ j i kqv i cwiez bkiy; N. eèb Kiv nqwb ev evwzj Kiv n q Q Ggb kqvi wnmve n Z ev` w` q kqvi g~jab n«vm 5.10 msnwewa ev cwi gj wbqgvewji aviyv Concept of Articles of Association GwU Kv úvwbi wøzxq iæz c~y `wjj G Z Kv úvwbi Af šíixy wbqš Y m úwk Z wewa-weavb A_ vr Kv úvwb Kxfv e cwipvwjz n e Zv D jøl _v K Aek cvewjk wjwg UW Kv úvwbi ÿ Î Kv úvwb AvB b ewy Z Zdwmj-1 K Kv úvwbi cwi gj wbqgvewj wn m e MÖnY Kiv hvq m ÿ Î `wjj Zwii cö qvrb nq bv cövb fu wjwg UW Kv úvwbi ÿ Î GwU cö Z eva Zvg~jK cwi gj wbqgvewji welqe Contents of Articles of Association cwi gj wbqgvewj n jv Kv úvwbi wøzxq Ab Zg iæz c~y `wjj, hvi g a Kv úvwbi Af šíixy Kvh Kjvc cwipvjbv msµvší hvezxq welqvw` wjwce _v K vikwjwci Aax b G `wjj Kv úvwbi Af šíixy wµqv-kjv ci w`k-`k b wn m e f~wgkv iv L, Kv úvwbi cwi gj wbqgvewj Z hme welq AšÍf y³ niqv DwPZ m jv wbæiƒc 1. cöwzôv bi bvg: Kv úvwbi bvg Ges bv gi k l wjwg UW ev mxwgz ms ÿ c wjt kãwu emv Z n e 2. Kv úvwbi cwipvjk msµvší wbqgvewj i. cwipvjk msl v;

89 82 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî ii. cwipvjk, e e vc Ki bvg, wvkvbv, ckv I Ab vb weeiyx; iii. cö_g cwipvjk `i bvg, wvkvbv I ckv; iv. e e vck I cwipvjk `i `vq-`vwqz, AwaKvi I KZ e ; v. cwipvjk `i hvm Zvm~PK kqvi I g~j ; v i. cwipvjk `i cvwikªwgk; vii. cwipvjk `i Aemi MÖnY, `vwqz Ae vnwz BZ vw` msµvší wbqgvewj 3. Ab vb Kg KZ v wb qvm c wz i. g v bwrs G R U; ii. mwjwmuvi; iii. `vjvj; iv. Ae jl Ki bvg; v. ckv 4. g~jab msµvší wbqgvewj i. Aby gvw`z g~ja bi cwigvy; ii. g~ja bi kªyxwefvm I cwigvy; iii. b~ bzg g~ja bi cwigvy; iv. g~ja bi cwiez b ev n«vmñe w i wbqg; 5. kqvi msµvší wbqgvewj: i. gvu kqv ii msl v I kªyxwefvm; ii. cöwz kqv ii g~j ; iii. kqvi µ qi Rb RbmvaviY K Avnev bi wbqg; iv. kqvi n ÍvšÍi msµvší wbqgvewj; v. kqvi weµ qi Kwgkb I `vjvwj; vi. kqvi g~j cwi kv ai wbqgvewj; vii. kqvi weµq c wz; viii. kqvi ev RqvßKiY c wz I kz vewj; ix. kqvi n ÍvšÍi msµvší wbqgvewj; x. kqvi nvìvi `i cvi úwik m úk I AwaKvi; xi. wewfbœ kªyxi kqvigvwjk `i `vq-`vwqz, ÿgzv I AwaKvi 6. Kv úvwbi FY msµvší wbqgvewj: i. Kv úvwbi FY MÖnY msµvší wbqgvewj; ii. Kv úvwbi FY MÖnY ÿgzvi weeiy; iii. FY MÖnY c wz

90 7. Kv úvwbi mfv msµvší wbqgvewj: i. Kv úvwbi mfv AvnŸvb I mfv cwipvjbv c wz; Any kind of e-book & Software : ii. mfvi fvu MÖnY c wz; iii. wewfbœ mfvi Kvivg msµvší wbqg; iv. mvaviy mfv I we kl mfv Abyôv bi wbqgvewj 8. Kv úvwbi jf vsk msµvší wbqgvewj: i. jf vsk NvlYvi c wz; ii. jf vsk K g~ja b iƒcvšíwiz Kivi wbqgvewj 9. Kv úvwbi e vs Ki wnmve msµvší wbqgvewj 10. Kv úvwbi FY MÖn Yi c wz I wbqgvewj 11. Kv úvwbi wmj gvni msµvší wbqgvewj i. Gi msiÿy I ii. e envi-wewa Kg cî-3 Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): hš_ g~jabx e emvq 83 vik wjwc I cwi gj wbqgvewji aviyv I welqe Íy we køly K i G `i g a 5wU cv_ K ei Ki vikwjwc 5.11 weeiyc Îi aviyv Concept of Prospctus cwi gj wbqgvewj ÒProspectus is an advertisement of a company mvaviyz cvewjk wjwg UW Kv úvwb RbM Yi Kv Q kqvi I FYcÎ weµ qi Rb Kv úvwbi cwic~y Z_ m ^wjz h weávcb cöpvi K i, mwu weeiy cî wn m e we ewpz nq GLv b m ve wewb qvmkvix `i K AvK ó Ki Z Póv Pvjv bv nq G K Kv úvwbi `c Yi (Mirror) mv _ Zzjbv Kiv nq mvaviyz cvewjk wjwg UW Kv úvwb wbeü bi QvocÎ msmö ni ci g~jab msmö ni wbwg Ë e emv qi Avw_ K Ae v Rvwb q Rbmvavi Yi D Ï k h cî ipbv Kiv nq Zv K weeiycî e j g~jz Kvh vi i AbygwZcÎ cvevi wbwg Ë wbeü bi QvocÎ AR bi mv _ mv _ cvewjk wjwg UW Kv úvwbi cöez K ev D ` v³vmy h c Îi gva g RbMY K kqvi ev ww eâvi µ qi Avnevb Rvbvq Zv K weeiycî ev cöm ckuvm e j weeiyc Îi welqe Íy

91 84 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî Contents of the Prospectus cövb fu wjwg UW Kv úvwb hlb cvewjk wjwg UW Kv úvwb Z cwiyz nq ev bzzb Kv úvwb evrv i kqvi Q o g~jab msmö ni mgq RbmvaviY K AewnZ Kiv ev DrmvwnZ Kivi Rb B weeiyx cöpvi K i _v K weeiy c Î Ggb me welq AšÍf y³ Kiv DwPZ hv RbMY K G Kv úvwb m ú K c~y weeiy w` Z mÿg GKwU weeiy c Î hme welq AšÍfy ³ niqv DwPZ Zv wbæiƒc 1. Kv úvwbi bvg, wvkvbv, D Ïk vewj 2. Aby gvw`z g~ja bi cwigvy I weeiy 3. kqvi µ qi Av e`b, AveÈb I Zj e cö `q A _ i cwigvy Ges Av e`bcî Rgv `qvi kl ZvwiL 4. b~ bzg g~jab msmö ni cwigvy 5. cöv_wgk Li Pi cwigvy 6. cwipvjk `i bvg, wvkvbv I ckv 7. cwipvjk `i hvm Zvm~PK kqvi µ qi msl v I g~j 8. cwipvjk `i cvwikªwg Ki cwigvy 9. cwipvjk cl `i m`m `i ^vÿi 10. m úwëi we ÍvwiZ weeiy 11. cwipvjk `i `q A_ I Ab vb myweav 12. jf vsk eèb c wz 13. Kv úvwbi wbixÿ Ki bvg I wvkvbv 14. Kv úvwb AvBb Dc `óvi bvg I wvkvbv 15. Kv úvwbi e vskv ii bvg I wvkvbv 16. Kv úvwbi wnmve wbixÿ Yi wbqgvewj 17. Z Zxq c ÿi mv _ m úvw`z Pzw³i we ÍvwiZ weeiy 18. vikwjwci mswÿß ey bv 19. cwi gj wbqgvewji msw&ÿß ey bv 20. cwipvjkm Yi ^v_ 21. kqv ii kªyxwefvm I cö Z K kqv ii msl v 22. cöwz kqv ii weµqg~j Ges cwi kva c wz 23. Kv úvwb Z kqvi gvwjk `i ^v_ 24. kqvi eè bi `vq KD MªnY Ki j Zvi bvg I wvkvbv 25. Kv úvwbi c~e BwZnv mi msw&ÿß weeiy 26. g v bwrs G R U ev e e vcbv cwipvjk `i bvg, wvkvbv, cvwikªwgk Ges wb qvm c wz 27. PjwZ g~ja bi cwigvy 28. kqvi Av e` bi mgq Ges eiv i Rb h cwigvy A_ cö`vb Ki Z n e Zvi cwigvy 29. Kv úvwbi wbku m úwë we µzv `i bvg wvkvbv I cwipq

92 hš_ g~jabx e emvq Kvb D ` v³v `i bvg, wvkvbv Ges Kv bv A_ ev myweav cö`vb Kiv n j Zvi weeiy 31. Kv úvwbi iæz c~y Pzw³mg~ ni ZvwiL, cÿmg~n 32. Kv úvwbi e emvq Pvjy _vk j wemz K qk eq ii DØ Ë cî I jvf ÑÿwZi wnmve weeiyx 33. weeiycî cöpv ii ZvwiL I cwipvjk `i cö Z Ki ^vÿi BZ vw` cwi k l ej Z cvwi h, me ai bi Kv úvwbi weeiyc ÎB D jøwlz me jv welq AšÍfy ³ bvi _vk Z cv i cöez K ev cwipvjkiv wepvi-we epbv K i Kv úvwbi weeiyc Îi welqe Íy wba viy Any kind of e-book & Software : K i _v K Z e Kv bv Ae v ZB weeiy c Î wg_ v Z_ -cwi ekb Kiv hv e bv weeiyc Îi wekí wee wz Statement in Lieu of Prospectus kqvi Øviv mxgve cvewjk wjwg UW Kv úvwbi weeiycî wbeü Ki wbku ck Kiv Ges m jv Rbmvavi Yi ÁvZv _ cöpvi Kiv eva Zvg~jK Z e Kv úvwb K me ÿ ÎB Zv cöpvi Ki Z n e G ai bi Kv bv eva evakzv bb A bk mgq `Lv hvq Kv úvwbi cöez KMY AvZ xq ^Rb, eüzevü ei wbku _ K cö qvrbxq g~jab msmön Ki Z cv i m ÿ Î Avi weeiycî cöpvi Kivi cö qvrb nq bv ZLb 1994 mv ji AvB b ewy Z ZdwmjÑ4 Abyhvqx GKwU wekí weeiycî cö Z Ki Z nq Ges Zvi GK Kwc wbeü Ki wbku cöiy Ki Z nq Zv bv n j Kv úvwb kqvi ev FYcÎ wewj Ki Z cv i bv A_ vr, GKwU Kv úvwb MV bi cö qvrbxq g~jab hlb cöez KMY Zv `i wbr ^ AvZ xq ^Rb A_ev Ab Kv bv Drm _ K msmön Ki Z mg_ nb ZLb weeiycî cöpv ii cwie Z wbeü Ki wbku h wee wz cö`vb Kiv nq Zv K weeiyc Îi wekí wee wz e j AwfwnZ Kiv nq Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): Kv úvwb wbeübcî Company Registration Certificate Kv úvwb AvB bi wewfbœ weavb ev AvbyôvwbKZv cvjb k l Kv bv Kv úvwbi cöez K ev D ` v³vmb Kv úvwb wbeü Ki wbku n Z wbeü bi cögvb wnmv e h `wjj msmön K i Zv KB wbeübcî e j cövb fu wjwg UW Kv úvwb Giƒc `wjj cviqvi cib KvR ïiæ Ki Z cv i; wkš cvewjk wjwg UW Kv úvwbi ÿ Î Giƒc `wjj cövwßi ci Aw Í Z i m wó n ji Kvh vi i AbygwZcÎ msmö ni c~ e Zviv KvR ïiæ Ki Z cv i bv wb gœ Kv úvwbi wbeübc Îi GKwU bgybv `qv n jv Bs 57/wb/2004 MYcÖRvZš x evsjv `k mikvi Kv úvwb wbeü Ki Kvh vjq gwzwsj ev/g, XvKv-1000 ZvwiL:... wbeüb cî

93 86 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî... X... Kv úvwb wj.- K Kv úvwb AvBb Abyhvqx A`...ZvwiL n Z kqvi Øviv mxgve Kv úvwb wn m e ZvwjKvfy³ Kiv n jv ^vÿi wmj wbeük wpî: wbeüb cî cwi k l ejv hvq h, wbeüb cî n jv Kv úvwb MV bi cögvy ev `wjj Kv úvwb wbeü bi ci wbeüb KZ cÿ Kv úvwb K D³ `wjj ev mvwu wd KU cö`vb K i _v K 5.13 Kvh vi i AbygwZcÎ Certificate of Commencenment cvewjk wjwg UW Kv úvwb K wbeübcî cviqvi ci cö qvrbxq `wjj cîmn Kv úvwb wbeü Ki wbku Kvh vi i AbygwZ P q Av e`b Ki Z nq Av e` b 1994 mv ji Kv úvwb AvB bi 50 avivi wbqg mwvkfv e cvwjz n j wbeük Kv úvwb K Kvh vi i AbygwZ w` q GKLvbv cî cö`vb K ib, hv Kvh vi i AbygwZcÎ bv g cwiwpz Kvh vi i AbygwZc Î hme welq D jøl _v K, Zvn jv i. wbeüb Awd mi bvg I wvkvbv ; ii. Kvh vi i AbygwZcÎ Bmÿ i ZvwiL ; iii. Kvh vi i ZvwiL ; iv. cî b ^i ; v. Awdm mxj ; vi. wbeü Ki bvg I c`wemn wmj I ^vÿi ; vii. Kv bv kz hy³ _vk j Zvi weeiy BZ vw` wb gœ Kvh vi i AbygwZc Îi GKwU wpî `qv n jv cî bs-a/07/2004 MYcÖRvZš x evsjv `k mikvi Kv úvwb wbeü Ki Kvh vjq gwzwsj ev/g, XvKv-1000 ZvwiL :...

94 hš_ g~jabx e emvq 87 Kvh vi i AbygwZcÎ 1994 mv ji Kv úvwb AvB bi 103 aviv Abyhvqx Y Kv úvwb wjwg UW K Kvh vi i AbygwZ `qv Mj Any kind of e-book & Software : hv...zvwil n Z Kvh Ki n e ^vÿi wmj wbeük 5.14 Kv úvwbi g~jab Company Capital Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): wpî: Kvh vi i AbygwZcÎ AvaywbK e emv qi RM Z g~jab K Rxebxkw³ wn m e AwfwnZ Kiv n q Q A_ Qvov h Kv bv e emvqb APj hgb i³ Qvov gvby li kixi Avgv `i Pvicv k hme e emvq msmvb Avgiv `wl m jvi g a e emv qi Dcv`vb me jv GKmv _ bvi _vk Z cv i wkš me cöwzôv b GKwU g~j Dcv`vb Aek B Av Q Avi Zv n jv A_ e emv qi cöv_wgk e q wbe vn, Drcv`b Kvh Ae vnz ivlv, cy weziy I kªwg Ki cvibv cwi kva cöf wz mkj Kv R A _ i cö qvrb GRb B e emv qi mdjzv A bkvs kb A_ ms v bi Dci wbf i K i A_ ms vb g~jz cöwzôv bi A _ i cö qvrb wba viy, Drm AbymÜvb, e envi wbiƒcy, fwel Zi Rb A_ msiÿy, mvgwmök A_ msiÿy I mvgwmök A_ e e vcbv BZ vw`i mv _ m úk hy³ Kv úvwb e emv q A_ ms v bi ^í gqvw` I `xn gqvw` A_ ms v bi Drm mg~n wb gœ Av jvpbv Kiv n jv ^í gqvw` A_ ms v bi Drm Sources of Short Term Business Finance A_ evrvi n Z wkí Z_v e emvq cöwzôvbmg~ ni ^í gqvw` g~jab ev cyuwr msmön Kiv nq mvaviyz GK eq ii Rb ^í gqvw` A _ i ms vb Kiv nq evwywr K e vsk, `kxq FY`vZv Mvôx, e e vcbv cöwzwbwae `, wej evrvi, mgevq e vsk, f~wgeüwk e vsk cöf wz wb q ^í gqvw` F Yi Drm A_ evrvi MwVZ nq 1. gvwj Ki Znwej (Owner s Fund):

95 88 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî e emv q ^í gqvw` A_ ms v bi ÿ Î gvwj Ki Znwej K cöavb Drm wn m e we epbv Kiv nq gvwjk cö_gz Zvi wb Ri mwâz A_ e emv q wewb qvm K ib gvwj Ki Znwej n Z msm nxz A_ w` q e emv qi PjwZ g~ja bi cö qvrb guv bvi Póv Kiv nq G ÿ Î G Drm n Z msm nxz A_ Ach vß n j Ab vb Drm n Z A_ vq bi Póv Kiv nq 2. e emvq FY (Trade Credit): e emvq FY Ggb GK ai bi FY hv av i µq-weµ qi d j m wó nq G ai bi F Yi AvIZvq cy mvgmöxi we µzv cy weµ qi GKwU wbw` ó mgq ci µzvi KvQ n Z g~j MÖnY K i _v K d j µzvi wbku GB wbw` ó mg qi g a g~j cwi kva bv Kivi myweav FY wn m e we ewpz, hv K e emvq FY ejv nq A_ vr, e emvq FY Ggb GK ai bi FY K eysvq hv GKRb e emv qi ^vfvwek Kg Kv Ði d j cy mieivnkvixi KvQ _ K c q _v K ez gv b Dbœqbkxj e emvq RM Z Giƒc F Yi e envi e emv qi A_ ms vb K LyeB mnr K i Q 3. evwywr K e vsk (Commercial Bank): evwywr K e vsk jv K ^í gqvw` F Yi e emvqx ejv nq e vsk jvi cöavb KvR n jv wewfbœ e emvq-evwyr I wkí KviLvbvq ^í gqvw` FY `qv myzivs h Kv bv e emvqxi A _ i cö qvrb n jb evwywr K e vsk jvi KvQ n Z ^í gqv ` A_ msmön Kiv hvq G ÿ Î e vsk jv mnr k Z avi, bm` FY I RgvwZwi³ FY wn m e A_ w` q _v K 4. AvZ xq ^Rb I eüz evüe (Relatives & Friends): cö Z K gvby lib Ggb wkqy AvZ xq ^Rb I eüz evüe _v K, hviv wewfbœ wec`-avc` I cö qvr bi mgq GwM q Av m e emvqx `i ÿ ÎI `Lv hvq, e emv q A_ vq b wbr ^ Znwej n Z msm nxz A_ Ach vß n j wbkuzg AvZ xq ^Rb I eüzevüe `i kiyvcbœ nq Ges Zv `i KvQ _ K FY wn m e A_ wb q e emvq cwipvjbv Kiv nq AvZ xq ^Rb I eüz-evüe `i KvQ _ K FY MÖn Yi BwZevPK w`k n Q Kv bv ai bi RvgvbZ Ges mỳ ev gybvdv bv w` qb LyeB mnr k Z I mnr cöwµqvq FY MÖnY Kiv hvq 5. `kxq e vskvi (Indigenous Banks): cövpxbkvj n ZB e emv qi A_ ms v b `kxq e vskvi gyl f~wgkv cvjb Ki Q `kxq e vskvi ej Z A_ e emv q wjß wewfbœ e w³ ev gnvrb kªyx K eysvq `kxq e vskvi Pov my ` wewfbœ e emvqx K FY cö`vb K i MÖvgv j `kxq e vskvi `i Dcw wz AwaK jÿyxq 6. e e vcbv cöwzwbwa (Management Agent): e e vcbv cöwzwbwa ej Z Kv bv e w³ ev cöwzôvb K eysvq hviv Pzw³i AvIZvq Kv bv Kv úvwbi e e vcbvi `vwq Z wb qvwrz _v K Giƒc e e vcbv cªwzwbwa e emv qi ^í gqvw` A_ ms v bi Ab Zg Drm e e vcbv cöwzwbwa

96 hš_ g~jabx e emvq 89 Avw_ K w`k _ K AZ ší ^ Qj _vkvq Lye mn RB Zviv A _ i ms vb Ki Z mÿg nq ZvQvov evrv i h _ó mybvg _vkvq mn RB Kv úvwbi kqvi FYcÎ wewµ Ki Z cv i Ges wb R `i wr vq e vsk n Z FY MÖnY Ki Z cv i Any kind of e-book & Software : 7. mgevq e vsk I mgevq FY`vb mwgwz (Co-operative Banks & Co-operative Credit Society): mgevq e vsk jv wewfbœ wkí, e emvq I evwy R FY cö`v b iæz c~y f~wgkv ivl Q we kl K i QvULv Uv wewfbœ wkí I e emvq cöwzôv b ^í gqvw` FY cö`v bi gva g Gme cöwzôv bi PjwZ g~ja bi cö qvrb guv Q Ab w` K mgevq FY`vb mwgwz m wói D Ïk B n jv mnr k Z wewfbœ e emvq cöwzôv b FY `vb Kiv Aek Giƒc cöwzôvb cöavbz m`m `i FY`v bi ÿ ÎB AMÖvwaKvi w` q _v K 8. AwMÖg A_ (Advance Money): hme cöwzôv bi Drcvw`Z cy m ú K evrv i h _ó mybvg i q Q Zv `i ^í gqvw` A_ ms v b Lye GKUv em c Z nq bv Kbbv, Zv `i cy cviqvi R b µzv, LyPiv we µzv, cvbkvi, `vjvj ev dwoqvmy A bk mgq cy Drcv`b ev msmö ni Av MB AwMÖg g~j cwi kva K i _v K Avevi, KuvPvgvj mieivnkvix cöwzôvb jvi wewfbœ wkí gvwjk `i KvQ _ K KuvPvgv ji AwMÖg g~j c q _v K Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): 9. mikvwi I Avav mikvwi cöwzôvb (Government and Semi-Govt. Organizations): mikvwi I Avav-miKvwi cöwzôv bi A bk Kg m~wp i q Q ` ki e emvq I wkí Lv Zi Dbœq b KvwiMwi mnvqzvi cvkvcvwk Gme cªwzôvb ÿz`ª, gvsvwi I e n`vkvi e emv qi PjwZ g~ja bi Pvwn`v wbim b ^í gqvw` A_ mieivn K i _v K 10. f~wg eüwk e vsk (Land Mortgage Banks): f~wg eüwk e vs Ki KvR n jv f~wg ev Rwg eük i L FY cö`vb Kiv wewfbœ e emvqx I wkí cöwzôv bi gvwjkmy Zv `i e w³mz I e emvwqk m úwë eük i L f~wg eüwk e vsk n Z ^í gqvw` FY MÖnY K i _v K 11. wkí e vsk (Industrial Bank): wkí e vsk GKwU we klvwqz e vsk Giƒc e vs Ki cªavb KvR n jv ` ki wkílv Zi Dbœq b FY I civgk cö`vb Kiv wkí e vsk ga g I `xn gqvw` F Yi cvkvcvwk wk íi PjwZ g~ja bi Pvwn`v c~i Yi R b ^í gqvw` FY gäyi K i _v K 12. ÿz`ª FY Kg m~wp (Micro Credit Program): Avgv `i ` ki e emvq I KzwUi wk íi Dbœq b we kl K i ^í gqvw` A_ ms v b ÿỳ ª FY Kg m~wp gyl f~wgkv cvjb Ki Q G ÿ Î emikvwi wewfbœ ms v (NGO) hgb eªvk, Avkv, cöwkkv cöf wz MÖvgxY RbM Yi Av_ -mvgvwrk Ae vi Dbœq b ÿz`ª FY Kg m~wpi AvIZvq e emvq cöwzôv b ^í gqvw` A _ i hvmvb w` Q we klvwqz e vsk wn m e MÖvgxY e vs Ki RvgvbZwenxb ÿz`ª FY Kg m~wpi e emv qi ^í gqvw` A_ ms v b Kvh Ki f~wgkv ivl Q 13. wej evævkiy (Discounting Bills): e emvq cöwzôvb jv cövc wej evævki Yi gva gi ^í gqvw` A _ i ms vb K i _v K G ÿ Î cövc wej Kv bv e vsk ev Avw_ K cªwzôv b wb q

97 90 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî wm q we ji wjwlz g~ j i (Face Value) P q Kg A _ i ms vb Ki Z cv i Riæwi cö qvr b Giƒc wej evævki Yi gva g ^í gqvw` A_ ms vb Kiv nq 14. m úwë weµq (Sale of Assets): A bk mgq e emvq wkqy wkqy m úwë _v K hv e emv q Kv R jv M bv ev AwZwi³ ev AcÖ qvrbxq Giƒc m úwë weµq K ii e emv qi ^í gqvw` A_ ms v bi e e v Kiv nq cwi k l ejv hvq h, mkj e emvq cöwzôvbb ^í gqvw` wewfbœ ai bi A_ ms v bi Dci wbf ikxj ^í gqvw` A_ ms v bi Drm n Q cöavbz Drcv`b mswkøó e q Kgx `i cvwikªwgk Awdm iÿyv eÿy e q, cöf wz Lv Z e q Kiv nq e emvq A_ ms v bi `xn gqvw` Drm (Sources of Long Term Business Finance): `xn Kvjxb mg qi Rb A_ vr 5 ev 10 eq ii AwaK mg qi Rb e emv q h A_ ms vb Kiv nq Zv K `xn gqvw` A_ ms vb e j e n`vqzb e emvq cöwzôvb M o Zvjvi Rb `xn gqvw` A_ ms v bi cö qvrb nq `xn gqvw` A_ ms v bi Drmmg~n wb gœ ey bv Kiv n jv 1. kqvi weµq (Sale of share): Kv úvwb RbM Yi wbku kqvi weµq K i `xn gqvw` A_ ms vb Ki Z cv i mvaviyz: Kv úvwb we jvcmva bi Av M kqv ii A_ diz w` Z nq bv wewfbœ cökvi kqv ii gva g G ai bi A_ ms v bi KvR nq 2. FYcÎ weµq (Sale of debenture): Kv úvwb RbM Yi wbku kqvi weµq Kivi cvkvcvwk FYcÎ weµ qi gva g `xn gqvw` A_ ms vb Ki Z cv i 3. mwâwz Znwej (Reserve fund): Kv úvwbi gybvdvi h Ask eèb bv K i i L `qv nq Zv K mwâwz Znwej e j GB AewÈZ gybvdv w` q wewfbœ ai bi mwâwz Znwej MVb Kiv nq hv e emv qi `xn gqvw` A_ ms v bi Drm e j we ewpz nq hgb- mvaviy mwâwz Znwej, jf vsk mgzvkiy Znwej

98 hš_ g~jabx e emvq Ae jlk (Underwriter): h mkj e w³ ev cöwzôvb bzzb Kv úvwbi kqvi I FYcÎ weµ qi SzwuK MÖnY K i Zv `i K Ae jlk e j Kv úvwbi kqvi I FYcÎ weµq Kiv m e bv n j Ae jlkivb Pzw³ Abyhvqx Aewkó kqvi I FYcÎ µq K i `xn gqvw` A_ ms v bi e e v K i _v K Any kind of e-book & Software : 5. kqvi evrvi (Share market): h wbw` ó v b wbqwgz I Aby gvw`z fv e wewfbœ Kv úvwbi kqvi I FYcÎ µq-weµq Kiv nq Zv K kqvi evrvi ejv nq kqvi evrv i kqvi weµ qi gva g `xn gqvw` A_ ms vb Kiv hvq 6. wkíe vsk (Industrial bank): wkíe vsk I wkí FY ms v e n`vqzb wkí vcb I Dbœq b `xn gqvw` A_ ms v bi KvR K i _v K Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): 7. eüwk e vsk (Mortage bank): mvaviyz: evwywr K e vsk Dchy³ RvgvbZ c j `xn gqvw` A_ ms v bi Rb FY mieivn K i _v K A bk mgq wewfbœ wkí cöwzôv bi Rb `xn gqvw` wmwû K Ui gva g A_ ms v bi e e v K i _v K 8. wewb qvmkvix cöwzôvb (Investment organisation): wewfbœ wewb qvmkvix cöwzôvb hgb e vsk, exgv, wjwrs BZ vw` `xn gqvw` A_ ms v bi e e v K i 9. exgv cöwzôvb (Insurance company): e emv qi AwbðqZv `~i K i SuywK MÖnY K i _v K exgv cöwzôvb Giv G `i Kg Kv Ði gva g e emv qi `xn gqvw` A_ ms vb K i _v K cwi k l ejv hvq h, h Kv bv e emvq cwipvjbvi Rb cöpzi cwigvy g~jab ev Znwe ji cö qvrb nq G cö qvrb `xn gqvw`i nq DcwiD³ Drm jvi gva g e emvq cwipvjbvi Rb `xn gqvw` A_ ms vb Kiv hvq 5.15 kqvi (Share) bzzb wksev cyivzb Kv úvwb msmv bi g~jab msmö ni cöavb nvwzqvi n jv kqvi Bs iwr Share k ãi AvwfavwbK A_ ÕAskÕ Kv úvwb msmv bi ÿ Î kqviñgi A_ n QÑ Kv úvwbi gvu g~ja bi Ask Kv úvwbi gvu g~jab K gvu mgcwigvy KZK jv ÿz`ª ÿz`ª GK K wef³ Kiv nq G `i cö Z KwU GKK K GK GKwU kqvi e j cª Z KwU kqv ii wbw` ó AvswKK g~j (Face value) _v K Ges cö Z KwUi g~j mgvb _v K hgbñ Kv bv Kv úvwbi 10 jÿ UvKvi g~jab K 10,000 fv M fvm Kiv n j GK GKwU fv Mi g~j n e 100 UvKv g~ja bi G kqv ii gvwjk n q Kv úvwbi gvwjkvbv `vwe Kiv hvq Kv úvwbi wbe vp b fvu`v bi AwaKvi cviqv hvq e n`vqzb Kv úvwb Pjgvb Ae vq Avw_ K msk U co j kqvi wewµi gva g g~jab msmö ni e e v K i

99 92 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî myzivs Kv úvwbi mgmö g~jab K mgcwigvy GK K wef³ Ki j cö Z KwU GKK K kqvi e j cö Z KwU GKKB mgvb g~j enb K i Ges g~ja bi GKwU ÿz`ª Ask wb ` k K i, hv K kqvi e j cwi k l ejv hvq h, kqvi n Q Kv úvwbi gvu g~ja bi Ask h e w³ kqvi µq K i Zv K kqvi nvìvi e j cö Z KwU kqvi g~ja bi Ask e j mwu µ qi Øviv kqvi nvìvimy Kv úvwbi AvswkK gvwjkvbv jvf K i Ges Gi e j Zviv Kv úvwbi jf vsk cvevi AwaKvi jvf K i Kv úvwbi we jvc mvab NU j kqvi nvìvimy Kv úvwbi m úwë Z cö`ë g~ja bi AvbycvwZK Ask diz cvevi AwaKvix nq kqv ii kªwywefvm Classification of Shares of Company kqvi n jv h _ g~jabx Kv úvwbi gvu g~ja bi ÿy`ªzg Ask Kv úvwb g~jab msmön Kivi Rb RbM Yi Kv Q kqvi wewµ K i `q Kv úvwb wb Ri Ges wewb qvmkvix `i K_v we epbv K i,wewfbœ cökvi kqvi Bmÿ K i wb gœ Q Ki gva g kqv ii kªwywefvm `Lv bv n jv kqvi mvaviy kqvi AMÖvwaKvi kqvi wejw ^Z kqvi we kl/ab vb kqvi evbvm kqvi AwaKvi ev ivbu kqvi Awba vwiz g~j ev AbvswKK g~ j i kqvi mâqx AMÖvwaKvi kqvi AmÂqx AMÖvwaKvi kqvi cwi kva AMÖvwaKvi kqvi Acwi kva AMÖvwaKvi kqvi AskMÖnYKvix AMÖvwaKvi kqvi Ask bv MÖnYKvix AMÖvwaKvi kqvi cwiez b hvm AMÖvwaKvi kqvi AcwieZ bxq AMÖvwaKvi kqvi wpî: kqv ii kªwywefvm 1. mvaviy kqvi (Ordinary Share): h kqv ii gvwjkmy AMÖvwaKvihy³ kqv ii gvwjk `i g a jf vsk eè bi ci jf vsk cvq Ges e emvq we jvc mvabkv ji AMÖvwaKvi hy³ kqvi gvwjk `i g~jab `qvi ci Zv `i g~jab diz cvevi AwaKvix nq Zv K mvaviy ev BKz BwU kqvi e j

100 hš_ g~jabx e emvq 93 mvaviy kqv ii jf vs ki nv ii Kv bv w izv bb jvf ewk n j jf vsk ewk n e Avi jvf Kg n j Zv `i cövc jf vski Kg n e mvaviy kqvi K BKz BwU kqvi ejv nq G ai bi kqvi gvwjkmy c~y fvuvwakvi cövß nb Ges e emvq cwipvjbvq AskMÖnY Ki Z cv i 2. AMÖvwaKvi kqvi (Preference Share): h kqv ii gvwjkmy e emv qi jf vsk eè bi ÿ Î ev e emv qi we jvc mva bi mg q Zv `i g~ja bi A_ diz cvevi ÿ Î AMÖvwaKvi jvf K i _v Kb Zv KB e j AMÖvwaKvihy³ kqvi Kv úvwb AvB bi 85 bs avivq ejv Av Q h, AMÖvwaKvi kqvi n jv Kv úvwbi kqvi g~ja bi mb Ask hv wbæiƒc myweavmg~n fvm K i _v K: (K) jf vsk eè bi mgq G kqv ii wbw` ó nv i jf vsk cvevi AMÖvwaKvi _v K (L) Kv úvwb we jvc n j g~jab diz `evi AMÖvwaKvi _vk Z cv i Any kind of e-book & Software : jf vsk eèb c wzi Dci wfwë K i AMÖvwaKvi kqvi K Avevi KwZcq kªyx Z fvm Kiv hvq Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): i. mâqx AMÖvwaKvi kqvi (Cumulative Preference Share): hw` Kv bv eqi Kv úvwbi gybvdv AwR Z bv nq Zvn j Kv úvwb Zv `i jf vsk cö`v b e _ nq Z e Zv `i Acwi kvwaz jf vsk e Kqv i L c i hlb Kv úvwb gybvdv AwR Z nq ZLb ez gvb jf vs ki mv _ c~ e i Acwi kvwaz e Kqv jf vsk cwi kva K i `qv nq Acwi kvwaz jf vsk Kv úvwbi KvQ cvibv n Z _v K Ges gybvdv AwR Z n j Kv úvwb Zv cö`vb K i G ai bi kqvi K mâqx AMÖvwaKvi kqvi ejv n q _v K ii. AmÂqx AMÖvwaKvi kqvi (Non-Cumulative Preference Share): G kªyxi kqvi gvwjkmy KejgvÎ h eqi Kv úvwbi gybvdv AwR Z nq m eqib jf vsk cvevi AwaKvix nq hw` Kv bv eqi Kv úvwbi gybvdv AwR Z bv nq Zvn j Zviv Kv úvwbi Kv Q H eq ii gybvdv `vwe Ki Z cv i bv Ges Giƒc gybvdv Kv úvwbi Kv Q Zv `i cvibv nq bv G Kvi Y Giƒc kqvi K AmÂqx AMÖvwaKvi kqvi e j iii. cwi kva AMÖvwaKvi kqvi (Redeemable Preference Share): h AMÖvwaKvi kqv ii g~j GKwU wbw` ó mgq k l kqvi gvwjk `i diz `qv nq Zv K cwi kva AMÖvwaKvi kqvi e j Giƒc kqvi Kej cwi gj wbqgvewji Aby gv`bµ g Kv úvwb AvB bi kz Abyhvqx weµq Kiv P j GwU g~jz kqvi I FYc Îi wgwkªz GK we kl ai bi kqvi iv. Acwi kva AMÖvwaKvi kqvi (Irredeemable Preference Share): h AMÖvwaKvi kqv ii g~j Kv úvwbi we jvc mva bi c~ e dir cviqv hvq bv Zv K Acwi kva kqvi e j v. AskMÖnYKvix AMÖvwaKvi kqvi (Participating Preference Share): h AMÖvwaKvi kqv ii gvwjkmy gybvdv n Z cö_gz wbw` ó nv i jf vsk cövß n ji ciez x Z mvaviy kqvi gvwjk `i g a jf vsk eè bi mgq cybivq Zvi Ask cvq Zv K AskMÖnbKvix AMÖvwaKvi kqvi ev cvwu wm cwus kqvi e j

101 94 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî vi. Ask bv MÖnYKvix AMÖvwaKvi kqvi (Non-Participating Preference Share): h RvZxq kqv ii gwjkmy gybvdv n Z ïaygvî wbw` ó nv i jf vsk cvq wkš mvaviy kqvi gvwjk `i gv a jf vsk eè bi mgq cybivq Ask cvq bv Zv K Ask bv MÖnYKvix AMÖvwaKvi kqvi ev bb cvwu wm cwus kqvi e j vii. cwiez b hvm AMÖvwaKvi kqvi (Convertible Preference Share): kqvi weµ qi kz Abyhvqx wbw` ó mgqv ší h AMÖvwaKvi kqvi K mvaviy kqv i iƒcvší ii my hvm `qv nq Zv K cwiez b hvm kqvi e j viii. AcwieZ b hvm AMÖvwaKvi kqvi (Non-Convertible Preference Share): h AMÖvwaKvi kqvi K KLbB mvaviy kqv i iƒcvšíwiz Kiv hvq bv Zv K AcwieZ b hvm AMÖvwaKvi kqvi e j 3. wejw ^Z kqvi (Deferred Share): AMÖvwaKvi kqvi I mvaviy kqvi gvwjk `i g a jf vsk eè bi ci G kªyxi kqvi gvwjk `i g a jf vsk eèb Kiv nq Avevi Kv úvwbi we jvc mva bi ÿ Î c~ e v³ `yb kªyxi kqvi gvwjk `i g~ja bi A_ cöz vc Y Kivi ci hw` g~ja bi ev m úwëi Kv bv DØ Ë _v K Zvn j Zv `i `vwe guv bv nq Kv RB Kv úvwbi jf vsk eèb ev g~jab cöz c Yi wel q Giv me kl `vwe`vi ev AwaKvi fvmx Kv úvwbi cöez K ev D ` v³vivb G kªyxi kqv ii gvwjk nq G ai bi kqvi K cöez Ki kqvi ev Founder s Share e j 4. we kl/ab vb kqvi (Special/Other Share): mvaviyfv e Dc i ewy Z wzb ai bi kqvi `Lv hvq Z e A bk mgq Kv úvwb K Dc ii kqvi jv QvovI wewfbœ bv g kqvi eèb Ki Z `Lv hvq ewk ó i ` wó Z G kqvi jv mvaviy kqvi wb gœ wzb ai bi we kl kqv ii ey bv `qv n jv K. Awae wë/ evbvm kqvi (Bonus Share): KLbI KLbI Kv úvwb AwR Z gybvdvi wkqy wkqy Ask m`m `i g a eèb bv K i Kv úvwbi Dbœq bi Rb msiwÿz Znwe j Zv Rgv iv L Znwe j iwÿz GB AewÈZ gybvdv _ K m ó jf vsk ciez x Z kqvi gvwjkmy K bm ` cö`vb bv K i H jf vs ki e` j Kv úvwb kqvi Bmÿ K i bm` jf vs ki e` j h kqvi Bmÿ ev cö`vb Kiv nq mb kqvi K Awae wë ev evbvm kqvi e j G kqvi K we kl ai bi kqvi ejv n ji G kqvi mvaviy kqv ii AšÍM Z evbvm kqv ii AvswKK g~j bm ` kqvi gvwjkmy K bv w` q Zv msiwÿz Znwej _ K g~jab Znwe j iƒcvšíi Kiv nq L. AwaKvi ev ivbu kqvi (Right Share): cª qvr bi ZvwM ` AwaKZi g~jab msmö ni D Ï k Kv úvwb Avevi bzzb K i kqvi evrv i Qvovi mgq ez gvb kqvi gvwjk `i K cövavb w` q _v K ez gvb (existing) kqvi gvwjkmy Zv `i AwaKvify³ c~ e KªxZ kqv ii Abycv Z bzzb kqvi µ qi AwaKvix nq AwaKvi cövß G bzzb kqvi K ivbu kqvi e j g b Kiv

102 hš_ g~jabx e emvq 95 hvk, Kv úvwb wm vší wbj h, Zviv 2:1 Abycv Z ivbu kqvi Bmÿ Ki e A_ vr hvi cyivzb 2wU kqvi Av Q m 1wU bzzb kqvi Kª qi ivbu kqvi wn m e cv e ivbu kqvii Kv bv c _K ai bi kqvi bq GwU mvaviy ev AMÖvwaKvi kqvi n Z cv i Any kind of e-book & Software : M. Awba vwiz g~j ev Abvw¼K g~ j i kqvi (No-par value Shares): h kqv ii Kv bv Avw¼K g~j c~e n Z wbw` ó _v K bv, eqi k l wnmveñwbkv ki ci gvu m ú` n Z gvu Ab vb `v qi cwigvy ev` w` q kqv ii g~j gvb wbiƒcy Kiv nq, Zv K Abvw¼K g~ j i kqvi e j Avgv `i ` k G ai bi kqv ii cöpjb bb Av gwikvq G ai bi kqvi ewk `Lv hvq cöez K ev D ` v³vmy G kqv ii gvwjk nq cwi k l ejv hvq h, Kv úvwb wewfbœ cwiw wz Z wewfbœ ai bi kqv ii e envi NUvq kqvi nvìvimy Zv `i cö qvrb I mvg_ Abyhvqx Gme kqvi aviy K ib Dc ii Av jvpbvq wewfbœ ai bi kqvi m ú K Av jvpbv Kiv n q Q Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): Kg cî-4 kqv ii köwywefvm ch v jvpbv K i Zvgvi Kv Q Kvb ai bi kqvi m e vëg g b nq Ges Kb? 5.16 FYc Îi aviyv Concept of Debenture FYcÎ n jv F Yi `wjj A_ bwzkfv e mskumö Í cvewjk wjwg UW Kv úvwbi A_ msmö ni Ab Zg nvwzqvi G FYcÎ FYc Îi gva g Kv úvwb GKw` K A_ msmön K i Ab w` K A_ cö`vbkvix e w³ ev cöwzôvb wbw` ó mg q mỳ cövwßi gva g Av qi welq wbwðz nq hviv FYcÎ µq K i Zv `i K Kv úvwbi cvibv`vi e j cvewjk wjwg UW Kv úvwb ^xq mxj gvnihy³ h `wj ji mvnv h GKwU wbw` ó nv i cöwzeqi mỳ cö`v bi cöwzköæwz Z RbM Yi wbku _ K FY wn m e g~jab msmön K i Zv K FYcÎ e j FYc Î Kv úvwbi bvghy³ mxj gvni _v K Gi Dci cö `q my`, Rvwgb, cwi kv ai mgq cöf wz kz vewji D jøl _v K kqv ii g Zv GiI GKwU Avw¼K g~j _v K D jøl h,

103 96 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî Kv úvwb AvBb Abyhvqx cvewjk wjwg UW Kv úvwb FYcÎ wewj K i FY msmön Ki Z cv i cövb fu wjwg UW Kv úvwb FYcÎ wewµ Ki Z cv i bv FYc Îi kªwywefvm Classification of Debenture FYcÎ K F Yi `wjj ejv nq Kv úvwbi g~jab MV bi Rb G `wjjwu wewfbœfv e e envi K i myzivs, FYcÎ wewfbœ cökv ii n Z cv i F Yi RvgvbZ, FY cwi kv ai kz, n ÍvšÍi I cwiez bi my hvm, myweav BZ vw`i wfwë Z FYcÎ K wewfbœ fv M fvm Kiv hvq Kv úvwbi FY `vzviv my hvm Ges Pvwn`v Abyhvqx FY cö`vb K i _v K FYcÎ K wb æv³ kªyx Z wef³ Kiv hvq FYc Îi kªwywefvm Rvgvb Zi wfwë Z FYcÎ cwi kv ai wfwë Z FYcÎ ZvwjKvfyw³ ev n vš i myweavi wfwë Z FYcÎ cwiez b myweavi wfwë Z FYcÎ 1. mvaviy ev RvgvbZ wenxb FYcÎ 2. eükx ev RvgvbZhy³ FYcÎ 1. cwi kva FYcÎ 2. Acwi kva FYcÎ 1. wbewüz FYcÎ 2. AwbewÜZ FYcÎ 1. iƒcvš i hvm FYcÎ 2. Aiƒcvš i hvm FYcÎ wpî: FYc Îi kªwywefvm K. Rvgvb Zi wfwë Z FYcÎ Classification on the Basis of Security 1. mvaviy ev RvgvbZ wenxb FYcÎ (Ordinary or Unsecured Debenture): h FYcÎ wewj Ki Z Kv úvwb K Kv bv cökv ii Rvwgb w` Z nq bv Zv K mvaviy ev RvgvbZ wenxb FYcÎ e j G RvZxq FYc Î kyay F Yi UvKv I mỳ cö`v bi cöwzköæwz _v K evrv i Kv úvwbi h _ó mybvg _vk j Zvi Dci wfwë K i RbmvaviY Rvwgb QvovB Giƒc FYcÎ µq K i _v K mybvgb µzvi Kv Q RvgvbZ wn m e KvR K i Giƒc FYc Îi gvwjkmy Kv úvwbi mvaviy cvibv`vi e j we ewpz nb

104 hš_ g~jabx e emvq eükx ev RvgvbZhy³ FYcÎ (Mortgage or Secured Debenture): e emv qi Kv bv m úwë eük i L ev Rvwgb i L Kv úvwb hme FYcÎ Bmy K i, m jv K eükx Any kind of e-book & Software : FYcÎ ejv nq G Z Kv úvwbi FYMÖnxZvMY F Yi Avmj I my` cviqvi wbðqzv jvf K i G RvZxq FYcÎ wewji ÿ Î Kv úvwb K FYc Îi RvgvbZK Z m ú `i we ÍvwiZ weeiy w` q wbeü Ki Kv Q Rvbv Z nq eükx/rvgvbzhy³ FYcÎ K wb gœv³ fv M fvm Kiv hvq: 3. wbw` ó RvgvbZ hy³ FYcÎ (Fixed Charge Debenture): Kv úvwbi we kl m ú `i Dci Rvwgb i L h FYcÎ wewj Kiv nq Zv K e j wbw` ó RvgvbZhy³ FYcÎ Gme ÿ Î Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): FYcÎavix `i AbygwZ QvovB jb `b K i _v K L. cwi kv ai wfwë Z FYcÎ Classification on the Basis of Payment 1. cwi kva FYcÎ (Redeemable Debenture): wbw` ó mgq k l FY cwi kv ai cöwzköæwz w` q h me FYcÎ Kv úvwb Bmÿ K i _v K m jv K e j cwi kva FYcÎ mvaviyfv e FYc Î D jøwlz kz vbymv i Giƒc F Yi UvKv cwi kva Ki Z nq 2. Acwi kva FYcÎ (Irredeemable Debenture): h FYc Îi UvKv cwi kv ai ÿ Î Kv bv wbw` ó mgq D jøl _v K bv Ges FYcÎavwiMY Zv `i cö`ë A_ `vwe Ki Z cv i bv Zv K Acwi kva FYcÎ e j Giƒc FYcÎ K wpi vqx FYcÎ e j M. ZvwjKvfyw³ ev n ÍvšÍi myweavi wfwë Z FYcÎ Classification on the basis of Registration 1. wbewüz FYcÎ (Registered Debenture): h FYc Î µzvi bvg Kv úvwbi eb Z wjwce _v K Zv K wbewüz FYcÎ e j G ai bi wbeüb c Î µzvi bvg, µwgk b ^imn D jøl _v K n ÍvšÍi `wjj m cö`vb K i G ai bi FYc Îi avik mswkøó FYcÎ Kv úvwb K Rvwb q wewµ Ki Z cv i 2. AwbewÜZ FYcÎ (Un-Registered Debenture): h FYc Î µzvi bvg Ges Gi wewjkvix Kv úvwbi eb Z wjwce _v K bv Zv K AwbewÜZ FYcÎ e j G FYc Î µzvi bvg I KªwgK b ^i D jøl _v K bv G ai bi FYcÎ n ÍvšÍ ii Rb Kv bv AvbyôvwbKZv cvjb Ki Z nq bv N. cwiez b myweavi wfwë Z FYcÎ Classification on the basis of conversion 1. iƒcvšíi hvm FYcÎ (Convertible Debenture): kz vbymv i GKwU wbw` ó mg qi c i FYc Îi gvwjkmy B Qv Ki j Zv `i FYcÎ K kqv i iƒcvšíi Ki Z cv i G ai bi FYcÎ K cwiez bxq ev iƒcvšíi hvm FYcÎ e j

105 98 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî 2. AiƒcvšÍi hvm FYcÎ (Unconvertible Debenture): h FYcÎ K KLbB kqv i iƒcvšíi Kiv hvq bv Zv K AiƒcvšÍi hvm FYcÎ e j Kej A _ i gva g G FYc Îi UvKv cwi kva Kiv n q _v K cwi k l ejv hvq h, Kv úvwb RM Z wewfbœ ai bi FYc Îi e envi e vck wewfbœ ai bi FYcÎ Kv úvwbi A_ vq b wewfbœfv e Ae`vb ivl Q Kg cî-5 kqvi I FYcÎ ch v jvpbv K i kqvi I FYc Îi g a 5wU cv_ K wjl: kqvi 5.17 Kv úvwb msmv bi we jvcmvavb Dissolution/Winding up of the Company FYcÎ we jvcmvab ej Z wu q djv ev wejyß Kiv ev eü K i `qv K evsvq Avi Kv úvwbi we jvcmvab ej Z Gi Kvh µg eü K i `qv K evsvq h c wz Z Kv úvwbi Kvh ÿgzvi Aemvb N U Zv K Kv úvwbi we jvcmvab e j Kv úvwb AvBb-m ó K wîg e w³mëvi AwaKvix GKwU ^ Qv msmvb AvB bi gva g m ó e j Gi cwimgvwßi AvB bi gva gb n q _v K 1994 mv ji Kv úvwb AvB bi wbqg gvzv ek Kv úvwbi Kvh µg wu q djv KB Kv úvwbi we jvcmvab e j AvB bi weavb cvj bi gva g Kv úvwbi Kvh µg wu q bqv hvq Avi Gi gva gb Kv úvwb nvivq Zvi Aw ÍZ Kv úvwb we jvcmvab c wz Methods of Dissolution of the Company Kv úvwb AvB bi weavb Abyhvqx Kv bv Kv úvwbi KvRKg wu q bqvi c wz K Kv úvwbi we jvcmvab e j 1994 mv ji Kv úvwb AvB bi 234(1) avivq Kv úvwbi we jvcmva bi wzbwu c wz D jøl Kiv n q Q K. Av`vjZ KZ K eva Zvg~jK we jvcmvab [234-1(K) aviv ]: Kv úvwbi kqvi nvìvi, cvibv`vi ev Kv úvwbi wbeü Ki Av e` bi cöwÿ Z h me Kvi Y Av`vjZ KZ K eva Zvg~jK we jvcmvab n Z cv i, m jv n jv

106 hš_ g~jabx e emvq we kl mfvq kqvi nvìvimy KZ K we jvc mva bi wm vší MÖnY; 2. wbw` ó mg qi g a wewae mfv Abyôvb I wbeü Ki wbku wewae weeiyx c k e _ Zv; Any kind of e-book & Software : 3. wbeü bi GK eqi mg qi g a Kvh vi e _ Zv; 4. hyw³msmz KviY e ZxZ GK eqi mg qi ewk Kvh µg eü _vkv; 5. AvBb gvzv ek Kv úvwb Z b~ bzg msl K m`m bv _vkv; 6. Kv úvwbi cuvp nvrvi UvKv ev Zvi P q ewk cwigvy FY cwi kv a e _ Zv; D jøwlz h Kv bv Kvi Y Av`vjZ Aemvq bi wm vší wb q GKRb wjkzbwwui wb qvm Ki Z cv ib, whwb Kv úvwbi me m úwë n Z cö_ g Z Zxq c ÿi `bv cwi kva K i wkqy _vk j kqvi nvìvi `i g a eèb K ib L. ^ Qvq we jvcmvab [234-1(L) aviv]: Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): Kv úvwbi kqvi nvìvi ev cvibv`vimy B Q Ki j wb RivB Kv úvwbi Aemvqb NUv Z cv ib m ÿ Î kqvi nvìvi I cvibv`vimy cvi úwik hvmv hv Mi wfwë Z Av`vj Zi mvnvh QvovB ^ Qvq we jvcmvab NUv Z cv ib hme Kvi Y Kv úvwbi ^ Qvq we jvcmvab NUv Z cv i Zv n jv [290(1) aviv] : i. we kl mfvq kqvi nvìvimy I cvibv`vie `i we jvcmva bi wm vší MÖnY; ii. Kv bv we kl D Ï k I mg qi Rb Kv úvwb MwVZ n q Zv m úbœ n j; iii. Kv úvwb FYMÖ Í n q co j Ges cwi kv a Aÿg n j; iv. Kv úvwb cwipvjbv AjvfRbK n j BZ vw` M. Av`vj Zi ZË veav b we jvcmvab 234-1(M) aviv: Kv úvwbi ^ Qvg~jK we jvcmva bi ÿ Î h Kv bv c ÿi Av e` bi cöwÿ Z Av`vj Zi ZË veav b we jvcmvab NU Z cv i hme Kvi Y Giƒc we jvcmvab N U mme n jv : i. kqvi gvwjk ev cvibv`vi `i cözviyvi D Ï k we jvc mva bi wm vší MÖnY Kiv n j; ii. Kv úvwbi m ú` msmön I weµ q Awbqg n j; BZ vw` cwi k l ejv hvq h, Dc i D jøwlz wewfbœ cš vq Kv úvwbi Aemvb NUv bv hvq G jv Qvov h Kv bv h w³k Kvi Y Av`vjZ h Kv bv Kv úvwbi we jvc mvab NUv Z cv i 5.18 evsjv ` k Kv úvwb msmv bi ez gvb Ae v I fwel Z m vebv The Present Condition and Future Prospects of Company in Bangladesh cövq 15 KvwU gvby li `k niqvq G ` ki Af šíixy evrvi gvuvgywu eo Z`ycwi m Ív Rbkw³i Kvi Y G ` ki A bk eo eo e emvq cöwzôvb M o IVv cöz vwkz wqj wkš `ytlrbk n ji mz h, G ` k e n`vqzb e emvq cöwzôvb ev Kv úvwb msmvb we Ívi jvf Ki Z cv i wb Gi wcq b AšÍivqmg~n wbgœiƒc

107 100 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî 1. `ÿ D ` v³vi Afve (Insufficiency of efficient entrepreneurs): G ai bi e emvq msmvb M o Zvjvi Rb GK`j `ÿ, AwfÁ I AvšÍwiK D ` v³v kªyx Avek K `ytlrbk n ji mz h, G ` k Zvi Afve i q Q 2. `ÿ I ckv`vi e e vc Ki Afve (Insufficiency of shilled and professional managers): Kv úvwb cöwzôv bi we klz e n`vqzb cvewjk wjwg UW Kv úvwbi cwipvjbv c wz RwUj niqvq Gi cwipvjbvq GK`j `ÿ I ckv`vi e e vc Ki cö qvrb c o evsjv ` k G ai bi e e vc Ki h _ó Afve jÿyxq 3. cwipvjk `i BwZevPK g bvfv ei Afve (Lack of the positive mentality of directors): Avgv `i ` ki A bk Kv úvwb cwipvj Ki e emvq cwipvjbvq BwZevPK g bvfv ei h _ Afve jÿyxq e vsk _ K FY wb q Zv cwi kva bv Kiv, kqv ii `vg evwo q wb R `i ^v_ wmw, ^RbcÖxwZ BZ vw` gvbwmkzv mevb K nzvk K i 4. cwipvjbv e qi AvwaK (Excess management expenses): cwipvjkmn Gi D P ch v qi A bk e e vc Ki g a AwaK e q Kivi nxb gvbwmkzvi jÿyxq kqvi nvìvi `i cöwz `vwqz ev ai Afve _ K G ai bi gvbwmkzvi m wó nq, hv mevb K nzvk K i 5. kw³ m ú `i Afve (Lack of energy): e n`vqzb wkí KviLvbv M o Zvjvi Rb ez gvbkv j kw³ m ú `i cövpzh Zv iæz c~y wkš evsjv ` k M vm I we`ÿ r Lv Zi `yie v G ai bi cöwzôvb MV b D ` v³v `i wbiærmvwnz K i 6. Kvh Ki ` óv šíi Afve (Absence of effective instance): c w_exi ` k ` k jÿyxq h, GKUv D ` v³v MÖæc ` k e n`vqzb wkí-kvilvbv cöwzôvq bz Z w` q Q hv `i ` óvší Abymi Y Ab iv GwM q G m Q wkš Avgv `i ` k GB ` óv šíi eob Afve i q Q 7. Kvh Ki e emvq cwi e ki Abycw wz (Absence of effective business environment): Avgv `i `yf vm n jv GB h, ` k e emv qi Kvh Ki Kv bv cwi ek M o I Vwb cvu, Pvgov BZ vw` wkí GK mgq G ji ciez x Z Zv vqx nqwb mikv ii RvZxqKiY bxwzi ^vaxbzv ciez x mg q mdj nqwb PvivKvievixI GK mgq e emvq K ÿwzmö Í K i Q 8. kw³kvjx kqvi evrv ii Abycw wz (Absence of sound share market): h Kv bv ` kb e n`vqzb Kv úvwb msmvb cöwzôvq kqvi evrvi bz Z `q GB evrv ii Kvi Y ÿz`ª wewb qvmkvixiv wewb qv M AvK ó n q _v K wkš Avgv `i ` k kqvi evrvi dukvevr `i Afvqvi Y cwiyz niqvq Gi mydj Kv úvwb jv cv Q bv gvuk_v evsjv ` k Kv úvwb msmvb GwM q biqvi gz cwi ek Kvh Z m wó nqwb bvbvb cöwzk~j cwi ek `~ixki Y hv `i D ` vmx niqvi K_v Zv `i f~wgkv Z wewb qvmkvixi AmšÍyó ZvB bvbvb cöwzköæwz Avi K_vi dzjszwi w` q G mgm vi mgvavb n e bv 5.19 mv úªwzk e emvq Recent Business

108 hš_ g~jabx e emvq 101 evwqs nvdr e emvq (Buying House Business): ez gv b ` k cvkvk Zix wkí cöwzôv bi msl v cövq cuvp nvrvi we `k _ K µzv cöwzôvb jv mvavibz mivmwi Kv bv Zix cvkvk wk í cöwzôv bi ms ½ hvmv hvm K i bv Zviv cy wkb Z Z Zxq Kv bv cöwzôvb K e Q bq `yõc ÿi Av jvpbvi wfwë Z Zv `i g a Pzw³ nq Pzw³ gvzv ek `kxq cöwzôvbwu µzvi Pvwn`v Abyhvqx wbw` ó ai bi cy mieivn Kivi hvezxq `vwqz cvjb K i GB e emvq cöwzôvb jv KB evwqs nvdr e emvq e j evwqs nvdr e emvq w` Z n j jvm e G e emvi ea mb` G Rb cö_ gb 1. UªW jvb mý K i wb Z n e 2. BGMEA Gi m`m c` c Z Av e`b Ki Z n e Av e`bc Îi m ½ UªW jvb m Ýi Kwc, g gv iûvg Ae AvwU Kj ev Askx`vwi `wj ji Kwc, cvm cvu mvb Ri `yb Kwc Qwe, fvovi Pyw³cÎ ev µq `wjj, U v mvwu wd K Ui Kwc, evsjv `k e vs Ki cöz qbcî (hw` _v K) wewb qvm ev W i IqvK cvwg U cöwzôv bi wbr ^ c v W ^vÿi mn Rgv w` Z n e evwqs nvd Ri Rb wbeüb wd 15 nvrvi UvKv GK eq ii m`m wd 8 nvrvi UvKv me wgwj q Rgv w` Z n e 23 nvrvi UvKv BGMEA Gi wba vwiz e vsk wnmve b ^ i G UvKv Rgv w` Z n e m`m c` bevq bi ÿ Î g b ivl Z n e mn hvmx m`m wn m e GKeQ ii Rb mb` `qv nq d j GK eqi ci mb` bevqb K i wb Z n e ez gv b ` k BGMEA Gi m`m fz³ evwqs nvd Ri msl v 911wU Ges BGBA Gi 179wU G `yb msmv bi AšÍf ~³ bq Ggb evwqs nvdr i q Q cövq 8 kz A_ vr mewgwj q ` k evwqs nvd Ri msl v cövq 2 nvrvi Any kind of e-book & Software : Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): kqvievrvi ev K GKª PÄ Stock Exchange K G PÄ GKwU ` ki A_ bwzk Dbœq bi ÿ Î iæz c~y f~wgkv cvjb K i kqvi evrvi m ú K aviyv Ki Z n j cö_ gb Rvb Z n e kqvi I evrvi m ú K A_ vr kqvi: kqvi n Q gyja bi ÿz`ªzg Ask A_P mgvb GKK

109 102 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî evrvi: evrvi ej Z eyws Kv bv wbw` ó vb ev RvqMv ev GjvKv wkš A_ bxwzi fvlvq Kv bv vb K evrvi ejv nq bv evrvi ej Z Kv bv wbw` ó cy K eysvq hvi µq-weµq wb q µzv I we µzvi g a cöwz hvwmzv nq Ges `i KlvKwli gva g wba vwiz `v g cy wu µq-weµq nq Zv K eysvq hgb- cv Ui evrvi, kqvi evrvi BZ vw` kqvi evrvi: DcwiD³ kqvi I evrv ii msávwu we køly Ki j kqvievrvi m ú K Avgiv ej Z cvwi h, Kv bv wbw` ó v b kqvi µq-weµ qi Rb kqvi µzvwe µzvi g a cöwz hvwmzv ïiæ nq Ges `i KlvKwli gva g kqv ii `vg wba vwiz nq Zv K kqvi evrvi e j kqvi evrvi n Q Ggb GKwU msmwvz gva wgk evrvi hlv b cvewjk wjwg UW Kv úvwb jv kqvi, K ev wmwkdwiwu wba vwiz wbq g µq-weµq Kivi cöwµqvq wb qvwrz _v K ÿz`ª FY Micro Credit GKwU ` ki A_ bwzk Dbœq b `ÿ e vswks e e v LyeB iæz c~y wkš cövqb evwywr K e vsk jv mgv Ri Mwie köyxi gvbyl K FY w` Z AcviMZv cökvk K i Avi GB Mixe köyxi gvbyl K FY cö`v bi D Ï k B ÿỳ ª F Yi D e mvavib A _ ÿy`ª FY ej Z eysvq, wewb qv Mi D Ï k mgv Ri wb œweë I `wi`ª köyxi gvbyl K Aí cwigvy FY cö`vb Kiv K eysvq e vck A _ ÿz`ª FY ej Z eysvq, mâq, FY I Ab vb A_ bwzk cwi mev ev Drcv`b, hvi mvgvb cwigv Y MÖvgv ji `wi`ª gvbyl, kni ev knizwji gvbyl `i A_ bwzk Ges Rxeb avi bi gvb Dbœq b mvnvh Ki Z cvi e Avi ÿy`ª FY ms v nj mb ms v hviv GB ai bi Aby`vb w` q _v K ÿz`ª FY aviyvwu me cö_g Av bb evsjv ` ki bv ej werqx Wt gvnv ` BDbym wzwb 1976 mv j me cö_g Zvi wbr MÖvg Ryeivq cixÿvg~jk fv e GB FY Pvjy K ib ciezx Z GwUi mvd j i Kvi Y 1983 mv j wzwb MÖvgxY e vsk cöwzôv K ib MÖvgxY e vsk cöwzôvi gva g AvbyôvwbK fv e ÿz`ª F Yi cöpjb ïiæ nq ZvB ÿz`ª F Yi ÿ Î evsjv ` ki `xn HwZn i q Q evsjv ` k ez gv b 800 Gi Dci ÿz`ª FY cö`vbkvix cöwzôvb i q Q Gi g a MÖvgxY e vsk I eª vk wek e vcx cwiwpz we k i A bk `k ÿz`ª FY K g Wj wn m e MÖnY K i Q GRb RvwZmsN 2005 mvj K AvšÍR vwzk ÿỳ ª F Yi eqi wn m e NvlYv K iwqj wekvk Bkash

110 Any kind of e-book & Software : hš_ g~jabx e emvq 103 evsjv ` ki cö_g ^qsm ú~y gvevbj dvbb vwýqvj mev cö`vbkvix cöwzôvb wekvk wjwg UW eª vk e vs Ki GKwU A½ cöwzôvb wn m e m úªwz Kvh µg ïiæ K i Q gvevb ji gva g e vswks mevi evb i _vkv Rbmvavi Yi Kv Q Avw_ K mev `qvi jÿ wb q wekvk cöwzwôz nq wekv ki cöavb myweav n Q, GwU UvKv cvvv bvi Rb wbivc`, myweavrbk GKwU gva g eª vk e vsk I hy³ivóª wfwëk cöwzôvb gvwb Bb gvkb Gi h _ D ` v M cöwzwôz wekv ki gva g eª vk e vsk KvWe wfmv UK bvjwr cøvudg e envi K i, ZvB GwU A bk wbivc` Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): wekv ki gva g GKRb MÖvnK AwZ `ªæZ UvKv cvvv Z cv i GB Rb wekvk c q U wm q hlv b UvKv cvvv Z Pvq mb gvevbj b ^i Rvbv Z n e Zvici wekvk c q U _ K H dvb b ^ i g m Ri gva g UvKv c Q hv e g mr cviqvi mv _ mv _ MÖvnK K UvKv cwi kva Kiv nq GBRb Aek wbw` ó nv i PvR w` Z nq AvDU mvwm s e emv Outsourcing Business AvDU mvwm s Z_v wd«j vwýs k ãi g~j A_ nj gy³ ckv A_ vr gy³fv e KvR K i Avq Kivi ckv B Uvi bu e e vi gva g wewfbœ cöwzôvb wewfbœ ai bi KvR Kwi q bq wbr cöwzôv bi evb i Ab

111 104 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî KvD K w` q Gme KvR Kiv bv K AvDU mvwm s e j hviv AvDU mvwm s qi KvR K i `b Zv `i K wd«-j vývi e j AvDU mvwm s e emv qi KvR jv wewfbœ fv M fvm Kiv _v K hgb: I qe W fjc g U, mduiq vi W fjc g U, buiqvwk s I Z_ e e v, jlv I Abyev`, cökvmwbk mnvqzv, wwrvbb I gvwëwgwwqv, MÖvnK mev, weµq I wecyb, e emv mev BZ vw` GBmKj KvR wj B Uvi bu e emv qi gva g K i w` Z cvi jb AbjvB b Avq Kiv m e AvDU mvwm s Gi KvR cviqv hvq Ggb A bk I qemvbu Av Q AvšÍR vwzkfv e cwiwpz Ges wbf i hvm K qkwu mvbu n jv BZ vw` WvUv Gw Uª e emv Data Entry Business WvUv Gw Uª e emvq nj Kw úduv ii gva g GKwU wbw` ó ai bi WvUv GK vb/ cövmövg _ K Ab Av ikwu vb/ cövmövg G cöwzwjwc Zwi Kiv WvUv Gw Uª e emv q g~jz AbjvBb Ges AdjvBb wfwëk `ywu Dcv q Kv Ri my hvm i q Q AbjvBb wfwëk Kv R B Uvi b Ui gva g mivmwi WvUvmg~n cö`vb Ki Z n e Ges AdjvB b cö`vbk Z WvUvmg~n wbw` ó mgq Abyhvqx m úv`b Ki Z n e WvUv Gw Uª e emv q cö qvrbxq `ÿzv WvUv Gw Uª e emv q wewfbœ ai bi `ÿzvi cö qvrb nq: i. `ªæZ UvBc Kivi ÿgzv ii. gvb µvmdu Awd mi Dci cwic~y `Lj iii. Bs iwr Z fvj Ávb iv. B Uvi b U mvp Kivi `ÿzv v. wewfbœ ai bi I qemvbu, dvivg, I qe ww i±wi m ú K fv jv avibv WvUv Gw Uª e emv q evsjv ` ki Ae vb c~ e i Zzjbvq w`bw`b e w c q P j Q DbœZ we k I `k jv Zv `I WvUv-Gw Uªi KvR jv Z Zxq we k i `k jv _ K Kwi q wb Q Avgv `i `k hw` WvUv-Gw Uªi wek evrv i cö ek K i Z e ^í cöwkÿ Y cöpzi Kg ms vb Ges Avq Kiv hv e cöpzi e `wkk gỳ ªv Kj m Uvi (Call Center) Kj m Uvi n Q UwjKwgDwb Kk bi gva g mev cö`vbkvix cöwzôvb Kj m Uvi jv wewfbœ gvwëb vkbvj Kv úvwbi m ½ Pzw³i gva g Gme Kv úvwbi my hvm-myweav, Kvh µg cövnk `i UwjKwgDwb Kk bi gva g Rvbvq A_ vr, Kvb Kv úvwb Zvi MÖvnK mev m úwk Z Z_ Rbmvavib K Rvbv bvi Rb Ab GKwU cöwzôvb K `vwqz `q Avi GB `vwqz cvjbkvix cöwzôvbb n Q Kj m Uvi

112 Any kind of e-book & Software : hš_ g~jabx e emvq 105 Kj m Uv i KvR nq `ybfv e GKwU Bb evdû Kj Ges Ab wu AvDU evdû Kj Bb evdû K ji gva g fv³vi wbw` ó Kv úvwb welqk h Kvb cö kœi mgvavb e j `qv nq Avi AvDU evdû K ji gva g Kv úvwbi cy ev mev weµq Kiv nq GQvov WKz g U g v br g U, civgk, WvUv er g v br g U, wnmve msiÿy, WKz g U vwbs, B-cvewjwks BZ vw` KvRI Kj m Uv ii gva g Kiv nq Kj m Uvi jv `wk A_ev we `wk `yõai bi Kv úvwbi n qb KvR K i hy Mi cwiez bi m ½ cvjøv w` q gvbyl ckv wbe vp b P v jä wb Q Ggwb GKwU bzzb ckvi ÿî Kj m Uvi wewfbœ cöwzôvb GRb cö qvrbxq Uªwbs `evi D ` vmi wb q Q m vebvgq G ckvq i q Q Kv Ri wekvj my hvm Kzwiqvi mvwf m Couriar Service Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): mikvwi WvK wefv Mi cvkvcvwk emikvwi h gva gi mvnv h `ªæZ I wek ÍZvi mv _ wpwv cî I gvjvgvj GK vb n Z Ab v b cöiy Kiv nq Zv KB Kzwiqvi mvwf m e j g~jz WvK wefv Mi e _ Zv I AcÖZzjZvi Kvi bb GB e e vi D e Bs iwr Kywiqvi (Courier) k ãi A_ `ªæZ ev msev`evnk Avi mvwf m k ãi A_ nj mev myzivs kvwãk A _ Kzwiqvi mvwf m ej Z msev` Av`vb-cÖ`v bi evnk wn m e mev cö`vbkvix cöwzôvb K

113 106 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî eysvq e ckfv e Kzwiqvi mvwf m ej Z WvK wefv Mi cvkvcvwk emikvwi Ggb cöwzôvb K eysvq hviv evnk AvB bi Awa b wpwv cî, `wjj ` Ív er, Riæwi WKz g Um, wewfbœ gvjvgvj I Dcnvi mvgmöx BZ vw` wek ÍZvi mv _ `ªæZMwZ Z cövc Ki wbku cu Q w` q _v K 1967 mv j gvwk b hy³iv óª DHL bvgk GKwU Kywiqvi mvwf m hvîv ïiæ K i K vwj dvwb qvi 3 eüz Adrin Dalsey Larry, Hilbolm I Robert Lay wg j `ªæZ msev` I Z_ Av`vbcÖ`v bi Rb bvgk Kzwiqvi mvwf m Pvjy K ib wzb eüzi bv gi A` vÿi wb q MwVZ DHL bvgk KzwiqviwU wqj c w_exi cö_g Kzwiqvi mg qi mv _ Zvj wgwj q DHL bvgk G KzwiqviwU ez gv b wbr ^ Gqvi cvu I wegv bi mn hvwmzvq cövq 118wU ` k mev cö`vb K i P j Q DHL Gi mv _B Zvj wgwj q Pj Q Av ikwu AvšÍR vwzk gv bi Kzwiqvi mvwf m FedEx DbœZ we k i b vq Gici evsjv ` ki DHL Ges FedEx Kzwiqv ii cvkvcvwk Ab vb wewfbœ Kzwiqvi hgb Kw U b Uvj, my `ieb Kzwiqvi, ekvlx, cvbiwbqvi, m Uªvj, wwªgj vû, Wjwdb, Ki Zvqv BZ vw` cöwzôvb AZ ší `ÿzv I wek ÍZvi mv _ Z_ Av`vb-cÖ`vb K i P j Q evsjv ` ki Kzwiqvi jv ïay Rjv kni, wkqz DbœZ hvmv hvm mg _vbvq Zv `i Kvh µg m ev P 24 N Uvq Z_ cwi ekb K i _v K evsjv ` ki D jøl hvm `ywu Kzwiqvi mvwf m my `ieb Kzwiqvi mvwf m Sundarban Courier Service evsjv ` ki cö_g Ges `ªæZ Kzwiqvi mvwf m n Q my `ieb Kzwiqvi mvwf m evsjv `k wegvb hlb Zvi Gqvi G cöm mvwf m eü K i `q ZLb 1983 mv j emikvwifv e my `ieb Kzwiqvi mvwf m cöwzwôz nq my `ieb Kzwiqvi mvwf m n Q evsjv `k Kzwiqvi mvwf m G mvwm qk bi cöwzôvkvjxb m`m Gi K `ªxq Awdm XvKvi gwzws j Aew Z GwU `k-we ` k wewfbœ v b `ªæZ I cv m j mvwf m cö`vb K i _v K Kw U b Uvj Kzwiqvi mvwf m Continantal Courier Serive Kw U b Uvj mvwf m ` ki wewfbœ cöv ší Ges ` ki evb i wewfbœ v b gvby li wewfbœ cv m j mswkøó mg qi g a cu Q w` q _v K GwU Kw U b Uvj MÖæ ci GKwU A½ cöwzôvb 1983 mv j GwU Zvi evwywr K Kvh µg Avi K i Gi G RÝxi msl v 15,000 Ges mvwf m c q U 50,000 Kw U b Uvj Kzwiqvi mvwf mi gv K U kqvi Ges mevi bv b Ab vb Kv úvwb _ K wfbœ ZvB GwU K Kzwiqvi mvwf mi AMÖ`~Z wn m e we epbv Kiv nq GwUi cöavb Awdm XvKvi Avivgev M Aew Z mduiq vi Dbœqb Software Development

114 hš_ g~jabx e emvq 107 Kw úduvi mduiq vi ej Z GK Q Kw úduvi cövmövg, Kg c wz I e envi wewa K evsvq, hvi mvnv h Kw úduv i Kvb wbw` ó cökv ii KvR m úv`b Kiv hvq mduiq vi cöavbz wzb cökvi Any kind of e-book & Software : i. wm g mduiq vi: GKwU Kw úduvi mduiq vi hv Kw úduv ii nvw Iq vi K cwipvjbv Kivi Rb Ges Gwcø Kkb mduiq vi jv K KvR Kivi Dc hvmx cwi ek cö`v bi Rb Zix Kiv n q Q ii. cövmövwgs mduiq vi: GK ai bi Kw úduvi cövmövg A_ev G vwcø Kkb hv mduiq vi DbœqbKvixiv e envi K i _v Kb Kvb mduiq vi Zix, wwevm, wbqš Y, iÿbv eÿy A_ev Ab cövmövg ev Gwcø Kkb jv K mn hvwmzv Ki Z iii. Gwcø Kkb mduiq vi: GwU GKwU Kw úduvi mduiq vi huv e envikvixiv cö qvrb Abyhvqx Ges wbw` ó KvR m úv`bv (GK ev GKvwaK) Ki Z e envikvix K mnvqzv K i _v K G K ïay Gwcø Kkb ev Gc (App) WvKv nq gvevbj mvwf wms Mobile Servicing Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): evsjv ` k gvevbj dv bi e envi cö_g w` K ïay abx `i e env ii g a mxgve _vk ji ez gv b wewfbœ gvevbj mev`vzv cöwzôvb jv Kg g~ j mev`v bi Kvi Y AwZ `ªæZ nv i mevi nv ZB c Q hv Q gy Vv dvb ev gvevbj abx-mwie wb R `i mva vbyhvqx gvevbj mu e envi Ki Q gvevbj dvb muwu e envirwbz wewfbœ Kvi Y wksev AmveavbZvekZ bó n Z cv i GRb XvKv mn mviv ` k K qk nvrvi gvevbj mvwf wms m Uvi M o D V Q hvi d j gvevbj dv bi mgm v wb q `ytwðšív A bkuvb K g M Q ax i ax i gvevbj mvwf wms GKwU c _K wkí wn m e AvZ cökvk Ki Q

115 108 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî wb R K ^vej ^x wn m e M o Zvjvi GKwU mdj Dcvq wn m e ^xk Z niqvq ez gv b wewfbœ v b gvevbj mvwf wms Uªwbs Bbw wudu M o D V Q Gme cöwkÿy m Uv i g~jz h Kvb gvevb ji nvw Iq vi Ges mduiq vi msµvší me ai bi mgm v Ges mgvav bi Dcvq m ú K cöwkÿy `qv nq G ÿ Î cöwkÿy Kvm jv K ku Kvm, ww cøvgv Ges nvqvi ww cøvgviƒ c wef³ K i GKRb cöwkÿyv_ x `i cö qvrb Abyhvqx cöwkÿy cö`vb K i cöwzôvb jv gvevb j eøy-uz _i gva g wis- Uvb Av`vb-cÖ`vb, Ggwcw_ª, wfwwi, B gr WvDb jvw, mduiq vi Bb jkb, gvwëwgwwqv mduiq vi Bb jkb, gvevb ji AvbjK, WvUv Kej mgm v Ges nvw Iq v ii ÿ Î iwr vi, K vcvwmuvi, Wv qw UªvÝdg, wewfbœ ai bi mvwk U I m jvi Kv bkkb WvqvMÖvg, wmwkdwiwu KvW mn wewfbœ ai bi nvw Iq vi I mduiq vi msµvší RwUjZv wbqš Y cöwkÿy w` q _v K evsjv ` ki µgea gvb UwjKg evrv ii w` K jÿ Ki j `Lv hvq ckv wn m e gvevbj UKwbwkqv bi c`wu K gv UI QvU K i `Lvi my hvm bb gvevbj mvwf wms m Uv i 3 _ K 10 Rb gvevbj UKwbwkqv bi PvKzwii my hvm i q Q m wn m e evsjv ` k `ÿ gvevbj UKwbwkqv bi PvKzwii h _ó my hvm i q Q GQvov gvevbj mvwf wms Uªwbs wb q h KD ^vaxb e emvq wn m e ^í cuywr Z mvwf wms m Uvi vc bi gva g Rxe b mdjzv Avb Z cv i ^vej ^x n Z n j gvevbj mvwf wms m Uvi vcb Kiv m e nq gvî 50 nvrvi _ K 1 jÿ UvKv LiP Kivi gva g ` ki µgea gvb ekvi mgm v mgvav b gvevbj mvwf wms wk íi cömvi weivu f~wgkv ivl Z cv i mikvwi I e w³mz ch v q wewfbœ D ` vm hgb gvevbj dvb mvwf wms wkí K AviI MwZkxj K i Zzj Z cv i, wvk Zgwb Gi gva g ^vej ^x n q DV Z cv i AmsL ekvi ZiæY d UvKwc Photocopy ez gvb hym K ejv nq hvwš K hym eávwbk e e vcbvi w_dwi Abyhvqx Awdm Av`vj Zi KvR GLb Avi KvwqK cwikö gi gva g Ki Z n e bv eis wb ` k Abyhvqx hš B mg Í KvR K i w` e AvRKvj ZvB Awd mi `bw `b Kvh vewj m úv` b wewfbœ wbz cö qvrbxq h mkj hš cvwz e envi Kiv nq d UvKwc ev d Uv vu hš wu Zv `i Ab Zg Bs iwr Photocopier ev Photostat k ã Photo k ãi A_ Av jvkwpî Avi stat k ãi A_ Ae v A_ vr d Uv vu kã Øviv Kv bv wbw` ó wel qi Av jvkwpîmz Ae v K eysvq Awd m cöwzw`b wewfbœ ai bi wpwvcî, ikw cî, cöwz e`b, weávcb, weáwß, `wjjcî, cögvbcî, K vk g gv BZ vw` e eüz nq GKUv wbw` ó mg q e eüz H mkj KvMRc Îi ûeû bkj Kwci cö qvrb nq myzivs h gwkb ev hš Øviv e w³mz ev Awdm Av`vj Z e eüz wewfbœ ai bi KvMR cö Îi ûeû Abywjwc Av jvkwp Îi mvnv h cö Z Kiv nq Zv K d UvKwcqvi ev d Uv vu gwkb e j

116 hš_ g~jabx e emvq 109 G gwk bi myev ` AvRKvj A bk ai bi RvwjqvwZ eü n q wm q Q cvkvcvwk Awdm Av`vj Zi KvR K g I G m Q MwZkxjZv d UvKwcqvi h š i mvnv h Aí mg q iæz c~y cö qvrbxq KvMRc Îi ûeû cöwzwjwc cö Z Kiv hvq wewfbœ ai bi d UvKwc gwkb evrv i cviqv hvq wkqz hš Av Q hvi Øviv Kwci mvbr B QvgZ QvU eo Kiv hvq Avevi wkqz hš Av Q hvi Øviv iwob d UvKwc Kiv hvq AwZ m úªwz Rvcvb ^qswµq hš Avwe vi K i Q hv e envikvix Qvov wb Rwb RB Kwci c ôv Dëv Z mÿg Any kind of e-book & Software : Kw úduvi Computer AvaywbK weáv bi me Avðh Zg Avwe v ii g a Ab Zg iæz c~y Avwe vi n Q Kw úduvi hv gvby li Rxebaviv K cöwzwbqz cv ë w` Q Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): AvaywbK we k Kw úduv ii iæz Acwimxg Kw úduv ii `ªæZ wekvk I e envi mf Zv I mvgvwrk Rxe b wb q Avm Q e vck cwiez b wewfbœ ÿ Î Kw úduv ii e envi A bk mydj e q Avb Q Drcv`bgyLx Dbœqb n Q Z ivwš^z, Z_ cöwµqvki Y NU Q bzzb avivi cöez b, MwZkxjZv evo Q me ÿ Î Kw úduvi GLb Awdm-Av`vjZ, e emvq-evwyr I M elyvi `qv j Ave bb GLb e vckfv e M n Kv YI VuvB wb q Q Kw úduvi Qvov mf Zvi AMÖMwZ fvevb hvq bv DcvË cöwµqvkiy, e emvq-evwyr, e e vcbv, cökvkbv, wkÿv, M elyv, wpwkrmv, hvmv hvm, wkí, we bv`b, ms wz _ K ïiæ K i mgv Ri me ÿ ÎB e vckfv e Kw úduvi e eüz n Q gvby li `bw `b Rxe b Kw úduv ii e envi w`b w`b e w cv Q e w³mz Kv R Avi mvgvwrk Kv R Kw úduv ii e envi A bk ÿ Î Acwinvh n q c i Q hgb e w³mz Avb `- e`bv BZ vw` kqvi Kivi Rb Kw úduvi wbf i we bv`b e e v, jlv jwl Kiv I hvmv hv Mi Rb mnrjf I myjf gva g Zwi K i w` q Q Kw úduvi gvwëwgwwqvi e envi, B Uvi bu wbf i P vwus e e v mvgvwrk m úk wekv ki gva g wnmv e e eüz n Q Kw úduv ii e envi w`b w`b GZ we Í Z n Q h, e w³mz ev mvgvwrk Rxe bi h Kvb Kg Kv Û Gi Dcw wz jÿ Kiv hvq gvwbmövg Money gram

117 110 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî gvwbmövg we k i wøzxq e nr A_ vbvší ii e emv cöwzôvb GwU wek e vcx mycwiwpz GwU wek e vwc cöwzwbwa Ges wewfbœ Avw_ K cöwzôv bi gva g GKwU buiqvk M o Zv j Ges wewfbœ e emv cöwzôvb Ges MÖvnK `i K mev cö`vb K i _v K GwU cövq 2,75,000 cöwzwbwai gva g we k i cövq 197 wu ` k Zvi mev cö`vb K i _v K gvwbmöv gi mev, e emvqx `i `ÿ Ges Aí e q e emvq cwipvjbv Ki Z mnvqzv K i Kv úvwbwui 82% gvwjkvbv n Q THL Ges Goldman Sachs Gi; hvi g a THL Gi 53% Ges Goldman Sachs Gi 29% gvwbmöv g ez gv b cövq 2600 Kgx wb qvwrz i q Q 2009 mv j Kv úvwbwu cövq 1.17 wewjqb Wjvi Avq K i 2012 mv ji 9B b f ^i GwU gvwbjûvwis AvB b ^vÿi K i gvwbmöv gi D jøl hvm mevmg~n: i. gvwbmövg A_ vbvšíi: gvwbmövg wek e vwc _vw cvwu G R U Gi gva g fv³v `i A_ MÖnY I vbvší i mnvqzv K i _v K K vk Uz K vk QvovI GwU mivmwi e vsk wnmv e, GwUGg Gi gva g, gvevbj dv bi gva g, wk qvkkm (Kiosks) Gi gva g, K vk Kv W i gva g A_ Av`vb-cÖ`v b mnvqzv K i _v K ii. gvwbmövg wej cwi kva mev: gvwbmövg Zvi wej cwi kva mevi gva g fv³v `i wewfbœ Riæix wej I wbqwgz wej cwi kva K i _v K GwU wewfbœ FY cö`vbkvix cöwzôv bi mv _ m úk iv L gv P UWvBwRs Merchandising hviv Mv g Um e emv qi mv _ RwoZ Zv `i Kv Q gv P UWvBwRs kãwu AwZ cwiwpz gv P UWvBwRs kãwu Avm Q gv P UWvBR kã n Z gv P UWvBR k ãi A_ cy `ªe K eysvq h jv Kbv ev epv nq gv P UWvBR mb mkj Kvh vejxi mv _ m úk hy³ hv cy `ªe LyPiv fv³v `i wbku weµ q Ae`vb iv L gv P UWvBwRs ej Z weµ qi D Ï k cy `ªe cªvc Zv wbwðz K i Ges H cy jv Ggb fv e Dc vcb K i hv µzv `i K H cy jv wkb Z DrmvwnZ K i evsjv ` k gv P UWvBwRs e emv qi e vck Pvwn`v i q Q ez gv b A bk wkwÿz e w³ gv P UWvBwRs K ckv wnmv e MÖnY K i Q gv P UWvBwRs Gi f~wgkv * wewfbœ Drcv`bKvix BDwbU Gi mv _ hvmv hvm K i * µzv `i K bgybv mieivn K i * µzv `i wbku n Z Aby gv`b bq * dweª µq K i * Avw_ K Z`šÍ m úv`b K i

118 * Rvnv R cy cu Qv bv wbwðz K i * µzv I Drcv`bKvixi g a hvmm~î vcb K i Any kind of e-book & Software : * c Y i gvb wbwðz K i * we `kx µq I weµ q mnvqzv K i * bzzb µzv AbymÜvb K i * c Y i g~j wba viy K i eûwbe vpwb cökœ: 1 cövb fu wjwg UW Kv úvwbi me wbgœ m`m msl v KZRb? K. 2 Rb L. 7 Rb Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): M. 10 Rb N. 20 Rb 2 wewb qvmkvix `i ` wó KvY _ K Kv bv ai bi kqvi m e vëg? hš_ g~jabx e emvq 111 K. cöez K `i kqvi L. AMÖvwaKvi kqvi M. mvaviy kqvi N. mâqx AMÖvwaKvi kqvi wb Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 3 I 4 bs cö kœi DËi `vi: wiqv Km gwukm wj. GKwU mvevb Drcv`bKvix cöwzôvb ez gv b cöwzôvbwui Avw_ K Ae v fv jv bq, wkš 20% evrvi kqvi Zv `i `L j Av Q GgZve vq Kqv Km gwukm wjwg UW cöwzôv bi 55% kqvi wk b bq 3 kqvi wewµ n q hviqvi ci wiqv Km gwukm Kvb ai bi Kv úvwb Z cwiyz n e? K. nvwìs Kv úvwb L. mvewmwwqvix Kv úvwb M. we kl Kv úvwb N. Amxg `vqe Kv úvwb 4 Kqv Km gwukm wjwg UW-Gi kqvi µq Kivi wcq b cöavb KviY wk wqj? K. Avw_ K Ae vi Dbœqb L. evrvi `Lj Kiv M. GK PwUqv evrvi cöwzôv Kiv N. RbM Yi Av v e w Kiv

119 112 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî wb Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 5 I 6 bs cö kœi DËi `vi wg. AvwRg I Zvi cuvp eüz GKwU Kv úvwbi gvwjk I cwipvjk m úªwz evrv i kqvi weµ qi R b Zviv cöwzôvbwui MVbMZ KvVv gv cwiez bi wm vší wb q Qb 5 DÏxc K D jøwlz cöwzôvbwu Kvb ai bi Kv úvwb? K. cvewjk wj: L. cövb fu wj: M. nvwìs Kvs N. mvewmwwqvix Kvs 6 evrv i kqvi weµ qi R b cöwzôvbwu K i. cwi gj wbqgvejx cwiez b Ki Z n e ii. K G P Ä ZvwjKvfz³ n Z n e iii. wmwkdwiwu GÛ G PÄ Kwgk bi Aby gv`b wb Z n e wb Pi KvbwU mwvk? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i,ii I iii m Rbkxj cökœ: 1 ivbv XYZ Kv úvwbi 2,00,000 kqvi µq K i Qb XYZ Kv úvwb ciez x Z e emvq m úªmvi b AwaKZi g~ja bi Rb bzzb kqvi Bmÿ Ki Z Pv Q wkš AvBbMZ eva evakzvi Kvi Y cvi Q bv Ab w` K ivbv AviI 1,00,000 kqvi µq K i Kv úvwb cwipvjbvq AskMÖnY Ki Z B QzK wkš Zvi µqk Z kqv ii cök wz Abyhvqx muv m e bq K. vikwjwc Kx? L. Kv úvwbi wpišíb Aw ÍZ ej Z Kx eysvq? M. ivbv XYZ Kv úvwbi h kqvi wk bwq jb Zv Kvb ai bi kqvi? e vl v Ki N. XYZ Kv úvwb AwaKZi g~jab msmö ni Rb Kvb ai bi kqvi Bmÿ Ki Z cv i? Gi h w³kzv we køly Ki 2 mvwnb 50 Rb mggbv jvk wb q 2011 mv ji Ryb gv m GKwU e emvq cöwzôvb h_vwbq g wbeüb K ib AvB bi eva evakzv _vkvq Zviv h_vh_ KZ cÿ _ K KvR ïiæ Kivi AbygwZI MÖnY K i wkšíy 2012 mv ji Ryb gv mi g a Zviv e emvwqk KvR Avi Ki Z cv iwb

120 hš_ g~jabx e emvq 113 K. cwi gj wbqgvewj Kx? L. weeib cî ej Z Kx eysvq? M. DÏxc Ki D jøwlz e emvqwu Kvb ai bi msmvb? e vl v Ki N mv ji Ryb gv mi ci cöwzôvbwui cwiywz Kx n e? hyw³mn Dc vcb Ki Any kind of e-book & Software : Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf):

121 lô Aa vq mgevq mwgwz CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY Ò` k wg j Kwi KvR, nvwi wrwz bvwn jvró-g wpšívaviv n ZB mgev qi Rb, mgevq msmvb ev mwgwz n jv KwZcq e w³i GKwU ^ Qvg~jK msmvb Gai bi msmv b m`m iv wb R `i ^v_ iÿvi D Ï k GKwÎZ n q _v K GwU Ggb GK ai bi e emvq msmvb hv gybvdv AR bi j ÿ m wó bv n q m`m `i cvi úwik Kj vyv _ m wó nq mgevq mwgwz MV bi gva g mgv R cuywrcwz `i kvly n Z A cÿvk Z `~e j kªwyi gvbyl `i Kj vy mvab Kiv nq G Aa vq cvv k l Avgiv Rvb Z cvie mgevq mwgwzi aviyv I BwZnvm mgevq mwgwzi ewkó mgevq mwgwzi bxwzgvjv mgevq mwgwzi MVb cöyvwj mgevq mwgwzi cökvi f` evsjv ` ki Av_ -mvgvwrk Dbœq b mgevq mwgwzi Ae`vb g~j vqb mgevq mwgwzi gva g e emvq Kivi c wz mgev qi Dbœq b evw I mgevq GKv Wwgi Kvh µg I Ae`vb evsjv ` k mgevq wekv k weivrgvb mgm v jv wpwýzkiy evsjv ` ki mgevq Av `vj bi mgm v `~ixki Yi Dcvq mgev qi gva g mdj nevi Kvwnbx

122 mgevq mwgwzi aviyv Concept of Co-operative Society Any kind of e-book & Software : e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî mß`k kz Ki klfvm _ K mgevq msmv bi fvebv `vbv euva ji wkí weí ei ïiæi ci G wpšív ev Íeiƒc jvf K i 1752 m b gvwk b hy³iv óªi cöwm W U eävwgb d«v¼wjb me cö_g AvbyôvwbKfv e mgevq msmvb cöwzôv K ib e U b AvbyôvwbKfv e mgevq MwVZ nq 1844 mv j G mg q e U bi ip Wj bvgk v bi 28 Rb ZuvZx gvî 28 cvdû cuywr mn hv M G ai bi e emvq M o Zv j Gi ci mgevq GK Av `vj b iƒc bq hvi XD evsjv ` ki G m j M Q evsjv ` k mgevq mwgwz wewfbœ ai bi I wewfbœ D Ï k cwipvwjz nq cvi úwik mn hvwmzvi gva g `ye j I `wi`ª Rb Mvôxi A_ bwzk Kj vy wbwðzki Yi Rb mgev qi h D Ïk Zv ev Íevq b mgwómzfv e eûmsl K gvby li mn hvwmzvq Zv mn RB Kiv m e nq, GUvB mgev qi g~j K_v A_ vr gybvdv AR b bqñcvi úvwik Kj vymvabb G mgev qi g~j jÿ Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): mgevq mwgwzi ewkó Features of Co-operative Society mgevq GKwU AvBb m ó, Abb ewkó gwðz e emvq msmvb Gi gva g wbw` ó ckvrxexiv D Ïk AR b Drmvn ev kw³ cvq GwU e emv qi ÿ Î D jøl hvm GKwU msmvb evsjv ` k mgevq AvBb-2001 Abymv i mgevq msmvb MwVZ I cwipvwjz nq wb æ mgevq mwgwzi ewkó mg~n ey bv Kiv n jv `wi`ª I ga weë kªwyi KwZcq jvk ^ Qvq wgwjz n q Kv bv we kl D Ïk mva bi Rb Giƒc msmvb MVb Ki Z cv i mgevq AvBb Abymv i wbeü Ki wbku G ai bi mgevq cöwzôvb wbeüb Ki Z nq ïaygvî ^ QvK Zfv e KwZcq e w³ mgev qi Av` k DØy n q Gai bi cöwzôvb MVb K i, Kv bv ikg eva evakzvi vb GLv b bb abzvwš K mgvr e e vq abx `i Øviv `wi`ª I ga weë kªwy A_ bwzk wb úl Yi wkkvi nq mgevq kvlk kªwyi nvz _ K kvwlz `i AvZ iÿvi gva g wn m e KvR K i

123 mgevq mwgwz 115 mgevq mwgwzi cöwzwu kqv ii g~j 10 UvKv ev Z`ya g~ j i n Z cv i e emv qi Kv bv we kl As k A_ vr Drcv`b, eèb BZ vw` Z RwoZ n q mw wjzfv e Kvh cwipvjbvi gva g m`m `i Avw_ K Kj vy mvabb Giƒc cöwzôv bi D Ïk gybvdv AR b Gi g~j D Ïk bq mgevq AvBbvbymv i mgevq mwgwz Aek B wbewüz n Z nq mgev qi AwR Z gybvdvi meuzkz m`m `i g a eèb nq bv eva Zvg~jKfv e Gi b~ bzg 15% msiwÿz Znwe j Ges 5% mgevq Dbœqb Znwe j Pvù v wn m e msiÿy K i evwk Ask mvaviy mfvi wm všíµ g kqvi MÖnxZv `i g a eèb Kiv nq [34 (1) aviv] evsjv ` k cöpwjz 2001 mv ji mgevq mwgwz AvB bi 8(1K) aviv gvzv ek cöv_wgk mgevq mwgwz MV bi ÿ Î Kgc ÿ 20 Rb e w³ m`m Ges K `ªxq I RvZxq mwgwzi ÿ Î Kgc ÿ 10 wu mgevq mwgwz m`m _vk Z nq m`m msl vi m ev P mxgv AvB b ejv nqwb mgevq mwgwz AvBb-m ó GKwU cöwzôvb Gi c _K AvBbMZ mëv I cwiwpwz Av Q GwU wbr bv g cwipvwjz mgevq mwgwzi m`m `i wbku _ K gvwmk mâ qi gva g A_ev m`m `i g a kqvi weµq K i mgev qi cö qvrbxq g~jab msmön Kiv nq mgevq mwgwz Z cö Z K m`m `i `vq Zvi µqk Z kqvi g~j Øviv mxgve _v K 2001 m bi mgevq AvB bi 15(2K) aviv Abyhvqx GKRb m`m mwgwzi gvu g~ja bi GK-cÂgvs ki (1/5) ewk kqvi µq Ki Z cv i bv Kbbv ewk kqvi µq Ki j AvwacZ we Ív ii Póv Ki e cwi k l ejv hvq h, mgevq mwgwz AvB bi Aaxb MwVZ, cwipvwjz, c _K mëv I mxwgz `vq wewkó GKwU ^ Qv cö Yvw`Z e emvq msmvb Gi m`m iv MYZvwš K ixwz-bxwz Abymi Y cwipvwjz nq hvi g~j jÿ n jv Gi m`m `i Avw_ K Kj vy wbwðz Kiv 6.03 mgevq mwgwzi bxwzgvjv/av`k mg~n Principles of Co-operative Society bxwzgvjv kãwui Bs iwr kã n jv Principles G K guidence for action ejv hvq mgevq msmvbi wkqy bxwz ev Av`k g b P j GKwU wfbœagx e emvq msmvb wn m e mgevq msmvb mgv Ri ga I wbæweë, m úbœ gvby li bvbvb mxgve Zv wb q cvi úvwik A_ bwzk Kj v Yi j ÿ MwVZ I cwipvwjz nq hme Av`k ev bxwzgvjv g b mgevq mwgwz cwipvwjz nq m jv wb æ ewy Z n jv

124 116 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî 1 GKZv (Unity): GKZvB ej mgv Ri `wi`ª e w³ GKZve n j abxi kvly I wbh vz bi weiæ Abvqv m `uvov Z cv i GKZvB g~jz mgev qi mvd j i g~j Í 2 mzzv (Honesty): mgevq mwgwz Z mzzv GKvšÍ cö qvrb cöwzôv b mzzv weivrgvb n j m`m `i g b AvZ wek vm e w cvq A_ vr e emvwqk mvdj jvf Ki Z n j mzzv GKvšÍ Acwinvh 3 ^ QvK Z wgjb (Voluntary Association): mgevq mwgwzi m`m `i g a me vwak e w³ ^vaxbzv `qv nq Kv bv cökvi ûgwk ev cö ivpbv Qvov Zviv mgev qi gva g ^ Qvq wgwjz n Z cv i 4 mn hvwmzv (Co-operation): mn hvwmzv mgev qi GKwU Ab Zg bxwz cvi úwik Kj v Yi j ÿ mgev qi m`m `i g a Ô` k wg j Kwi KvRÕ A_ev ÔmK ji Z i mk j Avgiv, cö Z K Avgiv c ii Z iõ Giƒc g bvfve _vkv cö qvrb Kbbv GKgvÎ mn hvwmzvb mvdj jv fi Ab Zg PvweKvwV 5 MYZš (Democracy): mgevq mwgwz Z me `vb MYZvwš K ixwzbxwz Abym Z nq G mwgwzi ÔcwiPvjK KwgwUÕ m`m `i cöz ÿ fv Ui gva g wbe vwpz nq wm všíi fv Ui gva g M nxz nq wm vší MÖn Yi ÿ Î cö Z K m`m ^vaxbfv e Zv `i gzvgz cökvk Ki Z cv i 6 mg SvZv (Understanding): mgev qi D Ïk AR bi Rb mg SvZv Acwinvh KviY Z v Mi g bvfve Qvov mgevq mwgwz wu K _vk Z cv i bv Avi GRb cö qvrb cvi úwik mg SvZv 7 mvg (Equality): mgevq mwgwz mv g i Av` k AbycÖvwYZ Gi m`m iv mvgvwrk, A_ bwzk ev cvwievwikfv e hvb nvk bv Kb mgev qi m`m wn m e Zviv mevb mgvb mvgvwrk gh v`vi AwaKvix wb R `i g a Gai bi mvg cöwzôv Kiv bv M j mgevq mvdj jvf Ki Z cv i bv 8 mev (Service): mgev qi g~jk_v n jv ÔmK ji Z i mk j Avgiv, cö Z K Avgiv c ii Z iõ G K Ac ii mn hvwmzvi wfwë Z G e emvq cöwzwôz nq ZvB ejv hvq, cö Z Ki g a GKwU mn hvwmzvg~jk g bvfve _vkv Avek K 9 bku (Proximity): mgevq mggbv e w³e M i msmvb ZvB Gi cöwzôvi ÿ Î bk U i welqwu we epbv Ki Z nq m`m iv mggbv bv n j cöwzôvb Pvjv Z wewfbœ ÿ Î evavmö Í n Z nq 10 mg- fvuvwakvi (Equal right of votes): mg- fvuvwakvi mgevq mwgwzi Ab Zg g~jbxwz cöwzôv b h hz wewb qvm KiæK bv Kb mevi fvuvwakvi mgvb G ÿ Î mk j GKwU K i fvu cö`vb K i Kvh Kix KwgwU wbe vpb K i _v Kb 11 wbi cÿzv (Secularism): mgev qi ÿ Î ag I ivr bwzk gzv` k i wbi cÿzv ervq _v K d j ag I ivr bwzk gz wbwe k l mk jb Gi m`m n Z cv i cwi k l ejv hvq h, mgev q mdjzv AR b Ki Z n j D³ g~jbxwz ev Av`k mg~n h_vh_fv e AbymiY Kiv DwPZ Gi AwaKvskB G K A b i mv _ m úk hy³ Kvh ÿ Î Gi me jv mgvbfv e AbymiY Ki Z nq h mgevq D³ Av`k mg~n hz ewk AbymiY Ki Z cv i ev Í e Zvi c ÿb ZZ mdjzv AR b m e nq Any kind of e-book & Software : Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf):

125 6.04 mgevq mwgwzi MVb cöyvwj Formation Procedures of Co-operative Society mgevq mwgwz 117 mgevq mwgwz GKUv AvBb-m ó K wîg e w³mëvwewkó cöwzôvb GKvwaK e w³ wb R `i A_ bwzk Dbœq bi j ÿ G msmvb cöwzôv I cwipvjbv K i _v K evsjv ` ki mgevq mwgwzmg~n Òmgevq mwgwz 2001Ó Ges Òmgevq wewa 2004Ó e j MwVZ I wbqwš Z nq mggbv I mg ^v_ wewkó Kgc ÿ 10 Rb m`m K mwgwz MV bi Rb m Z n Z nq eqm hv `i 18 eqi ev Zvi D aÿ wb gœ Giƒc cöwzôvb MV bi ÿ Î AbymiYxq ch vqµwgk c` ÿcmg~n Av jvpbv Kiv n jv : mgevq mwgwzi MVb D ` vm MÖnY wbeüb Kvh vi ch vq wpî: mgevq mwgwzi MVb cöyvwj 1 D ` vm MÖnY ch vq (Stage of Taking Initiative): mgevq mwgwz MV bi ÿ Î cöv_wgkfv e D ` vm MÖnYKvix `i D ` v³v wn m e AwfwnZ Kiv nq GKB GjvKvi mggbv, mg ckv I mg kªwyi Kgc ÿ 20 (wek) Rb D ` v³v mwgwz MV bi D ` vm MÖnY K i _v K D ` v³v `i K Aek B cövß eq I mȳ gw Í m úbœ A_ vr Pyw³ m úv` b hvm n Z n e D ` v³viv cö_ gb wb R `i ga n Z Kgc ÿ Qq m`m wewkó GKwU e e vcbv KwgwU MVb K i e e vcbv KwgwUi c`my jv wbgœiƒc i. Pqvig vb Ñ 1 Rb ii. fvbm Pqvig vb Ñ 1 Rb iii. m µuvwi Ñ 1 Rb iv. mvaviy m`m Ñ 3 Rb (Zb a 1 Rb Kvlva ÿ n Z cv i, m ÿ Î mvaviy m`m n e 2 Rb) Giƒc KwgwU mgevq mwgwzi wbeübmn MVb msµvší hvezxq Kg KvÐ m úv`b K i _v K KwgwUi cö_g `vwqz n jv GKwU Lmov Dcwewa (By-laws) Zwi Kiv Dcwewa Z cöavbz wb æv³ wel qi D jøl _v K K. mgevq mwgwzi bvg (mmxg `vqm úbœ mwgwzi bv gi k l mxwgz ev Ltd. k ãi D jøl _vk e); L. wvkvbv I Kvh GjvKv; M. D Ïk I Kvh µg; N. D ` v³v `i bvg, wvkvbv I c`we; O. m`m AšÍf yw³ I Ae vnwzi wbqg; P. g~ja bi cwigvy I kªwywefvm; Q. kqvi g~j, kªwywefvm I gvu kqvi msl v; R. kqvi weµq c wz; S. mwgwz cwipvjbv mskªvší hvezxq wbqg-kvbyb cöf wz

126 118 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî D ` v³viv B Qv Ki j Gai bi Dcwewa cö Z bv K ii mgevq wefvm n Z Qvcv bv Dcwewa msmön K i D³ Dcwewa gvzv ek wm vší MÖnY Ki Z cv i G ch v q cö ÍvweZ mwgwzi Rb mxj gvni cö ÍyZ Kiv nq 2. wbeüb ch vq (Stage of Registration): G ch v q mgevq mwgwz wbeü bi D ` vm bqv nq h GjvKvq mwgwz vcb Ki Z B QyK m GjvKvq mikvi wbhy³ mgevq mwgwz wbeü Ki Awdm n Z wbeüb dig msmön Kiv nq wbeüb dig h_vh_fv e c~iy K i cö qvrbxq `wjjcîvw` I wd mn wbeü Ki wbku Rgv `qv nq Any kind of e-book & Software : Av e`b di gi mv _ wb gœv³ `wjjcî Rgv w` Z nq K. mwgwzi m`m `i ^vÿihy³ bvg I wvkvbv G ÿ Î b~ bzg 20 (wek) Rb cövß eq m` m i bvg I ZvwiLmn ^vÿi _vk Z nq L. D ` v³v `i ^vÿimn DcwewaÑ2 Kwc M. mwgwzi wmj gvn ii bgybvñ1 wu N. Av e`b digwu AvBbm Zfv e c~iy Kiv n q Q Ges G Z DwjøwLZ Z_ mg~n mwvk-gg g m µuvwi I D ` v³v `i NvlYvcÎ 1 Kwc Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): D jøwlz KvMRcÎ I wba vwiz wd cviqvi ci wbeük KvMRcÎ jv hvpvb-evqvb K ib Ges G wel q mš ó n j Av e`bcî cövwßi 60 w` bi g a Zv gäyi K i wbeüb cî Bmy K ib 60 w` bi g a wbeübcî Bmy bv Ki j Ges Av e`b cî M nxz n j wbeük wbeüb mb` wn m e wbeübcî Bmy K ib G ch v q wbeük mwgwzi Dcwewai 3 Kwci cö Z K c ôvq ^vÿi I mxjhy³ K i 1 Kwc wbeüb Awd m msiÿ Yi D Ï k iv Lb Ges 2 Kwc D ` v³v `i diz `b D jøl, Av e`bcî cövwßi ci wbeük hw` ` Lb Kv bv Z_ ev KvMRc Îi NvUwZ i q Q Z e m jv AbwaK 30 w` bi g a P q ev Z`šÍ K i wbeü bi Dchy³Zv `Lv nq Gfv eb mwgwzi wbeüb cöwµqv m úbœ n q _v K 3. Kvh vi ch vq (Stage of Commencement): wbeü bi gva g mgevq mwgwz AvBbvbyM cöwzôv b cwiyz nq Ges mwgwzi bvg I mxj gvni e envi K i D ` v³vmy I KwgwU mwgwzi ^vfvwek KvRKg cwipvjbv Ki Z cv i Gici mwgwzi Kg Kv Ð Avi Kv bv evav _v K bv cwi k l ej Z cvwi h, mgevq msmvb mywba vwiz mgev qi MV bi wbqg g b MwVZ I cwipvwjz nq GKwU wbewüz e emvq msmvb wn m e mgevq msmvb K Aek B Gme wbqg-bxwz g b Pj Z nq 6.05 mgevq mwgwzi cökvi f` Types of Co-operative Society mgevq ÔGKZvB ejõ ev Ô` k wg j Kwi KvRÕ-G RvZxq bxwz Z wek vm K i msmwvz nq, A_ vr mgv Ri ^í Avq wewkó mvaviy Rb Mvôxi A_ bwzk Kj vy agx h _ cö Póvi msmvb n Q mgevq msmvb wewfbœ ckvrxex gvbyl Zv `i cö qvrb guvevi j ÿ bvbvag x mgevq msmvb M o Zzj Z cv i G Kvi Y mgv R wewpîag x mgevq msmvb `L Z cviqv hvq

127 mgevq mwgwz 119 wb gœ GKwU wpîmn wewfbœ cökvi mgevq msmv bi ey bv `qv n jv K. m`m `i Pvwn`v Abymv i According to the Demand of Members 1. Drcv`K mgevq mwgwz (Producers co-operative society) ÿz`ª ÿz`ª wk íi gvwjk I Drcv`KMY e n`vqzb wkí jvi mv _ cöwz hvwmzvq wu K _vkvi Rb Zv `i ^í A_ K GKwÎZ K i h mgevq MVb K i Zv K Drcv`K mgevq mwgwz e j Kv bv GjvKvq KwZcq kªwgk GK Î wg j Kv bv Drcv`b ïiæ Ki j ev KwZcq e w³ mgev qi wfwë Z Kv bviƒc Drcv`b Kv Ri mv _ RwoZ n j Zv Drcv`K mgevq mwgwz bv g cwiwpz n e ZuvwZ `i mgevq, `y» Drcv`K mgevq, K lk mgevq, R j mgevq BZ vw` G RvZxq mgevq mwgwzi D`vniY 2. fv³v mgevq mwgwz Consumers Co-operative Society hlb Kv bv we kl c Y i ev KwZcq c Y i fv³vmy ga e emvqxi gybvdvi wkkvi bv n q b vh g~ j wrwbm wkb Z Pvb ZLb Zv `i Pvwn`v c~i Y h mgevq cöwzôvb MVb Kiv nq Zv K fv³v mgevq mwgwz e j G mgevq mwgwz Drcv`bKvix, Avg`vwbKviK ev cvbkv ii wbku _ K cvbkvwi g~ j cy mvgmöx Lwi` K i mme cy m`m e ` I Ab v b i wbku b vh g~ j wewµi e e v K i _v K fv³v mgevq mwgwz K eèbkvix mgevq mwgwz bv gi AwfwnZ Kiv nq wkí cöwzôv bi kªwgk `i D ` v M cöwzôv bi M U, eo cöwzôv bi Kg Pvix `i D ` v M cöwzôv b, eo nvdwrs Kg cø i M U Gi gvwjk `i D ` v M Gai bi mgevq mwgwz M o Zvjv n Z cv i mgevq mwgwz m`m `i cök wz Abymv i D Ïk /Kv h i cök wz Abymv i mvsmvwbk i Abymv i `vq-`vwq Z i cök wz Abymv i 1. Drcv`K mgevq 2. fv³v mgevq 1. µq mgevq 7. FY`vb mgevq 2. weµq mgevq 8. M n wbg vy mgevq 3. Avg`vwb mgevq 9. mgevq AvevwmK GjvKv 4. ißvwb mgevq 10. eûgylx mgevq 5. exgv mgevq 6. e vsk mgevq 1. cöv_wgk mgevq 2. K `ªxq mgevq 3. wgkª mgevq 4. RvZxq mgevq 1. Amxg `vq mgevq 2. mmxg- `vq mgevq wpî: mgevq mwgwzi cökvi f`

128 120 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî L. D Ïk /Kv h i cök wz Abymv i According to the objectives/nature of functions Any kind of e-book & Software : 1. µq mgevq mwgwz (Purchasing co-operative society): wewfbœ ckvrxex gvbyl hw` mgevq mwgwzi gva g msne -n q Zv `i cö qvrbxq miävgvw` msmö ni Rb µq myweav MÖnY K i Z e Zv K µq mgevq mwgwz e j 2. weµq/wecyb mgevq mwgwz (Marketing co-operative society): ÿz`ª Drcv`K, K lk BZ vw` kªyxi jvkrb Zv `i cy `ªe wewµ, `vgrvzkiy, cwieny BZ vw` e vcv i cvbkvwi myweav cövwßi j ÿ hw` Kv bv mgevq msmvb K i Z e weµq mgevq mwgwz e j 3. Avg`vwb mgevq mwgwz (Import co-operative society): ÿz`ª Avg`vwbKviKMY Zv `i bvbvwea myweav I mikv ii KvQ _ K `vwe Av`v qi wbwg Ë h mgevq mwgwz MVb K i Zv Avg`vwb mgevq mwgwz bv g cwiwpz 4. ißvwb mgevq mwgwz (Export co-operative society): ÿz`ª Avg`vwbKviKMY ißvwb wel q cvbkvwi myweav, mw wjz AwfÁZv I mikv ii wbku n Z `vwe Av`v qi wbwg Ë hw` Kv bv mgevq mwgwz MVb K i Zv K ißvwb mgevq mwgwz ejv n e 5. exgv mgevq mwgwz (Insurance co-operative society): wb R `i exgv wb Riv msne fv e Kivi Rb Kv bv Rb Mvôx mgevq mwgwz cöwzôv Ki j Zv K exgv mgevq mwgwz ejv nq 6. e vsk mgevq mwgwz (Bank co-operative society): ÿỳ ª AvqZ bi wfwë Z m`m `i wbku n Z AvgvbZ MÖnY I Zv `i K FY`v bi Rb h mgevq M o I V Zv K e vsk mgevq mwgwz ejv nq 7. FY`vb mgevq mwgwz (Credit co-operative society): gnvrb ev e vsk _ K FY MÖn Yi e` j Kg my ` wb R `i mâq n Z FY MÖn Yi Rb hw` ckvrxexiv wgwjz n q Kv bv mgevq MVb K i Zv K FY`vb mgevq mwgwz wn m e AwfwnZ Kiv nq 8. M nwbg vy mgevq mwgwz (Housing co-operative society): hw` ga weë I ^íweë jv Kiv wb R `i M n wbg v Yi D Ï k Kv bv mgevq M o Zv j Z e Zv KB M n wbg vy mgevq mwgwz ejv nq 9. mgevq AvevwmK GjvKv (Co-operative housing society): Kv bv v b AvevwmK cøu Lwi `i D Ï k hw` Kv bv Rb Mvôx GKwÎZ nq Z e Zv K mgevq AvevwmK GjvKv ev AvevwmK GjvKvwfwËK mgevq e j 10. eûgylx mgevq mwgwz (Multi purpose co-operative society): hlb Kv bv mgevq mwgwz wewfbœ cökvi e emvwqk Kv R wjß nq ZLb Zv K eûgylx mwgwz e j Giƒc mgevq mwgwz µq, weµq, M n wbg vy FY`vb, e vswks, wegv-g ai bi eûgylx Kvh m úv`b K i _v K M. mvsmvwbk Íi Abymv i According to the Organisational Stage Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf):

129 mgevq mwgwz cöv_wgk mgevq mwgwz (Primary co-operative society): cöv_wgk mgevq mwgwz n Q m ai bi mgevq msmvb hv me wbæ Íi ev cöv_wgk ch v q MwVZ nq mgevq ej Z g~jz G Í ii mgevq KB eysv bv nq MÖvgxY mgevq mwgwzmg~n Gi D`vniY 2. K `ªxq mgevq mwgwz (Central co-operative society): b~ bzg 10wU cöv_wgk mgevq mwgwzi mw wjz iƒc n Q K `ªxq mgevq mwgwz MÖvgxY K lk mgevq mwgwzmg~n wg j BDwbqb ev _vbv ch v q mwgwz jv GKwÎZ n q G RvZxq mwgwz MwVZ nq GwU mgev qi wøzxq Íi G mwgwz Z Kv bv e w³ m`m n Z cv i bv 3. wgkª mgevq mwgwz (Mixed co-operative society): GwU mgev qi Z Zxq Íi e w³ m` m i cvkvcvwk cöv_wgk mgevq mwgwz jv Gi m`m n q _v K wefvmxq (ev cö `k) ch v q mgevq mwgwz jv GKwÎZ n q G ai Yi mgevq mwgwz MVb K i G mgevq mwgwzi Rb b~ bzg 20 Rb m`m `i g a Kgc ÿ 12wU cöv_wgk mgevq mwgwzi m`m _vk Z nq 4. RvZxq mgevq mwgwz (National co-opeative society): GwU m e v P Í ii (PZy_ Íi) mgevq msmvb RvZxq ch v q h mwgwz MVb Kiv nq Zv KB RvZxq mgevq mwgwz e j 10wU K `ªxq mgevq mwgwz wg j RvZxq mgevq mwgwz MwVZ nq N. `vq-`vwq Z i cök wz Abymv i According to the Liabilities 1. Amxg-`vq mgevq mwgwz (Unlimited co-operative society): Amxg `vq mgevq mwgwz n Q m ai bi mgevq msmvb hlv b m`m `i `vq Zv `i µqk Z kqvi Øviv ev Ab Dcv q mxgve _v K bv mwgwzi `bvi Rb G RvZxq mwgwzi m`m iv GKKfv e Ges h _fv e `vqx _v K evsjv ` k G ai bi mwgwzi cöpjb `Lv hvq bv 2. mmxg `vq mgevq mwgwz (Limited Co-operative society): mgevq mwgwzi m`m `i `vq hlb Zv `i µqk Z kqv ii AvswkK g~j Øviv mxgve _v K ZLb mmxg-`vq mgevq mwgwz e j m`m `i mxwgz `vq K eysvevi Rb Giƒc mwgwzi bv gi k l Õwjwg UWÕ ev Ltd kã hvm Kiv nq ` ki AwaKvsk mgevqb G kªwyfy³ cwi k l ejv hvq, wewfbœ ai bi e w³ ev cöwzôv bi cö qvrb c~i Yi g a wewfbœ ai bi mgevq mwgwz KvR Ki Q, ^í mg qi gvby li fwel r Dbœqb I wu K _vkvi Rb fwel Z AviI bzzb bzzb mgevq mwgwz M o DV e GK_v wbwðz K i ejv hvq 6.06 evsjv ` ki Av_ -mvgvwrk Dbœq b mgevq mwgwzi Ae`vb The Role of Co-operative Society in the Socio-Economic Development of Bangladesh ^íweë m ú` ev weënxb e w³ `i c ÿ mxwgz mvg_ e envi K i GKKfv e eo Kv bv KvR Kiv m e nq bv mwgwz MV bi gva g Giƒc mxwgz mvg _ i gvbyl wb R `i Av_ -mvgvwrk Ae vi Dbœqb Ki Z cv i ZvB A_ bwzkfv e `ye j gvbyl cvi úvwik Kj vy mva bi D Ï k mgevq mwgwz MVb K i

130 122 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî wb gœ evsjv ` ki Av_ -mvgvwrk Dbœq b mgevq mwgwzi Ae`vb ey bv Kiv n jv 1. A_ bwzk myweav (Economic Advantages): mgevq msmvb g~jz m`m `i A_ bwzk Ae vi Dbœq b bvbvfv e KvR K i hgb- K lk ev Kg Av qi m`m `i Avw_ K myweav cö`vb, cy ev mev Drcv` bi D Ï k ev wewfbœ cö qvr b ^í my ` mnr k Z FY mnvqzv `vb cöf wz d j mwgwzi m`m iv gnvr bi ` ivz n Z wb R `i iÿv Ki Z mÿg nq 2. mvgvwrk myweav (Social Advantages): mgevq MV bi gva g ewâz RbMY Avw_ K myweavi cvkvcvwk mvgvwrk myweav fvm K i _v K mvgvwrk myweavi g a cvi úwik mn hvwmzv, MYZ š i PP v, A_ bwzk kw³i we K `ªxKi Yi d j m`m `i gh v`v e w cöf wz D jøl hvm 3. RxebhvÎvi gv bvbœqb (Improving Standard of Living): mgevq mwgwz mgv Ri wbgœweë I weënxb `i msmvb mwgwz Z hvm`v bi gva g m`m `i Avq e w, b vh g~ j cy cövwß, FY mnvqzv cövwß Kg ms v bi my hvm, mvgvwrk gh v`v e w cvq, hv Zv `i RxebhvÎvi gv bvbœq b cöz ÿ f~wgkv cvjb K i 4. Kg e e vcbv e q (Low Management Cost): m`m `i ^ Qvg~jK mn hvwmzv I AskMÖn Yi d j e e vcbv LiP eûjvs k n«vm cvq e e vcbvq AskMÖnYKvix `i Kv bv cökvi ezbñfvzv cö`vb Ki Z nq bv Zviv mwgwz cwipvjbvq Lye AvMÖ ni mv _B webv cvwikªwg K KvR K i 5. e n`vqzb e emv qi myweav (Advantage of Large-scale Business): m`m msl v ewk niqvq mgevq mwgwz AwaK mâq msmön I cuywr MVb Ki Z cv i hv w` q e n`vqzb e emv qi wewfbœ myweav hgb- e n`vqzb µq, Drcv`b I wecyb myweav cviqv hvq G Z mwgwzi Avq e w cvq 6. mevi D Ïk (Service Motive): Giƒc msmvb g~jz m`m `i mev cö`v bi D Ï k B m wó nq, gybvdv AR bi D Ï k bq m`m `i K wewfbœfv e Avw_ K mnvqzv I b vh g~ j cy ev mev cö`v bi my hvm `qv nq mwgwzi m`m `i g a cvi úwik mn hvwmzvg~jk g bvfve KvR K i 7. K ii Ae vnwz (Tax Relief): mgevq mwgwz MV b DrmvwnZ Kivi j ÿ Giƒc msmv bi Av qi Ici Ki avh Kiv nq bv d j m`m `i AwaK Avw_ K Kj vy wbwðz Kiv hvq 8. mikvwi mnvqzv (Government Help): ` ki Av_ ÑmvgvwRK Ae vi Dbœq b mgevq msmvb jv BwZevPK f~wgkv cvjb K i Avi G f~wgkv K Av iv ewk DrmvwnZ Kivi Rb mikv ii cÿ _ K mgevqx `i ev mwgwz K Avw_ K I Abvw_ K wewfbœ myweav cö`vb Kiv nq 9. g bvej Dbœqb (Moral Development): mgevq mwgwz KwZcq Av` k i Ici wfwë K i cwipvwjz nq hgb-cvi úwik mn hvwmzv, AvZ mn hvwmzv, K Vvi cwikªg, wkÿv, AvZ wbf ikxjzv, mâq msmön cöf wz Gme Av`k Abykxj bi d j m`m `i g a h Kv bv KwVb KvR Lye mn R m úbœ Kivi g bvej I gvbwmkzv Zwi nq Any kind of e-book & Software : Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): cwi k l ejv hvq, DcwiD³ myweavi Kvi Y mgevq msmvb mvaviyz wewfbœ ckvi gvby li Kv Q AZ ší Drmvne ÄK I AvKl Yxq msmvb wn m e we ewpz n q _v K gvuk_v, e w³k, mvgvwrk I RvZxq A_ bwzk Dbœq b mgevq mwgwzi f~wgkv D jøl hvm

131 mgevq mwgwz 123 Kg cî-1 mgevq mwgwzi MVb cöyvjx Av jvpbv K i mgevq mwgwzi gva g e emvq Kivi c wz wpwýz Ki 6.07 evw BARD mgevq mwgwzi Dbœq b evsjv `k cjøx Dbœqb evw (evw ) Gi Ae`vb: æbangladesh Academy for Rural Development ev BARD cjøx Dbœq bi ÿ Î GKwU iæz c~y cöwzôvb 1959 mv j Kzwgjøvi KvUevwo Z cöl vz mgvrkg x Aa ÿ AvLZvi nvwg` Lvb G cöwzôvb vcb K ib G GKv Wwgi cöavb D Ïk n Q cjøx Z_v MÖvgxY A_ bxwzi Dbœqb G D Ï k GKv Wwgi M nxz c` ÿc I Kg m~wpi g a i q Q cjøx Dbœq bi ÿ Î mikvwi Kg KZ v `i cöwkÿy, M elyv I cixÿvg~jk cökí cwipvjbv, cjøx Dbœq bi Dci mwgbvi, Av jvpbv BZ vw` cöwkÿ Yi myweav _ GLv b cöwkÿy cöv_ x `i AvevwmK e e v, cöwkÿy K `ª, IqvK kc, K vw Ub cöf wz me vwak my hvmmyweav i q Q evw -Gi G eûg~lx Ae`vb I Kvh Kjv ci Rb G K Kzwgjøv g Wj bv gi AwfwnZ Kiv nq cök Zc ÿ MÖvgxY A_ bwzk Dbœq b Gi mỳ ~icömvix Ae`vb Ab ^xkvh 6.08 evsjv ` k mgevq wekv k mgm v Poblems of Co-operative Development in Bangladesh Z Zxq we k i GKwU `wi`ª `k wn m eb evsjv `k mevi Kv Q cwiwpz G ` k wbæweë m úbœ gvby li msl v ewk G `i fv M vbœq bi Rb we kl K i ^vaxbzvi ci evsjv ` k mgevq Av `vjb MwZ c q Q, wkšíy Kvh ÿ Î G Av `vjb mdjzvi gyl `Lv hvqbv

132 124 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî ev Íe ÿ Î G ` k mgevq Av `vj b h mgm v jÿbxq Zv wb gœ Zz j aiv n jv 1. mwvk cwikíbvi Afve (Lack of proper planning): evsjv ` k mgevq mwgwzi Dbœq b Kv bv myôy cwikíbv bb d j G `i Aw ÍZ nq ^í gqvw` Ges wekvk nq evavcövß Any kind of e-book & Software : 2. cöwkÿ Yi Afve (Lack of training): mgev qi wbe vnxm Yi Kv bviƒc cöwkÿy MÖn Yi my hvm bb e j Zviv A bk mgq fyj c _ cwipvwjz nq 3. AvgjvZvwš K g bvfve (Bureaucratic attitude): G ` k KD Kv bv ØvwqZ I ÿgzv c jb wb R K GKRb AmvaviY e w³ fve Z ïiæ K ib Avi mgevq mwgwz cwipvjbvi R b wbhy³ e w³ivi AvgjvZwš K g bvfve aviy Kivq Zviv m`m `i mevi e` j A bk mgq Amyweav m wó K ib d j mgevq mwgwz f ½ hvq Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): 4. ^Rb-cÖxwZ (Nepotism): mwgwzi cwipvjk `i ^Rb-cªxwZ evsjv ` ki mgevq jvi wekv ki c _ AšÍivq we kl K i FY`vb mgevq mwgwz jvi FY`v bi ÿ Î G mgm v `Lv `q ewk 5. wkÿvi Afve (Lack of education): evsjv ` k AwkwÿZ Rb Mvôxi msl vb AwaK G wecyj Rb Mvôxi g a wkÿv m PZbZv bv _vkvq Zviv mgevq cöwzôvi iæz Abyave b e _ n q Q G Z mgevq cöwzôv I wekvk evavmö Í n Z eva 6. Amg cªwz hvwmzv (Un-equal competition): ÿz`ªvqzb cök wzi msmvb niqvq mwgwz K ga g I e n`vqzb msmv bi mv _ cöwz hvwmzvq wu K _vkv KóKi n q c o 7. mzzv I wbôvi Afve (Lack of honesty and sincerity): mgev qi g Zv h _ cö Póvi mdjzv A bkuvb mzzv I wbôvi Dci wbf ikxj Avgv `i ` ki AwaKvsk e w³ ^v_ PwiZv_ Ki Z wm q G `y UviB wemr b w` Z e m Q d j mgevq mwgwzi D Ïk I AvR e _ Zvq ch ewmz n Q 8. g~ja bi ^ízv (Defeciency of Capital): mgevq `wi`ª `i msmvb Zv `i cö`ë ^í cwigvy Puv`v mwgwzi Rb ch vß I cö qvrbxq g~jab m wó K i bv 9. mikv ii mn hvwmzv (Co-operation of govt): mgev qi gva g Z Zxq we k i `k jvi Dbœqb Kiv m e wkšíy ev ÍeZv n jv mikv ii cöz ÿ mn hvwmzv G ÿ Î Kg cwi k l ejv hvq h, evsjv ` k mgevq mwgwz K GwM q bqvi m vebv _vk ji DcwiD³ mgm vi Kvi Y Zv h _ó AMÖMwZ jvf Ki Z cvi Q bv ZvB Gme mgm v `~i Kivi Rb mswkøó mevib gnvbyfezvi g bvfve wb q GwM q Avmv cö qvrb 6.09 evsjv ` k mgevq mwgwzi mgm v `~ixki Yi Dcvqmg~n Ways of Removing the Problems of Co-operative Society in Bangladesh evsjv ` k `vwi`ª, AbMÖmiZv I Afve-AbUb _ K wbgœweëm úbœ e vck Rb Mvôx K D vi K i Dbœq bi bzzb c_ `Lv Z n j mgevq Av `vjb h iæz c~y Ae`vb ivl Z cv i Zv ejvi A cÿv iv L bv G j ÿ A bk c~e n ZB G ` k mgevq Av `vjb ïiæ n ji wkqy mgm vi Kvi Y Zv mdjzvi gyl `L Z cvi Q bv

133 mgevq mwgwz 125 wb gœ G mkj mgm v `~ixki Yi cö qvrbxq Dcvq D jøl Kiv n jv: 1. jvj wdzvi ` ivz n«vm (Reduction of red-tapism): jvj wdzvi ` ivz Z_v AvgjvZvwš K RwUjZv mgevq mwgwzi AMÖmiZvi Rb Kg- ewk `vqx G ÿ Î MwZkxjZv Avb Z n j mgevq gš Yvjq, mgevq wefvm I Ab vb mswkøó Awd m `ÿ I mgev qi g š Av vkxj Kg V Rbej wb qvm Kiv h Z cv i 2. mgevqg~jk wkÿvi e e vkiy (Arrangement of co-operative oriented education): mgevq Av `vjb K emevb Ki Z n j ` ki mgevqg~jk wkÿvi cöpjb Ki Z n e Dc-AvbyôvwbK wkÿvi e e v Kiv Ges cvv µ g G welqk Av jvpbv AšÍf y³ K i mgevq wkÿv Rvi`vi Kiv h Z cv i 3. mgevq Dbœq b e nr cwikíbv (Master plan for development of cooperatives): mgevq mwgwzi g~j jÿ AR bi Rb evsjv ` ki Av_ ÑmvgvwRK, ivr bwzk I mvs wzk cwi ek we epbvq i L GKwU e nr ev ÍewfwËK cwikíbv MÖnY Kiv Riæwi mikvwi D ` v M K `ªxqfv e M nxz G cwikíbvi gva g ` ki AwkwÿZ, Aa wkwÿz mvaviy RbMY K DØy Ki Z n e 4. cöwkÿy Kg m~wp MÖnY (Adopting training programme): mgevq mwgwzi mv _ cwipvjbvq hy³ e w³em Ges mvaviy m`m `i ^íkvjxb Ges KL bv ev `xn Kvjxb cöwkÿy cö`v bi e e v Ki Z n e G Z mswkøó mk j ÿz`ª I KzwUi wkí, K wlkvrmn wewfbœ wel q ev Íe aviyv AR b mÿg n e 5. `yb xwz I ^Rb-cÖxwZ iva (Measures to prevent corruption and nepotism) : `yb xwz I ^Rb-cÖxwZ Ab vb ÿ Îi b vq mgev qi kw³kvjx wfz M o Q G wfz K Dc o dj Z n j wbi cÿfv e K Vvi cökvmwbk e e v MÖnY Ki Z n e 6. mgev qi mydj m úwk Z cöpviyv (Publicity regarding the merits of cooperatives): mgev qi Kj vygylx f~wgkv m ú K ezvi, wuwf, msev`cî BZ vw` wewfbœ gva g cöpviyvi e e v Ki Z n e G Z mvaviy RbMY mgevq m ú K m PZb n e Ges G wel q Drmvnx n q DV e 7. mvaviy wkÿvi m cömviy (Expansion of general education): GKwU iæz c~y Dbœqbg~jK LvZ wn m e mgevq Av `vjb RvZxqwfwËK Av `vj bi iæz cvevi AeKvk iv L G Kvi Y ` ki RbMY K G wel q m PZb K i Zvjv `ikvi ` ki `wi`ª, Am PZb mvaviy jv Ki g a wkÿvi Av jv R vjv Z cvi j G wel q BwZevPK dj Avkv Kiv hvq

134 126 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî 8. cö Yv`bvi e e v (Taking incentive measures): G msmv bi mgm v `~ixki Yi j ÿ mgev qi mv _ mswkøó wbe vnx, e e vck Ges m`m `i we kl cvi`wk Zvi wfwë Z cö Yv`bvg~jK e e v MÖnY Ki Z n e cöv_wgk Íi _ K m e v P Íi ch ší wewfbœ ÿ Î kªô Z i Rb wbi cÿfv e cyi vi cö`v bi e e v Kiv h Z cv i Any kind of e-book & Software : 9. Kvh Ki mgš^ qi e e v MÖnY (Taking effective measures for co-ordination): cöv_wgk, K `ªxq I RvZxq ch v qi mgevq msmvbmg~ ni g a Ges mgev qi wewfbœ `ßi, mgevq wefvm I mgevq mwgwzi m`m `i g a mgš^ qi Afve mgev qi Dbœq b GKwU eo AšÍivq GRb Gme ÿ Î myôz I Kvh Ki mgš^q mva bi gva g mgev qi wekvk NUv Z n e 10. mnr k Z FY`vb (Providing credit with simple terms & condition): g~ja bi ^ízv mgevq mwgwzmy jv mpj ivlvi ÿ Î GKwU eo evav mgev qi m cömvi Y mikvi mnr k Z FY w` q G mgm v `~i Ki Z cv i 11. mikvwi mn hvwmzv e w (Increasing government co-operation): G m± ii Dbœq bi Rb Avw_ K I Ab vb wel q mikvwi c ô cvlkzv I mn hvwmzv Av iv e w Kiv cö qvrb G e vcv i vbxq mikvi, cjøx Dbœqb I mgevq welqk gš Yvjq Kvh Ki I ev ÍewfwËK c` ÿc MÖnY Ki Z cv i 12. MwZkxj Z_ e e v (Dynamic information system): mgevq m ú K mvaviy RbMY K m PZb I DØy Ki Z n j G m úwk Z Z_ cö`v bi e e vi _vkv `ikvi G Kvi Y wewfbœ cökvi cökvkbv, gy`ªy I Zvi h_vh_ weziymn mkj Z_ cö`v bi e e v myôz I MwZkxj n Z n e Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): cwi k l ejv hvq h, evsjv ` k mgevq Av `vjb K GwM q wb Z DcwiD³ e e v `ªæZ MÖnY Ki Z n e GRb mikvwi I emikvwi wefvmmg~n K GwM q Avm Z n e mgev qi DrcwË niqv wewfbœ mgm v wbim b mikvi I RbMY K ZvB GK hv M KvR K i h Z n e Kg cî-2 evsjv ` k mgevq wekv ki ÿ Î mgm v jv we kølyc~e K Gi mgvav bi Dcvq wpwýz Ki

135 6.10 mgev qi gva g mdj nevi Kvwnbx Success History Through Co-operative Society mgevq mwgwz 127 Lvw`Rv emg Zvi w`bgryi Ges m ú`nxb wczvgvzvi GKgvÎ Kb v m Zvi evev-gvi Zwi gvwui N i eo n q Q gvî 11 eqi eq m GKRb ekvi Q ji mv _ Zvi we q nq Avi weevwnz Rxeb evsvi Av MB wzwb `ymšív bi Rbbx nb Rxe bi G mgq G m wzwb eys Z cvi jb wzwb Zvi ^vgx Ges `ymšívb Zvi evev-gvi msmv i evsv ^iƒc wvk GB mgq wzwb ÒwbRaviv gwnjv mgevq mwgwzó bv g GKwU mgevq mwgwzi bvg ïb jb hwu wqj gqgbwms ni nvjyqvnv Ui Ôevsjv `k iji qõ (B.R) Gi Aaxb c i wzwb G mgevq mwgwzi m`m n jb cö_ g wzwb mgevq mwgwz n Z 1000 UvKv FY wb jb Ges F Yi e emv ïiæ Ki jb FY µq-weµ qi gva g h gybvdv n jv Zv w` q wzwb Zvi `bw `b LiP wguv bvi cvkvcvwk F Yi 1g wkw Íi UvKv cwi kva K ib Zvici n Z DÏxcbvi gva g Zvi msmvi cwipvjbv Ki Qb Gfv e wzwb 1992 _ K 2006 mvj ch ší gvu UvKv FY MÖnY K ib Ges `y» Drcv`bKvix Mvfx jvjb-cvjb K ib wzwb `y» Drcv`bKvix Mvfx µq K i GKwU WBwi dvg Ges GKwU cvjwuª dvg vcb K ib ez gv b Zvi Lvgv i AvUwU Miæ i q Q Gi g a 2wU we `wk Mvfx Ges 6wU gvsvwi mvb Ri Mvfx i q Q ez gv b m Mvfx n Z cöwzw`b 30 wjuvi `ya cvq hvi ez gvb evrvig~j 750 UvKv G w` q wzwb Lvgv ii me LiP Ges Zv `i `bw `b LiP wguv bvi ci 300 UvKv mâq K ib wzwb GKwU cvjwuª dvg M o Zz j Qb hlv b 20wU nuvm Ges 325 wu gyiwm jvjb cvjb K ib cvjwuª dvg n Z wzwb `bw `b Pvwn`v wguv bvi ci Aewkó wwg evrv i wewµ K ib Zvi gvu `bw `b Rgv UvKv w` q vbxq ÔaivÕ evrv ii wbk U 26 kzvsk Rwg µq K ib hvi ez gvb evrvig~j 3,00,000 (wzb jvl) UvKv ÔaivÕ evrv i wzwb GKwU KxUbvkK Jly ai `vkvi w` q Qb ez gv b wzwb Zvi evwo Z GKwU Avav cvkv Ni w` q Qb Zvi ^vgx ez gv b UªvK Pvjvb Zvi wb Ri Ges Zvi ^vgxi Av q ez gv b Zvi msmvi Lye fv jvfv e Pj Q GLb wzwb A bk ^ Qj Q j- g q `i z j cvvv Q Zvi e evev-gvi I `Lvïbv Ki Qb ez gv b wzwb Zvi mgv R Ges MÖv g GKRb m vwbz e w³ wzwb Ab gwnjv `i Rb AbyKiYxq ez gv b wzwb LyeB mylx Ges GRb wzwb mgevq mwgwzi cöwz K ZÁ eûwbe vpwb cökœ: 1 ÿz`ª Drcv`Kiv wb R `i ^v_ iÿvi R b h mgevq mwgwz MVb K i Zv K Kx ai bi mgevq mwgwz e j K. fv³v mgevq L. Drcv`K mgevq M. cöv_wgk mgevq N. RvZxq mgevq 2 Drcv`K mgevq mwgwzi D`vniY i. `y» mgevq mwgwz wjwg UW ii. ÿz`ª mgevq mwgwz wjwg UW iii. ZuvwZ mgevq mwgwz wjwg UW wb Pi KvbwU mwvk? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

136 128 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî 3 mgevq mwgwz KLb Kvh vi Ki Z cv i? K. D ` vm MÖnY Kivi ci L. Dcwewa mgevq wefv M `vwlj Kivi ci M. Kwgkbv ii AbygwZ ci N. wbeübcî cvevi ci Any kind of e-book & Software : wb Pi Aby Q`wU co Ges 4 I 5 bs cö kœi DËi `vi iscy ii gvnxmä wbevmx KwZcq AvLPvlx wg j GKwU msmvb MV bi D ` vm bq Zviv vbxq mgevq Awa`ß i mwgwz wbeü bi Rb Av e`b K i Ges cö qvrbxq `wjjcî Rgv `q Z e `xn wzbgvm AwZevwnZ n ji D³ msnvb wbeüb nqwb GgZve vq welqwu m ú K Rvb Z PvB j wbeü Ki Awdm _ K Dcwewai wkqz mgm vi K_v ejv nq 4 DÏxc K Kvb ai bi mwgwz MV bi Rb Av e`b Kiv nq? K. K lk L. Drcv`K M. ckvrxex N. kögrxex 5 wbeüb KZ K msmvbwu wbeüb bv Kivi Rb h KviY `Lv bv n q Q, G m ú K GLb D ` v³v `i KiYxq Kx? K. cybivq Dcwewa cö Z L. wbeüb QvovB Kvh vi M. Dcwewai ms kvab N. msmvb MV bi cwikíbv evwzj Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): m Rbkxj cökœ: 1 Uv½vB ji fzqvcyi _vbvi 70 Rb ZvuZx wg j Zv `i Av_ -mvgvwrk Dbœq bi j ÿ GKwU mgevq mwgwz MVb K i 2012 mvj ch ší Zv `i AwR Z gybvdvi cwigvy wqj wb œiƒc: eqi gybvdv(uvkv) 25,000 /= 32,000 /= 28,000 /= 25,000 /= 30,000 /= Zviv b~ bzg nv i Znwej msiÿy K i 2013 mv j Zviv GKwU bzzb ZuvZ emv Z PvB Q hvi Rb 25,000 /= UvKvi cö qvrb ZuvZ emv bvi Rb Zviv Zv `i mwâwz Znwej e envi Ki Z PvB Q K. mgevq Dcwewa Kx? L. µq mgevq mwgwz ej Z Kx eys? M. mvsmvwbk wepv i DÏxc Ki cöwzôvbwu Kvb ai bi mgevq msmvb e vl v Ki N. Zywg wk g b Ki ZuvZ Kbvi mgỳ q A_ mwâwz Znwej e envi K i Kbv m e? hyw³mn DËi `vi 2 Kzwgjøvi wbgmv ii merx Drcv`Kiv cv ki evrv i merx weµq K i G Z Zviv Zgb `vg cvq bv ewk merx evrv i G j weµq Kivq `ȳ i n q c o ZvB Zviv GKUv mgevq mwgwz Movi wm vší wbj GB mwgwz Z UvKv Rwg q Zviv GKUv wgwb UªvK wkb jv Uªv K mgevqx `i gvj GK Î wb q e ov evrv i weµq K i Gi g a mgevq Kg KZ v civgk w` jb, Zviv XvKvq wb Riv GKUv `vkvb Ly j mlv b merx weµq Ki Z cv i GK mg q Zviv ZvB Ki jv K. mgev qi g~jgš Kx? L. fv³v mgevq mwgwz ej Z Kx eysvq? M. DÏxc Ki merx Drcv`Kiv D Ïk wepv i Kvb ai bi mgevq M o Zz j Q e vl v Ki N. XvKvq merxi `vkvb Lvjvq mgevqx `i Avq evo e-gi e³ e i h_v_ Zv we køly Ki

137 mßg Aa vq ivóªxq e emvq STATE ENTERPRISE e w³ ^vzš ev` ev Lywkg Zv Pj Z `qvi bxwzi Kvi Y abev`x mgv R ab el g i m wó nq I ivóªxq wbqš Y wkw_j n q c o ZvB G Ae v cwiez b K i mgvrzvwš K ev wgkö A_ bxwz M o Zz j Kj vyki ivóª cöwzôvi j ÿ A bk ` kb ivóªxq e emvq MVb I cwipvjbv Kiv nq G Aa vq cvv k l Avgiv Rvb Z cvi ev ivóªxq e emv qi aviyv ivóªxq e emv qi ewkó mg~n ivóªxq e emv qi D Ïk mg~n ivóªxq e emv qi myweav I Amyweav evsjv ` ki ivóªxq e emvqmg~n evsjv ` k ivóªxq e emv qi h w³kzv evsjv ` ki Av_ -mvgvwrk Dbœq b ivóªxq e emv qi Ae`vb mikvwi emikvwi Askx`vixZ wfwëk e emvq cwipvjbvi aviyv

138 ivóªxq e emv qi aviyv Concept of the State Enterprise Any kind of e-book & Software : e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî ivóª ev mikv ii gvwjkvbvax b MwVZ I cwipvwjz e emvq K ivóªxq e emvq e j ivóªxq D ` v M ev mikvwi cö Póvq bzzb e emvq cöwzôvb MwVZ n q _v K Avevi, Dcw Z Kv bv emikvwi e emvq cöwzôvb K ivóªvqë ev RvZxqKiY K i iv óªi wbqš Y Avbv nq mvaviyz ` ki wkívqb, Kg ms v bi my hvm m wó, m ú`mg~ ni mylg eèb cöf wzi D Ï k Ges KZK jv RbKj vyg~jk ÿ Î ivóªxq e emvq vcb Kiv nq ZvQvov, `kiÿv I wbivcëvi Rb A cvwzi wbg vy wk íi Ici c~y wbqš Y ivlvi D Ï k mikvi Giƒc ÿ Î ivóªxq e emvq MVb I cwipvjbv K i _v K Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): ivóªxq e emv qi ewkó Features Of State Enterpirse h e emvq cöwzôvbmg~n iv óªi gvwjkvbvq _v K Ges ` ki mikv ii Aax b cwipvwjz nq m e emvq cöwzôvbmg~n K ivóªxq e emvq e j ivóªxq e emv qi gvwjkvbv _v K iv óªi nv Z mb wn m e mvaviy e w³ gvwjkvbvaxb e emv qi P q G ai bi msmv bi wkqz evowz ewkó _v K wb gœ m jv we køly Kiv n jv MVb cöyvjx (Mode of fromation): ivóªxq e emvq g~jz mikvwi wbqg-kvbyb cvjb K i mikvwi D ` v M MwVZ nq ivóªcwzi we kl Av ` k ev ` ki AvBbmfvi we kl AvBbe j A_ev emikvwi e emvq RvZxqKiY Kivi gva g ivóªxq e emvq msmwvz n Z cv i gvwjkvbv (Ownership): ivóªxq e emv qi gvwjk n jv mikvi ev RbMY Gi mkj m ú` iv óªi Ges Gi Kg Pvixiv cöz ÿ ev c ivÿfv e iv óªi Kg Pvix wn m e MY nq Aek Giƒc e emvq mikvwi I emikvwi h _ gvwjkvbvq cöwzwôz n Z cv i g~jab (Capital): mikvi Giƒc e emv qi gvwjk niqvi Kvi Y Zv KB Gi cö qvrbxq g~ja bi ms vb Ki Z nq GRb mikvi wbr ^ KvlvMvi _ K A_ev cö qvr b `wk-we `wk wewfbœ Drm _ K FY msmön K i Gi g~jab msmön K i D Ïk (Objectives): ivóªxq msmv bi cöavb D Ïk gybvdv AR b bq ZviciI wewfbœ Kvh Kjv ci gva g G e emvq gybvdv AR b K i _v K G gybvdv mikvwi KvlvMv i Rgv nq A_ev Rb ^v _ e q Kiv nq AvBbMZ gh v`v (Legal status): ivóªxq gvwjkvbvaxb e emvq K wîg I ^Zš mëvi AwaKvix we kl AvBb Øviv MwVZ e j Gi GKwU c _K AvBbMZ gh v`v i q Q RbKj vb mvab (Public Welfare): gybvdv e w Kv bv ivóªxq e emv qi gyl D Ïk bq Rb mev I RbKj vyb Gi g~l D Ïk we kl we kl D Ïk nvwm ji Rb ivóªxq e emvq MwVZ nq Ges Kv bv Kv bv ÿ Î GK PwUqv KZ Z fvm K i _v K

139 ivóªxq e emvq 131 ^vqëkvmb (Autonomy): ivóªxq e emvq msmvb K wîg e w³mëvi AwaKvix d j G e emvq wpišíb Aw Í Z i AwaKvix we kl AvBb ev Aa v `k e j ivóªxq e emv qi Aemvb NUv bv hvq MY-KwdqZ (Public accountability): G e emv qi mvdj I e _ Zvi Rb RvZxq msm ` mikvi K Revew`wnZv Ki Z nq Kg cî-1 aviyv I ewkó we køly K i evsjv ` k G e emv qi h w³kzv wpwýz Ki 7.03 ivóªxq e emv qi D Ïk Objectives of State Enterprise mgvrzvwš K A_ e e vq ivóªxq Kviev ii cöpjb ewk abzvwš K A_ e e vq ivóªxq e emvq cövq ÿ ÎB e _ nq ivóªxq e emvq D Ïk MZ w`k _ K Ab vb e emv qi P q wfbœ Ab vb cöwzôv bi g Zv ivóªxq e emv qi cöavb D Ïk gybvdv AR b bq we kl wkqz D Ïk ev Íevq bi j ÿ G e emvq MwVZ I cwipvwjz nq RbKj vy (Public Welfare): RbKj vy K cöavb D Ïk wn m e `uvo Kwi q ivóªxq e emvq MwVZ I cwipvwjz nq e emvwqk Kvh Kjv ci gva g gybvdv AwR Z n ji m gybvdv Avevi RbM Yi Kj v YB LiP Kiv nq wbivcëv I MvcbxqZv iÿv (Maintenance of Secrecy & Security): we kl wkqz Lv Zi MvcbxqZv iÿv Kiv LyeB Riæwi hgb-cöwziÿv LvZ, bvu Bmÿ BZ vw` Avi wbivcëv I MvcbxqZv iÿvi wbwi L H ai bi LvZ jv mikvwi gvwjkvbvq cwipvwjz nq GK PwUqv e emvq iva (Prevention of monopoly business): GK PwUqv e emvq cöwzôvi gva g e w³ gvwjkmy hv Z mgv R Aïf cöfve we Ívi Ki Z bv cv ib ev ^ QvPvix niqvi my hvm bv cvb Zv iv ai D Ï k I A bk mgq e w³gvwjkvbvaxb cöwzôv bi cvkvcvwk ivóªxq e emvq M o Zvjv nq

140 132 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî `ªæZ wkívqb (Rapid industrialisation): `ªæZ wkívq bi Rb D ` vm, cyuwr I SzuwK MÖn Yi gvbwmkzv D ` v³v `i gv S _vk Z nq A_P Dbœqbkxj `kmg~ ni e emvqx `i gv S Gi Afve _vkvq wkívqb e vnz nq ZvB mikvi mivmwi D ` vm MÖnY K i ` k `ªæZ wkívq bi Rb Giƒc e emvq cöwzôv K i Avg`vwb I ißvwb wbqš Y (Control of import and export): ` ki Avg`vwb I ißvwbi Dci Kvh Ki wbqš Y ervq ivlvi D Ï k I wkqz wkqz evwywr K mikvwi gvwjkvbvq MVb I cwipvjbv Kiv nq Avgv `i ` k wu.wm.we. Giƒc cöwzôv bi GKwU D`vniY RvZxq Avq e w (Increasing national income): mikvwi gvwjkvbvq wkí-evwyr cwipvjbv Kiv n j cyuwrmz myweavi Kvi Y Gi `ªæZ Dbœqb N U Z`ycwi Giƒc cöwzôv bi Ki ev ivr ^ duvwk `qvi cöeyzv bv _vkvq mn RB RvZxq Avq e w cvq fvix I g wjk wkí cöwzôv (Establishing basic and heavy industries ): g~jab ms v bi mxgve Zv, AwaK SuywK Ges g~jab cöz vez b ev gybvdv cövwß Z wej ^i Kvi Y e w³gvwjkmy AwaKvsk ÿ ÎB g wjk I fvix wk í wewb qvm Ki Z Pvb bv A_P wk íi eywbqv` m wói j ÿ Giƒc Lv Z wewb qvm GKvšÍ Acwinvh ZvB Gai bi wkí cöwzôvi j ÿ I ivóªxq e emvq MVb Kiv nq iæz c~y flr I ÿwzkvik cy wbqš Y (Control of essential drug, herbal and harmful products): iæz c~y flr I ÿwzkvik c Y i Drcv`b I e Ub emikvwi Lv Z Ac Y Ki j Zvi Ace env ii m vebv ewk _v K hgb-rxeb iÿvkvix Ilya, Avwdg, g` BZ vw` ZvB hv Z Gme c Y i Ab vq Drcv`b I eèb n Z bv cv i Z¾b ivóªxq gvwjkvbvq Giƒc c Y i e emvq Kiv h Z cv i Any kind of e-book & Software : Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): Dcmsnv i ejv hvq, ivóªxqkiyk Z A_ev ivóªxq D ` v M cöwzwôz h mkj wkí ev evwywr K cöwzôv bi gvwjkvbv, cwipvjbv I wbqš Y cöz ÿ ev c ivÿfv e mikvwi AvIZvax b _v K Zv K ivóªxq e emvq e j gybvdv AR b G e emv qi g~j D Ïk bq; g~j D Ïk n jv RbKj vy 7.04 ivóªxq e emv qi myweav Advantages of State Enterprise ivóªxq e emvq g~jz mikvwi wbqg-kvbyb cvjb K i mikvwi D ` v M MwVZ nq ivóªcwzi we kl Av ` k ev ` ki AvBbmfvi we kl AvBbe j A_ev emikvwi e emvq RvZxqKiY Kivi gva g ivóªxq e emvq msmwvz n Z cv i wb gœ G e emv qi myweav Av jvpbv Kiv n jv: 1. mvgvwrk b vqwepvi (Social justice): ivóªxq e emvq mgv Ri wkqzmsl K e w³i nv Z m ú` K `ªxf~Z niqvi cöeyzv eü K i Ges RbM Yi fv M bœq bi j ÿ m ú `i mylg eèb wbwðz K i mvgvwrk b vqwepvi cöwzôv K i 2. RbKj vy mvab (Public welfare): Giƒc e emvq RbKj v Yi D Ï k B g~jz MwVZ I cwipvwjz nq RbKj vygylx wewfbœ LvZ; hgb-iqvmv, iji q, WvK I Zvi BZ vw`i g Zv wewfbœ cöwzôvb cwipvjbv K i Avgv `i ` k G e emvq RbM Yi A kl DcKvi mvab K i

141 ivóªxq e emvq AwaK Kg ms vb (More employment): G e emvq köwgk-kg x `i kvly bv K i eis Zv `i cöwz `vwqz cvj bi g š DØy n q bzzb e emvq cöwzôvb MVb I G Z cö qvrbxq msl K jvk wb qvm K i AwaK Kg ms v bi my hvm m wó K i 4. mylg wkívqb (Balanced industrialization): ivóªxq e emvq cwipvjbvi ÿ Î ` ki mkj A ji Dbœq bi cöwz iæz v ivc Kiv nq G Qvov ` k hv Z fvimvg c~y A_ vr mkj ai bi wk íi Dbœqb N U Zvi cöwzi bri `qv nq d j ` ki mylg wkívqb N U 5. Pvwn`v I hvmvb mgzv weavb (Balancing between demand and supply): G ÿ Î K `ªxf~Z cwikíbvi gva g wkí msµvší Kvh vewj we klz Drcv`b I eè bi g a h_vh_ mgš^q I fvimvg ervq ivlv hvq d j ^í ev AwaK Drcv` bi m vebv n«vm cvq 6. GK PwUqv cöfve iva (Resisting monopoly influence): e w³gvwjk `i g a GK PwUqv cöfve m wói Amr cöeyzv jÿyxq GRb Zviv wewfbœ mgq bvbvb ai bi Ac K kj MÖnY K i RbMY K ÿwzmö Í K i ivóªxq e emvq cöwzôvi gva g Zv eü Kiv hvq 7. `ybx wz I AcPq iva (Resisting corruption and wastage): e w³gvwjkmy AwaK gybvdvi Avkvq A bk mgq bvbv ai bi `yb xwzi AvkÖq MÖnY K i Ki duvwk `qvi cöeyzvq fv M hv ivóªxq e emv qi ÿ Î N U bv GQvov G e emvq fvimvg nxb cöwz hvwmzv iva K i AcPq n«vm Ki Z mvnvh K i 8. e emv-evwyr wbqš Y (Control of business): ` ki wkí-evwy R i Dci mikv ii cö qvrbxq wbqš Y _vkv DwPZ ` ki Avg`vwb-ißvwbi DciI mikv ii cö qvrbxq wbqš Y _vkv Avek K ivóªxqfv e cö qvrbxq e vsk, exgv BZ vw` cöwzôvb cwipvjbv K i mikvi ` ki A_ e e v wbqš Y Ki Z cv i 9. cövk wzk m ú `i mø envi (Best utilization of natural resources): emikvwi Lv Z ` ki cövk wzk m ú` Q o `qv n j e w³ ^v_ we epbvq Zvi Ace env ii m vebv ewk _v K ivóªxq gvwjkvbvq cövk wzk m ú `i e envi Kiv n j ` ki mkj gvbyl Gi mydj cvq 10. g `vrwbz msku iva (Resisting problem relating to recession): A_ bwzk g `vi mgq ` ki ` ki emikvwi Lv Z wewfbœ ai bi mgm v `Lv `q we klz Kj-KviLvbv eü n q hviqvi ekvi mgm v cöku nq Drcv`b eü n q hvq d j evrv i c Y i Zxeª msku `Lv hvq wkš ivóªxq gvwjkvbvaxb e emvq G ai bi msku m wó K i bv 11. M elyv I Dbœqb (Research and development): ivóªxq e emvq e n`vqzb cök wz Z M o DVvq Ges Avi Avw_ K mvg_ fv jv _vkvq G ÿ Î M elyv I Dbœq bi my hvm ewk _v K DbœZ cöhyw³i e envi K i G e emvq mn RB Dbœqb wbwðz Ki Z cv i

142 ivóªxq e emv qi Amyweav e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî Disadvantages of State Enterprise Any kind of e-book & Software : gybvdv e w Kv bv ivóªxq e emv qi gyl D Ïk bq Rb mev I RbKj vyb Gi g~l D Ïk we kl we kl D Ïk nvwm ji Rb ivóªxq e emvq MwVZ nq Ges Kv bv Kv bv ÿ Î GK PwUqv KZ Z fvm K i _v K Gi d j wkqz Amyweav `Lv `q wb gœ ivóªxq e emv qi Amyweav mg~n Av ivpbv Kiv n jv: 1. ^vfvwek A_ bwzk wekv k evav (Hindrance towards normal economic development): mivmwi gvwjkvbvq e emvq MVb I cwipvjbv Kiv n j emikvwi D ` v³vmy wbiærmvwnz nq G Z ` ki Kvh Kix Kvievwi cwi ek wecbœ nq I ^vfvwek A_ bwzk wekvk evavmö Í nq 2. `ªæZ wm vší MÖn Y Amyweav (Problem of taking quick decision): h_vmg q h_vh_ wm vší MÖnY I Zvi ev Íevq bi Dci e emvq mvdj wbf i K i wkšíy ivóªxq e emv q AvgjvZvwš K e e vcbvi Kvi Y mkj wel q `xn m~îzvi m wó nq hv wm vší MÖnY K wejw ^Z I AKvh Ki K i 3. jvjwdzvi ` ivz (Suffering of red tapisim): ivóªxq e emv qi e e vck I Kg Pvix `i g a AvgjvZvwš K gvbwmkzv we` gvb _vkvq aiveuvav wbqg-kvby bi wbm o me KvR MwÐe n q c o G Z jvjwdzvi ` iv Z i m wó nq A_ vr mkj Kv Ri MwZ AZ ší axi I gš i n q _v K 4. AjvfRbK ms v (Unprofitable organisation): Giƒc e emvq AwaKvsk ÿ Î AjvfRbK cöwzôv b cwiyz nq Ges mikvwi mvnv h wu K _v K AbeiZ jvkmv bi d j Giæc e emvq m ú K Rbg b Lvivc aviyv R b Ges RvwZi Rb Zv evsv n q `uvovq 5. bgbxqzvi Afve (Lack of flexibility): Giƒc e emvq mikvwi wbqg-bxwzi eovrv j Ave _v K weavq cöwzwbqz cwiez bkxj Kvievwi Ae vi mv _ m½wz weav b e _ nq d j Zv emikvwi cöwzôv bi mv _ cöwz hvwmzvq wu K _vk Z cv i bv 6. `ybx wz I ^brbcöxwz (Corruption and nepotism): mvaviyfv e G e emv q KZ ve w³ `i Avjv`v Kvb ^v_ bv _vkvq Zv `i g a Ab vq c _ ^v_ wmw i e vck cöeyzv jÿ Kiv hvq d j Gi Af ší i `ybx wz evmv euv a G Qvov Giƒc e emvq mikvwi Avgjv I ivr bwzk bz e `i AvZ xq cvl Yi ÿ Î cwiyz nq 7. bxwzi Nb Nb cwiez b (Frequent change of policies): mikvwi cökvm bi b vq Gi cwipvjbvq wb qvwrz e w³em KI Nb Nb e`wj Kiv nq d j wbe vnx e` ji mv _ bxwzii cwiez b N U G Qvov mikvi cwiez bi mv _I Gi bxwz Z A bk cwiez b nq Avi Giƒc bxwzi cwiez b e emv qi AMÖMwZ e vnz K i 8. MvcbxqZv cökvk (Expressing secrecy): AvBbmfvi we kl AvBbe j Giƒc e emvq cöwzwôz nq weavq msm ` Gi Kvh µg wb q LvjvLywj Av jvpbv Kiv nq G Qvov gš Yvj qi Aaxb mikvwi wefvmxq msmv bi KvR wb qi mivmwi Av jvpbvi my hvm _v K d j e emvq MvcbxqZv cökvk n q c o Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf):

143 ivóªxq e emvq we jv ci Amyweav (Problem in dissolution): mikvwi cöwzôvb weavq Gi we jv ci wm vší MÖn Y msm ` I Rbmvavi Y bvbvb K_v D V köwgk-kg Pvix `i g a e vck Av `vj bi m wó nq G Z mikvi Rbmg_ bi welq we epbv K i cö qvrbxq wm vší wb Z cv i bv d j cö qvrbxq ÿ ÎI Gi we jvc Kiv hvq bv Kg cî-2 ivóªxq e emv qi aviyv, ewkó I D Ïk we køly K i D³ e emv qi myweav I Amyweav jv ei Ki ivóªxq e emv qi myweav / mej w`k ivóªxq e emv qi Amyweav / `~e j w`k 7.06 evsjv ` ki ivóªxq e emvq State Enterprises of Bangladesh evsjv `k Zvi I Uwj dvb evw (BTTB): evsjv `k Zvi I Uwj dvb evw, WvK I Uwj hvmv hvm gš bvj qi GKwU ^vqz kvwmz cöwzôvb GwU 1971 mv j cöwzôv jvf K i evsjv `k Zvi I Uwj dvb evw g~jz j vû dvb mev cö`vb K i _v K GwUi mev kni AÂj, Dckni Ges AvšÍR vwzkfv e we Í Z hw`i mikvi emikvwi ÿ Î Uwj dv bi jvb mý cö`vb K i Q Z_vwc j vû dv bi ÿ Î GwU GL bv GK PwUqv cövavb we Ívi K i P j Q GwU kyay j vû dv bi mevb cö`vb K i _v K Zv bq, GwU Avgv `i 64 Rjvq B Uvi bu mev cö`vb K i _v K

144 136 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî 1998 mv j GKwU Aa v ` ki gva g GwU K cvewjk wjwg UW Kv úvwb Z iƒcvšíi Kiv nq MÖvnK `i AviI DbœZ mev cö`vb Kivi D Ï k 2004 mv j Ò UwjUKÓ bv gi Avjv`v GKwU Kv úvwb Lv j hwu ez gv b gvevbj mev cö`vb Ki Q UwjUK n Q ` ki GKgvÎ cvewjk gvevbj Acv iui 2012 mv j UwjUK 3G cöhyw³ hy³ K i gvevbj ÿ Î e vck cwiez b mvab K i G cöhyw³i Kj v Y ez gv b gvevbj MÖvnKiv K_v ejvi mv _ mv _ hvi mv _ K_v ej Q Zvi QweI `L Z cvi Q A bk ÿ Î wewfbœ Uwjwfkb P v b ji AbyôvbI `L Z cv Q Av iv bzzb bzzb cöhyw³ hy³ Kivi Rb evsjv `k Zvi I Uwj dvb evw cöwzwbqz KvR Ki Q evsjv `k mok cwienb ms v (BRTC): Any kind of e-book & Software : Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): evsjv `k mok cwienb ms v (weaviwuwm) GKwU ivóªvqë cwienb ms v GwU 1961 mv ji 4 deªæqvwi 1961 mv ji 7bs mikvwi Aa v `k Gi gva g cöwzwôz nq 1971 mv ji ^vaxbzvi ci GwU ez gvb bvg avib K i weaviwuwm hvmv hvm gš bvj qi GKwU Avav ^vqz kvwmz cöwzôvb GwUi MfwY sewwi m`m `i g a i q Q hvmv hvm gš x, hvmv hvm mwpe, cöwzôv bi cwipvjk Ges Ab vb Awdmvi hv `i Øviv mikvi KZ K GKRb Pqvig vb wbe vpb Kiv nq weaviwuwm hvîx mev Ges cy cwienb mev `y UvB cö`vb K i weaviwuwm wzbwu AvšÍR vwzk evmiæu i q Q; G jv n Q XvKv-KjKvZv, XvKv-AvMiZjv I XvKv-wkwj wo evsjv ` ki g a GwU PUªMÖvg, e ov, Kzwgjøv, cvebv, iscyi, ewikvj, wm ju, XvKv evm ww cv _ K AvšÍt Rjv evm mev w` q _v K ez gv b XvKvi hvbhu wbim b weaviwuwm iæz c~y f~wgkv cvjb Ki Q cöwzwbqz weaviwuwmi en i bzyb bzzb evm hvm n Q Rvbyqvwi 2012 mvj ch ší weaviwuwmi gvu ev mi msl v wqj 1116wU ciez x Z 2012 mv j Av iv wkqy `vzvjv evm Avg`vwb Kiv nq weaviwuwmi me P q AvaywbK ms hvrb n Q AvwU Kz j UW ev Rvov evm hwu 2013 mv j D vab Kiv nq wewfbœ Drme ev Abyôv bi mgq weaviwuwm úkvj mvwf m Pvjy K i; hgb C` úkvj mvwf m evm QvovI cy cwien bi myweavi Rb weaviwuwm UªvK mev cö`vb K i _v K weaviwuwm mvaviyz wewfbœ mikvwi cöwzôv bi Lv`, mvi, KvMR Ges Rxeb iÿvkvix Jla cwien bi e e v K i _v K ZvQvov wewfbœ `~ h v Mi mgq Îvb cwien b mnvqzv K i _v K ez gv b cövq 171 wu UªvK weaviwuwm en i i q Q

145 ivóªxq e emvq 137 evm I UªvK mev QvovI weaviwuwm PvjK `i K cöwkÿ Yi e e v K i _v K GwUi cöavb PvjK cöwkÿy K `ª Aew Z MvwRcy ii Rq `ecyi GQvovI XvKv, PUªMÖvg, e ov, Lyjbv, wsbvb`v ni cöwkÿy K `ª Ges mvwf wms m Uvi i q Q weaviwuwmi cöavb IqvK kc XvKvi ZRMuvI G Aew Z evsjv `k wpwb I Lv` wkí ms v Bangladesh Sugar and food Industry Corporation evsjv `k wpwb I Lv` wkí ms v (BSFIC) GKK cöwzôvb wn m e Avwef ~Z nq c njv RyjvB 1976 mv j GwU 1972 mv ji 26 gvp ivóªcwzi Aa v `k 1972 Gi 26 bs AW v ii wfwë Z `ywu cöwzôvb h_v evsjv `k wpwbkj wgj K c v ikb (BSMC) Ges evsjv `k Lv` Ges mnvqk wkí K c v ikb (BFAIC) GwKf~Z n q cöwzwôz nq evsjv `k wpwb I Lv` wkí ms v Lv` gš bvj qi GKwU cöwzôvb GwUi mvaviy cökvmwbk Kvh vewj Ò evw Ae ww i±imó Gi gva g cwipvwjz nq Ò evw Ae ww i±imó G _v K GKRb Pqvig vb Ges 5 Rb cwipvjk hvi g a _v K GKRb A_ vqb, GKRb wecyb, GKRb Drcv`b I cö K kjx, GKRb cwikíbv I Dbœqb Ges GKRb AvL Dbœqb I M elyv jÿ I D Ïk (Goal & Objective) wewfbœ Kv Ri gva g DbœZgv bi wpwb Drcv`b Kiv wpwbkj jvi mÿgzv K Kv R jvwm q wpwbi Drcv`b e w K i e `wkk g~`ªv iÿv Kiv `ÿ wecy bi gva g vbxq evrv i wpwbi `vg w wzkxj ivlv wpwb Z AvZ -wbf ikxjzv AR b Kivi j ÿ ez gvb wpwbkj jvi Drcv`b e w Kiv Ges bzzb wpwbkj vcb Kiv evsjv `k wpwb I wkí ms vi Aax b wpwbkj jv wbgœiƒc: µwgk cöwzôv bi bvg Ae vb 1 câmo wpwbkj wj. câmo 2 LZveMÄ wpwbkj wj. LZveMÄ, w`bvrcyi 3 VvKziMuv wpwbkj wj. VvKziMuv 4 k vgcyi wpwbkj wj. k vgcyi, iscyi 5 RqcyinvU wpwbkj wj. RqcyinvU 6 bv Uvi wpwbkj wj. bv Uvi 7 DËie½ wpwbkj wj. Mvcvjcyi, bv Uvi 8 ivrkvnx wpwbkj wj. ivrkvnx 9 Kzwóqv wpwbkj wj. Kzwóqv 10 gvevikmä wpwbkj wj. wsbvb`n 11 Kiæ GÛ Kv úvwb wj. `k bv, PzqvWv½v 12 dwi`cyi wpwbkj wj. gaylvwj, dwi`cyi 13 cvebv wpwbkj wj. cvebv 14 wsj-evsjv wpwbkj wj. `IqvbMÄ, Rvgvjcyi 15 iscyi wpwbkj wj. gwngvmä, MvBevÜv

146 138 Iqvmv Wasa-Water and Swearage Authority Any kind of e-book & Software : e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî cvwb mieivn Ges b` gv e e vcbvi `vwq Z wb qvwrz GKwU Avav ^vqz kvwmz cöwzôvb 1963 mv j Iqvmv cöwzwôz nq vbxq mikvi I cjøx Dbœqb gš bvj qi Aax b Kvh µg cwipvjbv K i _v K evsjv `k imvqb wkí ms v (BCIC) Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): evsjv ` k ivmvqwbk wk íi Dbœqb I wekvk mva b BCIC AZ ší iæz c~y f~wgkv cvjb K i _v K 1972 mv j BCIC cöwzwôz nq Z e m mgq GwU (1) evsjv `k mvi, imvqb I flr wkí ms v (2) evsjv `k KvMR evw (3) evsjv `k UbvwiR K c v ikb G wzbwu ms vq wef³ wqj ciez x Z G wzbwu ms v K GKwÎZ K i BCIC cöwzôv Kiv nq BCIC evsjv ` ki Pvgov wkí, KvMR wkí, flr c Uªvwjqvg, ivmvqwbk mvi cöf wz wel q M elyv, gv bvbœqb, msiÿy, evrvirvzkiy BZ vw` Kvh vewj cvjb K i _v K ez gv b Gi Aax b 30wU wkí BDwbU i q Q we ` ki mv _I G ms vi ms hvm i q Q evsjv `k wkí gš bvj qi Aax b BCIC cwipvwjz nq evsjv `k ch Ub K c v ikb (BPC) cövk wzk m ` h i jxjvfywg evsjv ` k ch Ub wkí GKwU we kl vb AwaKvi K i Av Q ch Ub wk íi DbœZ cömvi I wekv k mikvi 1977 mv j evsjv `k ch Ub K c v ikb MVb K i Q G K c v ik bi cöavb jÿ I Kg m~wp n Q evsjv ` ki cövk wzk AvKl Yxq vb mg~n wpwýz Kiv Ges cök wz cöwgk ch UK `i Kv Q Zz j aivi Rb m jvi ms vi, Dbœqb, mg qvc hvmx hvmv hvm I wbivcëv BZ vw`i e e v Kiv ch UK `i AvK ó Kivi Rb cyw ÍKv, cv vi, úumg~ ni cwiwpwzg~jk n vûwej, cwîkvq weávcb BZ vw` cökvk Kivi e e v K i _v K Gme Kv Ri Rb XvKvq Gi K `ªxq `ßi cöwzwôz n ji K evrvi, ivovgvwu, Kywgjøv, iscyi, wm ju wewfbœ v b Gi kvlv K `ª vwcz n q Q ` ki iæz c~y úu jv Z AwfRvZ nv Uj, i Íviv I µxov K `ªI vwcz n q Q ch Ub K c v ik bi D ` v M Avgv `i ` ki cöavb cöavb ch Ub úu jv n jv K evrvi, KzqvKvUv, my `ieb, Rvdjs, ivovgvwu, wm ju, ev MinvU, Kzwgjøvi gqbvgwz, w`bvrcyi

147 WvK hvmv hvm (Postal Communication) ivóªxq e emvq 139 gvbe mf Zvi GK we kl Ae`vb n Q WvK e e v cöwzwu ` kb WvK e e v Av Q evsjv ` k WvK wefvm MYcÖRvZš x evsjv `k mikv ii WvK I Uwj hvmv hvm gš bvj qi GKwU AZ ší iæz c~y wefvm Gi kvlv evsjv ` ki MÖv g- M Ä me Î Qwo q Av Q e Z evsjv `k WvK wefvm Zvi cövq 8000 cv Awd mi gva g ` ki Avcvgi Rbmvavi bi Aweivg mev K i hv Q ez gv b evsjv `k mikvi ivravbxi mv _ mkj Rjv m`i Ges Rjv m` ii mv _ mkj _vbv m` i WvK hvmv hvm Z ivwš^z Kivi e e v wb q Qb G Rb XvKv _ K mkj Rjv m`i I Rjv m`i _ K _vbv m` i mivmwi gbj e vm cöez bi gva g b~b Zg mg q WvK Av`vb-cÖ`v bi e e v Kiv n q Q RbM Yi Kj v Y evsjv `k WvK wefvm ekwkqz mvwf m ev mev cö`vb K i: 1. mvaviy wpwv: evsjv `k WvK wefvm 3 UvKv wd wb q mvaviy wpwv evsjv ` ki h Kv bv cöv šíi cövc Ki wbku cu Q `q 2. cv m j: cv m ji gva g Kv bv wbw` ó cwigv ci cy GK vb _ K Ab v b cvvv bv hvq cv m j iwrw ªK Z Ges wegv Kiv hvq 3. gvwb AW vi: gvwb AW v ii gva g ` k-we ` k h Kv bv v b UvKv cöiy Kiv hvq ` ki wewfbœ v b PvKwiRxwe `i Rb GwU LyeB mvnvh Kvix 4. cv vj AW vi: A_ n ÍvšÍ ii Rb WvK wefv M cv vj AW vi weµq Ges fvov bvi e e v i q Q 5. UwjMÖvd: WvK wefv Mi cyivzb GKwU mev n Q UwjMÖvd ez gv b Aek UwjMÖvd e envi Kg n q _v K 6. WvKNi mâqcî: WvK Ni mâqc Îi gva g MÖvn Ki UvKv wbw` ó gqv `i wfwë Z Rgv i L my` cö`vb K i 7. v ú: Rwg, d vu, `vkvb µq-weµq, Pzw³ BZ vw` Kv R `wjj wjl b v ú e eüz nq, WvK wefvm GwU weµq K i _v K 8. cövbreû µq-weµq: wewfbœ Dcnvi Ges wbw` ó mgqv ší Wª-Gi gva g RbmvaviY K mâqx g bvfve M o Zvjvi Rb WvK wefv M cövbreû µq I weµ qi e e v Av Q evsjv `k iji q (BR) evsjv ` ki ijc _i cwigvy Aí n ji Zv G ` ki A_ bxwz Z AZ ší iæz c~y f~wgkv cvjb K i ijc_ ` ki cöavi kni, e `i, evwyr I wkí K `ªi m ½ ` ki cöz ší A ji ms hvm iÿv K i evsjv `k iji qi BwZnvm AZ ší c~ivzb GwUi hvîv ïiæ nq 15B b f ^i 1862 mv j iji q GKwU ^vqz kvwmz cöwzôvb GwU evsjv `k iji q gš bvj qi Aaxb Avi Uªb cwipvjbvi `vwq Z _v Kb gnvcwipvjk

148 140 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî evsjv ` k ez gv b wzb ai bi ijc_ Pvjy Av Q c_ jv n Q-wgUvi MR ijc_, eªw MR ijc_ I Wz qj MR ijc_ hgybv b`xi c~e vs k wguvi MR I Wz qj MR Ges cwðgvs k eªw MR ijc_ Pvjy Av Q hgybv mzz Pvjyi c~ e ijc _i `N wqj 2768 wk.wg. ez gv b ijc _i `N 2855 wk.wg. Ges cövq 34,168 Rb Kg iz Av Q Gi g a 660 wk.wg. eªw MR ( ewkifvm cwðgvâj), 1830 wk.wg. wguvi MR ( ewkifvm K `ªxq Ges c~ev  j Aew Z) Ges 365 wk.wg. Wz qj MR 1998 mv j hgybv mzz Pvjy niqvi ci c~ e wew Qbœ c~e -cwðg A ji mv _ hy³ nq Any kind of e-book & Software : DbœZ mev cö`vb Kivi Rb ijc_ K `ywu A j fvm Kiv n q Q-c~e vâj Ges cwðg AÂj `ywu A j `yrb e e vck _v Kb whwb gnvcwipvj Ki wbku `vqe _v Kb cö Z K A j `ywu IqvK mc Av Q; GKwU cvnvozjx Ges Ab wu mq`cy i Aew Z iji qi wbr ^ cöwkÿ YiI e e v i q Q evsjv `k iji q wewfbœ mev cö`vb K i _v K wek we` vj qi wkÿv_ x `i Rb mvuj Uªb mev _ K ïiæ K i hvîx mev Ges cy cwien bi e e v K i _v K GZ mev cö`vb Kivi c ii ij GL bv jvfrbk cöwzôv b iƒcvšíi n Z cv i bvb GL bv mikvi K G Lv Z fz ~Kx w` Z nq ez gv b evsjv ` ki ijc_ eûwea mgm vq RR wiz evsjv `k iji qi cöavb mgm v jv n jv; µzwuc~y e e vcbv, µzwuc~y ms KZ c wz, BwÄb I ewmi AcÖZyjZv, BwÄb WªvBfvi msku, IqvMb ^ízv, `yn Ubv, iji q w øcvi, iji q cv_ ii Ach vßzv, `yb xwz BZ vw` Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): Z e Avkvi K_v ez gv b mikvi G Lv Z we kl iæz Av ivc K i Q wkqz wkqz ijc_ h jv eü wqj Zv ms v ii e e v K i Q bzzb jvbb vc bi c` ÿc wb q Q m úªwz fviz _ K bzzb KvP Avg`vwb K i Q Ges RvBKvi mv _ g Uªv i ji Pzw³ n q Q G jv m úvw`z n j evsjv `k iji q Zvi mgm v A bkvs k mgvavb Ki Z cvi e 7.07 evsjv ` k ivóªxq e emv qi h w³kzv Appropriateness of State Business in Bangladesh h e emvq cöwzôvbmg~n iv óªi gvwjkvbvq _v K Ges ` ki mikv ii Aax b cwipvwjz nq m e emvq cöwzôvbmg~n K ivóªxq e emvq e j evsjv ` k ivóªxq e emv qi h w³kzv Av jvpbv Kiv n jv: ivóªxq e emvq mgv Ri wkqzmsl K e w³i nv Z m ú` K `ªxf~Z niqvi cöeyzv eü K i Ges RbM Yi fv M bœq bi j ÿ m ú `i mylg eèb wbwðz K i mvgvwrk b vqwepvi cöwzôv K i G e emvq köwgk-kg x `i kvly bv K i eis Zv `i cöwz `vwqz cvj bi g š DØy n q bzzb e emvq cöwzôvb MVb I G Z cö qvrbxq msl K jvk wb qvm K i AwaK Kg ms v bi my hvm m wó K i e w³gvwjkmy AwaK gybvdvi Avkvq A bk mgq bvbv ai bi `yb xwzi AvkÖq MÖnY K i Ki duvwk `qvi cöeyzvq fv M hv ivóªxq e emv qi ÿ Î N U bv GQvov G e emvq fvimvg nxb cöwz hvwmzv iva K i AcPq n«vm Ki Z mvnvh K i

149 ivóªxq e emvq 141 ` ki wkí-evwy R i Dci mikv ii cö qvrbxq wbqš Y _vkv DwPZ ` ki Avg`vwb-ißvwbi DciI mikv ii cö qvrbxq wbqš Y _vkv Avek K ivóªxqfv e cö qvrbxq e vsk, exgv BZ vw` cöwzôvb cwipvjbv K i mikvi ` ki A_ e e v wbqš Y Ki Z cv i ivóªxq e emvq e n`vqzb cök wz Z M o DVvq Ges Avi Avw_ K mvg_ fv jv _vkvq G ÿ Î M elyv I Dbœq bi my hvm ewk _v K DbœZ cöhyw³i e envi K i G e emvq mn RB Dbœqb wbwðz Ki Z cv i Giƒc e emvq RbKj v Yi D Ï k B g~jz MwVZ I cwipvwjz nq RbKj vygylx wewfbœ LvZ; hgb-iqvmv, iji q, WvK I Zvi BZ vw`i g Zv wewfbœ cöwzôvb cwipvjbv K i Avgv `i ` k G e emvq RbM Yi A kl DcKvi mvab K i cwi k l ejv hvq h, Dc iv³ Kvi Y evsjv ` k ivóªxq gvwjkvbvq G e emvq cö qvrbxqzvi h_v_zv i q Q 7.08 evsjv ` k Av_ -mvgvwrk Dbœq b ivóªxq e emv qi Ae`vb Contribution of State Enterprise in Social Economic Development of Bangladesh mgvrzvwš K A_ e e vq ivóªxq Kviev ii cöpjb ewk abzvwš K A_ e e vq ivóªxq e emvq cövq ÿ ÎB e _ nq Zvi c ii ivóªxq e emvq ` ki wkívqb I A_ bwzk Dbœqb, Kg ms vb,m ú`mg~ ni mø envi I mylg e U bi ÿ Î Awcwimxg Ae`vb i L Q ivóªxq e emvq wb œv³fv e Avgv `i ` ki Av_ mvgvwrk Dbœq b Ae`vb ivl Z cv i cövk wzk m ú `i mø envi (Best utilization of natural resources): emikvwi Lv Z ` ki cövk wzk m ú` Q o `qv n j e w³ ^v_ we epbvq Zvi Ace env ii m vebv ewk _v K ivóªxq gvwjkvbvq cövk wzk m ú `i e envi Kiv n j ` ki mkj gvbyl Gi mydj cvq RvZxq Avq e w (Increasing national income): mikvwi gvwjkvbvq wkí-evwyr cwipvjbv Kiv n j cyuwrmz myweavi Kvi Y Gi `ªæZ Dbœqb N U Z`ycwi Giæc cöwzôv bi Ki ev ivr ^ duvwk `qvi cöeyzv bv _vkvq mn RB RvZxq Avq e w cvq A_ bwzk e e vi cwiez b (Change of economic system): e w³ ^vzš ev` ev Lywkg Zv Pj Z `qvi bxwzi Kvi Y abev`x mgv R ab el g i m wó nq I ivóªxq wbqš Y wkw_j n q c o ZvB G Ae v cwiez b K i mvgvrzvwš K ev wgkö A_ bxwz M o Zz j Kj vyki ivóª cöwzôvi j ÿ A bk ` kb ivóªxq e emvq MVb I cwipvjbv Kiv nq e emvq-evwyr wbqš Y (Control of business): ` ki wkí-evwy R i Dci mikv ii cö qvrbxq wbqš Y _vkv DwPZ ` ki Avg`vwb-ißvwbi DciI mikv ii cö qvrbxq wbqš Y _vkv Avek K ivóªxqfv e wkqz evwywr K cöwzôvb cwipvjbvi gva g mikvi G ÿ Î h_vh_ wbqš Y ervq ivl Z cv i

150 142 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî Kg ms v bi my hvm m wó (Creating of employment opportunity): ` k AwaK Kg ms v bi my hvm m wó I ekviz n«v mi cö Póv ZI A bk mgq ivóªxq e emvq M o Zvjv nq M.C. Sukla G m ú K B e j Qb Òivóªxq gvwjkvbvq D jøl hvm msl K wkí cöwzwôz n j Gi gva g e vck wewb qvm Kg m~wp `xn gqv ` MÖnY Kiv hvq hv ` ki Kg ms v bi ÿ Î AwbwðZ Ae v Gov Z mvnvh K i Ó Any kind of e-book & Software : M elyv I D veb (Research and development): fv³vi µgea gvb Pvwn`v wguv bvi Rb cö qvrb nq bzzb bzzb c Y i Avi GRb cö qvrb M elyvi M elyvg~jk KvR memgq e qeûj mikvi wbqwš Z Kv bv e emvq cöwzôvb mn RB evrvi M elyv I bzzb cy D veb Ki Z cvi e Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): mikvix emikvix Askx`vixZ wfwëk e emv Public Private Partnership Business mikvwi- emikvwi Askx`vwiZ wfwëk e emvq (PPP) evsjv ` ki Rb bzzb bq beÿb `k Ki gvsvgvws Z cövq 50 wu cökí GB e emv qi gva g m úvw`z nq hvi g a wqj Uwj hvmv hvm, e `i wbg vy Ges AeKvVv gv Dbœqb mikvii Zv `i ev RU cwikíbvq mikvwi emikvwi Askx`vwiZ wfwëk e emv qi Dci iæz Av ivc K i Q mikvwi emikvwi Askx`vwiZ wfwëk (PPP) e emv ej Z Kvb mikvwi mev ev emikvwi e emvq cöwzôvb K eysvq hwu A_ vqb I cwikíbv K i mikvi Ges GK Qwe: hvîvevox d vbifvi ev GKvwaK cövb fu e emvq cöwzôvb mikvwi- emikvwi Askx`vwiZ wfwëk e emvq ej Z eysvq cvewjk KZ cÿ Ges cövb fu c ÿi g a Ggb GKwU Pzw³ hlv b emikvwi cÿ Kvb cvewjk mev `q ev cök íi hvezxq Avw_ K Ges KvwiMix SuywK enb K i wkqz wkqy mikvix emikvix Askx`vwiZ wfwëk e emv q mev e env ii e q ïa~gvî Gi e envikvixiv enb K i Kvb Ki cö`vbkvix enb K i bv Ab vb mikvwi- emikvwi Askx`vwiZ e emv qi ÿ Î mikv ii mv _ Pzw³ Abyhvqx g~jab wewb qvm emikvwi cÿ enb K i Ges mev mieiv ni e q m ú~y ev AvswkK mikvi enb K i A bk mgq mikvi emikvwi wewb qvmkvix `i K DØyØ Kivi Rb GKKvjxb Abỳ vb cö`vb K i g~jab fz ~Kx wnmv e Ab vb ÿ Î mikvi gybvdv RvZxq fz ykx cö`vb K i mvnvh K i _v K gybvdv RvZxq fz ykx ej Z GKwU wbw` ó mgq Ki myweav cö`vb Kiv nq mikvi 2021 mv ji g a GDP Gi jÿ gvîv wba viy K i Q 8% 10%

151 ivóªxq e emvq 143 G jÿ AR bi Rb mikvi kw³ Drcv`b, R vjvwb, e `i, hvmv hvm, Lvevi cvwb, er e e vcbv, wkÿv I ^v ÿ Î wewb qvmkvix LyuR Q KviY G cökí jv AZ wak e qeûj G jv mikv ii GKvi c ÿ m e bq ZvB mikvwi- emikvwiwfwëk (PPP) e emvq cö qvrb eûwbe vpwb cökœ: 1 RbKj v Yi D Ï k cöwzwôz e emvq msmv bi bvg Kx? K. Kv úvwb L. mgevq mwgwz M. ivóªxq e emvq N. h _ D ` v M e emvq 2 ivóªxq e emv qi gva g köwy elg `yixf~z n Z cv i i. m ú `i mylg e Ub K i ii. A ji mylg Dbœq bi gva g iii. Kg ms v bi e e v K i wb Pi KvbwU mwvk? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i,ii I iii wb Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 3 I 4 bs cö kœi DËi `vi evsjv `k iji q `xn w`b a i jvkmvb w` q cwipvwjz n Q G K_v ïbvi ci Rxe bi g b cökœ Rv M jvkmvb n j G e emvq cwipvjbv Kivi `ikvi Kx? G e cv i m Zvi eo fvb K cökœ Ki j m e j G e emvq jvkmvb Ki ji mvaviy RbM Yi A bk Kj vy K i 3 evsjv `k iji q Kvb ai bi msmvb? K. GKgvwjKvbv L. ivóªxq M. Askx`vwi N. h _ g~jabx 4 jvkmvb n ji G e emvq RbKj vy K i i. m ú `i mylg e Ub K i ii. Kg ms v bi my hvm m wó K i iii. RbM Yi Ki e w K i wb Pi KvbwU mwvk? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

152 144 m Rbkxj cökœ: Any kind of e-book & Software : e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî 1 kvnvbv ev m K i DËiv _ K gwzwsj hv Q nvvr K i m jÿ Kij ev mi g a jlv ÒGwU Avcbvi m ú`, ZvB GwU iÿyv eÿ bi `vwqz I AvcbviÓ kvnvbv AevK n q fve Z jvm jv GwU µ qi Rb Zv m Kv bv UvKv `qwb, Zvn j GwU Zvi m ú` n jv wkfv e? Avi GwUi iÿyv eÿbi m wkfv e Ki e? K. evsjv `k ch Ub K c v ikb KZ mv j cöwzwôz nq? L. mikvwi emikvwi Askx`vixZ wfwëk e emvq ej Z Kx eysvq? M. DÏxc K D jøwlz evmwu Kvb ai bi e emvq msmv bi AšÍf y³? e vl v Ki Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): N. ÒGwU Avcbvi m ú` GwU iÿyv eÿ bi `vwqz I AvcbviÓ evm KZ c ÿi G Dw³i mv _ Zywg Kx GKgZ? K_vwUi Zvrch we køly Ki 2 e emvq-evwyr mvaviyfv e mikvwi I emikvwi gvwjkvbvi wbqš bvax b cwipvwjz n q _v K wkšíy RbM Yi Kj vymvab I ^v_ msiÿ Yi D Ï k KwZcq ÿ Î ` ki mikvi K e emvqx Kvh Kjv c RwoZ n Z `Lv hvq Gme e emvq cöwzôv bi g a i q Q evsjv `k mok cwienb ms v, evsjv `k Zvi I Uwj dvb evw, evsjv `k ch Ub K cv ikb, evsjv `k iji q BZ vw` GQvovI ` ki Dbœqb I AMÖMwZi j ÿ wkqz wkqz e emvq i q Q hv mikvix Ges emikvix gvwjkvbvi wfwë Z MwVZ I cwipvwjz n Q K. Iqvmv KZ mv j cöwzwôz nq? L. WvK hvmv hvm ej Z Kx eysvq? M. DÏxc K RbM Yi Kj v Yi Rb mikvi Kvb ai bi e emvq cwipvjbv K ib Zv e vl v Ki N. DÏxc K mikvix I emikvix gvwjkvbv h e emvq M o D V Q m e emv qi aiy wkiyc? Bnv ` ki A_ bwzk Dbœq b Kx ai Yi f~wgkv ivl Z cv i Zv we køly Ki

153 Aóg Aa vq e emv qi AvBbMZ w`k LEGAL ASPECTS OF BUSINESS e emvwqk cö qvr b iwpz AvBb KB GK K_vq e emvq AvBb e j e emvq nj cy Drcv`bI e Ub mswkøó Kvh vewji mgwó cy Drcv`b Ges Drcvw`Z cy I mev mvgmöx cök Z fvmkvixi wbku c uqv bv ch ší bvbvwea cöz ÿ I mn hvmx Kvh vewj m úv` bi cö qvrb c o ez gvb RwUj e emv-evwy R i RM Z G mkj Kvh vewji mwvk cwipvjbv I wbqš Yi Rb mywbw`ó AvBb AZ vek K ZvB AvB bi h Ask Giƒc cö qvrb wguv bvi Rb M nxz nq Zv K e emvwqk AvBb bv g AwfwnZ Kiv n q _v K G Aa vq cvv k l Avgiv Rvb Z cvie e emv qi wewfbœ AvBbMZw`Kmg~n c U U I UªW gvk AvB bi aviyv c U U I UªW gvk Gi myweav c U U I UªW gvk iwrw ª Kivi c wz KwcivBU AvB bi aviyv KwcivBU wbeüb Kivi c wz KwcivBU f½ Kivi cwiywz wegvi aviyv I iæz mg~n e emvq cöwzôv b wegv Kivi cöwµqv e emvq I cwi ek AvB bi m ú K aviyv e emvq cöwzôvb KZ K cwi ek `~l Yi KviY I djvdj e emvq cöwzôvb KZ K cwi ek `~ly iv a KiYxq AvB Gm I (ISO) aviyv I iæz mg~n we Gm wu AvB aviyv I Kvh vewjmg~n

154 e emv qi wewfbœ AvBbMZ w`k Legeal Aspects of Business Any kind of e-book & Software : e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî ez gv b gvbe mf Zvq h mkj KvR m úv`b Kiv n q _v K Zvi g a e emvq msµvší Kvh vewj AZ ší iæz c~y ez gv b Gi e vckzv Ggb ch v q cu Q Q h, mgmö wek B h bv AvR GKK evrv i cwiyz n q Q e emvq jb `b cöz ÿfv e wb qvwrz cöwzôvb e wz i K e vsk, wegv, cwieny wkí, weávcwb ms v BZ vw` cöwzôvb Kg iz i q Q ` ki cöpwjz gy`ªvi evb ii PK, wej, ûwû, cöz qcî (L.C) BZ vw` bvbv ai bi n ÍvšÍi hvm `wj ji e envi Pj Q G mkj Kvh µ gi myôz cwipvjbv, wbqš Y I GZ`msµvšÍ RwUjZv wbim bi Rb e emvq AvB bi Avek KZv ejvi A cÿv iv L bv Dc iv³ Av jvpbvi Av jv K cwi k l ejv hvq, e emv qi mv _ m ú ³ cÿmg~ ni ga Kvi jb `b myôyfv e cwipvjbv I GZ`msµvšÍ RwUjZv wbi mi Rb ` ki mve f g ivr bwzk KZ cÿ KZ K M nxz I cöhy³ AvBb K e emvq AvBb e j XvKv wek we` vj qi e emvq D ` vm wel qi GKRb wkÿ Ki D ` v M cvv cy ÍKwU iwpz nq Ges wzwb GwU evrvirvz K ib GB wel qi wkÿv_x iv ebwu nv Z cviqvi Rb A cÿv KiwQj d j 3q ms i Y Qvcv bv ebwu 8000 Kwc AwZ ^í mg qi g a wewµ n q hvq 4_ ms i Y jlk 4000 Kwc eb Qvwc q evrv i Qv ob wkš ebwui weµq AvKw Kfv e eü n q hvq LuvR wb q `Lv Mj, evrv i bkj eb G m M Q hvi `vg A cÿvk Z Kg ebwui jlk DcvqvšÍi bv ` L wbkuezx _vbvq M jb _vbv KZ cÿ ebwui KwcivBU wbewüz Av Q wkbv Rvb Z PvB jb hw`i wbeü bi cö qvrbxqzv m ú K jlk AeMZ wq jb, wkš G wel qi cöwz iæz bv w` q KwcivBU Kiv _ K weiz wq jb _vbv KZ cÿ G K_v R b Kv bv mvnvh Ki Z AcviM e j `ytl cökvk K i cwiyv g jlk Avw_ Kfv e ÿwzmö Í n jb Ges ciezx Z ebwu cybtcökv ki AvMÖn nvwi q d jb Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): Dc ivd³ MíwU cvv K i Zvgiv Kx eys j? jlk hw` KwcivBU mswkøó KZ c ÿi Kv Q ebwui KwcivBU wbeüb K i ivl Zb nvn j wzwb Kv bv ÿwzi m ylxb n Zb bv e emvq D ` v³v `i wkqz eyw e wëk m ú` _v K hgb KwcivBU, c U U, UªWgvK BZ vw` G jv e emvq D ` v Mi M elyvi dmj Ges e mv qi AwZg~j evb m ú` Gme m ú` msiÿ Yi Rb me ` kb AvBbMZ wewa weavb i q Q G jv m ú K e emvq D ` v³v `i cöv_wgk Ávb _vkv Avek K AvBb- Kvbyb m ú K aviyv e emv qi AvBbMZ mgm v _ K iÿv c Z mvnvh K i 8.02 c U U I UªWgvK AvBb Patent and Trademark Act c U U AvBb (Patent Act): c U U kãwu Avm Q Patent _ K hvi A_ - Lvjv wpwv (Open letter) c U U ej Z Ggb wkqz we kl AwaKv ii mgwó K evsvq hlv b mve f g Kvb `k Kvb e w³ K Kvb wkqz Avwe v ii ev D ve bi Rb cö`vb K i, hv Z RbMb D³ Avwe vi / D veb m ú K Rvb Z cv i D veb ej Z Kvb cb ev cöwµqv K evsvq hv we kl Kvb cöhyw³mz mgm v mgvavb K i c U U K ejv nq eyw e wëk m úwë (Intelectual Property)

155 e emv qi AvBbMZ w`k 147 evsjv ` k ez gv b we` gvb c U U AvBb n jv 1911 mv ji c U U G vû wwrvbb G v± (P & A) Ges c U U G vû wwrvbb iæjm GKwU D ve bi Rb c U U G wb gœv³ ewkó jv _vkv DwPr i. D veb Aek B Drcv` bi mv _ m úk hy³ n Z n e ii. D ve bi aib Aek B Awfbe ev Ac~e wew`z n Z n e iii. GwU Aek B D veb K kjzvi dj n Z n e iv. GwUi Aek B Dc hvwmzv (Utility) _vk Z n e v. GwU AvBb ev bwzkzvwe ivax n e bv P&A KZ K c U U ïaygvî evsjv ` ki AwaKvifz³ GjvKvi Rb cö hvr n e evsjv ` ki ez gvb c U U, TRIPS c wz Pzw³i mv _ m½wzc~y bq UªWgvK AvBb (Trademark Law): UªWgvK n Q ` wó MvPi cözxk hwu Kvb c Y i Mv q jvmv bv _v K; hvi D Ïk n jv c Y i DrcwË m ú K Ab `i Rvbv bv ev cöwz hvmx `i cy ev mev K Avjv`v Kiv mvavibz Kvb kã, mvrm¾vi bkkv ev j ej UªWgvK Gi cözxk wn m e e envi Kiv nq Kvb e w³ Kvb wbw` ó UªWgvK e envi Ki j ïaygvî wzwbb H UªWgvK e envi Kivi AwaKvi jvf K ib evsjv ` k 2009 mv ji UªWgvK AvBb cöpwjz G AvB bi 2(23) avivq wpý (Mark) ej Z evsvq Kvb mvrmv¾vi bkkv, eªvû, j ewjs, wuwku, bvg, ^vÿi, kã, ey, msl v ev G `i mgwš^z iƒc GB AvB bi 2(8) avivq UªWgvK K wb œv³fv e msávwqz Kiv n q Q: K. Kvb e envikvixi ev Kvb wp ýi gvwj Ki AwaKvi wpwýz Kivi D Ï k h iwrw ªK Z e emvwqk wpý ev Kvb cözxk c Y e envi Kiv nq L. Kvb mevi mv _ m úk hy³ cözxk hwui D Ïk n jv e envikvix ev gvwj Ki AwaKvi wpwýz Kiv AvaywbK UªWgv K i 4wU KvR h_v 1. GwU cy Ges Gi DrcwË wpwýz K i A_ vr GUv Øviv mn RB Drcv`bKvix cöwzôvb m ú K Rvbv hvq 2. GwU Y AcwieZ bxq-gi wbðqzv `q 3. GwU c Y i weávcb `q 4. GwU c Y i fveg~wz Zy j a i DËg UªWgv K i ewkó 1. hw` cözxkwu Kvb kã nq Zvn j GwU Aek B mn R D PviY hvm n Z n e 2. GwU Aek B mn R evbvb Kiv hvq A_ev cov hvq 3. GwU ey bvg~jk n e bv eis Yi cö Ívebv _vk e 4. GwU mswÿß n e 5. GwU mn R ` wó MvPi n e 6. GwU iwr ªk bi mkj cö qvrbxqzv c~iy K i 7. iwr ªk bi h cözxk jv e envi Kiv wb la Kiv n q Q m jv e envi bv Kiv

156 148 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî 8.03 c U U I UªWgvK AvB bi myweav Benefits of Patent and Trademark Law Any kind of e-book & Software : c U U AvB bi myweav (Benefits of Patent Law): GKwU c U U D vebkvix K mvg_ `q / AwaKvi `q AvBbMZ e e v wb Z hw` Kvb e w³ ev cöwzôvb c~e AbygwZ e ZxZ Kvb Avwe vi ev D veb bkj, Drcv`b, wewµ ev Avg`vwb Ki j c U U wb RB Ab `i K Zvi D veb aÿs mi Póvi nvz _ K iÿv K i GwU wb R eü bv Ki Z cvi j D vebkvix wb RB Av`vj Zi gva g AvBbMZ e e v wb Z cv i Z e AvBbMZ e e v biqv e qeûj G Z civgk K wb qvm w` Z nq AvBbx jovb G wrz j Aek hvezxq e qi A_ diz cv e Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): c U U Av iv wkqz myweav cö`vb K i h_v * D veb Ges eyw `xß m úwë wewµi AwaKvi cö`vb K i * Kvb e w³ K Avwe v ii jvb mý `Iqv hvq wkš mkj AvB. wc (IP) AwaKvi we` gvb D vebkvixi wbkub _v K * D ve bi wfwë Z Kvb e e v Avi Kivi Rb Z Zxq c ÿi mv _ Av jvpbv Kiv hvq * c U U _ K RbMYI DcK Z nq * c U U Gi Kvi Y Avgiv DbœZ gv bi cb c q _vwk * hw` KD D ve bi c U U bv K i Zvn j h KD H D veb e envi Ki Z cv i wewµ Ki Z cv i c U U D vebkvix K Gi nvz _ K iÿv K i UªWgvK AvB bi myweav Benefits of Trade Mark Act UªWgv K i AwaKvi fvm Kivi Rb UªWgvK iwr ªkb eva Zvg~jK bq wkš hw` UªWgvK AvBb Abyhvqx iwr ªkbK Z nq Zvn j mwu wb œv³ myweav jv c q _v K GwU RbM Yi wbku bvwuk wn m e KvR K i Ges gvwjkvbv wpwýz K i GwU ea I AvBbMZfv e gvwjkvbv wpwýz K i Ges wek e vcx c Y i cwiwpwz Zz j a i hw` Kvb cöwzôvb GKUvbv 5eQi Kvb UªWgvK e envi K i Zvn j GwU AKv U i gh v`v jvf K i Zvn j KD Awf hvm Ki Z cvi e bv h H Kv úvwb Ab Kvb Kv úvwbi UªWgvK e envi Ki Q hw` Kvb Kv úvwb Zvi UªWgvK, Ò UªWgvK AvBbÓ Abyhvqx iwr ªkb K i Zvn j Ab Kvb Kv úvwb GUv MÖnY Ki Z cvi e bv Avi Kvb Kv úvwb MÖnY Ki j Zvi weiæ AvBbMZ e e v biqv hv e UªWgvK iwr ªk bi myweav A bk G Z c Y i gv K U f vjy A bk e o hvq

157 e emv qi AvBbMZ w`k c U U I UªW gvk iwrw ª Kivi c wz The Registration Method of Patent and Trademark c U U iwr ªkb c wz: hw` Kvb e w³ Kvb c U U iwr ªkb Ki Z Pvq Zvn j Zv K wb gœv³ c wz AbymiY Ki Z nq 1. Av e`b (Application): c U U Gi Rb Kvb e w³ GKK fv e ev Ab Kvb e w³i mv _ h _fv e Av e`b Ki Z cv i Av e`bwu Aek B wba vwiz d g Zwi Ki Z n e Ges wba vwiz wbqgkvbyb g b c U U Awd m Rgv w` Z n e Av e`bc Îi mv _ Aek B Av e`bkvixi GKwU NvlYvcÎ _vk Z n e h wzwb wb RB D³ welqe D vebkvix Avi hw` h _ Av e`bkvix nq Zvn j Av e`bkvixi g a Kgc ÿ GKRb K NvlYv Ki Z n e D ve bi `vex mz 2. welqe m ú K cylvbycyl ey bv/mywbw` ó KiY (Full Description): D vebxq e m ú K cylvbycyl ey bv Ki Z n e Ges D ve bi aib Ges GwU wkfv e KvR Ki e Zv wbiæcb Ki Z n e mywbw` ó KiY Avi n e wk ivbv gi (Title) Gi gva g Avi mywbw` ó KiY kl n e Avwe v ii `vex m ú K mz NUbv, gzvgz wel q wee wzi gva g bkkv ev A¼b, Av e`b M nxz niqvi Av M h Kvb mgq Rgv `Iqv hvh Z e Uªvwms ccvi wcö U Kivi c~ e B A¼b (Drawing) wu Rgv `Iqv fvj 3. Kb fbk b we ewpz niqvi `vex (Consider in Convention): evsjv `k c vwim Kb fbkb (The paris convention for the protection of industrial property of march 20, 1883) Gi GKwU m`m `k Kvb welq c U U c Z we ewpz n Z n j m`m ` ki g a cö_ g whwb Av e`b K i Qb Zvi Av e` bi GK eq ii g a Zv Av e`b Ki Z n e PCT Av e`bkvixi KvQ _ K we ewpz niqvi `vex Ki Z cvi e bv we ewpz niqvi `vexi ÿ Î Aek B Av e`bkvix K we `kx c U U Gi mvwu dvbw Kwc Aek B Rgv w` Z n e hvi wfwë Z wzwb we ewpz niqvi `vex ck Ki eb 4. Av e` bi Rb cª qvrbxq DcKiY (Filing Requirement): c U U Gi Rb Av e`b Kivi mgq wb gœv³ DcKiY jv Dc vcb Ki Z n e: K. D vebkvixi bvg (Av e`bkvix) L. Av e`bkvixi wvkvbv I RvZxqZv M. mywbw` ó Ki Yi `yb Kwc Ges Uªvwms ccv ii Dci WªBs (Av jvk wp Î) GK Kwc N. GmvBb g U Gi 1 Kwc AvBbMZ `wjj (hw` _v K) O. cviqvi Ae GUwb (dig-31) P. we `kx c U U Gi mz vwqz Kwc (we ewpz niqvi `vexi ÿ Î) 5. Av e`b MÖn Yi weávcb cö`vb (Advertisement on Acceptane of application): hlb Kvb Av e`b MÖnb Kiv nq ZLb wbqš Kvix K Aek B Av e`bkvix K bvwuk cö`vb Ki Z nq Ges RbM bi AbymÜv bi Rb WªBsmn weávcb w` Z nq

158 150 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî hw` Kvb c ÿi c U U m ú K Kvb AvcwË _v K Zvn j Av e`b MÖn bi weávcb `Iqvi Pvi gv mi g a c v U U Awd m bvwuk w` Z n e we ivaxzv Kivi Rb cö qvrbxq cögvb Aek B Dc vcb Ki Z n e 6. c U U Gi ^ËvwaKvi cövwß (Getting Patent certificate): hw` Kvb AvcwË bv Av m Zvn j c U U KZ cÿ wmjmn wbeüb cö`vb K i _v K Gi Uvg wu Gi ZvwiL n Z 16 eqi _v K Ges c bi eqi ch ší 4 eqi AšÍi AšÍi bevqb Ki Z nq Any kind of e-book & Software : KwcivBU Kx? KwcivBU AvB bi avibv What is Copyright? Concept of Copyright Law Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): Bs irx Copy Right kãwui A_ Kvb GKwU we kl avibvi cökvk ev Z_ e env ii wbqš YKvix we kl wkqz AwaKv ii mgwó GwU AvB bi avibv mvavibz Kvb ` ki mikvi GB avibvi ev Íevqb K i KwcivBU ej Z Kvb Kv Ri g~j m wókz vi mb KvRwUi Dci GKK, Abb AwaKvi K evsv bv nq KwcivBU mvavibz GKwU mxwgz gqv `i Rb Kvh Ki nq H gqv `i ci KvRwU cvewjk Wv gb bi AšÍM Z n q hvq m wókxj gvbyl `yai bi m ú` wb q Rxebhvcb K i; cö_gz e MZ m ú`, RvqMv-Rwg, Mvwoevwo, UvKv-cqmv, e emvq-evwyr, wkí-kvilvbv BZ vw` I bvbv ikg cövz wnk e envh `ªe vw` Ges wøzxqz KwcivBU ev Intellectual Property Gi AvIZvq Av Q mvwnz Kg, bvu Kg, wkíkg, d UvMÖvd, fv h Kg, m úªpvi Kg BZ vw` gvby li e MZ m ú` gvwjk e wzz Ab KD cök Z gvwj Ki AbygwZ ev g~j cwi kva Qvov fvm ev e envi Ki Z cv i bv Copy Right kãwu we køly Ki j A_ `vovq Copy Kivi AwaKvi A_ vr mkj ai bi m wókxj Kg B, K g i köóv ev ipwqzvi AbygwZ Qvov Kwc Kiv, Abyev` Kiv, Dc hvmx Kiv, iƒcvšíi Kiv ev Awf hvrb Kiv Zv evwywr K ev e w³mz h ch v qb nvk bv Kb, Zv KwcivBU avibv, AvšÍR vwzk AvBb, AvšÍR vwzk Pzw³, `kxq AvBb, bwzkzv I BwZevPK ev ai Pig cwicš x evsjv ` k ez gv b KwcivBU AvBb 2000 cöpwjz 8.06 KwcivBU wbeüb Kivi c wz Registration Method of Copyright Kvb K g i cö YZv, cökvkk ev KwcivB Ui ^Z vwakvix ev Dnv Z ^v_ Av Q Ggb e w³ KwcivB Ui iwróv i Kg wui weeiy AšÍf ~³ Kievi Rb iwróv ii wbku wba vwiz d g Ges wba vwiz wd mn hv M `ilv Í Ki Z cvi eb

159 e emv qi AvBbMZ w`k 151 KwcivBU wbeü bi Rb cöwzwu Av e`b dg wzb cö Rgv w` Z n e Ges wbeüb eb Z AšÍf ~³ KwcivBU weeiy cwiez bi welq wbeü bi cöwzwu Av e`b dg wzb cö Rgv w` Z n e GKwU wbw` ó Kv Ri wbeü bi Rb GKwU dg c~iy K i Zvi mv _ D³ Kv Ri weeiwymn wbw` ó wd Rgv w` Z n e wbeüb wewai AvIZvq Av e`bkvix K cö qvr b Zvi Kv Ri KwcivBU ^ Z i mv _ ^v_ mswkøó wbeüb Awd mi mkj e w³i wbku Av e`bc Îi Kwc cöiy Ki Z n e wbeüb Awd mi iwróªvi mvavibz Av e`b cövwßi 30 w` bi g a Kv Ri weeiymg~n wbeüb eb q AšÍf ~³ K ib Z e wbeüb AvB bi Dc-wewa (4) Gi Aaxb wba vwiz mg qi g a iwróªvi hw` H wbeü bi wel q Kvb AvcwË cvb, A_ev hw` Av e` b ewy Z weei Yi mz Zv m ú K mš ó n Z bv cv ib Zvn j wzwb ïay Dchy³ weeiymg~n wbeüb eb Z AšÍf ~³ Ki Z cvi eb Avevi wbeüb AvB bi aviv 58 Abyhvqx, iwr ªvi wbr D ` v M A_ev ^v_ mswkøó Kvb e w³i Av e` bi cwi cöwÿ Z, wbeüb ewn Z ms kvab ev cwiez b Ki Z cvi eb Ges ms kvwaz ev cwiez xz Ask mswkøó mkj K AewnZ Ki eb cö qvrb Abyhvqx h Kvb e w³ wbw` ó wd cö`vb K i iwróªvi Awdm n Z iwróªv ii Aby gv` bi gva g wbeüb eb Z iwÿz weeiyvw`i m~wpmg~n ev Askwe k li Kwc msmön Ki Z cvi eb 8.07 KwcivBU f½ Kivi cwiywz Consequences of Violatiing Copyright (aviv 82) KwcivBU ev Ab vb AwaKvi jnbrwbz Aciva: 1. h e w³, Pjw PÎ e wz i K, Kvb K g i KwcivBU ev GB AvB bi aviv 23 Gi Aaxb Awc Z AwaKvi e ZxZ Ab Kvb AwaKvi B QvK Zfv e jnb K ib ev Ki Z mnvqzv K ib, wzwb AbyaŸ Pvi ermi wkš Ab~ b Qq gvm gqv `i Kviv`Û Ges AbyaŸ `yb jÿ UvKv wkš Ab~ b câvk nvrvi UvKvi A_ ` Ð `Ûbxq n eb: Z e kz _v K h, hw` Bnv Av`vj Z mš wóg Z cögvwyz nq h, jnbwu e emvwqk ev evwywr K Kvh µ gi avivq gybvdvi D Ï k msnwuz nq bvb, mb ÿ Î Av`vjZ Qq gv mi Kg gqv `i Kviv`Ð Ges 50,000 UvKvi Kg cwigvy Rwigvbvi `Ð Av ivc Ki Z cvi e 2. h e w³ Pjw P Îi KwcivB Ui AwaKvi ev GB AvB b ewy Z Ab Kvb AwaKvi B QvK Zfv e jnb K ib ev Ki Z mnvqzv K ib, wzwb Ab~a cuvp ermi wkš Ab~ b GK ermi gqv `i Kviv`Ð Ges Ab~a cuvp jÿ UvKv wkš Ab~ b GK jÿ UvKvi A_ ` Ð `wûz n eb (aviv 83) wøzxq ev ciez x Aciv ai ewa Z kvw Í: h e w³ aviv 82 Gi Aax b `wðz n q cybivq Abyiƒc Kvb Aciv a `wðz n j wzwb wøzxq ev ciez x cö Z K Aciv ai Rb Ab~a wzb ermi wkš Ab~ b Qq gv mi Kviv`Ð Ges Ab~a wzb jÿ UvKv wkš Ab~ b GK jÿ UvKv A_ ` Ð `Ðbxq n eb

160 152 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî Z e kz _v K h, hw` Bnv Av`vj Zi mš wóg Z cögvwyz nq h, aviv 82 Gi Dc-aviv (1) G ewy Z jnbwu e emvwqk Kvh µ gi avivq gybvdvi D Ï k msnwuz nq bvb, mb ÿ Î Av`vjZ Qq gv mi Kg gqv `i Kviv`Ð Ges 1 jÿ UvKvi Kg cwigvy Rwigvbvi `Ð Av ivc Ki Z cvi eb Av iv kz _v K h, GB avivi D Ïk c~iyk í GB AvBb cöewz Z niqvi c~ e cö`ë Kvb kvw Í K Avg j bqv n e bv (aviv 84) Kw úduvi cövmöv gi jwnz Kwc cökvk, e envi, BZ vw`i Aciva: hw` Kvb e w³ K. Kvb Kw úduvi cövmöv gi jwnz Kwc Abywjwc K i h Kvb gva g cökvk, weµq ev GKvwaK Kwc weziy K ib, Zvn j wzwb Ab~a Pvi ermi wkš Ab~ b Qq gvm gqv `i Kviv` Ð Ges Ab~a Pvi jÿ UvKv wkš Ab~ b GK jÿ UvKvi A_ ` Ð `ÐYxq n eb; L. Kw úduv i Kvb jwnz Kwc e envi K ib, Zvnv nb j wzwb Ab~aÿ wzb ermi wkš Ab~ b Qq gvm gqv `i Kviv` Ð A_ev Ab~aÿ Ab~aÿ wzb jÿ UvKv wkš Ab~ b GK jÿ UvKvi A_ ` Ð `wðz n eb: Z e kz _v K h, hw` Av`vj Zi mš wóg Z cögvwyz nq h, Kw úduvi cövmövgwu e emvwqk ev ewywr K Kvh µ gi avivq gybvdv jv fi D Ï k jwnz nq bvb, Zvnv n j Ab~ b wzb gvm gqv `i Kviv` Ð Ges Ab~ b cuwpk nvrvi UvKvi A_ `Ð Av ivc Kiv hv e (aviv 85) AwaKvi jnbkvix Abywjwc Zwi Kievi D Ï k cøu `L j ivlv: Kvb e w³, whwb B QvK Zfv e KwcivBU we` gvb i q Q Ggb Kvb K g i AwaKvi jnbkvix Abywjwc Zwi Kievi D Ï k Kvb cøu Zwi K ib ev `L j iv Lb, ev KwcivB Ui gvwj Ki m wz e wz i K B QvK Zfv e Ges Zvnvi e w³mz jv fi Rb Hiƒc Kvb K g i Rbmvavi Yi m úv` bi KviY NUvb, Zvn j wzwb Ab~a `yb erm ii Kviv`Ð ev AbyaŸ câvk nvrvi UvKv A_ ` Ð ev Dfq ` Ð `Ðbxq n eb Any kind of e-book & Software : Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): wegvi aviyv Concept of Insurance gvbyl m wói miv Rxe Avevi giykxj ZvB gvby li Rxe bi cöwzwu ci Z ci Z i q Q AwbðqZvi nvzqvwb gvby li mf Zvi wekvk cörb _ K cör b avivevwnkfv e cöevwnz nq ZvB m c w_ex _ K P j M ji Zvi Kg Avi Ae`vb kªôz ervq iv L fwel Zi c w_exi Kv Q GRb m Zvi c w_ex K evm hvm Kivi Póv Ae vnz iv L gvby li Rb, e emvq cöwzôv bi Rb gvwjk fve Z nq ez gvb Avi fwel Zi mv _ Av ó c ô Rwo q Av Q SzuwK e emv qi RM Z m ó Gme SzuwK, ÿwz, k~y Zv K c~i Y wkqy e emvwqk cöwzôvb hviv wegv cöwzôvb wn m e cwiwpz, Zviv KvR K i _v K wegv Pzw³i gva g m úk Zix K i wegvkvix I wegvmönxzvi g a Rxeb I m ú `i SzuwK Gov bvi Rb wbw` ó cöwz`v bi wecix Z h Pzw³MZ m úk Zix nq Zv K wegv Pzw³ e j

161 e emv qi AvBbMZ w`k 153 GK mgq mgy `ª PjvPjKvix bvwekiv G welq wb qb fve Z ïiæ K iwqj `yn Ubv, So, R jv Q vm ev Ab Kvbfv e gvbyl AvnZ ev wbnz n j ev m ú` webó n j Zvi ÿwz c~i Yi K kj wn m eb wegvi Avwef ve MÖvnK `i Pvwn`v I welqe Íy wewfbœzvi Dci wbf i K i wewfbœ ai bi wegvi cöpjb `Lv hvq hgb: Rxebwegv, b -wegv, AwMœ wegv, `yn Ubv wegv, km wegv, ißvwbwegv BZ vw` Gfv e wegv e w³ ev cöwzôv bi m ve mvwe K AwaK ÿwzi SzuwK n Z gyw³ `q wegv e e vi Avw` BwZnvm Ab vb wel qi gz Lye ^ Q bq wegv e e vi G Kev i Mvovi BwZnvm _ K Rvbv hvq me cö_g b -wegv _ K wegvi cöpjb ïiæ ciez x Z AwMœwegv I Rxebwegvi cöpjb nq Avevi cövpxbkv j f~-ga mvmixq A j we kl K i BZvwj K K `ª K i PZz` k kzvãx Z BD iv c e emvq evwy R i D e nq Ges G K wn ib wegv e e vi Mvov cëb nq e j A b Ki aviyv Dwbk kz Ki Mvovi w` K wewea wegvi Kvh Kg cwijwÿz nq wegv Pzw³i Acwinvh Dcv`vb Essential Elements of Insurance Contract wegvmönxzv GKwU wbw` ó gqv` AšÍi wbw` ó cwigvy wcöwgqvg wegvkvix K cö`vb Ki Z m Z nq Aciw` K wegvkvix I wegvmönxzv K D³ wcöwgqvg h_vwbq g cövwß mv c ÿ wbw` ó SuywK _ K ÿwzc~iy cö`v b eva _v K wegvpyw³ MV bi Rb wkqy Acwinvh Dcv`vb cö qvrb, h mkj Dcv`vb Qvov wegv Pzw³ m úvw`z nq bv mme Dcv`vbmg~n K GK Î wegv Pzw³i Acwinvh Dcv`vb e j wb P GB Acwinvh Dcv`vb jv D jøl Kiv n jv K. AvBbMZ Dcv`vb Legal Elements 1. cÿ (Party): wegv Pzw³ Z `ywu cÿ _vk e GKcÿ n e wegvkvix (Insurer) Acicÿ n e wegv MÖnxZv (Policy Holder) wegvkvix n Q BwÝI iý Kv úvwb wegv MÖnxZv n Q Kvógvi 2. cö Íve I ^xk wz (Offer and accceptances): GK cÿ KZ K AvBbMZ cö Íve Ges Aci cÿ KZ K AvBbMZ ^xk wzi gva g wegv Pzw³ m úvw`z nq wbw` ó dig c~ib K i cö Íve Dc vcb Kiv nq Ges wegv Kv úvwb Dnv MÖnY Kivi gva g Pzw³ Kvh Ki nq myzivs `Lv hvq cö Íve I ^xk wz wegv Pyw³i g~j Dcv`vb 3. AvBbMZ m úk (Legal Relation Ship): Pzw³i d j h m ú K i m wó nq Zv K AvBbMZ m úk e j h Kn G m úk f½ Ki j, ÿwzmö cÿ AvB bi e j ÿwzc~iy `vex Ki Z cv i 4. Pzw³ m úv` bi hvm Zv (Capacity): 1872 mv ji Pzw³ AvB bi 11 aviv Abyhvqx wegv MªnxZvi Pzw&³ m úv` bi hvm Zv _vk Z n e bvevjk, `Dwjqv, wek Z gw Í e w³ Pzw&³ m úv` bi hvm b n

162 154 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî 5. ea cöwz`vb I D Ïk (Lawful consider and objects): wegv Pzw³i D Ïk I cöwz`vb Aek B ea n Z n e A ea e emv ev cy Avg`vwb-ißvwbi ÿ Î Pzw³ I cöwz`vb wvk _vk ji Pzw³ ea n e bv 6. wbw` ózv (Certainty): wegv Pzw³i 29 aviv Abymv i Kvb m wzi welqe Íy mywbw` ó bv n j Zv evwzj e j MY n e cwjwmi gqv`, wcöwgqv gi nvi, mgq, wegvi AsK, `vex cwi kv ai c wz mywbw` ófv e D j L _vk Z n e 7. wjwlz Pzw³ (Written contract): Pzw³ g wlk, wjwlz ev wbewüz BZ vw` ikg n Z cv i, wkšíy wegv Pzw³ Aek B wjwlz n Z n e Any kind of e-book & Software : L. we kl Dcv`vb Special Elements Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): 1. wegv hvm ^v_ (Insurable Interest) : wegvi welqe Íy Z wegv MÖnxZvi h ^v_ _v K Zv K wegv hvm ^v_ e j wegv Pzw³ Z Aek B wegv hvm ^v_ _vk Z n e 2. wcöwgqvg (Premium): wegvkvix cöwzôvb SzuwK MÖnY K i, wegvk Z Rvb-gv ji ÿwz n j ÿwzc~iy w` Z wegvkvix eva, ZvB wegv MÖnxZv K SzuwKi Rb avh K Z wcöwgqvg w` Z n e 3. cöz ÿ KviY (Causa proxima): wk wk Kvi Y ÿwz n j, ÿwzc~iy cviqv hv e Zv ÔwegvÕ Pzw³ Z mȳ úófv e D jøl _vk Z n e Gi evb i Ab Kvb Kvi Y ÿwz n j wegvkvix ÿwzc~iy w` Z eva b n Pink ebve Fleming GK wel vz gvgjvi weeiy n Z Rvbv hvq, GKwU RvnvR msnl ev av vrwbz Kvi Y ÿwzi Rb wegv Kiv n qwqj RvnvRwU av v j M P i AvUKv c o Ges G Z evwnz Kgjv cu P bó n q hvq ÿwzc~iy gvgjvq ejv nq av vrwbz Kvi Y m ú `i ÿwz nq wb wej ^i Rb ÿwz n q Q ZvB ÿwzmö cÿ ÿwzc~iy c Z cv i bv 4. Avw_ K ÿwzc~iy (Propotional compensation): exgvpzw³ ÿwzc~i Yi Pzw³ we klz b exgv I AwMœ wegvi Pzw³i ÿ Î wegvk Z cwiw wz ev NUbvi Kvi Y welqe Íy ÿwzmö Í n j wegvkvix ÿwzc~iy w` Z eva wkšíy wegvk Z e Íy ÿwzmö Í bv n j wegv Kv úvwb Kvb ÿwzc~iy w` e bv Avevi wegvk Z welqe Íy hzuzkz ÿwz n e wegvkvix ZZUzKz ÿwzb c~iy Ki e Z e Rxeb wegv K ÿwzc~i Yi Pzw³ ejv nq bv 5. wek v mi m úk (Faithful relation): wegvkvix I wegv MÖnxZvi g a cig wek v mi m úk _vk Z n e Dfq cÿ Kvb cökvi Z_ Mvcb Ki eb bv Z_ Mvcb cözviyv wn m e MY n Z cv i Ges ÿwzc~iy bvi cviqv h Z cv i,zvb ci ú ii cöwz wek vm wegv Pzw³i GKwU we kl Dcv`vb wn m e MY Kiv nq 6. cöwz vcb (Subrogation): wegv Kv úvwb Kvb WyešÍ Rvnv Ri m ú~y ÿwzc~iy cö`vb Ki j, H WyešÍ Rvnv Ri gvwjk wegv Kv úvwb n e wegvmönxzv Avi gvwjk _vk e bv GUv gvwjkvbvi cöwz vcb ev jvwfwl³kiy

163 e emv qi AvBbMZ w`k g bvbqb (Nomination): Rxeb wegvq wegvk Z e w³i AeZ gv b K wegv `vwe ev ^Z MÖnY Ki e, Zv Pzw³i mgq wvk Ki Z nq wegvk Zi AeZ gv b myweav cövc Ki bvg AšÍf y³ Kiv K g bvbqb ejv nq g bvbxz e w³b wegvmöwnzvi AeZ gv b `vwe MÖnY Ki Z cv i 8. AwaKvi Ac Y (Assignment): wegv Pzw³ Z wegvmöwnzv wegvc Îi ^Z ev gvwjkvbv h KvD K n ÍvšÍi Ki Z cv ib Rxeb wegv I b -wegvq G KvRwU mnr n ji AwMœwegv I `yn Ubv wegvi ÿ Î wegvkvixi AbygwZ ev c~e kz Qvov AwaKvi Ac Y Kiv hvq bv cwi k l ejv hvq, wegv Pzw³ Z e ³ ev Ae ³ Dcv`vb ev kz jv G K mvaviy Pzw³ n Z c _K mëv w` q Q Dcv`vb jvi Acwinvh Zv Ggbfv e cögvwyz h, Kv bvwub ev` w` q wegv Pzw³ m úbœ nq bv evsjv ` k exgv e emv qi iæz Importance of Insurance in Bangladesh evsjv `k GKwU ^ ívbœz `k GLv b gvby li Rxeb I m úwëi SzuwK DbœZ wek A cÿv A bk ewk ZvB exgvi iæz h GLv b AZ wak Zv ejvi A cÿv iv L bv evsjv ` k exgv e emv qi iæz wb gœ Av jvpbv Kiv n jv: 1. g~jab MVb I wewb qvm e w (Formation of capital and increase of investment): exgv Kv úvwbmg~n wcöwgqvg wn m e h UvKv msmön K i Zv G ` ki RvZxq g~jab MV b iæz c~y f~wgkv iv L Giƒc g~jab wewfbœ Lv Z `xn gqv ` wewb qv Mi d j ` ki mvgwmök Drcv` bi cwigvb e w cvq 2. mâq e w (Increase of savings): G ` ki gvby li gv_vwcqy Avq AZ ší mxwgz niqvq mâ qi nvi Kg Rxeb exgv G ÿ Î iæz c~y f~wgkv ivl Q exgvmönxzv G ÿ Î wbw` ó mgqv ší exgv wkw Í cwi kva K i hv _ K eva Zvg~jK mâ qi m wó nq d j e w³k I RvZxq mâ qi cwigvb e w cvq 3. SuywKMZ cöwzeükzv n«vm (Reduce of hindrance of risk): e emvq RM Z cy Drcv`b I eè b bvbvb ai bi SzuwK jÿ Kiv hvq Avgv `i `k AbyboeZ weavq Giƒc SzuwKi gvîv AviI ewk b, AwMœ, `yn Ubv BZ vw` exgvi myev ` Avgv `i e emvqxmy wbwðz I ^v Q ` gq Kvh µg cwipvjbv Ki Z cv i 4. RvZxq m ú` iÿv (Maintenance of national wealth): exgv m úwëi wec ÿ ïaygvî Avw_ K wbivcëvb e e v K i bv mb mv _ mnvq-m ú` hv Z `yn Ubvi wkkvi bv nq Z¾b I wewfbœ wbivcëvgyjk e e v MÖn Y mevb K DØy K i G Z RvZxq m ú `i wbivcëv wbwðz nq

164 156 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî 5. m PZbZv e w (Increase of awarness): Avgv `i ` ki gvbyl AwaKvskB AwkwÿZ niqvi Kvi Y fwelr Rxeb Ges m ÿ Î KiYxq e e v m ú K m PZb bq exgv e emvq wewfbœgylx cöpvi e e v I Kvh µ gi gva g e vck MYm PZbZvi m wó K i hv mgvr Dbœq b f~wgkv iv L 6. Kg ms v bi my hvm m wó (Increase of employment facilities): exgv e emvq G ` ki wkí-evwy R A_ ms vb K i Gi Dbœq b mnvqzv K i G Z cöpzi jv Ki Kg ms v bi my hvm Any kind of e-book & Software : m wó nq GQvov Giƒc e emv q cöz ÿfv ei cöpzi jvk KvR cvq hv ` ki ekvi mgm v mgvav b f~wgkv iv L Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): 7. A_ bwzk Dbœqb (Economic development): exgv e emvq m ve SzuwKi wec ÿ wbivcëv e e v wbwðz K i ` ki K wl I wkí-evwy R i wewfbœ LvZ K mnvqzv K i exgvi AvIZvq ` ki Af ší i wewfbœ SzuwKc~Y wkí-evwyr cöwzôvbi M o I V G Z ` ki A_ bwzk Dbœqb wbwðz nq 8. mvgvwrk ^w Í cöwzôv (Brings social security): exgv gvby li Rxeb I m úwëi SzuwK Kwg q mvgvwrk ^w Í wdwi q Av b hv mgv Ri gvbyl jv K Dboeq b cöiyv hvmvq Avgv `i ` ki exgv e w³ Rxe b Ges mvgvwrk Rxe b Dbœqb I ^w Í cöwzôv Ki Z mÿg n q Q 9. RvZxq Avq e w (Increasing national income): evsjv ` k exgv e emv qi cöz ÿ Ae`vb RvZxq Drcv`b we epbvq gvî 0.37% n ji mvwe K wepv i Zv Kg bq G Z Kg iz Rbkw³ Ges Gi A_ vq b cöwzwôz e emvq cöwzôv b Kg iz Rbkw³i Avq RvZxq Avq e w Z f~wgkv iv L 10. A` k ißvwb Avq e w (Increasing invisible export): exgv e emvq ` ki A` k ißvwb Avq e w ZI f~wgkv iv L Avgv `i ißvwbk Z cy cöi Y Zv `kxq exgv Kv úvwb jv Z exgv Kiv nq hvi LiP we `wk Avg`vwbKviK cö`vb K i hv cy g~ ji mv _ hy³ n q A` k ißvwb Avq evovq Dcmsnv i ejv hvq, exgv e emvq evsjv ` ki A_ bxwz ZB ïay bq e w³ I mvgvwrk Rxe b iæz c~y f~wgkv ivl Q

165 e emv qi AvBbMZ w`k e emvq cöwzôv b wegv Kivi cöwµqv Process of Formation of Insurance for Business wegv n Q GKwU Pzw³ GB Pzw³ wegvkvix I wegvmöwnzvi g a m úvw`z nq wegv Pyw³ KZ jv avivevwnk c` ÿ ci gva g m úvw`z nq wb gœ c` ÿc mg~n ey bv Kiv n jv: 1. cöv_wgk AvbyôvwbKZv (Primary formalities): wegvkvix cöwzôvb wegv Pzw³ Kievi Rb RbM Yi Kv Q bvbvfv e cöpvi K ib cöpvi Pvjvevi Ab Zg Dcvq nj wegv cöwzwbwa RbM Yi N i N i wm q wegvi mydj ey bv K i Gi d j AvMÖnvwš^Z e w³em wegv Lyjevi Rb m Pó nb 2. cª Íve cö`vb (Making proposal): h e w³ wegvcî Ki Z B QyK Ggb e w³ K me cö_g Kv úvwbi Awdm n Z A_ev Kvb wegv cöwzwbwai KvQ _ K webv g~ j cö Ívebv cî (Proposal form) msmön Ki Z ev wb Z nq msm nxz digwu c~i Yi gva g wegv Awd m Rgv w` jb cö Íve `vb cöwµqv m úbœ nq 3. cö Ívebv cî we epbv (Consideration of Proposal): c~iy Kiv cö Ívebv cî wegv Awd m Rgv `Iqvi ci wegvkvix D³ cö Ívebv c Î wegv MÖnxZv KZ K `q DËimg~n h_vh_ I wbf ~j wkbv Zv cixÿv-wbixÿv K i ` Lb G welq jv wegvc Îi cöv_wgk g~j I gqv `i mv _ wgwj q `Lv nq Gi ci cö ÍvewU Kgb ai bi SzuwKc~Y Zv wby q Kiv nq hw` cö`ë Z_ vw` h_v_ I mz e j we ewpz nq Z eb wegvkvix SzuwK MÖnY Ki Z m Z nq Ges ciez x c` ÿc MÖnY K i 4. wegv cöwzwbwa `i wi cvu msmön (Collection of reports from insurance agent): wegv cöwzwbwai gva g hw` wegvcî mieivn Kiv nq m ÿ Î wegv cöwzwbwai cªwz e`b ck Ki Z nq 5. cö Íve wbe vpb (Selection of proposal): cö ÍveKvixi Av e`bcî, Ab vb wi cvu mg~n Ges cö qvrbxq I msmön hvm mkj KvMRcÎ wegv Awd m G m cu Q j Zv cöwzôv bi we klámy cixÿv-wbixÿv K i cö Íve wbe vpb K ib 6. cö Íve MÖnY (Accceptance of proposal): cö Íve wbe vp bi ci cö Íve MÖnY Kivi wm vší bqv nq Ges cö Íve MÖnY Z_v ^xk wzcî w` q Rvwb q `qv nq 7. wegvcî cö`vb (Issuance of insurance policy): me wkqz wvkvvk _vk j wegvkvix wegvmönxzvi `vwe cwi kva K i `q DcwiD³ c` ÿc mg~n Rxeb wegv Pzw³ m úv`b cöwµqv avivevwnkfv e cvjb Ki Z nq Pzw³ m úv`b cöwµqvi ^v_ KZv wegvkvix I wegv MÖwnZv mzzvi Dci wbf i K i

166 158 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî 8.10 e emvq I cwi ek AvB bi m ú K aviyv Concept of Business and Envrionment Law Any kind of e-book & Software : wek cwi e ki `ªæZ AebwZ n Q, evsjv ` k MZ K qk `k K G AebwZ n q Q AviI `ªæZ evsjv ` k 1995 mv j e emvq cwi ek AvBb cvm n q Q wkš Rbwe ùviy, ebvâ ji Aeÿq I NvUwZ Ges wkí I cwienb wbqš Y e e vi Afv ei `iæy ` ki e emvwqk cwi ek GK RwUj Ae vi w` K cu Qv Z hv Q ZvQvov 1997 mv ji cwi ek I eb msiÿy AvBb Abyhvqx nvmcvzvj wkÿv cöwzôvb Ges mikvi wba vwiz wkqz cöwzôvb _ K 100 wguvi ch ší bxie GjvKv wn m e wpwýz Gme RvqMvq gvui Mvwoi ny evrv bv ev gvbwks Kiv m ú~y wbwl Giæc RvqMvq Mvwoi ny ev jvdw w úkv ii gva g kã `~lykvixi K Vvi Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): kvw Íi weavb _vkv `ikvi KviLvbv ev wkí ms v KZ K ewr Z kã Drcv`bKvix hš cvwz A cÿv DbœZ cöhyw³ m úbœ Ges Kg kã Drcv`bKvix hš cvwz w` q kã wbqš b Kiv hvq Gme hš cvwz K kã Acwievnx e w` q X K kã `~ly Kgv bv hvq ZvQvov mikvi ` ki cwi ek msiÿ Yj j ÿ, cwi ek msiÿy köwy wej 2002 Ges cwi ek Av`vjZ (ms Kvjb) wej 2002 bv g `ywu AvBb cvm K i Q 8.11 e emvq cöwzôvb KZ K cwi ek `~l Yi KviY I djvdj The Pollution Created by Business and its Results kã `~ly (Sound Polution) µgea gvb RbmsL vi Rb cö qvrb nq evowz hvbevnb I Ab vb KjKviLvbv Gme Mvwo KjKviLvbv _ K wbm Z avqv cwi ek K gvivz Kfv e `~wlz K i kã `~ly cwi e ki `~l Yi Ab Zg KviY KviLvbv I Mvwo Nvov QvovI gvbk, jvdw w úkvi, iwwi, wuwf cök wzi AvIqvR kã `~l Yi m wó K i G Z K i gvby li kªey kw³ jvc cvq i³pvc e w cvq, KLbI `Lv hvq gvbwmk wech q GQvov KjKviLvbv Av k cv ki vqx evwm `v `i wkï mšívbiv Kg ewk ewai n Z `Lv hvq evqy `~ly I Zvi djvdj (Air Polution & its Effect) Avgv `i cövk wzk m ú `i Ab Zg m vi n jv evqy mb evqy AvR `~wlz n Q wek Ry o evqy `~l Yi g~ j Av Q KjKviLvbv, gvui Mvwo, Uªb, NievwoI e emv evwyr cöwzôv bi DËvc m wói hš cvwz Ges bvbv AveR bv e emv cöwzôv b Rxevk R vjvwb A_ vr Zj, Kqjv BZ vw` cywo q Kve b-wvb A vbw evzv m Qwo q `Iqv K v ivd zz ivwg _b, bvbuªvm A vbw, Av jvk ivmvqwbk avqvkv BZ vw` me jv evqy `~l Yi cöavb DcKiY

167 e emv qi AvBbMZ w`k 159 wewfbœ A vbw evzv mi Rjxq ev úi m ½ wg k Zwi K i mvjdvi Ges bvb Uªv R bi A ø GB A ø c i wb P b g G m cvwb I gvwui m ½ wg k hvq GiB bvg ÔGwmW ibbõ A ø el Y evqy `~l Yi Dr mi g a i q Q B Ui fvuv, mvi Kvi Lvbv, wpwb, KvMR, cvu I e KviLvbv, myzvkj, Pvgov wkí, cvkvk wkí, we zu Zwii KviLvbv, ivmvqwbk Jla Zwi wkí, wm g U Drcv`b, wmöj I `irv-rvbvjv, ivmvqwbk Jla Zwi wkí, wm g U Drcv`b, IqvK kc BZ vw` Drm _ K cöpzi cwigv Y avqv, ev ú, M vm I aywjkyv BZ vw` evzv m wg k auvqv m wó K i d j cwi ek `~wlz nq evqy `~l bi d j k vmkô, nvcvwb, `xn vqx dzmdzm K vývi GRvZxq `yl Yi dj cvwb `~ly I Zvi djvdj Water Polution & Its Effect ez gv b wkí I c i er b`x I Rjvkq K `ywlz K i Q cwi ek Awa`ßi D jøl K i Q h PÆMÖv g wugmwc mvi KviLvbv _ K mvjwddwik I dmdwik GwmW Ges P `ª Nvbvi KY dzwj KvM Ri wgj, wm ju KvMR wgj, `k bvi Kiy A vû Kv úvwb, Lyjbvi wkcbqvw I gvq cöwµqvkiy KviLvbv, XvKvi Awjw úk I Kv `wiqv U UvBj wgjm jÿ jÿ Mjb Zij er cvk ezx b`x I Rjvk q wb ÿc K i cvwb `~ly NUv Q b`xi Zx i M o D V Q mg Rbc` kni cöwzwôz n q Q AvaywbK PUKj, KvcoKj, wpwbkj, KvM Ri Kj, flr Zj BZ vw` GB me KjKviLvbvi AveR bv cöwzwbqz cvwb `ywlz Ki Q `ªæZ wkívqb wewfbœ ` ki cvwb mieiv ni Ges AveR bv wb ÿ ci mgm v K µgk RwUj K i Zzj Q Dbœqbkxj I DbœZ `k jv Z `Lv w` Q M nkv h e eüz bvsiv cvwb K kvab K i cybivq Zv e envi hvm K i Zvjvi cö qvrbxqzv wkš cöwiköyzkiy e e vq mvgvb Zg ÎæwU _vk j G _ K jÿ jÿ gvby li g a iæzi ik gi msµgy NU Z cv i gvwu `~ly I Zvi djvdj (Soil Polution & Effect) g wëkv I gvwu f~z Ki Dcwifv Mi GKwU cvzjv AveiY wewfbœ Kvi Y g wëkv `~ly N U hgb f~wg ÿq, evqy cöevn m wó, MvQKvUv, eb DRvo, Rwg Z AwZwi³ ev wbqwgz ivmvqwbk mvi e envi Kiv BZ vw` Kvi Y gvwui bmz gvb bó n q hvq d j gvwu `~ly N U GQvov KxUbvkK e env i Avgv `i gvwu `~wlz n Q evowz dmj Drcv` bi Rb dmj K KxU cz ½i AvµgY _ K iÿv Kivi ZvwM ` h ivmvqwbk `ªe vw` I mvi e envi Kiv nq, Zv gvwui Ici weiƒc cöfve d j gvwu `~wlz n q _v K

168 160 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî 8.12 e emvq cöwzôvb KZ K cwi ek `~ly iv a KiYxq cöwzkvi Prevent Environment Pollution by Business Organization Any kind of e-book & Software : cwi ek `~ly iva Kivi Rb mvivwek m PZb n q D V Q cwi ek `yl Yi d j we k i wewfbœ v b wei c cöwzwµqv `Lv wm qwqj Zvi cwi cöwÿ Z `yly iva Kivi cö Póv P j ZvB cwi ek `yly cöwz iva Kievi Rb MvUv wek evmx K GwM q Avm Z n e AbwZwej ^ ei Ki Z n e cök wzi fvimvg iÿvq h_v_ Dcvq h me hš ev Mvwo _ K ÿwzki auvqv ev M vm ei nq Zvi e envi wbqš Y Ki Z n e cvkvcvwk wekí kw³i e envi e e v hgb cövk wzk M vm, m ikw³ cök wz wbf i h š i e envi e w cwi ek K A cÿvk Z ^vfvwek ivl Z n e wbwe Pv i hv Z MvQ KuvUv bv nq mw` K cy iv wek evmx K bri w` Z n e Ges mikvwi I emikvwi ev e w³mz D ` v M ebvqb ev e ÿ ivcb K mvgvwrk Av `vj b cwiyz Ki Z n e ivmvqwbk mvi I KxUbvk Ki cwie Z Re mv ii e envi e w cwi e ki mȳ Zv iÿv mnvqk n Z cv i Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): AvBGmI ISO AvBGmI (ISO) Gi c~y A_ n Q International Organization for Standardization (AvšÍR vwzk gvb Dbœqb ms v) GwU we k i gvb Dbœq b mnvqzv K i _v K GwU GKwU ^vaxb, emikvix cöwzôvb hwu cövq 162 ` ki RvZxq gvb Dbœqb KwgwU (National Standard bodies) Øviv MwVZ GwU 1947 mv ji deªæqvwi gv m cöwzwôz nq GwUi m`i `ßi R bfv, mybrvij v Û Aew Z ez gv b GB cöwzôv bi m`m 162wU `k Ges cövq 3368 KvwiMix evw (Technical body) gvb Dbœq b KvR K i Gi m`i `ß i cövq 150 Rb jvk c~y Kvjxb Kg iz i q Q ISO e emvq cöwzôv bi Kg `ÿzv e w K i ISO Gi Kvi Y we k i wewfbœ `k c Y i Yv b m ú K wbwðz nq, hvi Kvi b AvšÍR vwzk evwy R i h evav Av Q Zv `~i nq ISO me ÿ ÎB AvšÍR vwzk gvb ervq ivl Z mnvqzv K i _v K Lv` wbivcëv _ K Kw úduvi, K wl _ K ^v mev ISO me ÿ Î Avgv `i Rxe b cöfve we Ívi K i Q

169 AvBGmI Gi iæz (Importance of ISO) e emv qi AvBbMZ w`k 161 AvšÍR vwzk e emvq evwyr Ges A_ bwzk Dbœq b AvBGmI iæz c~y f~wgkv cvjb K i _v K AvBGmI ïaygvî MÖvnK `i K DbœZgv bi cy mieiv ni wbðqzv cö`vb K i bv; GwU AvšÍR vwzk evwy R i evav `~i K i e emvq evwy R i Dbœq b mnvqzv K i _v K wb gœ AvBGmI Gi iæz mswÿßfv e Zz j aiv n jv AvBGmI (ISO) wbwðz K i h cy ev mev wbivc`, wek Í Ges fvj gv bi Gi d j MÖvnKiv eys Z cv i cy wu wbivc` hvi Kvi Y MÖvnKiv frvj c Y i nvz _ K iÿv cvq e emv qi ÿ Î AvBGmI GKwU K kjmz hš wn m e e eüz nq AvBGmI Gi Kvi Y e emv qi gvu e q n«vm cvq AvBGmI Gi Kvi Y e emvq-cöwzôv bi AcPq Ges fzj µzwu n«vm cvq Ges Drcv`b ÿgzv e w cvq AvBGmI e emvq cöwzôvb K bzzb bzzb gv K U XzK Z mnvqzv K i _v K Dbœqbkxj ` ki Rb mylg evrvi (Playing field) Zwi K i hvi Kvi Y Dbœqbkxj `k I mgfv e bzyb bzzb evrv i cö ek Ki Z cv i AvBGmI, gy³ Ges b vh wek e emvq m wó Z mnvqzv K i _v K µzv mš wó Ges µzv a i ivl Z mnvqzv K i _v K wbixÿvi cwigvb Kgvq Bnv Kg x `i cölbv, m PZbZv Ges bwzkzv e w K i GwU e emv qi gybvdv e w Z mnvqzv K i _v K AcPq iva K i Ges Drcv`b e w K i Dc iv³ Av jvpbv _ K Avgiv ej Z cvwi c Y i gvb Dbœq b Ges AvšÍR vwzk evwy R AvBGmI iæz f~wgkv cvjb Ki Q 8.14 evsjv `k vûvm GÛ Uw s Bbw wudkb Bangladesh Standard and Testing Institution ZrKvjxb cvwk Ívb mikvi `kxq cy -mvgmöxi gvb cixÿvi Rb 1956 mv j XvKvq Ô m Uªvj Uw s j ve iuwirõ cöwzôv K i ciezx Z 1963 mv j Chamber of Commerce & Industries Gi D ` v M Zv Standard Institution G iæcvšíwiz nq Ges ^vaxbzvi ci 1971 mv j Bangladesh Standards Institution bvg aviy K i ciezx Z 1985 mv j ZrKvjxb ivóªcwzi Av `k bs 37 e j ``The Bangladesh Standards & Testing Institution bvg w` q K c v iu eww Z iƒcvšíi Kiv nq GB cöwzôvb `wkq Drcvw`Z c Y i gvb wvk i L evsjv ` ki Af šíixy Ges e `wkk evrvi a i ivlvi Rb ez gv b KvR K i hv Q

170 162 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî ZvQvov A` ewa G cöwzôvbwu `wkq Drcvw`Z c Y i gvb wbqš Y I cixÿvki Yi ÿ Î iæz c~y f~wgkvi i L P j Q evsjv ` k GwUB GKgvÎ gvb wbaviyx cöwzôvb GB cöwzôvb ` k Drcvw`Z Any kind of e-book & Software : h Kv bv cy, c wz ev mevi gvb wba viy K i _v K 1989 mv j Special Regulatory Order Gi AvIZvq mikvwi Aby gv` bi ci Kv bv c Y i Rb BSTI Gi Aby gv`b I c Y BSTI mxj cö`vb K eva Zvg~jK Kiv nq wewfbœ ÿ Î RvZxq gvb wba vi Yi ÿ Î we.gm.wu.avb G ch ší 6wU wwwfkbvj KvDwÝj MVb K i Q G jv n jv 1. K wl I Lv` ; 2. KwgK vjm 3. B jkuªwb 4. cvu I e 5. wewìs I wewìs miävgvw` Dc iv³ 6wU wwwfkb Avevi 70wU mkkbvj KwgwU MVb K i wzb gvm ci ci ev cö qvrb n j cöwz gv m mfv K i Ges wewfbœ gvb Zwi K i _v K Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): evsjv `k vûvm GÛ Uw s Bbw wudkb Gi D Ïk Objectives of Bangladesh Standard and Testing Institution evsjv ` k vûvm GÛ Uw s Bbw wudu Gi D Ïk mg~n wb œ `Iqv nj 1. cy -`ªe I cöwµqvi mv _ m úk hy³ wba vwiz gvb Zwi Kiv 2. RvZxq I AvšÍR vwzk ch v q G mkj gv bi e envi wbwðz Kiv 3. wkí I evwy R cöwgzkiy I gvb wbqš Yi DbœwZ mvab Kiv 4. c Y i gvb Dbœq b Drcv`K I e envikvix `i cö qv Mi g a ms hvm vcb Kiv 5. cy -`ªe cöwµqvki Y cö qvr b gvbwpý (Brand) wbeü bi e e v Kiv evsjv `k vûvm GÛ Uw s Bbw wudkb Gi Kvh vewj Functions of Bangladesh Standard and Testing Institution evsjv `k vûvm GÛ Uw s Bbw wudkb Gi Kvh vewj wb gœ Av jvpbv Kiv n jv 1. ` ki Af šíixy I AvšÍRv wzkfv e KuvPvgvj,cY, KvVv gv Ges mevi gvb, AvKvi-AvK wz wba viy Ges RbM Yi Kv R Zv `i mvaviy MÖnY hvm Zv wvkkiy 2. c Y i `N, IRb, cwigvy BZ vw` wel qi gvb wvk Kiv Ges mikv ii Kv Q G wel q mycvwik Kiv 3. c Y i gvb Dbœqb,gvb wbqš Y Ges wkí I evwy R i ÿî mnrxkiy 4. cy, cb Drcv`b cöwµqv Ges Kvh µg cwi`k b, cixÿy BZ vw` e e vkiy

171 e emv qi AvBbMZ w`k vbxq fv³v, Avg`vwbKviK ev ißvwbkvik `i Rb cy, KuvPvgvj Ges mevi gvb m ú K mb`cî cö`vb 6. KuvPvgvj, cy, Kvh vewji gvb Ges Kvh cöwµqvi gvb Dbœq bi Rb Drcv`K I fv³v `i g a m ú K i Dbœqb NUv bvi e e v Kiv, hv Z Drcv` bi cöwzwu Dcv`v bi AcPq n«vm cvq 7. evsjv `k vûvw úwmwd KkÝ (Bangladesh Standard Specifications) KZ K wba vwiz cy ev Kvh bxwz m ú K wba vwiz cš vmg~ ni ev Íevqb Ges cöpvi 8. evsjv `k mikv ii Ab Kv bv cöwzôvb KZ K wba vwiz ev AvšÍR vwzk ms v KZ K wba viz cy gvb cixÿvkiy, MÖnY Ges cwiwpwzkiy 9. G `kxq c Y i gvb wb ` k K i Ggb c Y i Dci gvb wpý (Standard Mark) cö`vb G gvb wpý Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution Certification Mark wnmv e cwiwpz 10. c~ e cö`ë gvb wpý bevqb, mvgwqk evwzj ev vqxfv e evwzjkiy 11. BSTI KZ K cö`ë gvb wpý m ^wjz cy Drcv` bi vb cwi`k b, bgybv msmön, cixÿy Ges cö qvr b AvBbMZ e e v MÖnY 12. BSTI Gi D Ï k i mv _ mvgäm c~y KvR K i Ggb Kv bv e w³, cöwzôvb,ms v, ev AvšÍR vwzk cöwzôvb K mvnvh -mn hvwmzv cö`vb Kiv eûwbe vpwb cökœ: 1 KviLvbv AvBb KZ mv ji? K L M N c U U ej Z wb œi KvbwU K evsvq? K. we kl AwaKv ii mgwó K L. mvrm¾vi bkkv K M. gavmëv K N. SuywK I AwbðqZv wbimbk í wb Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 3 I 4 bs cö kœi DËi `vi Z Kv úvwb GKwU cöwzwôz Kv úvwb Zv `i Drcvw`Z c Y i gvb AvšÍR vwzkfv e ^xk wz c Z Pvq G Rb Zviv AvšÍR vwzkfv e ^xk Z GKwU cöwzôv bi mb` bqvi Póv Pvjv Q hviv c Y i gvb I mev m ú K mb` cö`vb K i 3 DÏxc K AvšÍR vwzkfv e ^xk Z ej Z Kvb cöwzôvb K eysv bv n q Q? K. ISO L. BSTI M. BIMSTEC N. ASEAN

172 164 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî 4 Z Kv úvwbi cy wu AvšÍR vwzkfv e ^xk Z n j wb œi Kvb myweav jv cv e? i. MÖvnK mš wó AR b Any kind of e-book & Software : ii. bzzb bzzb evrv i cö ek iii. gybvdv e w wb Pi KvbwU mwvk? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii m Rbkxj cökœ: Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): 1 Aveyj Lv qi GKRb M elk wzwb M elyv K i m ikw³ PvwjZ we`ÿ r mieivn hš Avwe vi K ib Ges Zv evrvirvz K ib Zvi GB hš wu vbxq MÖvnK `i Kv Q e vck cwiwpwz jvf K i wkqyw` bi g a B Ab GKwU cöwzwôz Kv úvwb Zvi G hš bkj K i evrvirvz Kiv ïiæ K i wkš wzwb H Kv úvwbi weiæ gvgjv K ii AvBbMZ Kvb e e v wb Z cv ibwb K. wegv Kx? L. ISO m ú K aviyv `vi? M. Aveyj Lv q ii we`ÿ r mieivn hš wu Kvb ai bi m ú `i AšÍf ~³? e vl v Ki N. Aveyj Lv qi Kvb AvBwb mnvqzv bv cviqvi KviY we køly Ki 2 cöwzôv bi cöwz e vck ggz eva _ K wg. AvRv` Ô vi Mv g UmÕ-Gi GKRb Kg Pvix wn m e cöwzôv bi Rb AwMœwegv Pzw³ Z Ave n Z Pvb wegv Kv úvbx Zvi cö ÍvewU cöz vl vb K i Ae k l Zvi Aby iv a Mv g Um gvwjk 1 KvwU UvKvi AwMwœegv K ib AwMœKv Û 20 jÿ UvKvi gvjvgvj ÿwzm Í nq D³ UvKv ÿwzc~i Yi ci ÿwzm Í gvjvgvj weµq K i 50 nvrvi UvKv cviqv hvq Ges D³ UvKvi gvwjkvbv wb q Dfq c ÿi g a we iva `Lv `q K. g~j vwqz wegvcî Kx? L. AvRxeb wegvcî ej Z Kx eysvq? M. wegv Pzw³i Kvb Dcv`v bi Afv e wg. AvRv` D³ cöwzôv bi wegv Ki Z e _ nb Zv e vl v Ki N. wegv Pzw³i Av jv K DÏxc K weµqk Z gvjvgv ji cövck K n eb? Zv DÏxc Ki Av jv K we køly Ki

173 beg Aa vq e emvq mnvqk mev ASSISTANCE SERVICE OF BUSINESS e emvq ez gv b Ab Zg ckv wnmv e we ewpz nq Z e e emvq cöwzôvb h Kv bv ai YiB nvk bv Kb Zvi MVb, cwipvjbv I Dbœqb Kv bv GKK e w³i c ÿ m e bq Gi Rb cö qvrb wewfbœ e w³ ev cöwzôv bi cöz ÿ ev c ivÿ mn hvwmzv Avevi GmKj mvnvh n Z cv i-avw_ K, gvbwmk, cö K kjmz, AvBbMZ, cöpvimz, AwfÁZvj BZ vw` G mkj mvnvh -mn hvwmzv GKRb e emvwq K A_ev D ` v³v K GKw` K hgb bzzb e emvq cöwzôvi ÿ Î Drmvn hvmvq Zgwb ciezx Z be cöwzwôz e emvq K cwipvjbv Ges Dbœq b iæz c~y Ae`vb iv L ZvB h Kv bv e emv qi Rb Giƒc mvnvh mn hvwmzv AZ ší Riæix G Aa vq cvv k l Avgiv Rvb Z cvie mnvqk mevi aviyv I cökvi f` evsjv `k ÿz`ª I KzwUi wkí ms v _ K cövß mnvqzv evwywr K e vsk jv _ K cövß mnvqzv GmGgB dvb Ûkb (SME) _ K cövß mnvqzv emikvwi ms v _ K cövß mnvqzv wkí I ewyk mwgwz Ges wewrggbg _ K cövß mnvqzv ißvwb Dbœqb eÿ iv _ K cövß mnvqzv e emv q mnvqzv`vbkvwi AvÂwjK I AvšÍR vwzk ms vmg~n

174 166 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî 9.01 mnvqk mevi aviyv I cökvi f` Concept of Assistance Service and its Type Any kind of e-book & Software : ` ki A_ bwzk Dbœq bi Rb GKw` K hgb wk ív ` v Mi cö qvrb Zgwb cö qvrb bzzb D ` v³v m wó I Zv a i ivlvi Rb cö qvrbxq mvnvh -mn hvwmzvi wk ív ` vm GKwU avivevwnk cöwµqv G cöwµqvi Ask wn m e cö qvrbxq mvnvh -mn hvwmzvi avivevwnkfv e cö qvrb c o A_ vr wk ív ` v M cö qvrbxq mvnvh -mn hvwmzv jvi cö qvrb GK Î c o bv, G jvi GKwU c~iy n j Av ikwui cö qvrb `Lv `q cö qvr bi aib Abyhvqx wk ív ` vm mvnvh K gvuvgywu wzb fv M fvm Kiv hvq wb gœ wp Îi mvnv h wk ív ` vm mnvqzv K Av jvpbv Kiv n jv: Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): wk ív ` vm mnvqzv DÏxcbvg~jK mg_ bg~jk msi Yg~jK K. DÏxcbvg~jK mnvqzv Stimulation assistance DÏxcbvg~jK mnvqzv ej Z GKRb m vebvgq wk ív ` v³v K wkí vc b Aby cöiyv hvmv Z mÿg Ggb ai bi mvnvh -mn hvwmzv I Kg ZrciZv K eysvq 1. gvby li gv S D ` v³vm~jf ú nv m wói j ÿ cö qvrbxq wk ív ` vmg~jk wkÿvi cömv ii e e vkiy 2. wk ív ` vmg~jk ev wewb qvm my hvm-myweavi cwikwíz cöpviyv 3. weávbm Z Dcv q m vebvgq D ` v³v mbv³kiy 4. bzzb wk ív ` v³v `i K wewfbœ ai bi cö Yv`bvg~jK cöwkÿy cö`vb 5. cy wbe vpb Ges cökí cöwz e`b cöyq b D ` v³v `i cö qvrbxq mvnvh I w`k-wb ` kbv cö`vb 6. KvwiMwi I A_ bwzk Z_ Ges cy weµqrwbz Kvh vewj _ K cövß gybvdvi cwigvy Rvbv bvi e e vkiy 7. vbxqfv e Dchy³ bzzb cy Ges Drcv`b cöwµqvi D b li e e vkiy 8. wkí ` vmg~jk civgk Ges wk ív ` vm Dbœq b cöwkÿy cövß vbxq civgk K `i cöwzôv bi Dcw wz wbwðzkiy 9. wk ív ` vmxq dvivg MV bi e e vkiy

175 e emvq mnvqk mev 167 L. mg_ bg~jk mnvqzv Supporting assistance h mkj mvnvh -mnvqzv m vebvgq wk ív ` v³v `i K wkí cöwzôvb vcb Ges cwipvjbvq mÿg K i Zv j Zv `i KB mvgwmökfv e mg_ bg~jk mnvqzv e j wb gœ mg_ bg~jk mnvqzvmg~ ni ey bv `qv n jv 1. e emvq ev wkí cöwzôv bi wbeü bi Rb cö qvrbxq myweav cö`vb 2. e emv qi Rb cö qvrbxq A_ vq bi e e vkiy 3. f~wg, `vjvb, kw³ I cvwb m ú` cövwßi e e v Kiv 4. hš cvwz wbe vpb Ges msmö n cö qvrbxq mvnvh -mn hvwmzv cö`vb 5. `y úövc KuvPvgvj msmö n cö qvrbxq mvnvh -mn hvwmzv `vb 6. Avg`vwb jvb mýmn Ab vb jvb mý cövwß Z mnvqzv `vb 7. Ab vb mvaviy myweavw` cö`vb Kiv 8. Ki iqvz ev Ab vb fz ywk cö`vb 9. e e vckxq civgk cö`v bi e e vkiy 10. cy evrvirvzki Y mvnvh Kiv M. msiÿyg~jk mnvqzv Sustaining Assistance wk ív ` vm Dbœq b msiÿyg~jk mnvqzvmg~n GKRb wk ív ` v³v K e emv qi cöwzeükzvmg~n KvwU q mdjfv e wu K _vk Z mvnvh K i wkí vc bi ci wk ív ` v³v wewfbœ ai bi cöwzeükzv I mgm vi m ylxb nq msiÿyg~jk mnvqzvmg~ ni gva g D ` v³v Gme cöwzeükzv I mgm vw` `~i Ki Z mÿg nb wb gœ msiÿyg~jk mnvqzvmg~ ni ey bv `qv n jv 1. KviLvbv AvaywbKxKi Y mnvqzv cö`vb Kiv 2. c Y i ewpîkiy, KviLvbvi m úªmviy I wekí c Y i Drcv` b mnvqzv cö`vb Kiv 3. cök Z FY I mỳ cwi kv ai gqv` e w Ki Y mnvqzv 4. mgm v wpwýzkiy I wkíxq cöwzôv bi m úªmvi Y cö qvrbxq civgk cö`vb 5. Drcv`b cöwzôvb msµvší AvBbvbyM bxwz cöyqb I cö qvr b we` gvb bxwzi cwiez b 6. c Y i Yv Y cixÿv Ges mevi Dbœq b mnvqzv cö`vb Kiv 7. cö qvrb wfwëk mvaviy myweavw` cö`vb K `ª vcb Kiv

176 mnvqk mevi Drm Sources of Assistance Service Any kind of e-book & Software : e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî c w_exi Ab vb ` ki b vq evsjv ` ki e emvq D ` vm MÖnY I vc b mnvqzvkvix wewfbœ mikvwi- emikvwi cöwzôvb M o D V Q Ges e emvq-evwy R i ÿ Î Ae`vb i L Pj Q H mkj cöwzôvb ` k e emvq ev wkí vc b D ` vm MÖnY, wkí vcb I cy -`ª e i MÖn Y mnvqk wewfbœ w`k D jøl Kiv n q Q hv A b Ki Rb Aby cöiyvg~jk n Z cv i wb gœ G jvi ZvwjKv cö`vb Kiv n jvevsjv `k ÿz`ª I KywUi wkí ms v _ K cövß mnvqzv evsjv `k ÿz`ª I KzwUi wkí ms v (wewmk) ` k ÿz`ª I KzwUi wkí Dbœqb I wekv k wb qvwrz mikvwi cöwzôvb G ms vi cöavb KvR n jv G wkí Lv Zi Dbœq bi Rb wewb qv Mi c~ e civgk `vb Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): G ms vi Ab vb Kg jv wbgœiƒc: 1. wkí msµvší Z_ mieivn 2. D ` v³v kbv³kiy, 3. mvnvh g~jk mev 4. wk ív ` vm Dbœqb 5. cökí wbe vpb 6. cökí g~j vqb 7. m ve Zv cixÿv 8. FY e e vcbv I ZË veavb 9. wkí BDwbU Aby gv`b cökí ev Íevqb 10. AeKvVv gvmz Dbœqb 11. e e vcbv I `ÿzv Dbœqb 12. cy wwrvbb 13. cöv UvUvBc Dbœqb I Zvi weziy 14. KuvPvgvj mieiv n mvnvh 15. Drcvw`Z `ªe mvgmöxi wecy b mnvqzv 16. DcwVKv`vwii e e v Kiv 17. M elyv I Dbœqb 18. h _vchy³ Drcv`b cöwµqv wba viy I gvb wbqš Y 19. c Y i evrvi mgxÿv 20. ÿz`ª I KzwUi wk íi Dci cökvkbv cöf wz ÿî we k l G ms v evwywr K e vskmg~ ni mv _ h _ D ` v M cö qvrbxq F Yi e e v K i _v K wk ív ` v³v `i Kv Q ms vi mvnvh mg~n cu Q `qvi Rb G ms v ` ki wewfbœ v b kvlv vcb K i Q

177 evwywr K e vsk jv _ K cövß mnvqzv Assistance from Commercial Bank e emvq mnvqk mev 169 ` ki PviwU ivóªvqë evwywr K e vsk ( mvbvjx, RbZv, AMÖYx I iƒcvjx e vsk) Ges evsjv `k K wl e vsk mviv ` k weivrgvb Zv `i kvlv jvi gva g wkí I e emvq D ` v³v `i Avw_ K mev cö`vb K i Avm Q we kl K i wbweo kögnb I Kg ms vbg~lx A_ bwzk Dbœq b GKgvwjKvbv, Askx`vwi, cövb fu wjwg UW Kv úvwb Ges cvewjk wjwg UW Kv úvwb K wewfbœ ai bi mev cö`vb K i Avm Q e emvq ev cök íi aib Abyhvqx FYmxgv me wbgœ 50 nvrvi _ K m e v P 10 KvwU UvKv F Yi gqv` e emvq ev cök íi Dci wbf i K i wba vwiz nq Z e PjwZ g~ja bi ÿ Î 1 ermi Ges gqvw` F Yi ÿ Î 3 7 eqi ch ší we ewpz nq G mkj ÿ Î FY cövwßi hvm Zv wbgœiƒc: FYcÖv_x D ` v³v K b~ bzg 2 eq ii e emvwqk AwfÁZv _vk Z n e D ` v³v K mȳ, wkwÿz Ges eqm 18 _ K 60 eq ii g a n Z n e FY Ljvcx, `Dwjqv, Db v` I Roeyw m úbœ e w³ F Yi Rb Av e`b Ki Z cvi eb bv D ` v³v K evsjv ` ki bvmwik n Z n e gwnjv D ` v³v `i AMÖvwaKvi `Iqv n e

178 170 GmGgB dvd Ûkb SME Foundation Any kind of e-book & Software : Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî ÿz`ª I gvsvix wkí wekv k Ges gvb Dbœq b GmGgB dvd Ûkb GKwU iæz c~y fywgkv cvjb K i _v K ÿz`ª Ges gvsvix wkí D ` v³v Ges we kl K i bvix D ` v³v `i Rb GwU mswkøó wel q wewfbœ cöwkÿyg~jk Kg mypx Av qvrb K i _v K ` ki ÿz`ª Ges gvsvix wkí hv Z ` ki `vwi`ªzv wbim b Ges A_ bwzk Dbœq b eo Ae`vb ivl Z cv i, mrb GmGgB dvd Ûkb cö qvrbxq c` ÿc MÖnY K i _v K GmGgB dvd Ûkb GKwU ^vaxb Ges AjvfRbK cöwzôvb GwU evwyr gš bvjq _ K iwr ªkb cvq 12 b f ^i 2006 mv j Ges 1994 mv ji Kv úvwb AvBb Abyhvqx R q U K Kv úvwb _ K iwr ªkb cvq Avi GwU AvbyôvwbK fv e hvîv ïiæ K i 2007 mv ji 30 g GmGgB dvd Ûkb n Z cövß mnvqzvmg~n Assistances from SME Foundation evsjv ` ki ÿz`ª I KzwUi wkí Dbœq b GmGgB dvd Ûkb iæz c~y f~wgkv cvjb K i _v K wb gœ GmGgB dvd Ûkb _ K cövß mnvqzvmg~n ms ÿ c D jøl Kiv n jv evsjv `k mikvi KZ K M nxz GmGgB cwjwm K ev Íevqb Kiv; GmGgB dvd Ûk bi mnr cwjwm jv MÖnY Ki Z mikv ii wefbœ gš Yvjq Ges G RwÝ K Aby iva Kiv; ÿz`ª I gvsvix wkí D ` v³v `i wewfbœ ÿ Î e emvwqk mv cvu cö`vb Kiv; bzzb GmGgB e emvqx `i cö qvrbxq Z_ Ges MvBW jvbb cö`vb Kiv; wewfbœ mikvwi I emikvix Avw_ K cöwzôv bi gva g GmGgB e emvqx `i wewfbœ gqv`x F Yi e e v Kiv; GmGgB e emvqx `i `ÿzv Avbq b wewfbœ cöwkÿy Kg m~px Av qvrb Kiv;

179 e emvq mnvqk mev 171 GmGgB e emvqx `i Zv `i cö ZK Z cy evrvirvzki Y mnvqzv Kiv; bvix D ` v³v `i cö_g mvwi Z wb q Avmv Ges Zv `i K cö qvrbxq cöwkÿy cö`vb K i GmGgB e emv q AvMÖnx K i Zvjv; bvix D ` v³v `i GmGgB e emv q wewfbœ F Yi e e v Kiv; GmGgB e emv q Kw úduvi, B Uvi bu mn wbz bzzb cöhyw³i mw jb NUv bv; GmGgB e emv q we `kx D ` v³v `i AvK ó Kiv emikvix ms v _ K cövß mnvqzv Assistances from Private Organization D ` v³v Dbœq b emikvwi ^ Qv mex mvnvh ms v jvi f~wgkv D jøl hvm Z e G ms v jv g~jz MÖvgxY weënxb `i D ` vmx nevi e vcv i mvnvh -mn hvwmzv K i _v K GLv b K qkwu D jøl hvm ms vi Kvh µg ey bv Kiv n Q MÖvgxY e vsk Grameen Bank ÔMÖvgxY e vskõ MÖvgxY fywgnxb I `yt Rbmvavi Yi g a Avw_ K FY`vbKvix GKwU we klvwqz Avw_ K cöwzôvb G e vsk Kv bviƒc RvgvbZ QvovB FY cö`vb K i G e wzµgag x e vs Ki cöwzôvzv n jb kvwší Z bv ej cyi vi werqx W. gynv ` BDbym MÖvgxY e vsk cöwzôvi gva g wzwb ïaygvî wb RB GB cyi vi cvbwb Zuvi cöwzwôz GB e vskwui GKB m v b f~wlz n q Q Ges mb mv _ e q G b Q evsjv ` ki Rb weij m vb kvwší Z bv ej werqx MÖvgxY e vs Ki hvîv ïiæ 1976 mv j PUªMÖvg Rjvi Rveiv MÖv g ÔMÖvgxY e vsk cökíõ wn m e Rveiv cök íi mvd j i Kvi Y 1979 mv ji b f ^i gv m Uv½vBj Rjv Z G cökí ewa Z Kiv nq 1983 mv ji 2 A ±vei mikvi MÖvgxY e vsk Aa v `k Rvwi K i G cökí K ÔMÖvgxY e vskõ bv g GKwU ^Zš e vsk wn m e iƒc`vb K i ez gv b GwU GKwU ^vqz kvwmz we kl A_ jwmœkvix cöwzôvvb wnmv e KvR Ki Q G e vs Ki gvwjkvbv 93 kzvsk f~wgnxb `i nv Z, Aewkó 7 kzvs ki gvwjk cöz ÿ ev c ivÿfv e evsjv `k mikvi

180 172 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî 2007 mv ji 31 gvp Zvwi L MÖvgxY e vs Ki Aby gvw`z g~ja bi cwigvy wqj 50 KvwU UvKv Ges cwi kvwaz g~ja bi cwigvy wqj 31.8 KvwU UvKv Any kind of e-book & Software : MÖvgxY e vs Ki cwipvjbv I e e vcbv msµvší bxwz wba viy K i _v K 13 m`m wewkó cwipvjkgûjx cwipvjkgûjxi mfvcwz, e e vcbv cwipvjk I 2 Rb m`m mikvi KZ K wbhy³ nb Aewkó 9 Rb m`m wbe vwpz nb f~wgnxb kqvi gvwjkmy KZ K 2007 mv ji 31 gvp Zvwi L XvKv, PUªMÖvg, Uv½vBj, iscyi, cuzqvlvjx, e ov, wm ju, irkvnx, w`bvrcyi, dwi`cyi, Kzwgjøv, gqgbwmsn, bvivqymä, Lyjbv, bvqvlvjx gvu 15wU Rvb-G MÖvgxY e vs Ki gvu 2400wU kvlv Awdm wqj 2006 mv ji ww m ^i ch ší 74,462wU MÖv g G e vsk Zv `i Kvh µg m úªmvwiz K i Q MÖvgxY e vs Ki Kvh vewj: Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): MÖvgxY e vsk mvaviyz wb gœv³ Kvh vewj m úv`b K i _v K 1. weënxb I `yt bvix I cyiæl `i msmwvz K i MÖæc-dv Ûi gva g mâq m wó Kiv 2. G e vsk `yt I `wi`ª bvix I cyiæl `i g a webv Rvgvb Z FY`vb K i _v K Z e G F Yi 80% gwnjv `i g a ewèz nq 3. Avw_ K cöwzôvb wnmv e G e vs Ki KvR n jv FY Av`vq Kiv G e vsk m`m `i M n wbg vy, grm Pvl, nuvm-gyiwmi Lvgvi Zwi, KzwUi wkí cöf wz cökí Zwi Z mvnvh I A_ vqb K i eª vk Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee eª vk me e nr emikvwi mvnvh ms v ^vaxbzvi ci 1972 mv j ÎvY I cybe vm bi Kvh µg nv Z wb q ms vwu vwcz nq wkš Gici _ K `vwi`ª `~ixkiy I `wi`ª RbMY K ÿgzvq bi j ÿ G ms v wewfbœ Kg m~wp ev Íevqb Ki Q D ` v³v Dbœq bi j ÿ eª vk h Kvh µg jv nv Z wb q Q m jv n Q ÿz`ª wkí Dbœqb Kvh µg: Gi g a i q Q Kvco eybb, nuvm-gyiwm cvjb, AvmevecÎ, Zj Drcv`b, o, `wo, euvk I e Zi mvgmöx Zwi, avb fvbv cöf wz

181 mn hvmx cöwzôvb Dbœqb: e emvq mnvqk mev 173 G Kg m~wpi AvIZvq f~wgnxb jvk `i K cökí cöyqb, ev Íevqb, e e vcbv, wecyb cöf wz Kvh µ gi gva g msmwvz Kiv nq hgb, BU Zwi cökí Drcv`b K `ª Dbœqb: AvaywbK wwrvbb I cöhyw³i gva g MÖvgxY wkírvz mvgmöxi gvb Dbœqb I Drcv`b e w Kiv nq HwZn MZ Kviæwk íi Dbœq bi g a i q Q wmé, Rvg`vwb, bkwkkuv_v cöf wz wkí I ewyk mwgwz Chembar of Commerce and Industry ewyk mfv Kvb wbw` ó kni, AÂj ev ` ki e emvqx, wkícwz, ckvrxwe cöf wz köyxi cöwzwbwaz Kvix GKwU AevwYwR K Hw QK msmvb GwU mxgve `vqwewkó h _g~jabx Kv úvbx wn m e wbewüz Kv úvbx AvB b wbewüz n ji ewyk mfv cöz ÿfv e Kvb wkí I evwywr K Kvh µg m úv`b K i bv Z e ` ki wkí I evwywr K Kvh µ gi myôz m úv`b, m úªmviy I Dbœq b we kl f~wgkv cvjb K i wb gœ ` ki wkí I evwy R i mvgwmök Dbœqb Ges m úªmvi Y ewyk mfvi iæz /cö qvryxqzv/ f~wgkv cö`ë nb jv 1. wkíbxwz I evwyr bxwz cöyq b mnvqzv; 2. e emvq cwi e ki Dbœqb; 3. Kvievwi msev`, Z_ I civgk `vb; 4. MVbg~jK e emvq cöwz hvwmzv I mn hvwmzvi D b l; 5. cy I mevi gv bvbœqb; 6. gvbe m ú `i Dbœqb; 7. we iva wb úwë; 8. cöfe jl Bmy ; 9. evrvi m úªmviy; 10. e emvq Z_ m úwk Z cwîkv I mvgwqkx cökvk

182 174 wewrggbg _ K cövß mnvqzv Assistance from BGMEA Any kind of e-book & Software : Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî BGMEA-Gi cöavb D Ïk n jv ` k Zwi cvlvk cö Z I ißvwb K i ` k e `wkk gỳ ªvi µgea gvb Avq I cöe w AR bi Rb Gi m`m `i K cö qvrbxq mvnvh mn hvwmzv I w`k-wb `k bv cö`vb G j ÿ wewrggbg Zwi cvlvk cö ZKviK, ißvwbkvik I Avg`vwbKviK `i g a GKwU Nwbô I cvi úwik mn hvwmzvg~jk e emvq cwi ek m wói cöqvm Pvwj q Avm Q Ges mikvwi wewfbœ bxwzgvjvi mv _ m½wzc~y fv e Zwi cvlvk cö ZKviK I ißvwikvik `i K `ÿzvi mv _ bz Z w` q Avm Q wb gœ wewrggbg KZ K m úvw`z wewfbœ Kvh vejxi mswÿß ey bv cö`vb Kiv n jv 1. we `kx µzv, e emvq msn Ges ewyk mfvmg~ ni mv _ wewfbœ Pzw³ m úv`b I Dbœqb 2. AvšÍR vwzk evrv i cvlv Ki evwyr Ges evwyr gjvmg~n Z`viwK Kiv hy³ivóª Ges BD ivwcqvb BDwbq bi mv _ mshy³ Ab-jvBb WvUv mvm _ K Z_ msmön K i Kw úduvi buiqvk wm gi gva g cövß Z_ vewj wewfbœ c ÿi gv S weziy Kiv 3. Zwi cvlvk cö ZKvix, Zwi cvlvk Drcv` bi mv _ m ú ³ wewfbœ wkí Ges Zwi cvlvk ißvwb Z wb qvwrz wewfbœ wkí, Kv úvbx Ges dvg mg~ ni AvšÍtmn hvwmzv K DrmvwnZ Kiv 4. Mv g Um wk íi mv _ m ú ³ wewfbœ e w³ Ges Ab vb mswkøó cÿmg~ ni gv S mvabzv I m PZbZv m wói j ÿ Pjgvb e emvq welqk wewfbœ mwgbvi, wm úvwrqv gi Av jvpbv Kiv 5. gvwk b hy³ivóª I KvbvWvi mv _ KvUv wba viy Ges msiÿ Y mikvwi cö Póv K mnvqzv Kiv 6. wewfbœ Mv g Um wkí KviLvbv KZ K Avg`vwbK Z AvUKvcov gryz Kvco vbxq evrv i weµ q mvnvh Kiv 7. cvlvk Zwi KviLvbvmg~ n m ve AwMœKvÛ wbevi Yi Rb wewfbœ wbivcëv Kg m~px MÖnY wbwðz Kiv

183 ißvwb Dbœqb eÿ iv _ K cövß mnvqzv Assistance from Export Promotion Bureau e emvq mnvqk mev 175 evsjv ` ki gz Dbœqbkxj ` k ißvbx Dbœqb eÿ ivi iæz ev f~wgkv Acwimxg G ms v ` ki kxl vbxq e emvq mnvqk cöwzôvb wn m e ißvwb Lv Zi Dbœq bi Rb Af šíixy I AvšÍR vwzk ÿ Î D jøl hvm fv e mnvqk n q _v K wb gœ ißvwb Dbœqb eÿ ivi iæz ev f~wgkv Av jvpbv Kiv n jv K. Af šíixy ÿ Î ißvwb Dbœqb eÿ ivi f~wgkv: 1. ißvwb hvm DØ Ë m wói Rb Af šíixy Drcv`b e w Z Drmvn cö`vb I mn hvwmzv `vb 2. ißvwb c Y i e vck Drcv`b e w i Rb wkíkvilvbv vc b mn hvwmzv Ges cövmw½k c Y i Drcv`bKvix `i ^v_ iÿv _ mikvwi bxwzgvjv cöyq b BwZevPK f~wgkv cvjb 3. ißvwb hvm c Y i mywbw` ó gvb I Yv Y ervq ivlvi Rb Drcv`bKvix cöwzôvbmg~n K civgk I mnvqzv `vb 4. ißvwb c Y i gvb wba viy köyxweb vm, wwrvbb, gvowkkiy BZ vw` Dbœq b mn hvwmzv `vb 5. ^í cyuwri ißvwbkvik `i K ißvwb FY I Ab vb my hvm-myweav cö`vb 6. ißvwb hvm c Y i DbœZ cwienb I wkwcs myweav cövwß Z mnvqzv 7. ißvwb c Y i Drcv`K, ißvwbkvik I ißvwb Kg KZ v `i cöwkÿ Yi e e v Kiv L. AvšÍR vwzk ÿ Î ißvwb Dbœqb eÿ ivi f~wgkv: 1. we ` k evwywr K cöwzwbwa cöiy, evrvi AbymÜvb BZ vw`i gva g ißvwb evrvi Dbœqb I m úmviy 2. evsjv `kx ißvwb hvm c Y i Rb fvj kz wba viy 3. ÿz`ª ißvwbkvi K `i Rb evwywr K åg Yi e e vkiy 4. wewfbœ ` ki wkí I evwyr gjv Ges cö`k bx Z AskMÖnY 5. we ` k evsjv `k wgkbmg~n cö`k b I weµq K `ª Lvjv I cwipvjbv Kiv

184 176 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî 6. ißvwb Dbœq bi Rb AvšÍR vwzk dviv gi mnvqzv MÖnY 7. we k i iæz c~y kni jv Z evwyr K `ª Lvjv Any kind of e-book & Software : 8. we ` k m ve evrvi GjvKvq evsjv `kxq ißvwb hvm c Y i weeiy, cökvkbv, cöpviyv, cy MvBW BZ vw` mieivn `qv 9. ißvwbkvik I ißvwb Kg KZ v `i K we ` k cöwkÿy, AvšÍR vwzk mwgbvi, wm úvwrqvg BZ vw` Z AskMÖn Yi my hvm `vb BZ vw` cwi k l ejv hvq, evsjv ` ki ivßvwb hvm cy `ªe Drcv`b, ` ki ißvwb e w i Rb evrvi Dbœqb I m úªmviy Ges e `wkk gy`ªv AR bi ÿ Î ißvwb eÿ iv AZ ší Kvh Ki f~wgkv cvjb K i Avm Q Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): e emv q mnvqzv`vbkvix AvÂwjK I AvšÍ RvwZK ms v The Regional and International Organization for Assisting Business mvcuv (Sapta) `wÿy Gkxq mvzwu `k hgb, evsjv `k, fviz, cvwk Ívb, bcvj, f~uvb, köxj¼v I gvjøx ci g a AvÂwjK mn hvwmzv e w i j ÿ MwVZ mv K i (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation-SAARC) Aax b GKwU evwyr Pyw³ mvcuv g~jz `wÿy Gkxq G mvzwu ` ki g a AMÖvwaKv ii wfwë Z e emvq I evwywr K mn hvwmzv e w i j ÿ MVb Kiv n q Q we k i wewfbœ `k ev A ji mgš^ q MwVZ wewfbœ Pzw³ ev ms v hgb: bvduv, I ck, BD ivwcqvb BDwbqb, b v Uv, BZ vw`i g ZvB mvk f~³ `kmg~n wb R `i g a evwywr K mn hvwmzv e w I m úªmvi Yi j ÿ `wÿy Gkxq AMÖvwaKvi wfwëk evwyr Pzw³-mvcUv (South Asian Preferental Trade Agreement) m úv`b K i 1985 mv j XvKvq AbywôZ cö_g mvk kxl m j bi ci _ K ïiæ K i wewfbœ m j b GZ` A ji `kmg~ ni g a AvšÍtevwYR e w msµvší bvbv Av jvpbv nq ciezx Z köxjskvi ivravbx Kj ^v Z mv K i lô m j b mvcuv Pzw³i cöv_wgk wm vší M nxz nq 1993 mv j XvKvq mv K i mßg m j b mvk f~³ `kmg~ ni g a we` gvb ïé welqk wewfbœ cöwzeükzvi AcmviY, AvšÍt `kxq evwy R i ÿ Î we` gvb wewawb la Ges m e vcwi ïé iqv Zi gva g evwyr D`vwiKi Yi j ÿ mvcuv Pzw³ ^vÿwiz nq ciezx Z 1995 mv ji g gv m fvi Zi bqv w`jøx Z AbywôZ mv K i Aóg m j bi mvcuv Pzw³ ev Íevq bi wm vší nq Ges 1995 mv ji 8B ww m ^i _ K mvcuv Kvh Ki nq GPzw³ Kvh Ki niqvi d j mvk f~³ mvzwu `k AMÖvwaKv ii wfwë Z wb R `i g a evwyr e w, m úªmviy Ges GZ` j ÿ wewfbœ ` k we` gvb AvšÍ: `kxq evwyr welqk ïémn wewfbœ wewa wb la Acmvi Yi e e v M nxz nq

185 e emvq mnvqk mev 177 mvcuvi D Ïk Objectives of SAPTA mvcuv Pzw³ m úv` bi g~j D Ïk vewj wbgœiƒc 1. mvk f~³ `kmg~ ni g a AvšÍt `kxq evwyr ïé nvi n«vm K i ev ÿî we k l AcmviY K i GZ` A j GKwU gy³ evwyr GjvKv (Free Trade Area) vcb Kiv Gj ÿ 1997 mv ji g gv m gvjøx ci ivravbx gv j Z AbywôZ mv K i beg m j b mvk f~³ `kmg~n 2001 mv ji g a G A j Aeva I gy³ evwyr GjvKv cöwzôvi wel q HK g Z c Qvq 2. mvk f~³ `kmg~ ni g a AvšÍt `kxq evwy R i m úªmviy I m úv` b `kmg~ ni g a mvnvh mn hvwmzv e w Kiv 3. mvk f~³ `kmg~ n we` gvb e vck evwywr K elg `~ixki Yi cö Póv Rvi`vi Kiv 4. mvk f~³ `kmg~ ni gv S cy PjvP j mkj cökvi wewa wb la AcmviY K i AMÖvwaKv ii wfwë Z GK ` ki cy Ab ` k AbycÖ e ki e e v Rvi`vi Kiv Avwmqvb ASEAN AvÂwjK, ivr bwzk I A_ bwzk wewfbœ wel q cvi úwik mn hvwmzv I Aeva evwyr e e v M o Zvjvi j ÿ 1967 mv ji 8B AvMó `wÿy c~e Gwkqvi K qkwu ` ki mw wjz cöqv m `wÿy-c~e Gkxq ivóªmg~ ni ms v ms ÿ c Avwmqvb (Association of South East Asian Nations /ASEAN) MwVZ nq cöwzôvkv j `wÿy c~e Gwkqvi cuvpwu ivóª h_v, B `v bwkqv, gvj qwkqv, wdwjcvbb, wm½vcyi Ges _vbj v Ûi ivr bwzk ev ciivóª gš xmy _vbj v Ûi ivravbx e vsk K AbywôZ GK ev K Avwmqvb MV bi NvlYvcÎ ^vÿi K ib GwU e vskk NvlYv bv g cwiwpz ciez x Z e vskk NvlYvi wfwë Z 1976 mv ji 24 deªæqvwi Z Avwmqvb MVb msµvší P~ovšÍ `wjj Zwi K i cuvpwu ` ki ivóª cöavbmy B `v bwkqvi evwj Z D³ `wj j ^vÿi K ib Gici 1984 mv j lô m`m wn m e eªæbvb, 1995 mv j mßg m`m wn m e wf qzbvg, 1997 mv j Aóg I beg m`m wn m e wgqvbgvi I jvim Ges AwZ m úªwz `kg m`m wn m e K ^vwwqv G Z hvm`vb K i ez gv b Gi m`m msl v `k mvsmvwbk iƒc: Avwmqvb Gi cöavb Kvh vjq B `v bwkqvq Aew Z Z e cö Z K m`m iv óª Gi GKwU K i kvlv Kvh vjq i q Q Avwmqv bi bxwz wba viy I Gi Kvh µg ch v jvpbvi Rb mswkøó ^vmwzk ` ki ciivóªgš x Ges Ab vb m`m iv óªi ^vmwzk ` k wb qvwrz ivóª`~zm Yi mgš^ q GKwU vwûs KwgwU i q Q GQvovI we klá Kg KZ v `i mgš^ q wewfbœ KwgwU wewfbœ wel q KvR K i we kl cö qvr b m`m ivóªmg~ ni ivóª cöavb `i AskMÖn Y kxl evki n q _v K

186 178 Avwmqv bi D Ïk : e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî `wÿy c~e Gwkqvi `kmg~ ni A_ bwzk, ivr bwzk, mvgvwrk I mvs wzk ÿ Îi wekvk I Dbœq bi j ÿ cvi úwik mn hvwmzv e w i Rb B g~jz Avwmqvb MVb Kiv nq wb œ Gi cöavb Any kind of e-book & Software : D Ïk mg~n Av jvpbv Kiv n jv 1. m`m ivóªmg~ ni ivr bwzk w wzkxjzv AR b, A_ bwzk cöe w AR b, mvgvwrk AMªMwZ I mvs wzk wekvk mvab Kiv 2. m`m f~³ `kmg~ ni g a RvwZms Ni mb` Abyhvqx AvÂwjK kvwší I w wzkxjzv ervq ivlv 3. wkÿv, cöwkÿy Ges M elyvg~jk Kg Kv Û cvi úwik mn hvwmzv e w K i 4. m`m ivóªmg~ ni g a evwyr e w i j ÿ m`m ivóªmg~ ni mgš^ q Aeva evwyr GjvKv vcb Gj ÿ 1993 mv ji Rvbyqvix gv m Avwmqvbf~³ `kmg~n ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) MVb K i Q 5. vbxq D ` v³v `i DrmvwnZ Kiv Ges cöz ÿ e `wkk wewb qvm AvK ó Kivi j ÿ RvZxq A_ bwzk e e vq mikvix n Í ÿ ci gvîv n«vm Kivi wel q m`m ivóªmg~ n HK gz vcb 6. c w_exi Ab vb kw³kvjx evwyr ms v; hgb- EU, NAFTA BZ vw`i cöe w i wel q iÿyvz K g bvfve cvly Kiv Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): wek evwyr ms v (WTO) cö_g wek hy i ci wek e vcx A_ bwzk wech qi h m~pbv N U wøzxq wek hy i Kvi Y Zv Av iv fqven n q D V wøzxq wek hy i ci we k i DbœZ `kmg~ ni A_ bwzk g `ve vi D ËviY, we k i wewfbœ ` k bzzb bzyb evrvi m wó Ges wek A_ bxwzi MwZ cök wzi Dci wbqš Y e e v cöwzôvi j ÿ General Agreement on Tarriffs and Trade ev ms ÿ c GATT cöwzôvi Kvh µ gi m~pbv N U Giƒc GKwU cwiw wz Z 1948 mv ji 1 Rvbyqvix wkdevi ivravbx nvfvbvq 23wU cyuwrev`x I mgvrzvwš K ` ki ivóª cöavbm Yi GK m j b GATT Gi AvbyôvwbK Kvh µg ïiæ nq cöwzôvkv j Gi m`m msl v 23 n ji ciezx Z Zv e w c q 132-G DbœxZ nq M vu Pzw³i Ab Zg cöavb D Ïk wqj wek evwyr e e vq mgš^q mva bi gva g wek evwy R MwZkxjZv wdwi q Avbv, we k gy³ evrvi A_ bxwz K MwZkxj K i Zvjv Ges AbybœZ I Dbœqkxj `kmg~ ni ißvbx evwy R i cwiwa e w K i

187 e emvq mnvqk mev mv j eªub DW&m Kbdv i Ý wek e vsk Ges AvBGgGd-Gi mv _ mv _ AvšÍR vwzk evwyr ms v (AvBwUI) MV bi cö Íve Kiv nq ciezx Z wek e vsk Ges AvBGgGd cöwzôv jvf Ki ji gvwk b Ks MÖ mi Aby gv`b bv cviqvi Kvi Y AvBwUI MV bi cö Íve ev ÍevwqZ nqwb AvBwUI ev ÍevwqZ bv niqvq AvBwUI Gi cwie Z 1947 mv j R bfvq we k i 23wU ` ki AskMÖn Y AbywôZ mfvq GATT Pzw³ ^vÿwiz nq 1947 mv j R bfvq AbywôZ evkwub wqj GATT Gi cö_g mfv ev evk GATT Gi mfv ev evk K Round wn m e AvL vwqz Kiv nq 1947 mv ji R bfv Round _ K G ch ší GATT Gi AvU Round evk AbywôZ nq Ges m`m msl v 23 _ K 132 G DbœxZ nq 1986 mv ji 20 m Þ ^i _ K Diæ q Z ïiæ nq GATT-Gi me P q `xn I AZ ší iæz c~y ivdû 74wU ` ki evwyr gš xiv G ivd Û Ask bb K qk eqi Avjvc Av jvpbvi ci 1994 mv ji 15 GwcÖj gi vi ivravbx ivev Z 128wU ` ki M vu Pzw³ K Aby gv` bi gva g kl nq Diæ q ivdû GPzw³i DËimyix wn m e 1995 mv j cöwzwôz nq World Trade Organisation (WTO) ev wek evwyr ms v Ges H eq ii 1 Rvbyqvwi _ K WTO Zvi Kvh µg ïiæ K i wek evwyr ms vi D Ïk vewj Objectives of WTO GATT-Gi b vq wek evwyr ms vi g~j D Ïk n jv wewfbœ ` k ewntevwy R i ÿ Î Av ivwcz RwUj wewa-wb la AcmviY c~e K wek e vwc myôz, mvejxj I evav-wenœnxb Aeva I gy³ evwy R i m úªmviy I Dbœq b mnvqzv Kiv g~jz wek evwyr ms v cöwzôvi ci GATT-Gi D Ïk vewj AR bi `vwqz WTO-Gi DciB Ac Y Kiv nq wb gœ WTO Gi D jøl hvm D Ïk vewj Av jvpbv Kiv n jv 1. `ÿ I Zzjbvg~jK e q myweavq cy Drcv`b K wek e vcx DrmvwnZ Kivi ^v _ wek e vwc Aeva I cöwz hvwmzvg~jk evwywr K cwi ek m wó Kiv 2. wek e vcx Aeva I cöwz hvwmzvg~jk evwywr K cwi ek m wói j ÿ AvšÍR vwzk Avjvc Av jvpbvi gva g wewfbœ ` k we` gvb U vwid, KvUv I Ab vb wewa wb la Acmvi Y Kvh Ki e e v bqvi civgk cö`vb Kiv 3. RvZxqZv wbwe k l h Kvb `k K AvšÍR vwzk evrv i cö ek I cöwz hvwmzvq AskMÖn Y mnvqzv Kiv 4. wewfbœ ` ki g a m úvw`z e `wkk evwy R i ÿ Î A elg g~jk bxwzgvjv cöez b Kvh Ki f~wgkv ivlv G j ÿ Most fovoured Nation (MFN) bxwzi Abymi Y m`m ivóªmg~n K DrmvwnZ Kiv MFN bxwzi g~j K_v n jv Kvb we kl `k hw` Zv `i ` k cy ißvbx Z Ab Kvb `k K Kvb AMÖvwaKvig~jK myweav cö`vb K i, Z e Zv mkj `k KB fvm Kivi myweav cö`vb Kiv 5. wek e vcx Zzjbvg~jK e q myweavi wfwë Z cy Drcv`b c~e K Zv Aev a weµq K i wek e vwc gvbyl K Zzjbvg~jK ^í g~ j cy mvgmöx e env ii my hvm w` q gvby li RxebhvÎvi gv bvbœqb NUv Z mnvqzv Kiv 6. wek e vcx DbœZ, AbybœZ I Dbœqbkxj wewfbœ ` k cy Drcv`b e w Z mnvqzv I Kvh Ki e e v MªnY Kiv

188 180 BD ivwcq BDwbqb European Union Any kind of e-book & Software : e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî BD ivcxq `k jvi A_ bwzk, mvgvwrk I ivr bwzk Kj v Yi D Ï k GwU MwVZ nq GwU we k i me P q eo A_ bwzk RvU Gi cöavb D Ïk n jv cvi úwik ^v _ ïé nvi n«v mi gva g c Y i evrvi cöwzôv GwU 1993 mv ji 1 b f ^i cöwzwôz nq Gi ez gvb m`m msl v 27 Ges Zzi G mvwm qu m`m `k Gi m`i `ßi ejwrqv gi eªv mjm G Aew Z hw`i GwU 1993 mv j cöwzwôz nq wkš GwUi MV bi BwZnvm A bk cy iv bv 1957 mv ji 25 gvp BD iv ci 6wU `k-d«vý, ejwrqvg, jy gevm, b`vij vû, cwðg Rvg vwb I BUvwji g a iv g GK Pyw³ ^vÿwiz nq Pzw³ Abyhvqx 1 RvbyqvwiÕ 58, BBwm AvZ cökvk K i ciez x Z weª Ub, WbgvK, Avqvij vû, úb, cz ymvj G ms vq hvm `q 1 b f ^i 1993 mv j BBD bvgkiy Kiv nq 1992 mv j GwU GKK BD ivcxqvb evrvi cöwzôvi jÿ AR b K i Ges 1999 mv j m`m f~³ `kmg~ n GKK gy`ªv ÒBD ivó Pvjyi e e v K i Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): BBD-Gi A½msMVb A Eight Associate Organization of EU 1. BD ivcxq cvj v g U: m`i `ßi ªvmevM (d«vý) m`m ez gv b 76, wjmeb Pzw³ Kvh Ki n j m`m n e KvDwÝj Ae BD ivc: cöwzwu m`m `k Gi m`m m`m ` ki ciivóªgš xiv Gi cöwzwbwaz K i 3. BD ivcxq Kwgkb: cöwzwu m`m `k Gi m`m 4. ` v KvU Ae Rvw m Ae ` v BD ivcxqvb KwgDwbwU : cöwzwu m`m `k Gi m`m 5. BD ivcxqvb Bb f g U e vsk: cöwzwu m`m `k Gi m`m GwU Kgb gv K U MVb, wkí msk U mvnvh `vb Ges AbybœZ AÂ ji Dbœq b fvimvg iÿv K i _v K 6. B KvbwgK GÛ mvm vj KwgwU: cöwzwbwa 222 Rb 7. KwgwU Ae wirbm: cöwzwbwa 222 Rb 8. BD ivcxqvb KvU Ae GwWUim: cöwzwu m`m `k Gi m`m

189 e emvq mnvqk mev 181 wegm UK BIMSTEC wegm UK (BIMSTEC) GKwU A_ bwzk msmvb hvi c~y bvg Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Co-operation GwU 1997 mv ji 6B Ryb cöwzôv jvf K i ïiæ Z evsjv `k, fviz, köxjskv I _vbj vû wb q MVb Kiv nq evsjv `k-bwûqv, köxjskv-_vbj vû B Kv bvwgk Kv-Acv ikb (BISTEC) 1997 mv ji ww m ^ i wgqvbgvi hvm`vb Ki j ÒM hy³ n q BIMSTEC bvgkiy Kiv nq 2003 mv ji k li w` K bcvj I fyuvb wegm U K hvm`vb Ki j Gi mgm msl v e o `uvovq mv ji kxl m j b Gi bvg cwiez b Kiv nq wegm U Ki D Ïk n jv m`m `k jvi A_ bwzk Dbœq b mvnvh mn hvwmzv Kiv ez gv b evsjv `k, BwÛqv, _vbj vû, wgqvbgvi, köxjskv, bcvj I fzuvb GB 7wU `k BIMSTEC Gi m`m Gi A vqx Kvh vjq _vbj v Ûi e vsk K Gi vqx m`i `ßi vwcz n e evsjv ` ki ivravbx XvKvq eûwbev Pwb cökœ: 1 wk ív ` vm GKwU Kx ai bi cöwµqv? K. GKv_ K L. mvgwqk M. avivevwnk N. AavivevwnK 2 GmGgB dvd Ûkb Kgb cöwzôvb? K. ^vaxb I AjvfRbK L. ^vaxb I jvfrbk M. ^vqz kvwmz I AjvfRbK N. ^vqz kvwmz I jvfrbk 3 h j ÿ mvcuv Pzw³ ^vÿwiz nq, Zv n jv i. mvk f~³ `kmg~ ni g a ïé AcmviY ii. AvšÍt `kxq evwy R i ÿ Î wewawb la `~ixkiy iii. mvk f~³ `kmg~ ni g a evwywr K elg `~ixkiy wb Pi KvbwU mwvk? K. i I ii L. ii I iii M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii

190 182 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî wb Pi DÏxcKwU c o 4 I 5 bs cö kœi DËi `vi GKRb wk ív ` v³vi wkí cöwzôvb mwvk I my `ifv e cwipvjbvi ÿ Î wewfbœ ai bi mvnvh -mn hvwmzvi cö qvrb nq GB Kvi b wk ív ` v³v `i mnvqzvi Rb mikvwi c ô cvlkzvq wewfbœ cöwzôvb M o Zvjv n q Q cöz ÿ ev c ivÿfv e wkí cwipvjbvq GmKj cöwzôvb e ck mnvqzv Ki Q 4 Kvb ms v wkí ÿ Î Dbœq bi Rb wewb qv Mi c~ e civgk cö`vb K i? K. evsjv `k ÿz`ª I KzwUi wkí ms v L. GmGgB dvd Ûkb M. evsjv `k wkí FY ms v N. wek evwyr ms v 5 ` ki ÿz`ª I KzwUi wk íi e e vcbv I `ÿzv Dbœq b wb qvwrz cöwzôvb KvbwU? K. BGMEA L. SME M. BKMEA N. BISIC Any kind of e-book & Software : Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): m Rbkxj cökœ: 1 e emvq GKwU m Rbkxj, RwUj I SuywKc~Y KvR ZvB cöv_wgk Ae vq wg.dviæk e emv q Avm Z Pvbwb ciez x Z Rbve Avj gi cö`ë wkí vc b Aby cöiyv, cöhyw³mz I A_ bwzk Z_ mieivn civgk c q wzwb cö qvrbxq hvezxq Kvh m úv`b K i e emvq ïiæ Ki jb ciez x Z e emv qi AvaywbKxKiY, c Y i ewpîki Yi Rb e vsk _ K FY bqvi wm vší bb wzwb fve Qb e vsk hw` cök Z FY I mỳ cwi kv ai gqv` e w KiZ Zvn j Zvi FY cwi kva myweav n Zv K. MÖvgxY e vs Ki cöwzôvzv K? L. wegm UK ej Z Kx eys? M. wg. Avjg, wg. dviæk K e emvq Kivi Rb h Aby cöiyv w` jb, Zv Kvb ai bi mnvqzv? e vl v Ki N. cök Z FY I my` cwi kv ai gqv` e w Ki j Zvi c ÿ FY cwi kv a myweav n e wg.dviæ Ki GB fvebvi h w³kzv g~j vqb Ki 2 wemz K qk eqi Mv g Um wk í evsjv `k ek GwM q M Q Mv g Um Lv Zi GB Dbœq bi welqwu br i Avmvq gvmỳ mv ne mvfvi GjvKvq GKwU Mv g Um wkí vcb K ib wzwb Zix cvkvk hy³iv óª ißvwb K ib Zix cvkvk ißvwb LvZ K DbœZ Kivi j ÿ mikvi bvbvwea bxwzgvjv cöyqb K i Q GmKj mvnvh -mn hvwmzv cvevi D Ï k gvmy` mv ne Ggb GKwU msmv bi m`m n q Qb mwu mikv ii GB bxwzgvjv ev Íevq b mvnvh mn hvwmzv K i Avm Q m úªwz wzwb hy³iv óªi iæz c~y 5wU kn i evwyr K `ª Lvjvi wpšív fvebv Ki Qb K. mvcuv (SAPTA) Gi c~y bvg Kx? L. GmGgB dvd Ûkb ej Z Kx eysvq? M. gvmỳ mv ne Kvb cöwzôv bi m`m n q Q-e vl v Ki N. hy³iv óªi iæz c~y kn i evwyr K `ª vc bi ÿ Î gvmỳ mv ne mikvix Kvb cöwzôv bi mn hvwmzv cv eb e j Zzwg g b Ki

191 `kg Aa vq e emvq D ` vm BUSINESS ENTREPRENEURSHIP D ` vm ej Z bzzb wkqz ïiæ Kiv K eysvq bzzb wkqz ïiæ Z SzuwK hgwb ewk _v K Zgwb G ÿ Î mkj ai bi cövwßi m vebvi _v K AZ wak AwaK cövwßi cöz vkv cövpxbkvj _ KB gvbyl K bzzb bzzb D ` vm MÖn Y cöiyv RywM q Q ÿz`ª GKgvwjKvbv e emv qi cöpj bi ci _ K AvR Ki w` b e n`vqzb I wek we Í Z e emv qi DrcwËi wcq b i q Q gvby li nvrv iv cöqvm-cö Póv I D ` v Mi `xn weez bi BwZnvm G Aa vq cvv k l Avgiv Rvb Z cvie D ` v Mi aviyv I µgwekvk e emvq D ` v Mi ewkó I Kvh vewj mdj D ` v³vi Yvewj AvZ we køl Yi gva g D ` v³vi Yvewj mbv³kiy e emvq D ` vm M o DVvi AbyK~j cwi ek AvZ Kg ms vb I D ` v Mi m úk Av_ -mvgvwrk Dbœq b e emvq D ` v Mi Ae`vb evsjv ` k e emvq D ` vm Dbœq b mgm v Ges Zv `~ixki Yi Dcvqmg~n evsjv ` ki mdj D ` v³v `i mswÿß cwiwpwz evsjv ` k bvix D ` v³v `i mikvi cö`ë my hvm-myweav evsjv ` k bvix D ` v³v `i Dbœq b wkqz mycvwikgvjv

192 184 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî 10.1 D ` v Mi aviyv I µgwekvk Evolution & Concept of Entrepreneurship Any kind of e-book & Software : bzzb e emvq ïiæ A_ev bzzb cy aviyv, cöhyw³ ev evrvi, D veb Ges Zv K Kv R jvwm q gybvdv AR bi D ` vm e emvq D ` vm bv g cwiwpwz e emvq n jv gybvdv AR bi D Ï k cy -mvgmöx Drcv`b, e Ub I Gi mv _ mswkøó mkj KvR Drcv` bi KvR wk íi gva g m úbœ nq wkí gvwjk ïaygvî Drcv`b ev cöwµqvrvzkiyb K i bv, m GKw` K KuvPvgvj, kög I Ab vb DcKiY µq K i cy -mvgmöx Drcv`b ev Ab w` K Drcvw`Z mvgmöx evrv i weµq K i ZvB gybvdv AR bi D Ï k µq, Drcv`b, weµq, cöwµqvrvzkiymn mswkøó Kvb bzzb D vebx wpšívi mdj ev Íevq bi cöqvm KB e emvq D ` vm ev wk ív ` vm ejv nq Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): wb gœ e emvq D ` v Mi aviyvi DrcwË I µgwekv ki BwZnvm Zz j aiv n jv 1. cövpxb hym (Earliest period): wewfbœ mf Zvi Dbœq bi mv _ m½wz i L e emvq D ` vm mvaviy wbq g bzzb MwZ jvf Ki ji Ôe emvq D ` vmõ ev Ôwk ív ` vmõ aviyv h cövpxb hy M cöwzôv jvf K iwb Zv wbtm ` n ejv hvq 2. ga hym (Middle age): GKv`k I Øv`k kz K BUvjx Z e emv-evwyr bzzbfv e wekvk jvf K i e vsk cöwzwôz nq wnmve-msiÿy c wzi Dbœqb N U mß`k kz K G m BD iv c AviI wkqz `k e emv q DbœwZ jvf Ki j e `wkk e emv q cöwz hvwmzv jÿ Kiv hvq d j e emvq ev wkí-evwyr A_ bxwz Z iæz c~y n q D V Gi myev ` e emvq D ` vm aviyv gvby li g b vb wb ji Zv Av jvpbvi welqe nqwb 3. AvaywbK hym (Modern stage): AvaywbK hym ej Z Aóv`k kz Ki wkí wecøe ïiæi mgmvgwqk Kvj K eysvq hvwš K kw³i D b l G mg q wkí wecø e g~l f~wgkv iv L GB hvwš K kw³i D e wqj mb mg qi GK Acwinvh `vwe KviY KvwqK kög Ges cïkw³ wbf i Drcv`b e e v e emvq Dbœq bi ZrKvjxb MwZavivi mv _ m½wz weav b mÿg wqj bv evrv i c Y i Pvwn`v e w i Zzjbvq Drcv`b e w bv cviqvq bzzb bzzb e emvq M o Zvjvi cö qvrb c~i Yi Póv P j d j e emvq D ` vm ev bzzb e emvq Movi fvebv mgv R e vck RbwcÖqZv cvq G cöwÿ ZB Ôe emvq D ` vmõ ev Ôwk ív ` vmõ aviyv Av jvpbvi welqe Íy Z cwiyz nq e emvq D ` vm/wk ív ` vm Gi msáv Defination of Business Entrepreneurship evsjv fvlvq D ` vm ej Z Kvb KvR ïiæ Kiv, Kv Ri Av qvrb Kiv, bzzb fvebv Kv R iæcvq bi e e v Kiv BZ vw` K eysvq Bs iwr `Entrepreneurship kãwu divmx Entrepreneur kãwui evsjv cöwzkã n jv D ` v³v ev wk ív ` v³v whwb ev huviv wkí ev e emvq MVb cwipvjbvq `vwqz MÖnY K ib Avi wkí D ` v³vi D ` vmg~jk Kvh vewji mgwó K wk ív ` vm ev e emvq D ` vm e j

193 10.2 e emvq D ` v Mi ewkó Features of Business Entrepreneurship e emvq D ` vm 185 e emvq vcb msµvší mkj Kg KvÛ mdjfv e cwipvjbv Ki Z e emvq D ` vm mnvqzv K i e emvq D ` vm D ` v³v K fwel Z mvdj AR bi Rb ^xq Kg m úv` b AvšÍwiK K i Zv j e emvq D ` vm MZvbyMwZK aviv cwinvi K i bzzb wpšív ev aviyvi D veb K i D ` v³v K eªz n Z mvnvh K i ^vaxbfv e cwikíbv cöyqb I Zv ev Íevq bi gvbwmk kw³b n jv D` g D ` vm D ` v³v K h Kvb cwiw wz Z Z wir Kvh m úv` b mnvqzv K i e emvq D ` vm gvwj Ki Kg ms vb Gi cvkvcvwk Ab `i Rb Kg ms v bi m wó K i D ` vm bzzb cy Drcv`b ev bzzb Kg m~wp ev Íevq bi j ÿ Drcv` bi cö qvrbxq mkj Dcvq-DcKiY myôzfv e msmön, msnz I h_vh_fv e Kv R jvwm q cövwzôvwbk mdjzv AR bi mvnvh K i e emvq D ` vm D ` v³v `i mgv Ri wewfbœ Dbœqbg~jK Kg Kv Û AskMÖnY Ki Z AYycÖvwYZ K i D ` v³vi Kvh vewj Functions of Entrepreneur GKUv bzzb D ` vm wpšívi ev Íe iƒcvq b hv hv Kiv cö qvrb GKRb D ` v³v K Zvi meb Ki Z nq G Kvi Y wzwb ^cœ`ªóv, D vek, A_ ms vbkvix, msmvk, bzv, cwipvjk I wbqš K DbœZ we k D ` vm cökí ev Íevq b mnvqk cöwzôvbmg~ ni Kvh Ki f~wgkv jÿ Kiv M ji Dbœqbkxj ` k Zvi h _ó Afve cwijwÿz nq d j GLvbKvi D ` v³v `i A bk Kó I SzuwK ^xkvi K i Kvh m úv` bi cö qvrb c o 1. D ` vm MÖnY (Taking initiative): cö_gz GK ev GKvwaK e w³i wpšív- PZbvq bzzb Kvb e emvq vc bi aviyvwu Av m AZtci G D ` v³v ev D ` v³vmy wewfbœ w`k wpšív-fvebv K i wb R ev wb Riv G K GKwU m vebvgq I ev Íevqb hvm D ` vm wn m e MÖnY K ib AZtci wb RB GB D ` vm K GwM q bqvi wm vší bb 2. aviyv D veb I DbœqY (Initiating and developing idea): GKUv D ` vm MÖn Yi ci Zv iƒcvq bi Rb cö qvrbxq wewfbœ aviyvi D veb I Dbœqb Ki Z nq GKUv grm Lvgvi Kivi D ` vm wb j Zv Kv_vq, wkfv e Kiv n e, wk ai bi gvq Pvl Kiv n e BZ vw` bvbvb wel q aviyv m wó Ges m ve LuvR-Le ii Av jv K Zvi Dbœq bi cö qvrb c o 3. msmvb cöwzôv (Establishing organization): cövwzôvwbk e emvq D ` vm ev Íevq bi cö_g ch v qb GKwU cöwzôvb ev msmvb cöwzôvi cö qvrb c o Askx`vwi cöwzôvb MV b Pzw³cÎ Ges Kv úvwb ejvq msn vik I msnwewa Zwi Kiv nq Kv úvwbi ejvq h_vwbq g Zv wbeüb K i mvsmvwbk Aw ÍZ cö`vb Kiv n q _v K Awdm ev Kvh vjq G ch v qb Lyj Z nq

194 186 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî 4. SzuwK MÖnY (Risk taking): h Kvb bzzb D ` v MB A bk ewk SzuwK _v K D ` v³vmy KB G SzuwK wb Z nq cök íi mdjzv I wedjzv `vqi Zvi Dci e Z cöwzôvb K jvfrbk Ae vq wb q hviqvi c~e ch ší cöwz c ` c ` bvbvb SzuwK D ` v³v `i KB enb Ki Z nq ZvB mkj Ae vq wbtm ¼v P SzuwK MÖnY D ` v³v `i iæz c~y KvR Any kind of e-book & Software : 5. A_ ms vb (Financing): h Kvb bzzb e emvq D ` v M cyuwr ms v bi welqwu LyeB iæz c~y D ` v³vmy mvg_ gvwdk wbr ^ Znwej _ K A_ ms vb K ib, wewb qvmkvix `i K DrmvwnZ K ib wbr ^ e w³mz B gr K Kvh Z eük i L wewfbœ A_ jwmœkvix cöwzôvb _ K FY bb msm nxz A _ i iÿyv eÿy, wewb qvm, cwipvjbvmn wewfbœ KvR wzwbb m úv`b K ib Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): 6. Kgx ms vb (Staffing): bzzb D ` vm K mdj Ki Z n j Drmvnx, hvm Zvm úbœ, m vebvgqkgx wb qvm`vb Acwinvh e w³mz cq `i E aÿ D V cövwzôvwbk ^v _ h _vchy³ Drm Z K cö qvrbxq Rbej D ` v³v `i KB msmön Ki Z nq cö qvr b GKUz Av M jvk wb qvm w` q Zv `i cö qvrbxq cöwkÿ Yi e e vc~e K Zv `i g a _ K hvm Kgx msmön Kiv h Z cv i 7. cwipvjbv I e e vcbv (Directing and manageing): D ` v³vi iæz c~y KvR n jv wpšív I D ` v Mi mydj ev Íevq b cöwzôvb cwipvjbv I e e vcbvq bz Z `vb Kiv G Rb cwikíbv cöyqb, DcKiYvw` msmönkiy, wb ` kbv, ZË veavb, mgš^q, wbqš Y BZ vw` Kvh m úv`b Ki Z nq ZvB ejv nq h, GKRb mdj D ` v³v wb:m ` n DËg cwipvjk, e e vck I bzv 8. evrvirvzkiy (Marketing): Drcvw`Z ev msm nxz cb hv Z GKRb µzv mš wó mn hv M cy ev mev msmön Ki Z cv i Zv wbwðz KivB D ` v³vi evrvirvzkiyg~jk KvR Pvwn`v gvwdk cy Drcv`b, e Ub cöyvjx wba viy, g~j wba viy, mev myweav wbwðzkiy BZ vw` Gi AšÍfz ³ 9. hvmv hvm I m úk iÿv (Maintaining communication and relation): wewfbœ c ÿi mv _ hvmv hvm I m úk iÿv KivI D ` v³vi Av ikwu iæz c~y KvR GKUv bzzb D ` vm GwM q bqvi ÿ Î Ggwb ZB bvbvb mgm v _v K ZvB Zv KvwU q GwM q hviqvi Rb bvbvb c ÿi mv _ hvmv hvm I m úk iÿv Ki Z nq, hv Ab `i wbku _ K mn hvwmzv jv f I KvR Av`v q iæz c~y e j we ewpz nq 10. Dbœqb Kg m~wp ev Íevqb (Implimentation of developing program): GKRb D ` v³v Zvi bzzb e emvq D ` vm Kvh Z ïb _ K ïiæ K ib GRb cy iv D ` vm K A bk mgq KZK jv ch v q fvm Kiv nq ZvB D ` v³vm Yi KvR n jv GKwU ch v qi mdj cwimgvwßi mv _ mv _ bzzb ch vq ev Íevq b D ` vmx niqv G Z mk ji ^ZtùzZ mn hvwmzv I mvdj vr b m e nq

195 e emvq D ` vm 187 Kg cî-1 wb œi KvbwU D ` v Mi ewkó Ges KvbwU D ` v Mi KvR wpwýzki 1. mvdj AR bi Zxeª AvKvLv 2. Aa vemvq 3. D ` vm MÖnY 4. D` g 5. djvdj cixÿv I g~j vqy 6. mgqvbyewz Zv 7. m ve Zv hvpvb 8. bzzb cy D veb 10.3 mdj D ` v³vi Yvewj Qualities of a Good Entrepreneur SzuwKc~Y I Abygvb wbf i AwbwðZ c_hvîvq h D ` v³v Zvi bzzb e emvq wpšívi ev Íe cöwzdjb NwU q mvdj AR b mÿg nb Zv KB mdj D ` v³v e j mdj D ` v³v wb:m ` n GKRb m Rbkxj D vek, DËg msmvk, hvm cwipvjk I mdj bzv GKRb D ` v³vi cöavb cöavb Y jv n jv mvdj vr bi ú nv (Need for achievement): GKRb mdj D ` v³v mvdj AR bi Zxeª AvKvLv I Avkvev`x gb wb q c_ P j m Zvi D ` vm cö Póv K Zvi wb Ri Rxe b mvdj jv fi Dcvq ev K vwiqvi wn m e MY K i Ges mkj cö Póvq Zvi G ú nvi cöwzdjb N U m Rbkxj gvbwmkzv (Creative mentality): GKRb fvj D ` v³v bzzb wkqz m wó Kivi gz m wókxj I MVbg~jK g bi AwaKvix nb GQvovI bzzb m wó wpšív K ev Í e iæcvwqz Kivi Rb bzzb Dcvq-c wz D ve bi mvg_ _vk Z nq `~i` wó ev cöáv (Foresightness): `~i` wó ev cöáv GKRb mdj D ` v³vi GKUv eo Y Giæc Yi Øviv wzwb m vebvi bzzb ÿî wpwýz K ib fwel Z mgm v I m vebv Abygvb K i mvd j i m vebv K my` p K ib Ges ev Íevq bi wewfbœ ÿ Î wepÿyzvi cwipq `b Aa vemvq (Punctual) Aa vemvq ej Z ah a i µgvmz Póv Pvwj q hviqv K eysvq GKRb D ` v³v Zvi cö Póvq GKev ib mdj n eb ev µgvmz mvdj jvf Ki eb, GUv KLbB cöz vkv Kiv hvq bv ZvB cöwzuv c` ÿ c djvdj we epbv c~e K bzzb c` ÿ c GwM q hviqv D ` v³vi eo Y

196 188 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî SzuwK MÖn Yi gvbwmkzv (Risk taking mentality) GKRb D ` v³vi SzuwK MÖn Yi gvbwmkzv GKwU eo Y PvKwiRxwe I MZvbyMwZK e emvqx `i mvaviyz G ai bi gvbwmkzv _v K bv GKRb D ` v³v Zvi mgq, kög I cyuwr K mgwš^z K i Ges wewfbœ `v qi evsv gv_vq wb q D ` vm K GwM q bb mvnm I eyw gëv (Bravity and intallectual): SzuwKc~Y, Abygvb wbf i I A Pbv c _ Kvh Z Rxeb K evwr i L GKRb D ` v³v Zvi D ` vm wpšív K ev Íevqb K ib G Rb GKRb D ` v³v K h _ó mvnmx n Z nq Zvi G mvnm Aek B eyw gëv Øviv mylgvgwûz n q _v K wkÿv I AwfÁZv (Education and experience) : ez gvb RwUj e emvq RM Z h Kvb e emvq D ` vm K mdj Ki Z n j wewfbœ c ÿi ^Z:ù~Z ^xk wz I mg_ b Acwinvh Avi G ÿ Î D ` v³vi wkÿv I AwfÁZv Ab Zg Y wn m e we ewpz nq mwvk c~e vbygvb, Kvh Ki hvmv hvm, h_vh_ Kvh e e v MÖnY BZ vw`i mewkqzb GLb D ` v³vi e w³mz wkÿv I AwfÁZvi Dci wbf ikxj ckvmz I cöhyw³mz Ávb (Knowledge about profession and technology): e emvq D ` v M mdjzv AR b D ` v³vi ckv`vwi g bvfve Ges cö qvrbxq ckvmz I cöhyw³mz Ávb _vkv Acwinvh KD hw` U UvBj wkí Mo Z Pvq Z e Giæc wkí mswkøó cö qvrbxq Ávb Zvi _vkv `ikvi, hv Zv K mwvk wm vší MÖn Y mnvqzv K i wm vší MÖn Yi mvg_ (Ability to take decision): h_vmg q h_vh_ wm vší MÖn Yi mvg_ GKRb mdj D ` v³vi eo Y Kvb D ` vm MÖnY _ K ïiæ K i ev Íevq bi wewfbœ ch v q nvrv iv wm vší MÖn Yi cö qvrb c o m ve mgm v, my hvm-myweav BZ vw`i h_vh_ g~j vqb K ib G mkj wm vší wb Z nq G ÿ Î Kv bv ai bi wej ^ ev `ye jzv cy iv D ` vm KB ÿwzmö Í Ki Z cv i bgbxqzv (Flexibility): bgbxqzv ej Z cwiewz Z cwiw wzi mv _ m½wz weavb K i Pjvi mvg_ K eysvq GKRb D ` v³vi wb:m ` n Giæc Y _vkv Avek K Abygvb wbf i ARvbv D ` v M bvbvb cöwzk~jzv `Lv `qv LyeB ^vfvwek ZvB c~e wm vší Abyhvqx me Î Pjv m e nq bv bgbxqzv Y G ÿ Î D ` v³v K ev Íe Kg cš v MÖn Y mnvqzv K i Any kind of e-book & Software : Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): Dcmsnv i ejv hvq, GKRb mdj D ` v³v h Kv bv cö Póvq cw_k Zi f~wgkv cvjb K i Zvi be be D ` vm hgwb ` ki e emvq Dbœq b iæz c~y f~wgkv iv L Zgwb bzzb D ` v³v m wó ZI Zv LyeB mnvqk nq Z e m ÿ Î Dc iv³ YvewjB Zv K mdjzv AR b mnvqzv Ki Z cv i 10.4 AvZ we køl Yi gva g D ` v³vi Yvewj mbv³kiy Methods of Assessing self Entrepreneurial Qualities ez gv b we k e emvq GKwU m vbrbk ckv wn m e me Rb ^xk Z Z e e emvq K mevb ckv wn m e MÖnY Ki Z cv i bv KviY, e emvq GKw` K hgb SzuwKc~Y Ab w` K Zgb e emv qi wcq b h cwigvy, kög, g~jab I eyw gëv e q Ki Z nq Zv A b KiB bb Z e e emvq SzuwKc~Y n ji G _ K Avq DcvR bi m vebvi mxgvnxb ZvB ckv wn m e e emvq K MÖnY Kivi c~ e GKRb e emvqx ev wk ív ` v³v K Zvi wb Ri hvm Zv K A_ vr Yvewj K wewfbœfv e hvpvb-evqvb Ki Z nq

197 e emvq D ` vm 189 wb gœ GKRb D ` v³vi Yvewj we køl Yi K qkwu c wz Av jvpbv Kiv n jv avc-1 : K wzz vr b Pvwn`v: GKRb D ` v³v wbr ^ Yvejxi we køl Yi ÿ Î h welqwu hvpvb Ki eb Zv n jv-zvi g a K wzz vr b Pvwn`v wk cwigv Y Av Q A_ vr K wzz vr bi Pvwn`v n jv fv jv wkqz Kivi AvKvLv, ^xq Kvh m úv` bi gva g K wz Z i Af všíixy Abyf~wZ AR b D ` v³vi g a K wzz vr bi Pvwn`v wk cwigvy Av Q Zv we køl Yi Rb wb œv³ cö kœi DËi m ú K AeMZ niqv Avek K 1. Kvb KvR m úv`b Kivi ÿ Î Avwg e w³mzfv e `vwqz MÖnY Ki Z cq ` Kwi wk bv? 2. Avwg wk `ÿzvi mv _ Lj Z cq ` Kwi, bv wk my hvm MÖnY K i _vwk? 3. wbqwš Z SzuwK wb Z cq ` Kwi, bvwk Zvi P q Kg ev ekx SzuwK wb Z cq ` Kwi? 4. Kvb KvR m úv` bi mv _ mv _ Zvi djvdj Rvb Z PvB wkbv? 5. cöwzeükzvi m ylxb n j Avwg wb R K msiÿy Ki Z cvwi wkbv? 6. Avwg wk Kg e Í _vk Z PvB? 7. AvwK wk D` gx n Z cq ` Kwi? 8. Avwg wk mgm v mgvavb Ki Z Póv Kwi? Dc iv³ cö kœi DËi jv Z hw` ÔbvÕ A cÿv Ônü võ ekx nq, Zvn j eys Z n e Avgvi g a D PgvÎvi K wzz vr bi Pvwn`v we` gvb G ÿ Î Avwg Ryqvwo bb; GKRb wbqwš Z SzuwK MÖnYKvix Ges Ab vb welq jv wvk _vk j Avgvi Rb GKRb fvj D ` v³v niqv Am e bq avc-2: wb Ri m ú K wkqz gb ÍvwZ K cö kœi DËi I g~j vqb: wb Ri m ú K wkqz cökœ Zwi K i m jvi mywpwšíz DËi cö`vb Ki Z n e G cökœ jv n jv: 1. Avwg wk AweiZ evwr a i _vwk? 2. Avwg wk Aweivg my hvm MÖnY K i _vwk? 3. Avgvi mkj wpšív Ges Kíbv Kvb eo Rq K K `ª K i AvewZ Z nq wk bv? 4. Avwg hlb nvi Z _vwk, ZLb wk AbeiZ Póv Ki Z _vwk? 5. GKevi Rqjvf Ki j Avwg wk _ g _vk Z cvwi? 6. Avwg wk me wkqz kl Póv wn m e SzuwK MÖnY Ki Z cöjy nb? GLv b ÔbvÕ DË ii P q Ôn võ DËi ewk n j eys Z n e Avwg Ryqvwo bb, GKRb wbqwš Z SzuwK MÖnYKvix avc-3 mdjzvi Rb `ÿzv I wb Ri gv S we` gvb `ye jzv m ú K cöwz e`b: G ÿ Î e emv q mvdj AR bi Rb h mkj `ÿzv I Yvewj me P q ekx cö qvrb m jvi GKwU ZvwjKv Zwi Kwi Ges G mkj `ÿzv I Yvewj Avgvi g a wk cwigvy Av Q m m ú K GKwU cöwz e`b Zwi Kwi

198 190 avc-4: cöwzwôz D ` v³vi mv _ gz wewbgq: e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî G ch v q vbxq GKRb wk ív ` v³vi mv _ gzwewbgq Kwi gz wewbgq Kv j c~ e ZwiK Z cöwz e` b D jøwlz cöwzwu welq m ú K cylvbycylfv e we køly Kwi G ÿ Î wb œv³ welq jv we epbv Ki Z nq Any kind of e-book & Software : 1. Avgvi aviyv Ges wk ív ` v³vi aviyvi g a Zzjbvg~jK we køly; 2. h mkj wel q Avwg GKgZ Ges h mkj wel q wøgz cvly Kwi, m jv wpwýz Kwi; 3. h mkj wel q Avgvi `ye jzv Av Q, m jv gvkv ejv Kivi Dchy³ Dcvq wbiæcy Kwi; 4. mgm v mgvav bi Rb GKwU Kvh Ki cwikíbv Zwi Kwi; 5. Kvb we kl `ye jzv c~i Yi Rb KZ mgq jvm e Ges KZ LiP n Z Zv wbiæcy K i Kvh µg Zwi Kwi Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): avc-5: cöwkÿy MÖnY I cöwkÿ Ki gzvgz MÖnY: Gch v q Avgiv wk ív ` vm Yvewj hvpvb qi Rb cöwkÿ Ki wbku n Z GKwU cökœgvjv msmön Kwi cökœgvjvwu g bv hvmmnkv i c o Avgvi GmKj Y Av Q wkbv Zv wpwýz Ki Z Póv Kwi ciezx Z Avgvi m ú K cöwkÿ Ki gzvgz Rvb Z Póv Kwi wb gœ msm nxz cökœgvjvwui bgybv `qv n jv: 1. e emv qi Rb wk wk `ÿzvi cö qvrb Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv cö Z Ki Z n e e emv qi Rb cöavb wzbwu `ÿzv wk wk? 2. `ÿzvi cö Z KwU w`k e emv qi ÿ Î wkfv e cö qvrb Zvi ey bv 3. m Rbkxj niqvi ÿ Î evavmg~n wk wk? 4. wm vší MÖn Yi mv _ wk wk welq mswkøó? 5. wm vší MÖn Y wbr ^ ÿgzv Ges mvg_ g~j vqb D`vniY w` q `LvI e emvq Kivi ÿ Î G `ÿzv Kvh Kixfv e e eüz n Z cv i GLb Avwg Avgvi wbr ^ Yvewj g~j vqb K i `wl, G jvi g a KZUzKz Avgvi g a i q Q Avi KZUzKz klv hv e Kvb we kl KvR m úv` bi Rb evb ii we kl Ái mvnvh MÖnY cö qvrb wk bv? GmKj Z_ we køly K i `wl Avwg wk ív ` vm niqvi Rb cö Z wk bv? 10.5 e emvq D ` vm M o DVvi AbyK~j cwi ek Favourable Environment for Developing Business Entrepreneurship DËg cwi ek wewb qv Mi c~e kz wk ív ` vm cwi ek ej Z cwi e ki Ggb me Dcv`vb ev kw³i mgwó K eysvq hv cöz ÿ ev c ivÿfv e wk ív ` vmxq Kvh µg K cöfvwez K i cwi e ki G mkj Dcv`vb wk ív ` vm Kvh µg Z_v e emvq msmv bi MVb, cwipvjbv, wm vší, `ÿzv, djcö`zv Ges m e vcwi Gi mdjzv K cöfvwez K i

199 e emvq D ` vm M o DVvi Rb wb gœv³ AbyK~j cwi ek _vkv DwPZ e emvq D ` vm 191 cövk wzk cwi ek: gvby li Pvicv k h mkj cövk wzk Ae v hgb- f MwjK Ae vb, f~cök wz, Rjevqy, b`-b`x, cvnvo-ce Z, g wëkv, Dw ` RMr, LwbR m ú`, Rb Mvwô BZ vw` Av Q Zv wb q cövk wzk ev f MwjK cwi e ki m wó nq c w_exi h `k ev AÂj cövk wzk m ú ` hz mg m `k ev AÂj wkí I e emv-evwy R ZZ ewk DbœwZ K i Q mvgvwrk cwi ek: mvgvwrk cwi ek wewb qvm cwi e ki Dci e vck cöfve we Ívi K i gvby li Af vm, AvPvi-AvPiY, wek vm-awek vm, cq `, Av em-abyf~wz, g~j eva BZ vw` Dcv`v bi mgš^ q mvgvwrk-mvs wzk cwi ek MwVZ nq Kvb A j wk ív ` vm M o DVv ev bv DVvi `vwqz H A ji mvgvwrk-mvs wzk g~j ev ai DciI ez vq Dbœqbkxj ` k gvbyl mvaviyz fv M wek vmx nq Ges Zviv Kvb wkqzi AR b K fv M i cömbœzv Ges e _ Zv K fv M i wech q wnmv e g b K i G welqwui wk ív ` v Mi Dci e vck cöfve we Ívi K i A_ bwzk cwi ek: A_ bwzk cwi ek ej Z Kvb A ji gvby li Avq, mâq, RxebvhvÎvi gvb BZ vw` K eysvq h ` ki gvby li Avq I mâq ewk m ` ki gvby li RxebhvÎvi gvb DbœZgv bi niqvq mlv b wk ív ` vm jvfrbk nq wk ív ` vm GKwU A_ bwzk Kg cöqvm ZvB A_ bwzk cwi e ki Dcv`vbmg~ ni Dci ` ki wk ív ` vm cö Póv, e emv qi Dbœqb I cöe w wbf ikxj GK K_vq wzwbb ^v_ K D ` v³v whwb A_ bwzk cwi e ki wewfbœ PjK K K k j Kv R jvwm q we` gvb cwiw wz Z mdjzv AR b Ki Z cv ib ivr bwzk cwi ek: ` ki Af šíixy ivr bwzk cwi ek wewb qvm cwi e ki Dci gvivz K cöfve we Ívi K i mikv ii w wzkxjzv, ivr bwzk `jmg~ ni msl v, ivr bwzk gzv`k, ` wófw½, RbM Yi ivr bwzk fvebv BZ vw`i mgš^ q ivr bwzk cwi e ki m wó nq ` ki ivr bwzk cwi ek wkí vcb, cwipvjbv I e e vckxq wm vší K cöfvwez K i AbyK~j ivr bwzk cökª q Kvb e emvq ev wk ív ` vm hgb mn RB köxe w Ki Z cv i, miæcfv e cöwzk~j ivr bwzk cwi e ki g a wbcwzz n q AwZ köxnªb GKwU cöwzwôz e emvq D ` vm aÿsmi n Z cv i ZvB ` k wewb qvm K Drmvn `Iqvi Rb Aek B wewb qvm evüe ivr bwzk Ae v m wó Kiv Riæwi cöhyw³mz cwi ek: wkí I e emv-evwy R i DbœwZi Rb cö qvrb `ÿzvm bœ Kgx, DbœZ hš cvwz I cöhyw³ ZvB ez gvb wkí I evwywr K Kg Kv Ûi Dci weávb I cöhyw³mz cwi e ki f~wgkv e vckfv e e w c q Q mvaviyz `Lv hvq, h `k weávb PP v I cöhyw³ Z hz ewk AMªmi, wk ív ` vm I e emv qi ÿ Î Zviv ZZ ewk AMÖMvgx AvBbMZ cwi ek: mikv ii Avw_ K bxwz, ivr ^ bxwz, wewb qvm bxwz, Avg`vwb-ißvbx bxwz, evwyr bxwzmn Askx`vwi AvBb, Kv úvwb AvBb, mgevq AvBb, cwi ek msiÿy AvBb BZ vw` mgš^ q AvBbMZ cwi e ki m wó nq ` ki cöwzwôz AvBb-Kvbyb Øviv wk ív ` vm e vckfv e cöfvwez nq D ` v³v ev e emvq `i K ïaygvî wewfbœ ai bi AvBb I AvBbMZ cwi ek m ú K Iqv Kenvj _v KjB Pj e bv eis e emvq cwipvjbvq G mkj AvB bi f~wgkv ev cöfveb ev wk ZvI Dcjw Ki Z nq

200 192 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî AvšÍR vwzk cwi ek: ez gvb wek vq bi hy M wek e vcx wewfbœ AvšÍR vwzk ms vi DÌvb, A_ bwzk I e emvwqk Kg Kv Ûi AvZ wbf ikxj, wøcvwÿk I eûcvwÿk evwyr Pzw³, A_ bwzk RvU BZ vw`i cöÿvcu wk ív ` vm Kg cöqvmi ` ki mxgvbv cwi q AvšÍR vwzk cwigû j we Í wz jvf K i Q ZvB AvšÍR vwzk cwi ek Ges Z`w Z wewfbœ ms v, Pzw³, Kg m~wp BZ vw` wk ív ` vm Kg Ges Gi cwipvjbv K cöfvwez Ki Q Kg cî-2 Any kind of e-book & Software : Zvgvi GjvKvq e emvq vcb I cwipvjbvi ÿ Î wb Pi Kvb Kvb cwi ek Abyiƒc Ges Kvb Kvb cwi ek cöwzk~j i q Q Zv wpwýz Ki Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): AeKvVv gvmz Dcv`vb mikvwi c ô cvlkzv Av_ -mvgvwrk w wzkxjzv AvBb-k Ljv cwiw wz ch vß cyuwri cövc Zv cöwkÿ Yi my hvm Ab vb cwi ek AbyK~j / cöwzk~j KviY 10.6 AvZ Kg ms vb I D ` v Mi m úk AvZ Kg ms vb Self employment Relationship Between Self Employment and Entrepreneurship wb RB wb Ri Kg ms vb Kiv K AvZ Kg ms vb e j AviI GKUz úó K i ejv hvq h, wbr ^ A_ev FY Kiv ^í m ú`, wbr ^ wpšív, Ávb, eyw gëv I `ÿzv K Kv R jvwm q b~ bzg SzuwK wb q AvZ cö Póvq RxweKv AR bi e e v K AvZ Kg ms vb ejv nq AvZ Kg ms vb n Q grywi / ezbwfwëk PvKwii wekí ckvi Ab Zg Dcvq AvZ Kg ms vb ckv ej Z eysvq hlb Kv bv e w³ ^xq `ÿzv ev Yvewji e j mev `v bi wewbg q A_ DcvR b K i RxweKv Pvjvq D`vnviY ^iƒc ejv hvq h, AvZ Kg ms vb n Q hlb GKRb KvV wgw GKwU Kv Vi dv g ez bi wewbg q DcvR b bv K i wb RB Kv Vi AvmevecÎ cö Z K i Ges G _ K h Avq nq Zv Øviv RxweKv wbe vn K i ej Z M j GKwU ` ki Kg ÿg RbmsL vi wmsnfvmb AvZ Kg ms v b wb qvwrz

201 e emvq D ` vm 193 e emvq D ` vm Business entrepreneurship mvaviyz D ` vm n Q SuywK Av Q R bi jv fi Avkvq Kómva Kv R nvz `qv Avi wk ív ` vm ev e emvq D ` vm ej Z eysvq jvfevb niqvi Avkvq jvkmv bi m vebv R bi SzuwK wb q wkí ev e emvq cöwzôvi Rb ` pfv e GwM q hviqv D ` vm I D ` v³v kã `ywu GKwU Ab wui mv _ Ggbfv e RwoZ h, GKwUi e vl v Ab wu K ev` w` q Kiv m e bq ejv n q _v K h, hvi D ` vm Av Q wzwbb D ` v³v AZGe e emvq D ` vm ej Z GKwU e emvq cöwzôvb vc bi D ` vm MÖn Yi Kvh µg K eysvq, Avi whwb G D ` vm MÖnY K ib Zv K ejv hvq D ` v³v 10.7 Av_ -mvgvwrk Dbœq b e emvq D ` v Mi Ae`vb Contribution of Business Entrepreneurship in Economic Development e emvq D ` vm A_ bxwzi mkj ÿî; hgb-e emv-evwyr, Drcv`b-e Ub, Avq-wewb qvm BZ vw` mewkqz KB cöfvwez K i evsjv ` k Bmjvg MÖæc, AvwKR MÖæc, qvi MÖæc BZ vw` cöwzôvb ` ki A_ bxwz Z h f~wgkv i L P j Q Zv _ KB Gi cögvy g j e emvq D ` vm wb œv³fv e Avgv `i ` ki Av_ -mvgvwrk Dbœq b Ae`vb ivl Z cv i wk ívbœqb: QvU, gvsvwi I eo mkj ai bi D ` v³v Zv `i wpšív I Kg cö Póvi gva g bzzb wkí cöwzôvb MVb K ib Zv `i wk íi cö qvrbb bvbvb mn hvmx wkí M o I V Zv `i `Lv `wl A b KB wkí cöwzôvq GwM q Av m Gfv e D ` vm ` ki wk ívbœq b f~wgkv cvjb K i evwy R i Dbœqb: D ` v³vmy wewfbœ LyPiv, cvbkvwi, Avg`vwb, ißvwb BZ vw` bvbvb ai bi cöwzôvb mdjfv e MVb I cwipvjbv K ib G QvovI e vsk, exgv, cwienb, `vgrvzkiy, gvokxkiy BZ vw` cöwzôvb Zv `ib cö Póvq M o D V wk ív ` vm cö Póvi djköæwz ZI evwy R i wewfbœ kvlvcökvlv m úªmvwiz nq evrvi m úªmviy: D ` v³vmy bzzb e emvqb ïay cöwzôv K ib bv, bzzb bzzb evrvii m wó K ib Avi Giæc evrvi ` ki A_ bwzk AMÖMwZ Z iæz c~y Ae`vb iv L Avgv `i ` k Mv g Um Ges Rbkw³ ißvwbkvik m± ii e emvqxmy bzzb bzzb evrvi Lyu R Zv Kv R jvmv bvi Póv Pvjv Qb hv wbtm ` n ` ki A_ bxwz Z mydj w` Q wewb qvm I Drcv`b e w : wewb qvm I Drcv`b A½vAw½fv e RwoZ D ` v³vmy wewfbœ Drm _ K A_ msmön K i Zv h_vh_fv e wewb qvm K ib GB wewb qvm Drcv`b AvKv i wd i Av m I DØ Ëi m wó K i g~jabx hš cvwz msmö ni d j RvZxq m ú`i e w cvq RvZxq Drcv`b e w i d j A_ bxwzi mkj ÿ Î Zvi BwZevPK cöfve c o

202 194 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî m ú `i mø envi: D ` v³vmy Ae eüz I Kg g~j evb m ú` K e envi K i Zv `i gybvdv evov bvi Póv Pvjvq G Z m ú `i Kvh Ki e envi wbwðz nq I A_ bwzk Dbœqb N U evsjv ` k d vkb nvdr jv MÖv gi g q `i Kv R jvwm q my `i Kvco evbv Q Gfv e euv ki KvR, e Zi KvR, cvovgvwui KvR BZ vw` m ú `i Kvh Ki e envi wbwðz K i Q Any kind of e-book & Software : Kg ms v bi my hvm m wó: h Kvb ` kb Kg ms v b emikvwi D ` v³v köyxi f~wgkv jÿyxq D ` v³v h ai bib nvk bv Kb m wb Ri QvovI Kg- ewk wkqz jv Ki Kg ms v bi my hvm m wó K i ZvB mkj ` kb Kg ms v bi bzzb bzzb ÿî m wó Z mikvwi I emikvwi ms vi cvkvcvwk D ` v³vmy iæz c~y f~wgkv ivl Q mikv ii ivr ^ e w : h Kvb ` kb mikvi ivóª cwipvjbvi g~j PvwjKv kw³ mikv ii Avw_ K Ae v m šívlrbk bv n j KLbB ` ki kvwší I AMÖMwZ cöz vkv Kiv hvq bv D ` v³vmy e emv qi AMªMwZ mvab K i mikvi K AwaK nv i f vu, U v, ïé BZ vw` Av`v qi c_ mymg K i hv ` ki A_ bwzk Dbœq b iæz c~y e j we ewpz nq Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): e w³mz I RvZxq Avq e w : D ` v³vmy wk íi bzv wn m e bzzb wkí ev e emvq cöwzôvi g~l f~wgkv cvjb K ib Zv `i `Lv `wl A b KB bzzb wkí ev e emvq cöwzôvq GwM q Av m G Z wewfbœ mn hvmx cöwzôvb M o I V d j gvwjk, Kg Pvix I mswkøó mevib e w³mz Av qi my hvm m wó nq e emvq Dbœq bi mv _ mv _ GB Avq e w hvi djköæwz Z RvZxq Avq ev o 10.8 evsjv ` k e emv D ` vm Dbœq b mgm v Ges `~ixki Yi Dcvq Obstacles to Entrepreneurship Development in Bangladesh K. evsjv ` k e emv D ` vm Dbœq b mgm v: GKwU ` ki A_ bwzk Dbœq b wk ív ` v³vi iæz Acwimxg Z e wk ív ` v³v Dbœq bi Rb GKw` K hgb D ` vmx gvby li cö qvrb Ab w` K cö qvrb wk ív ` vm cwi e ki evsjv `k GKwU Dbœqbkxj `k Dbœqbkxj `k wn m e A_ bxwzi mkj ÿ Îi b vq wk ív ` v MI A bk mgm v `Lv hvq wb gœ evsjv ` k wk ív ` vm ev e emvq D ` vm Dbœq bi mgm vmg~n Av jvpbv Kiv n jv RbM Yi ^í Avq: Avgv `i ` k RbM Yi gv_v wcqz Avq Kg Kg Avq niqvi Kvi Y RbM Yi g a GKUv nzvkv KvR K i d j Zv `i g a bzzb wkqz m wó Kiv ev SzuwK MÖnY Kivi gz gvbwmkzv M o D V bv Kg mâq: Avq Kg niqvi Kvi Y G ` ki gvby li mâq AZ ší Kg Av qi mv _ mâ qi ayvz K m úk we` gvb evsjv `ki gvby li Av qi Zzjbvq RxebgvÎvi e q A bk ekx d j RbM Yi mâq G Kev ib bb Avi Kg mâq e emvq D ` v Mi Dci cöwzk~j cöfve d j g~ja bi Afve: e emvq ev wk ív ` v Mi Ab Zg c~e kz n jv ch vß g~ja bi e e vkiy Kg mâq niqvi Kvi Y GKw` K hgb D ` v³vi wbr ^ g~jab _v K bv, Avevi D ` v³v we kl K i ÿz`ª D ` v³vi g~jab mieiv n e vsk I Ab vb Avw_ K cöwzôvb jv AvMÖn `Lvq bv Giæc Ae v wk ív ` v Mi me P q eo evav

203 e emvq D ` vm 195 wkÿv I m PZbZvi Afve: wk ív ` v³v Rb MZ fv eb wk ív ` v³v n ji wkÿv I G m ú K m PZbZv mwz Kv ii wk ív ` v³vq cwiyz K i wkš Avgv `i ` k wk ív ` v³v `i we kl K i ÿz`ª wk ív ` v³v `i Zgb Kvb cövwzôvwbk wkÿv _v K bv ev G m ú K mikvi ev GbwRI jv Zgb f~wgkv iv L bv d j wk ív ` v Mi e vcv i m PZbZvi Afve cwijwÿz nq mikvwi mvnvh -mn hvwmzvi Afve: evsjv ` k wk ív ` v Mi ÿ Î h mkj mikvwi mvnvh mn hvwmzvi cö qvrb nq, Zvi Afve jÿ Yxq wk ív ` v³v we kl K i bzzb wk ív ` v³my mikv ii KvbB my hvm-myweav cvq bv mikv ii cvkvcvwk emikvwi cöwzôvbi G e vcv i Zgb AvMÖn `Lvq bv d j wk ív ` vm evavmö nq AbybœZ cöhyw³i e envi: AvaywbK cöhyw³i e envi `kxq wk ív ` v M e vck f~wgkv iv L wkš Avgv `i ` k wkí KviLvbv jv Z GLbI cyivzb I m K j cöhyw³ e envi Kiv n Q Giæc cöhyw³i Kvi Y GLbI G ` k ÿz`ª wk ív ` v Mi ÿ Î Zgb DbœwZ jÿ Kiv hvq bv evrvirvzki Y mgm v: cy Drcv` bi cvkvcvwk Zvi evrvirvzkiy Kiv Acwinvh wkš Avgv `i ` k wk íi ÿ Î we kl K i ÿz`ª wk íi gva g Drcvw`Z c Y i ÿ Î evrvirvzki Y e vck mgm v `Lv `q d j wk ív ` v³vmy G e vcv i AvMÖn nvwi q d j e e vcbv I cwipvjbvmz mgm v: h Kvb mvd j i wcq b DËg e e vcbv iæz c~y f~wgkv iv L wk ív ` v Mi ÿ ÎI Zvi e wzµg nq bv wkš Avgv `i ` k e e vcbv ZZ DbœZ gv bi bq ZvQvov ÿz`ª D ` v³v `i G m úk Kvb aviyvi _v K bv d j ewki fvm D ` vm Kvh µg mvd j i Øvi cöv ší c Qv Z cv i bv cöwkÿ Yi Afve: wk ív ` v Mi mdjzv AR bi Rb cöwkÿy cö`vb Kiv cö qvrb Avgv `i ` k wk ív ` v³v `i cöwkÿ Yi Zgb e e v bb mikvwifv e gv S g a ÿz`ª I gvsvix wk ív ` v³v `i cöwkÿ Yi e e v Kiv n ji Zv eokz v `i c KU fvwi Kivi GKwU gva g wnmv eb mxgve _v K m ÿ Î cök Z D ` v³vmy Zgb DcK Z nq bv L. evsjv ` k e emvq D ` vm Dbœq bi mgm v `~ixki Yi Dcvq Ways to Overcome the Obstacles to Entrepreneurship Development in Bangladesh evsjv `k wk ív ` v³v Dbœq bi GKwU m vebvgq `k niqv m Ë I ez gv b wk ív ` v³v / ÿz`ª wk ív ` v³v Dbœq b ek wkqz mgm v `Lv hvq, h jv K `~i Kivi ÿ Î wb œv³ welq jv we epbv Kiv h Z cv i 1. RbM Yi Avq e w g~jk Kvh µg MÖnY: Avgv `i ` k RbM Yi gv_v wcqz Avq Kg niqvq Zv `i D ` vm MÖn Yi gz gvbwmkzv M o D V bv ZvB RbM Yi Avq e w i Rb e vck Kvh µg MÖnY Ki Z n e 2. g~jab mieivn: Kg mâq niqvi Kvi Y GKw` K hgb D ` v³vi wbr ^ g~jab _v K bv, Avevi D ` v³v we kl K i ÿz`ª D ` v³vi g~jab mieiv n e vsk I Ab vb Avw_ K cöwzôvb jv AvMÖn `Lvq bv Giæc Ae v wk ív ` v Mi me P q eo evav ZvB mikvimn Ab vb cöwzôvb K g~jab mieiv n GwM q Avm Z n e

204 196 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî 3. mikvwi mvnvh -mn hvwmzv e w : evsjv ` k wk ív ` v Mi ÿ Î h mkj mikvwi mvnvh mn hvwmzvi cö qvrb nq, Zvi Afve jÿ Yxq ZvB cöwzwu ÿ Î hv Z wk ív ` v³vmy mikvwi mvnvh -mn hvwmzv cvq m w` K mikvi K bri w` Z n e 4. AvBbMZ RwUjZv n«vm: Avgv `i ` k wk ív ` vm cökí _ K ïiæ K i Zv ev Íevqb ch ší wewfbœ ch v q GKRb D ` v³v AvBbMZ RwUjZvi m ~Lxb nq Giyc AvBbMZ RwUjZv `~i Kivi Rb mikvi K AZ vwak AvbyôvwbKZv cwinvi Ki Z n e 5. AvaywbK cöhyw³i e envi: Avgv `i ` k wkí KviLvbv jv Z GLbI cyivzb I m K j cöhyw³ e envi Kiv n Q Giæc cöhyw³i Kvi Y G ` k ÿz`ª wk ív ` v Mi ÿ Î Zgb DbœwZ jÿ Kiv hvq bv ZvB G ÿ Î AvaywbK cöhyw³i e envi Kiv Acwinvh 6. D ` vm evüe cwi ek m wó: Avgv `i ` k D ` vm evüe cwi ek bv _vkvq D ` vm Kvh µg gvivz K fv e e vnz n Q 7. cöwkÿ Yi e e vkiy: Avgv `i ` k wk ív ` v³v `I cöwkÿ Yi Zgb e e v bb wkšíy wk ív ` v M mdjzv AR bi Rb cöwkÿy cö`vb Kiv cö qvrb G Kvi Y wk ív ` v³v `I ch vß cöwkÿ Yi e e v Ki Z n e cwi k l ejv hvq, Avgv `i ` k wk ív ` v M h mkj mgm v `Lv `q Zv `~i Kivi Rb Dc iv³ welq jv K h_vh_fv e we epbv Kiv h Z cv i Z e G ÿ Î mikvi I RbMYmn D ` v³v KI mgvbfv e GwM q Avm Z n e Any kind of e-book & Software : Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): evsjv ` ki mdj D ` v³v `i mswÿß cwiwpwz Short Description of Successful Entrepreneur in Bangladesh K. RvZxq ch v q mdj D ` v³v: iy`v cömv` mvnv Avgiv Uv½vBj Rjvi wgr vcy ii Kzgyw`bx nvmcvzvj, fvi Zk ix nvgm&, Kzgyw`bx nvmcvzv ji zj Ae bvwm s, Uv½vB ji Kzgyw`bx K jr, Gm. K. nvb zj, gvwbkm Äi ` e `ª K j Ri bvg ï bwq G mkj cöwzôv bi cöwzôvzv GKRb gvî e w³ G wn Zlx e w³i bvg ib`v cömv` mvnv wzwb wkš Lye abx jv Ki N i Rb MÖnY K ibwb ^xq D ` vm I cö Póve j wzwb eo n qwq jb evsjv ` k GKwU mvaviy cwiev i 1898 mv j Zuvi Rb cz K wbevm Uv½vB ji wgr vcy i Zuvi wczv ` e `ª cvïvi QvU e emvqx wq jb ZLbKvi w` b mvnv ev cvïvi cwiev ii Q j `i ewk jlvcov wkÿv `Iqv nz bv- cv Q e emv qi cöwz Qwe: iy`v cömv` mvnv hw` Zv `i Abvmw³ R b m Avk¼vq ib`v cömv` cvvkvjvq wbgœ cövbgvwii AwaK wkÿv cvbwb 1914 mv j cö_g wek hy ïiæ n j evwo _ K cjvqb K i wzwb hy bvg wjlvb Ges Ô e½j G ^ y jý Kv iõ cyiæl bvm wn m e Kv R hvm `b wzwb Kv Ri cöwz wq jb cöwzkö ywze ^xq cö Póvq wzwb

205 e emvq D ` vm 197 g mvc Uwgqvi (BivK) hy ÿ Îi AvnZ A bk mwb Ki cövy iÿv K ib Gi ^xk wz ^iæc hy k l Bsj v Ûi mgªv Ui m ½ Zuvi `Lv Kivi m fvm N U ciezx Z ` k divi ci hy i fuvy (cöexy hv v) wn m e Zuv K i ji wuwku Kv j± ii PvKwi `Iqv nq 1932 mv j wzwb PvKwi Q o `b PvKwi Rxe bi Aemv bi ci wzwb QvU GKwU Kqjvi e emvq ïiæ K ib G mgq wzwb `L jb, R bk jâ gvwjk ek wkqzw`b a i Zvu K Kqjvi `vg cwi kva Ki Q bv Kg Pvix `i wrávmv Ki j Zviv DËi w`j, Zvi e emvq fvj Pj Q bv G Kvi Y m jâ wewµ Kivi Rb LwiÏvi LyuR Q ib`v G my hv Mi mø envi Ki jb wzwb cvibv UvKv Av`vq I ^í g~ j jâwu µq Ki jb jâwu wqj cyivzb ZvB givg Zi Rb cövqb WKBqv W cöpzi UvKv w` Z nz wzwb wpšív Ki jb hw` WKBqvW evbv bv hvq, Zvn j Zuvi jâ givgz e q n«vm cv e m ½ m ½ Ab jâ gvwjk `i KvR K ii A_ DcvR b Kiv hv e Gfv e wkqzw` bi g a Kqjv n Z jâ Ges jâ n Z WKBqvW G K Zvi e emv qi AšÍf~ ³ nj Z e G e emv q h cwigvy UvKv cö qvrb Zv Zvi wqj bv ZvB, wzwb K qkrb weëkvjx Askx`vi wb q Ò e½j wifvi mvwf m Kv úvwbó Pvjy K ib G Kv úvwbi Askx`vi wq jb g novi Rwg`vi b c `ªbv_ ivq P ayix, Wv. weavb P `ª ivq, abcwz I ivrbxwzwe` bwjbx iäb mikvi Ges Rvw K K. Gb. gryg`vi cö_g Ae vq wzwb G Kv úvwb Z GKRb mn hvmx wq jb c i Ab iv SzuwK wb Z A ^xkvi K i e emvq Q o w` j wzwb Zv `i cövc A_ cwi kva K i wb RB G Kv úvwbi gvwjk nb Zvi wqj SzuwK biqvi AmvaviY mvnm I A`g gvbwmk ` pzv wøzxq wek hy ïiæ nj Rvg vwbiv eªþ `k (wgqvbgvi) `Lj K i wbj eªÿ `kb wqj PvD ji Rb Bs ir `i cöavb fimv ZvB, eªþ `k nvz Qvov niqvi ci Zviv mvgwik evwnbx I emvgwik cökvm bi LvwZ i cöpzi PvDj Kbvi cwikíbv MÖnY K i ZrKvjxb Lv` gš x nv mb knx` mvniviqv`x mv n ei mv _ ib`v mvnvi cwipq wqj mikvi PvDj µ qi Rb PviRb G R U wb qvm Kij ib`v mvnvi bvg Gi g a AšÍf~ ³ nj G e emv q ib`v A bk jvfevb n jb Ges 1944 mv j ib`vi AwR Z g~ja bi cwigvy jÿ UvKvq `uvovj ejvevûj ZLb jÿ UvKv GLbKvi K qk KvwU UvKvi mgvb wkš, G UvKv Zvi g b GK fvevšíi m wó Kij wb Ri evj Kv j webv wpwkrmvq gvzvi g Zz, hy Kv j mb `i `ytmn Ae v iy K i Rxeb m ú K wzwb GK A ~Z PZbv Abyfe Ki jb 1944 mv j ib`v mvnv wgr vcy ii fzzz o Lvj e j cwiwpz GjvKvq 50 e Wi nvmcvzvj I GKwU `vze wwm cývwi vcb K ib G mg q bvivqym Äi AwZ cövpxb cvu e emvqx cöwzôvb RR GÛvimb Kv úvwb Zv `i cvu e emvq Zz j `Iqvi wm vší MÖnY Ki j ib`v mvnv G my hvm MÖnY K ib Ges RR GÛvim bi cv Ui `vg Ges GKwU WKBqvW Pvjy Ki jb cvwk Ívb m wói c~e gyû Z Zvi gvu g~ja bi cwigvy `uvovj `yõ KvwU UvKvi gz wøzxq gnvhy i kl ch v q wzwb Zvi m ú~y e emvq _ K h Avq nz Zv Øviv GKwU `vze Uªv MVb K ib GUvB Kzgyw`bx I qj dqvi Uªv bv g L vz cö_ gb Avgiv Zvi vwcz Rb mevg~jk cöwzôvb jvi bvg D jøl K iwq G mkj cöwzôvb G Uªv i jf vsk n ZB cwipvwjz nz wb Ri fiy- cvl Yi e q Qvov Avi wkqz wzwb G Uªv i jf vsk n Z MÖnY Ki Zb bv evsjv ` k A bk abx e emvqx e emvq K i M Qb wkš,

206 198 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî wb Ri me ^ gvbezvi mevq Gfv e `vb Kivi ` óvší weij cvwk Ívb m wói ci weëkvjx wn `yiv A b KB fvi Z P j hvb wkš, ib`v mvnv Zuvi gvz f~wg Z vm K ibwb GgbwK 1971 hlb evsjv ` k ^vaxbzv hy ïiæ nq ZLbI wzwb G ` k _ KB gvz f~wgi mev Kivi cöwzáv K ib dj nj AZ ší `~f vm RbK 1971 mv ji 7B g ^vaxbzv hy i mgq cvwk Ívwb mbviv Zuv K Ges Zuvi Kwbô cyî fevbx mvnv K MÖdZvi K i wb q hvq c i Zv `i Avi Kv bv müvb g jwb D ` v³v wn m e ib`v mvnvi Pwi Î hme Y wqj Zb a msmvb hvm Zv, SzuwK bqvi mvnm, fwel r `Lvi ÿgzv, AvZ wek vm Ges my hv Mi mø envi Ab Zg e w³rxe b wzwb wq jb eüzermj, `vbkxj Ges Abb mgvr mex wzwb wq jb wkÿv AbyivMx AvZ gvbezvi mevq wb ew`z wzwb h Av`k Avgv `i mvg b i L M Qb Zv G `kevmx wpiw`b K ZÁZvf i iy ivl e Any kind of e-book & Software : nvm b Aviv emg-wu Gg Gm Gm (Thengamara Mohila Sabuj Sangha): Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): evsjv ` ki A_ bwzk Dbœq b Ges wewfbœ mvgvwrk mgm v mgvav b h mkj bvix D ` v³v KvR Ki Q Zvi g a W. nvm b Aviv emg Ab Zg nvm b Aviv em gi GKRb hyek Ges hyezx gwnjvi Df qi AwfÁZv i q Q nvm b Aviv emg 1953 mv j Rb MÖnY K i Ges GKRb cyiæl wn m e eo n Z _v K Ges GKRb Q j wn m e m ^vfvwek myweav cviqvi K_v Zv meb wzwb c q Qb ciezx Z 1975 mv j wzwb cyiæl _ K gwnjv Z iƒcvšíwi nb hvi Kvi Y Zvi my hvm n qwqj mgvr K cyiæl Ges gwnjv Df qi ` wó `Lvi GB Kvi Y nvm b Aviv em gi g a GKwU cöwzwµqv m wó nq Ges ïaygvî wj½ wfbœzvi Kvi Y gvby li g a h elg Zv wzwb g b wb Z cv ib wb Qwe: nvm b Aviv emg nvm b Aviv Zvi K vwiqvi ïiæ K iwqj GKRb weávbx wn m e wzwb ivrkvnx wek we` vjq n Z Dw ` we` vq Gg Gm wm wwmöx AR b K ib evsjv ` ki K wl M elyvi Dci cökvwkz Rvb vj B.compustrees G Zvi æbiounedical Jenetres bvgk w_wmm cökvwkz nq wzwb K wl Pvlvev` Ges Lv` Drcv`b evov bvi Rb wewfbœ RvZ cixÿv wbixÿvq mdjzv AR b K i Qb Zvi Amvgvb Ae`v bi Rb K wl gš bvjq n Z ^xk wz cvb 1978 mv j wzwb vbxq GKwU K j R cöfvlk c ` hvm`vb K ib mlv b wzwb wkÿkzvi cvkvcvwk TMSS cöwzôv K ib Ges mlv b wzwb webv ez b LÛKvjxb cwipvjk wn m e KvR Avi K ib GB cöwzôv bi mvd j i Kvi Y wzwb cöwzôv b c~y Kvjxb KvR Kivi cª qvrbxqzv AYyfe K ib GRb wzwb 1991 mv j K j Ri PvKixUv Q o `b Ges TMSS G c~y Kvjxb Gw wkdwuf ww i±i wn m e hvm`vb K ib Ges Avkv K ib cöz ší A j gwnjv `i wb q Z bg~j ch v q bvix `i Dbœq b wzwb KvR Ki Qb vbxq gwnjv `i cöwkÿyb `Iqvi Rb wzwb Kvb we klá e w³ K fvov bv K i MÖv gi m ve gwnjv `i Lyu R ei K ib Ges m Zv `i bz Z `vb evovb GwU vbxq bz Z m wó Z mnvqzv K i _v K

207 e emvq D ` vm 199 nvm b Aviv ez gv b Ae nwjz Ges myweav ewâz gwnjv `i DØy Kivi Kv R wb qvwrz i q Qb GB mkj gwnjviv QvU GKUv m`m MÖæc Zwi K i Ges mâq cökí Avi K i cö Z K mfvq gwnjviv gywópvj wb q Av m Ges G jv wewµ K i QvU LvU F Yi e e v K i GLvb _ K m`m iv FY wb q wewfbœ QvU LvU e emv K i GB ÿz`ª e emvq _ K ïiæ K i ez gv b nvm b Aviv A bk g ^vi wkc msmvb M o Zv j hlv b ez gv b 75 Gi Dci ^ Qv köwgk KvR K i Ges Gi cövq 400 kvlv i q Q nvm b Aviv emg cwievi cwikíbv KvR wb q Me K ib wzwb cwievi cwikíbvq AskMÖnY cyiæl `i `vwq Z i Dci iæz w` q Q TMSS Gi gva g nvm b Aviv wb œv³ mev mg~n cö`vb Ki Q `wi`ª Amnvq gvbyl, f~wgnxb K lk, wfÿzk BZ vw` gvbyl `i g a BwZevPK cwiez b Avbvi Rb KvR Ki Q GB j ÿ Zv `i K wkÿv cö`vb, cöwkÿy cö`vb ^v I mwb Ukb m ú K m PZbZv e w Ges cölyv cö`vb Ki Q Gi d j m cö`v qi Av_ -mvgvwrk Dbœqb Ges mgv Ri g a eüzz c~y cwi ek weivr Ki Q nvm b Aviv emg ^cœ ` Lb GKw`b cyiæl Ges gwnjv mg Askx`v ii wfwë Z GK Î KvR Ki e `vwqz fvmvfvwm K i Avi GB j ÿ B wzwb KvR Ki Qb L. AvÂwjK ch v qi mdj D ` v³vi Kvwnbx: i. bvmv wi: dj Pv li GK mdj wecø ei bvqk mvbdzj Pvwiw` K hw` KB PvL hv e, mw` KB ïay mdj wecø ei wpý Z e GB wecøe divmx ev Ab Kvb wecøe bq ixwzgz djr e ÿi Pvl K i wsbvb` n bzzb K i GB ecøwek mdjzvi Kvwnbx GjvKvi mvaviy gvby li Kv Q cu Q w` q Qb wsbvb` ni K wz mšívb mvbdzj Bmjvg eveyj ^í RvqMvq djr wewfbœ d ji Pvl K i mvbdzj Bmjvg eveyj wsbvb` ni K wz mšívb mvbdzj Bmjvg eveyj ^í RvqMvq djr wewfbœ d ji Pvl K i mvbdzj Bmjvg eveyj wsbvb` ni Pvlx `i Kv Q GLb GKRb g Wj K lk Z e RvZ K lk bv n ji Zvi gvwu I djr e ÿi cöwz GB Uvb AvK ó Ki Q GjvKvi A bk Pvlx `i g~jz wzwb ckvq ißvbx hvm cy Zwi cvkvk wk íi mv _ RwoZ `xn 24 eqi evsjv ` ki cöavb ißvbx hvm cy Zwi cvkvk wkí I bxu Mv g U mi GKRb mdj cvbiwbqvi D ` v³v wn m e we k i wewfbœ `k ågy K i Qb mvbdzj Bmjvg eveyj GB my hv M ` ki evb i dj Pv li Drcv`b I bv b m ú K Rvbvi ci dj Pv li cöwz AvK ó nb cö_ g mivmwi dj Pv l AvmvUv Rb ixwzgz GUv K P v jä n q `vovq ZviciI _g K bv `vwo q wzwb gqgbwmsn K wl wek we` v qi cö dmi I evdkz ji RbK W. Gg. G. iwn gi ZË veav b ïiæ K ib dj Pvl ez gv b wsbvb` ni GBP. Gm. Gm mo Ki kvn wfjvi cz K evox Z wzwb ivcy ivcy K i Qb wkqz djr MvQ K qk eqi Av M evsjv `k K wl wek we` vjq I kvn bvm vix h _ fv e evdkzj-2 ( kvn Kzj) Avwe vi K i

208 200 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî 2007 bv ji cö_ g wsbvb`vn kni _ K 6 wk jvwguvi `~ i nwiyvkzði Dc Rjvi bme½v b`xi ZxieZx g bvig cwi e k cvig_yivcyi MÖv g cövq 5 GKi Rwg Z cöwzôv K ib kvn bvm vix mvbdzj Bmjvg GLv b wzwb evwywr Kfv e Drcv`b Ki Qb cövq 40 Rv Zi `kx I we `kx dj ^í RvqMvq dj Pvl K i GjvKvi gvbyl K ZvK jvwm q w` q Qb wzwb Gme djr e ÿ cwiph vi Rb wb qvm K i Qb 15 Rb köwgk PjwZ eqi wzwb GB dj evmvb _ K mg Í LiP ev` w` q cövq 20 jvl UvKv jvf Ki eb e j Avkv cökvk K ib mvbdzj Bmjvg 2009 mv j e½eüz K wl c`k c q Qb fviz, Rvg vbx, mybrvij vû, úb, BUvjx, Av gwikv myb Wb, wdbj vû, WbgvK, bii q BD K, b`vij vû, I KvbvWvmn cövq 30wU `k Ny i wzwb msmön K i Qb wewfbœ we `kx d ji Pviv Zvici wzwb mb Pviv kvn& bvm vix Z ivcb K i wbweo ch eÿ Yi gva g dwj q Qb dj mvbdzj Bmjvg evey ji bvm vix Z Drcvw`Z `kx-we `kx dj jv n jv-óª eix, gvëv, ev ivgvmx Kgjv jey, KvbvWxq KvgivOv, evdkzj-1, evdkzj-2, Av cjkzj, ZvBIqvbKzj, PvqYv-3 wjpz, e `bv wjpz, jukb, Mvjvcx _vb Av cj Rvgiæj, ev ivgvmx KvMwR jey, Avg Av ªcwj, Avg gwjøkv, _vb ev ivgvmx Avgov, m d`v, _vb Avg, evd Avg, _vb nvwbwwd Avg, _vb cqviv, cybvb Avg, evd cqviv, RvevwUKv, bvkcvwz, jsmb, G vfv KvWv wbdbq K Avgov I wgk ii LRyi kvn& bvm vixi Pviv ` ki `wÿy-cwðgvâ j djr wecøe Qwo q w` q Q cöwzw`bb ` ki wewfbœ A j hv Q GB bvm vixi Pviv djr e ÿ I Zvi m vebv wb q K_v ej j mvbdzj Bmjvg eveyj Rvbvb, Lv` cywói Rb Rb gvby li cöwzw`b 120 MÖvg dj LvIqvi cö qvrb n ji 30 MÖvg dj Lvq Lv` NvUwZ I cywónxbzvq cöwz N Uvq 10 Rb K i gviv hvq wzwb Rvbvb, Avgv `i ` k A bk cwzz Rwg Rwg i q Q evsjv ` ki fvm gvbyl `wi`ª Ges Zviv MÖv g emevm K i cöwzwu cwievi evwoi AvwObvq 4wU djr MvQ ivcy Ki j IB cwiev ii cywó Pvwn`v guv bv m e n e wzwb AviI e jb, mb mv _ K wl wkí mnvqk K wl I mevg~jk cöwzôv bi m úªmvi Yi gva g mvaviy Pvlx `i ^vfvwek dm ji cvkvcvwk dj Pvl Ki Z DØy Ki Yi gva g ` ki cywó Pvwn`v wgwu q evkx dj we ` k ißvbx Kiv m e m PZbZvi Rb d ji cywó Yv Y D jølc~e K dj evrvirvz Kiv n j ` ki cywó Pvwn`v guv bvmn ` ki wewfbœ v b-djr wecøe Qwo q `qv m e e j wzwb g b K ib Any kind of e-book & Software : Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): ii. K wl I grm Lvgv i mvd j i Mí Puv`cyi-j²xcyi AvÂwjK gnvmo Ki cv k WvKvwZqv b`xi cv i cövq 100 GKi Rwgi Ici M o D V Q GKwU Lvgvi bvg LvRv Avn w`qv eûgylx K wl I grm Lvgvi G cök íi AvIZvq i q Q K qkwu cykzi I w`wn, hv Z Pvl n Q wewfbœ cörvwzi gvq evmv b bvbv Rv Zi kvk-mewri mgv ivn Avg, KuvVvj Avi bvwi Kj-mycvwii mvwi mvwi Mv Qi mvrv bv evmvb cwikwízfv e M o Zvjv cökíwui D ` v³v I ^Ë vwakvix LvRv Avn ` wzwb wbr bv gb M o Zzj Qb eûgylx K wl I grm LvgviwU Puv`cyi m`i Dc Rjvi evmv`x BDwbq bi MvQZjv MÖv g 2000 mv j hvîv ïiæ K i cökíwu Aí mg qi e eav bb cökíwu Ab `i Rb ` óvší n q `uvwo q Q cjøxi meyr-k vgjxgvq K wl I grm Pv l wzwb A bkuv wecøe NwU q Qb

209 e emvq D ` vm 201 m irwg b wm q `Lv M Q, LvRv Avn w`qv eûgylx K wl I grm Lvgv ii c~e cöv ší i q Q wekvj AvKv ii GKwU w`wn Avi MvUv Lvgv ii wewfbœ v b Qwo q wqwu q Av Q eo AvKv ii QqwU cykzi Lvgv ii Gme Rjvk q iæb, KvZj, g Mj, we MÖW, MÖvm Kvc, e vk Kvc, Zjvwcqv, micuywu, K, wks cörvwzi gvq Pvl n Q Aíw` bi e eav bb gvq Pv l e vck mvdj G m Q- Ggb Z_ Rvbvb Lvgv ii e e vck AvjnvR nv dr nvmvb Lvb wzwb Rvbvb, m cöwz ïay gvq wewµ K ib cövq 20 jvl UvKv Avq n q Q `k GKi Rwg Z i q Q AvUwU c _K Av gi evmvb MZ eqi _ K ïiæ niqv evmv b i q Q Avgªcwj, ÿximvcvz I drwj Av gi nvrvi nvrvi Pviv PjwZ eq i GB Avg evmv bi mvwii duv K Avev` K i Avjy Drcvw`Z n q Q 10 U bi ewk Avjy Pv li ci Gevi mlv b e bi Pviv ivcy Kiv n q Q Avg evmv bi cwiph vi Rb e i `ª AÂj _ K ek K qkrb AwfÁ jvk Avbv n q Q Lvgv ii gvwu A bkuv e i `ª A ji g ZvB ZvB Avg Pv li Rb ek Dc hvmx MZ KvwZ K gv m hme Pviv ivcy Kiv n q Q m jv Z GLb Avg a i Q AvMvgx eqi _ K cy iv` g Av gi djb Avkv Ki Qb Zuviv Ab K qkwu evmvb I cykzicv i i q Q mvwi mvwi bvwi Kj, LRyi, KuvVvj, Zvj, mycvwi, PvjZv, ZuZzj, RjcvB, ej, wbg, AR yb, Kvgiv½v, cqviv, Rvgiæj, gnmwb, kvj, Mvgvwi, `e`viæmn ek K qkwu euvksvo Gme _ K dj, dzj Avi m i fi cvkvcvwk cviqv hv e wecyj KvV cökíwui cwðg-dëi cv k i q Q A bk eo GKwU jey evmvb mvwie fv e ivcy Kiv MvQ jv Z _vkvq _vkvq Szj Q wewfbœ cörvwzi ARmª jey LvRv Avn ` e jb Ô`xN w` bi ^cœ wqj Ggb GKwU Lvgvi M o Zvjvi cöv_wgkfv e P qwqjvg GKwU ißvwbgylx wkí-kvilvbv Moe Zv Z GjvKvi ekvi Rb Mvôxi eo GKUv As ki Kg ms vb n e c i f e `Ljvg, wkí-kvilvbv Mo j cjøxi GB cwi e k bwzevpk cöfve co e hvwš KZv MÖvm Ki e mybmvb bxie GB Rbc` K nvwi q hv e MÖv gi wpi Pbv cwi ek ZvB wm vší cv ë eûgylx Lvgvi Movi gbw i Kwi Avi mb cwikíbv ev Íevq b AvR wzwb A bkuvb mdj ÔPuv`cyi Rjvq GZ eo GjvKv wb q eûgylx K wl I grm Pvl wøzxqwu bb GB Lvgv i ` wób `b I AvaywbK c wz Z K wl I grm Pvl cökíwu Ab `i Rb ` óvší n Z cv i Õ iii. WBwi: gvt kwn`yj Bmjv gi Rb cvebv Rjvi AvU Nwiqv Dc Rjvi P wkevox MÖv g GK mgq Zvi m ^j wqj emz wfuv Avi wkqz Pvl hvm Rwg wkš Pvl hvm Rwg Z Zgb dmj bv niqvq wekí wpšív ïiæ Kij GB fvebv _ K wzwb cö_ g `ybuv Mvfx wb q GKUv Lvgvi w` jb ciezx Z GBUvi mvd j wzwb evwywr K fv e Mvfx cvjb ïiæ Ki jb Ges LvgviwUi bvg w` jb ÒmvMi WBix dvg Ó fvj exr, fvj djb G K_v K me vwak iæz w` q ÒmvMi WBix dvg Õ mkj mgq fvj Rv Zi Mvfx wbe vpb K i _v K Rbve Bmjv gi msm nxz Mvfxi g a i q Q A óªwjqvb, wdwrqvb Ges wewfbœ kski Rv Zi Rbve Bmjvg Zvi cï `i Lv ` i e vcv i LyeB mzk wzwb Zvi Mevw` cï `i K mylg Lv` mieivn K ib G mkj Lv ` i Kvb KvbwU wzwb wb R mieivn K ib Ges mlv b DbœZ Rv Zi Nvm Pvl K ib hv Zvi dv g i cöavb cï Lv` wnmv e we ewpz nq ZvQvov Mvfxi Lv ` i K_v wpšív K i wzwb GKwU PvDj Kj cwipvjbv K ib hlvb _ K cö qvrbxq PvD ji Kzov msmön K ib

210 202 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî Rbve Bmjv gi dv g h `ya Drcv`b nq vbxq cvbkvi wbqwgz G m wb q hvq ZvQvov wzwb Zvi Kg Pvix `i gva g vbxq LyPiv evrv i I wewµ K i _v K Gi d j Zvi Kvb `ya AwewµZ _v K bv wzwb Kvb ekbv evqzi wewµ K ib bv hvi d j G jv n Z bzzb Mvfx nq gv S gv S Gu o evqzi wewµ K i `b ÒmvMi WBix dvg Ó G `wbk h Mvei cviqv hvq Zv w` q Rbve Bmjvg GKwU ev qvm vm cøv U vcb K i Qb G cøv U Drcvw`Z M vm ivbœv-evbœvi Kv R wzwb mviv eqi e envi K ib d j R vjvbxi cö qvr b Zv K Avi wekí wpšív fvebv Ki Z nq bv ev qvm vm cøv U Mvei e envi Kivi ci Re mvi wn m e Zv vbxq K lk `i wbku wewµ K ib Ges KLb I KLbI Zv wb Ri K wl Rwg ZI e envi K ib Any kind of e-book & Software : WBix dvg vc bi gva g Rbve kwn`yj Bmjvg ïay gvî wb Ri Avw_ K Ae vib DbœwZ K iwb eis Zvi gybvdv I e w K i Q ez gv b Zvi cwiwpwz Dc Rjvi melv b A bk K Zv K ` L D y n Q Ges bzzb bzzb WBix dvg vcb Ki Q Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): bvix D ` v³vi aviyv Concept of Women Entrepreneur hw` Kvb bvix e w³gvwjkvbvaxb cöwzôv bi ÿ Î ^Z vwakvix nb wksev Askx`vwi cöwzôvb ev R q U K Kv úvwb Z wbewüz cövb fu Kv úvwbi cwipvjk ev kqvi nvìvim Yi g a Ab~ b 51% (kzkiv GKvbœ fvm) As ki gvwjk nb Zvn j wzwb bvix wk ív ` v³v wn m e cwimwyz n eb evsjv ` ki gvu RbmsL vi cövq 50 kzvskb bvix RbmsL vi G KvVv gvi Kvi Y UKmB A_ bwzk cöe w i Rb A_ bxwzi g~j mªv Z bvix `i AskMÖnY GKvšÍfv eb Acwinvh Avgv `i bvix mgv Ri wbôv, AvMÖn, D veb kw³ I kög wbcyyzv i q Q we kl K i gvb µv µwwu Kvh µg I cvkvk wk í bvix `i Ae vnz AskMÖnY wkívq b e vck f~wgkv ivl Q mdjzvi Kvwnbx jyrdv mvbwr`v: e `ibmix PUªMÖv gi nvwjkn ii Awb ` eywuk Ges cvj v ii gvwjk jyrdv mvbwr`v whwb gvî 15 nvrvi UvKv w` q e emvq ïiæ K i AvR KvwUcwZi ZvwjKvq bvg wjwl q Qb wz j wz j M o Zy j Qb eywuk I cvj vi msmövgb Zvi Rxe bi g~jgš Aweivg Póv bv _vk j AvR Ki Ae vq Avmv Kv bvfv eb m e n Zv bv hlbb Kv bv mgm v `Lv w` q Q ZLbB ah I cwikög w` q Zv AwZµg K i Q 1988 mv j hlb Zvi GmGmwm cixÿv `qvi mgq, msmv ii cö qvr b Zv K cvu UvBg PvKwi Ki Z n qwqj jyrdv wkï `i cvkvk I cvävwe Zwi K i vbxq evrv ii `vkv b mieivn Ki Zb GK KvwR bi wbku _ K 30 nvrvi UvKv avi wb q 1989 mv j wzwb PKwfD gv K U GKwU kviæg w` qwq jb mwub wqj Zvi Rxe bi Ny i `uvov bvi mgq ïiæ _ KB `vkvbwu Z epv Kbv fv jv n Zv 1995 mv j wzwb PUªMÖv gi gvbwvm _ K 50 nvrvi UvKv FY wb q wpuvmvs kwcs Kg cø Av ikwu kviæg `b e emv R g D V cwiev i m QjZv Avm Z _v K 2004 mv j wzwb GKwU wedwu cvj vi `b Zvi cöwzôvb Awb ` Ges Gi m ½ mswkøó Kg Pvix `i kög Ges µzvi ^Ztù~Z c`pviyvb Zv K mvnm RywM q Q memgq

211 e emvq D ` vm 203 wzwb mvgvwrk `vqe Zvi Ask wn m e mgv Ri `ytlx gvby li cv k `uvov Z Póv K ib cöwzeüx bvix, ^vgx cwiz ³v I wbh vwzzv bvix `i webvg~ j cöwkÿy w` q Kg ms vb m wó Z mnvqzv K ib Zvi cöwzwôz Awb ` I Av iv wkqy Kivi ^cœ K m½x K i wzwb GwM q hv eb eû`yi Av bvqviv emg: evsjv ` ki h KÕRb wk ív ` v³v AwZ mvaviy Ae v n Z wbr Y mdj D ` v³v n q Qb, Zuv `i g a gwnjv `i msl v GKvšÍB bmy m ez mviv c w_ex Z wkí cöwzôvq gwnjv `i mvd j i D`vniY we kl bb G w`k w` q Av bvqviv emg Awfbe Ë i `vwe`vi wzwb wbr cwikög, GKvMÖZv, A`g mvnm BZ vw` w` q `wi`ª K `~i K i G ` k mdj bvix D ` v³v wnmv e wb R K cöwzôv K i Qb Av bvqviv emg wî ki `k K cvebv Rjvi (ez gvb wmivrmä) P nvwj _vbvq NvovRvb MÖv g Rb MÖnY K ib Zuvi wczvi bvg myrv qz Avjx wgqv gv qi bvg Rwgjv LvZzb Pvi fvb- ev bi g a Av bvqviv emg wq jb eo evev wq jb cywj ki mve BÝ c±i evevi G mikvwi PvKywi Kivi myev ` wzwb wewfbœ RvqMvq Ny i Qb Z e `v`v-`v`xi cöwz cöpð fvjevmv _vkvq wzwb MÖv gb _vk Z cq ` Ki Zb mvz eqi eq m wzwb wmivrmä kn ii DcK É mv jnv BmnvK evwjkv we` vjq 1g köyx Z fwz nb Ges 3q köyx ch ší cov kvbv K ib kvixwikfv e GKUz j ^v niqvq cwiev ii gyiæeÿx `i AbvMÖ n GLv bb Zvi wkÿv Rxe bi BwZ N U e emvq m ú K Zuvi AvMÖn wkfv e nq G cö kœi DË i Av bvqviv emg e jb, mkv j MÖv g _vk Z wzwb e `bx `i ` L Qb evwo Z evwo Z Pzwo, `yj BZ vw` wewµ Ki Z Zv `i wrávmv Ki Zb G mkj `ªe Zviv Kv_vq n Z msmön K ib Ges Kgb jvf nq e `bxiv G cö kœi DËi wvkgz w`z bv, d j Zuvi g a K Zznj _ K hz wczvi PvKwii myev ` hlbb wczvi mv _ kn i _vkvi ci MÖv g h Zb ZLbB kni _ K `yj, Pzwo BZ vw` wk b w` Zb Z e Zv `i mv _ kz _vzk h G jv wewµ K i hv jvf n e Zvi A a i Zv K w` Z n e wøzxq wek hy i mgq wczvi Kg j KjKvZv Q o A bk w`b MÖv gi evwo Z _vk Z nq d j wzwb Zuvi Rgv bv wkqz cyuwr w` q k Li e m g mygx cy hgb avb, KvjvB, wpbv BZ vw` µq K ib Ges G Z ekwkqz jvf nq Z e G jvf wzwb a i ivl Z cv ibwb KviY H mgq Afv ei msmv i gv cövqb Zuvi gryzk Z cy msmv ii cö qvr b e envi K i dj Zb gvî c bi eqi eq m Av bvqviv em gi KjKvZvi Avãyj nvwg` bv g AvUPwjøk eqi eq GK D`~ fvlx jv Ki mv _ we q nq ^vgx GKvbœeZx cwievi niqvq cöpzi ab-m úwë wqj wkš ciezx Z GKvbœeZx cwievi f ½ hviqv, ^vgxi ewn m e LiP Kivi cöeyzv, im Ljvi bkv BZ vw` Kvi Y msmv i KiæY `kvi m wó nq ZLb Av bvqviv emg Zuvi `yõkb v mšívbmn evevi MÖv gi evwo Z P j Av mb G evwo Z wzwb cöpzi cwikög Ki Zb G Kev i Kv Ri g q `i gz KviY Zuvi B Qv wqj, h Kvb Dcv q wb Ri g q `yõwu K gvbyl Ki Z n e G mg q PvPv Zv evb I `yjvfvb qi civg k XvKvi cvzjv Lvb j b Zv `i evmvq Av bvqviv emg `yõ g q K wb q P j Av mb

212 204 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî XvKvq evmv n q Q G Lei c q Zuvi ^vgx KjKvZv _ K XvKvq P j Av mb Ges Zuvi mv _ emevm Ki Z _v Kb Ges m mg q Zuv `i N i Av iv `ywu mšívb Rb MÖnY K i mv ji w` K Zuvi e emvqx K cyuwri cwigvy `uvovq wzb nvrvi UvKv Ges cöwz gv m mkj LiP ev` w` q jvf n Zv cuvpkz UvKv e emvq m cömvi Yi K_v wpšív K i H mg qi bzzb XvKv wrbœvn GwfwbD q (ez gvb bvg e½eüz GwfwbD) Zuvi Jl ai `vkvbwu vbvšíi K ib Ges bvg `b ÔKwig WªvM nvdmõ hv ez gv b evsjv ` ki Ab Zg Jla Kv úvwb KwWGBP (KDH) bv g L vz 1958 mv j wzwb Jl ai cvbkvix e emvq, Avg`vwb I www ªweDU ii KvR ïiæ K ib Hmgq cvwk Ívb mikv ii Jl ai emikvwi bxwzi AvIZvq wzwb Jl ai KviLvbv `Iqvi wpšív-fvebv ïiæ K ib G Kv R Zuv K cvebvi GWiæK Jla KviLvbvi gvwjk Rbve nvwg` mv ne ek mvnvh -mn hvwmzv K i Qb Any kind of e-book & Software : Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): mv j wzwb Bb RKkb evbv bvi Rb mikv ii jvb bý bqvi kz c~i Yi Rb g~j XvKv kni _ K A bk `~ i ez gv b avbgwûi mvzgmwr` iv W Pvi nvrvi UvKvq GK wenv wbpz Rwg wk b mlv b Jla Zwii cög_ KviLvbv Zwi K ib `xn v½x, D¾ j k vgey v, myvvg ` ni AwaKvwiYx Av bvqviv emg evsjv ` ki ^í msl K mdj wkí D `v³v `i g a wb Ri vb K i wb Z c i Qb AwZ mvgvb Ae v n Z Ges AmvaviY AmyweavRbK cwiw wz Z kvwn`v emg M nea~ _ K D ` v³v: ewikv j wje vwu R Um UBjv m i ^Z vwakvix kvwn`v emg kl ev cwikíbv K i bq, wbzvší cö qvr b wzwb e emvq ïiæ K ib KLbI fv ebwb GiKg wkqz Ki Z n e G ÿ Î Zvi Kv bv AwfÁZvB wqj bv hlb ïiæ Ki jb ZLb bvbv evav-wecwëi g a c owq jb wkš ` p g bvej I cwikögb Zv K G b w` q Q mvdj I m vb cyiæl `i cvkvk Zwii KvR ïiæ K iwq jb Ges KL bv Ki Qb kvwn`v emg evm K ib ewikvj kn i ^vgxi UBjvwis e emvq Avi Pvi g q wb q Zvi w`b jv fv jvb PjwQj wkš nvvr K ib Zvi ^vgx Amȳ nb 1997 mv j Zvi ^vgx Zv `i mevb K i L P j hvb cicv i kvwn`v hb Pv L AÜKvi ` Lb Kxfv e Pj e mvg bi w`bmy jv? g q `i fwel Z Kx n e? Ni msmv ii KvR Qvov wzwb wkqzb Rvb Zb bv GgbwK e emvqi ev Sb bv ewikvj m`i nvmcvzv ji Kv Q Zvi ^vgxi R Um UBjvm wui Ae vi ZLb fv jv wqj bv ^vgx A bkw`b Amȳ _vkvq mg Í mâqi kl n qwqj kvwn`vi mvgvb MnbvB m ^j wqj Mnbv wewµ K i câvk nvrvi UvKv w` qb e emvqwu ïiæ K ib `vkv bi Kg Pvix ZLb wqj 2 Rb Zv `i Kv Q UBjvwis k Lb ïiæ K ib KvR ïiæ Z cyiæl µzv, cwiev ii jvkrb, AvZ xq- ^Rb KD G KvRwU K fv jvfv e bbwb wkš wzwb nvj Q o `bwb AvZ wek vm I KwVb g bvej wb q wzwb cy iv cwiw wz mvg j wb q GKwU AvaywbK R Um UBjvm M o Zv jb Gfv eb wzwb mvaviy M neay _ K cy ivcywi e emvqx n q D Vb wzwb 2008 mv j mdj bvix D ` v³v wn m e GmGgB dvd Ûkb _ K cyi vi c q Qb

213 e emvq D ` vm 205 mikvi cö`ë mnvqzv: mikvi bvix D ` v³v `i K mnvqzv Kivi Rb Avjv`v cwjwm MÖnY K i Q mikvi cö`ë myweav jvi g a D jøl hvm n jv: GKwU myôz Ges UKmB wkíbxwz K i Q hv bvix Ges cyiæ li mgzv `vb K i Q bvix D ` v³v `i DrmvwnZ Kivi Rb we kl c v KR NvlYv K i Q gwnjv `i mn R evrv i cö e ki e e v K i Q gwnjv D ` v³v `i `ÿzv e w i e e v Ki Q gwnjv D ` v³v `i mn R evrv i cö e ki e e v Ki Q hme ÿ Î gwnjv D ` v³v i q Q Zv `i K mnvqzv Kivi Rb wewfbœ M elyv Kvh µg nv Z wb q Q Ges m jv g~j vq Yi gva g cö qvrbxq c` ÿc MÖnY K i Q gwnjv `i A_ bwzk AvZ wbf ikxjzvi Dci iæz Av ivc K i Q h mkj bvix D ` v³v mdj n q Q Zv `i K mikvwifv e ^xk wz `qv nq Gi d j Ab bvix D ` v³viv DrmvwnZ nq A bk mgq bvix D ` v³v `i Avw_ Kfv e mnvqzv cö`vb Kiv nq wkqz wkqz ÿ Î bvix D ` v³v `i Ki iqvz myweav cö`vb Kiv nq evsjv ` k bvix D ` v³v `i Dbœq b wkqz mycvwikgvjv Some Recommendations for Development of Women Entreprenures mikvi bvix D ` v³v `i Rb mnrk Z I webvmy ` FY cö`vb Ki Z cv i bzzb bvix D ` v³v `i Rb Dchy³ cöwkÿ Yi e e v Kiv e emvq evwyr cwipvjbv mnr Ki Z bvix `i Rb mnr MYcwienb e e v Pvjy KiY bvix `i wbivcëv e e v Rvi`vi Kiv bvix `i cöwz mg` wófw½ w` Z n e ïé iqvzmn wewfbœ ai bi myweav `Iqv eûwbe vpwb cökœ: 1 e emvq D ` vm Gi Bs iwr cöwzkã Kx? K. Business Entrepreneurship L. Business Entrepreneur M. Business Enterpreneur N. Business Enterpreneurship 2 wb Pi KvbwU e emvq D ` v³vi ewkó bq? K. AvZ wek vm L. D vebx ÿgzv M. cyuwr msmö ni `ÿzv N. SzuwK Gov bvi gvbwmkzv

214 206 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî 3 wb Pi KvbwU AvZ Kg ms v bi Dchy³ ÿî? K. Kv Vi AvmevecÎ Zwi L. cvkvk wkí M. e wkí N. RvnvR Zwi Any kind of e-book & Software : wb Pi DÏxcKwU c o 4 I 5 bs cö kœi DËi `vi wg. ivwd hye Dbœqb _ K cöwkÿy k l Kg ms vb e vs Ki mnvqzvq Zvi wbr GjvKvq GKwU `y» Lvgvi vc bi gva g Zvi Kg Rxeb ïiæ K ib Zvi mwvk cwikíbvi Kvi Y wzwb ciez x Z mdjzv jvf K i Qb 4 e emvq D ` vm M o DVvi AbyKzj cwi ek KvbwU? K. cöwkÿ Yi my hvm L. Abỳ vb M. b`xbvjv N. Rjevqy 5 wg. ivwd e emvq D ` vm MÖn Yi ÿ Î e emv qi Kvb Kvb AbyK~j cwi e ki myweav fvm K i Qb? i. cöwkÿ Yi my hvm ii. ch vß cywri cövc Zv iii. cwikíbv wb Pi KvbwU mwvk? K. i I iii L. ii I iii M. i I ii N. i, ii I iii m Rbkxj cökœ: Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): Rwni jlvcovq Kivi mgq _ KB fvez bzzb wkqz Kivi jlvcov kl K i PvKwi bv Luy R m GKwU WBwi dvg Kivi wm vší wbj Rwni Zvi evevi KvQ _ K wkqz UvKv wb q Zv `i MÖv gi evwo Z cwikíbv Abyhvqx GKwU dvg cöwzôv Kij Ges AvZœwek vm, mvnm I Aa vemvq Zv K mvdj G b w`j K. TMSS Gi c~y iƒc Kx? L. Aa vemvq ewkó wu D ` v³vi _vkv Avek K Kb? M. Rwni Zvi dvg wu MÖv gi evwo Z M o Zz j Qb Kb? e vl v Ki N. evsjv ` k A_ bwzk Dbœq b Rwn ii D ` v Mi Ae`vb DÏxc Ki Av jv K we køly Ki 2 Avwid, kvgxg I nvmvb wzb eüz m úªwz we.kg. cvm K i Q Zviv Zv `i fwel r cwikíbv wb q Av jvpbv KiwQj Avwid I kvgxg Gg.Kg G fwz i wpšív Ki Q nvmvb GLbI wm vší P~ovšÍ Ki Z cv iwb KviY Zvi evevi B Qv m ga cöv P i Kvb ` k P j hvk wkšíy gavex nvmvb Pvq ` kb wkqz Ki Z GRb m Miæ QvMj cvj bi Dci `yõgv mi cöwkÿy MÖnY K i G Z Zvi g bvej e o hvq we `k hvevi UvKv w` q m evwo Z Miæ, QvMj Lvgvi cöwzôv K i cöwkÿyj Ávb cö qvm K i wb RB Póvq AvR m ^vej ^x K. AvZ Kg ms vb Kx? L. e emvq D ` v³v ej Z Kx eysvq? M. nvmvb Miæ-QvMj Lvgvi cöwzôv Kvb ai bi Kv Ri AšÍfz ³? e vl v Ki N. ^ej ^x nevi cq b Kvb YwU nvmvb K ewk cöfvwez K i Q e j Zzwg g b Ki we køly Ki

215 GKv`k Aa vq e emvq Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³i e envi USES OF INFORMATION & COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY IN BUSINESS ez gvb hym K ejv nq Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³i hym GwU Z_ cöhyw³i ewa Z iæc GwU n Q Uwj hvmv hvm Kw úduvi I mduiq vi, Z_ msiÿy, AwWI wfrÿ qvj-gi mgwš^z iæc hvi gva g e envikvixiv mn RB Z _ AbycÖ ek Ges Z_ msiÿy Ki Z cv i Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ ej Z H ai bi cy K evsvq h jv mn RB Z_ msiÿy, D vi, wbcyyfv e cwipvjbv ev e envi Kiv Ges wwwruvj d g Av`vb-cÖ`vb K i G Aa vq cvv k l Avgiv Rvb Z cvie e emv q Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³i aviyv I cö qvrbxqzv e emv q Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³i e envi AbjvBb e emvq aviyv, iæz I c wz B-Kgvm Gi aviyv I c wz B-weR bm aviyv I c wz B-gv K wus aviyv, iæz I c wz B -wi UBwjs aviyv, c wz I myweav B- e vswks aviyv, c wz I myweav WweU I µwwu KvW aviyv I cö qvrbxqzv gvevbj e vswks aviyv Ges Gi iæz

216 208 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî e emv q Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³i aviyv Concept of Use of Information and Communication Technology Any kind of e-book & Software : Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ ej Z H ai bi cb K evsvq h jv mn RB Z_ msiÿy, D vi, wbcyyfv e cwipvjbv ev e envi Kiv Ges wwwruvj d g Av`vb-cÖ`vb K i Z_ msmön, msiÿy, cöwµqvrvzkiy I wezi Yi mv _ mswkøó cöhyw³ I e e v K GK K_vq ejv nq Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ ev Bbdi gkb A vû KwgwbDwb Kkb UK bv jvr (AvBwmwU) e emvwqk Kvi Y `ªæZ wm vší biqvi Rb A_ev `ÿ Z_ e e vcbvi Rb Z_ AvniY, msiÿy, cöwµqvkiy I weziy A bk iæz c~y AvBwmwUi e vck DbœwZi d j gvbyl c w_ex K nv Zi gy Vvq Avb Z c i Q B Uvi b Ui Kj v Y gvbyl me mgq Bbdi gkb mycvi nvbi qi mv _ mshy³ _vk Z cvi Q AvR K e emvq-evwy R Kw úduvi, B Uvi bu gvevbj, Uwj dvb BZ vw` Qvov h bv Kvb wkqzb Kíbv Kiv hvq bv Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ K 2 fv M fvm Kiv hvq h_v 1. cöpwjz Kw úduvi wbf i cöhyw³ 2. AvaywbK wwwruvj hvmv hvm cöhyw³ 11.2 e emv q Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³i cö qvrbxqzv/ iæz Importance of Information and Communication Technology in Business Kv Ri `ÿzv evov bv (Increase efficiency) Kv Ri `ÿzv ej Z KvR K `ªæZ I Kg mg q mwvkfv e m úbœ Kiv eysvq Kv Ri cöwzwu av ci ch vß Z_ cviqv M j KvR `ÿzvi mv _ Kiv hvq Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³i cö qv M ev ÍevwqZ Bbdi gkb wm óg e env ii g~j D Ïk B n jv Kv Ri `ÿzv evov bv KvR djcö` Kiv (Make the Work Effective): Z_ I cöhyw³ hvmv hvm cöhyw³i Avi GKUv iæz c~y D Ïk n jv KvR K djcö` Kiv Kv Ri cöwzwu av c mwvk wm vší biqvi Rb cö qvrbxq Z_ c jb KvR K djcö` Kiv h Z cv i DbœZ MÖvnK mev (Develop Customer Service): Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³i DbœwZi mv _ mv _ wewfbœ Kv úvwbi MªvnK mevi gv bvbœqb Ki Q KviY, h cöwzôvb hz ewk MÖvnK mev w` Z cvi e, m cöwzôvbb cöwz hvwmzvq wu K _vk Z mÿg n e Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³i gva g GB MÖvnK mevi gvb DbœZ Kiv hvq cy Zwi I Dbœqb (Producing Product and its Development): A bk cöwzôvb hgb e vsk, exgv, A_ vqb mev, ch Ub ms v BZ vw` Zv `i e emv qi ÿ Î Z_ K cöavb kw³ wn m e e envi K i wewfbœ cy Zwi K i wksev Drcvw`Z c Y i gvb DbœqY K i eb Drcvw`Z cb K Bbdi gkb Bb Ubwmf cy e j Bbdi gkb wm gi mn hvwmzvi Z _ i cök wzi Ici wfwë K i Drcbœ cb wewfbœ ai bi n Z cv i

217 e emv qi Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³i e envi 209 c Y i wecbb (Marketing of Products): Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³ ïay gvî DbœZ cy Zwi Ki ZB mnvqzv K i _v K bv; c Y i wecb b I mnvqzv K i _v K e emvq-my hvm kbv³ Kiv I Kv R jvmv bv (Identify business opportunities and apply it): c w_ex e` j hv Q mb mv _ e` j hv Q gvby li iæwp, Pvwn`v Ges RxeYavib cöyvjx d j e emv qi ÿî I aiy cv ë hv Q GB Ae vq Z_ e e v evrvi Z _ i mgš^q K i Gi mvnv h e emv qi my hvm m wó Ki Z cv i GKwU cöwzôv bi KZ `ªæZ Ges Kx Kx welq cwiez b Ki Z n e, Z_ e e v Zv mn R wby q Ki Z `q MÖvnK a i ivlv I cöwz hvmx K `~ i ivlv (Keep the customers and avoid competitors): e emvq-cöwzôvb Ges MÖvnK cö Z KB cvi úwik mn hvwmzvi gva g jvfevb n Z cv i e emvq-cöwzôvb MÖvnK `i Pvwn`v Abyhvqx my hvm myweav evov bvi gva g MÖvnK `i a i ivl Z cv i Ges cöwz hvmx cöwzôvb K `~ i ivl Z cv i Z_ e e vi mnvqzvq MÖvnK `i Ges cöwz hvmx cöwzôv bi ch vß Z_ msmö ni gva g `ªæZ mwvk wm vší wb q MÖvnK a i ivlv hvq Dc iv³ Av jvpbv _ K Avgiv ej Z cvwi ez gvb hy M wu K _vk Z n j Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³i Dci Aek B iæz w` Z n e 11.3 e emv q Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³i e envi Use of Information and Communication Technology gvevbj e vswks (Mobile Banking): 1997 mv j wdbj v Ûi gwiuv e vsk me cö_g gvevbj e vswks Kvh µg ïiæ K i e vswks Kg cwipvjbvq e eüz gvevbj dvb ev Ab vb gvevbj wwfvb mi gva g h mev `Iqv nq mwu gvevbj e vswks bv g cwiwpz 31 k gvp, 2012 Zvwi L AvbyôvwbKfv e gvevbj e vswks Kvh µg evsjv ` k ïiæ nq emikvix Lv Zi WvP-evsjv e vsk ` ki `yb gvevbj dvb cöwzôvb evsjvwjsk I wmwu m ji mnvqzvq G gvevbj e vswks Kvh µg ïiæ K i evsjv `k e vsk c~y v½ gvevbj e vswks Kvh µ gi Rb 18 wu evwywr K e vsk K Aby gv`b w` q Q

218 210 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî gvevbj e vswks q cövß mev: UvKv Rgv `qv I D Ëvjb, cy ev mev µ qi g~j cwi kva, wewfbœ a i bi wej cwi kva, ezb fvzv weziy, GwUGg _ K A_ D Ëvjb, dvû UªvÝdvi BZ vw` wewfbœ bv g gvevbj e vswks: evsjv ` ki wewfbœ evwywr K e vs K gvevbj e vswks wewfbœ bv g AwfwnZ gvevbj e vswks - WvP-evsjv e vsk Gg- c - gv K UvBj e vsk G cöm K vk - e vsk Gwkqv BwR K vk - cövbg e vsk BD AvB Gm wm _ K gvevbj e vswks (UISC To Mobile Banking): e vswks myweavi evb i _vkv wekvj Rb Mvôx K e vswks myweavi AvIZvq Avb Z KvR Ki Q BDwbqb Z_ I mev K `ª BDwbqb Z_ I mev K `ª (BD AvB Gm wm) _ K wewfbœ e vs Ki gvevbj e vswks qi gva g MÖvgxb Rbc `i gvbyl K G myweav `qv n Q WvP-evsjv e vsk gvevbj e vswks iwr ªkb: evsjv ` k h KqwU e vsk gvevbj e vswks Pvjy K i Q Zvi g a WvP& evsjv e vsk Ab Zg GB e vs Ki gvevbj e vswks Kvh µg ez gv b ek RbwcÖq cö_ gb wbw` ó G R U `vkvb ev wwwewej gvevbj e vswks kvlv _ K iwr ªkb Ki Z n e Gi Rb cª qvrb n e 2 Kwc Qwe, b vkbvj/ fvuvi AvBwW Kv W i d UvKwc Avi gvevbj dvb wwwewej gvevbj e vswks Gi Rb 100 UvKv jvm e, hv GKvD U Rgv n e hw` gvevbj b ^i nq Ges PK wwwru 6 nq Z e Zvi GKvD U b ^i n e Gi ci gvevb j GKwU Kj Avm e hlv b Pvi wwwr Ui Mvcb wcb b ^i/cvmiqvw w` Z n e Zvici GKwU wbwðzkiy GmGgGm Avm e iwr ªkb Kiv hv e h Kvb buiqv K jb `b: GKvD U UvKv Rgv w` Z G R U c q U wm q GKvD U b ^i I UvKv w` j G R U cöwµqv m úbœ K i ` e, gvevb j GKwU wbwðzkiy GmGgGm Avm e ATM ey_ _ KI UvKv D Ëvjb Kiv hv e e vs K UvKv Rgv I D Ëvjb `y UvB m úbœ Kiv hvq B-Kgvm (E-Commerce) Any kind of e-book & Software : Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): B j±ªwbk Dcv q cy I mev mvgmªx µq I weµ qi cöwµqv K B-Kgvm e j G c wz Z we µzviv Zv `i cy I mev mvgmöx B j±ªwbk c wz Z µzv `i wbku Dc vcb K i µzviv Z_ AbymÜvb K i, Zviv Kx Pvq Zv wpwýz K i Ges µwwu KvW ev Ab B j±ªwbk cwi kva c wz e envi K i AW vi cö`vb K i B-Kgv m i gva g GKRb µzv hgb we k i h Kvb ` ki cy µq Ki Z cv i, Zgwb GKRb we µzv we k i h Kvb ` ki we µzvi Kv Q Zvi cy weµq Ki Z cv i Avi GUv m e n q Q B Uvi b Ui e envi e w i Kvi Y Dc ii Av jvpbvi gva g Avgiv ej Z cvwi, B j±ªwbk Dcv q µzv I we µzvi g a cy mvgmöx µq-weµ qi cöwµqv K B jk±ªwbk Kgvm e j

219 B-weR bm (E-Business) e emv qi Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³i e envi 211 B-weR bm Gi c~y A_ n jv B j±ªwbk wer bm A_ev B Uvi bu wer bm e emv qi mkj Kvh µg K mnvqzv Kivi Rb hlb Z_ Ges hvmv hvm cöhyw³ (IT) e envi Kiv nq, ZLb Zv K B-weR bm e j B-weR bm ej Z eysvq Kw úduvi buiqvk e envi K i wkí, evwyr I cy wewbg qi Kvh vw` m úv`b Kiv B-weR bm Kv úvwbi Af šíixb Ges ewnt Z _ i mv _ m úk vcb K i wewfbœ mieivnkvix Ges Askx`vi `i mv _ KvR K i Ges µzv I fv³v `i Pvwn`v I cöz vkv c~iy K i _v K B-weR bm, B-Kgvm _ K Avjv`v B- wer bm memgq mbme Kvh vejxi Dci iæz Av ivc K i h jv B j±ªwbk mÿgzvi gva g msmwvz nq Avi B-Kgvm n jv B-weR bm Gi GKwU Dc mu (Sub set) ev Ask B-weR bm m ú~y fjy PBb (Value Chain) Gi mv _ m úk hy³ cwi k l Avgiv ej Z cvwi, Kw úduvi ev B Uvi bu e envi K i hlb Drcv`b, e Ub ev Drcv`b e Ub mnvqk hvezxq Kvh vejx m úv`b Kiv nq ZLb Zv K B-weR bm ev B jkuªwbk wer bm ejv nq B-gv K wus (E-Marketing) B-gv K wus Gi c~y iƒc n jv B j±ªwbk gv K wus B-gv K wus A bk mgq B Uvi bu gv K wus ev AbjvBb gv K wus Gi cöwzkã wn m e e envi Kiv nq mvaviy A _ B-gv K wus ej Z gv K wus G bxwzgvjv Ges Kjv KŠkj B j±ªwbk gva g ev B Uvi bu Gi gva g cö qvm Kiv K eysvq Ab fv e ejv hvq, B- gv K wus ej Z evsvq B Uvi bu e envi K i Kvb eªv Ûi evrvirvzkiy GUvi g a mivmwi evrvirvzkiy ev c ivÿ evrvirvzkiy DfqB i q Q Ges GLv b e emvq Ges µzv `i g a m úk vc b e vck nv i cöhyw³ e envi Kiv nq B-gv K wus Gi ÿ Î Avgiv wb gœv³ ewkó jv `L Z cvb: i. B-gv K wus n Q Kw úduvi c wzi gva g B j±ªwbk Dcv q µzv I we µzvi g a hvmv hvm ii. Gi gva g we µzv mn R µzv `i mv _ hvmv hvm Ki Z cv i iii. Gi gva g µzv `i mv _ `xn gqvw` m úk vcb Kiv hvq iv. gv K wus Gi bxwzgvjv Ges Kjv KŠkj B j±ªwbk Dcv q cö qvm Kiv nq cwi k l ejv hvq, B-gv K wus ej Z H mkj Kvhv ejx K evsvq h jv m úv`b Kiv nq World Wide Web (Iqvì IqvBW I qe) Gi gva g hvi jÿ n Q bzzb e emvq K AvKl Y Kiv, ez gvb e emvq K a i ivlv Ges GwUi eªv Ûi cwiwpwz e w Kiv

220 212 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî Kg cî-1 B-weR bm I B-gv K wus Gi aviyv _ K G `i g a 3wU cv_ K Ly u R ei Ki Any kind of e-book & Software : B-weR bm B-wi UBwjs (E-Retailing) B-gv K wus B-wi UBwjs Gi c~y A_ n jv B j±ªwbk wi UBwjs (Electronic Retailing) B-wi UBwjs n jv wer bm Uz KbRygvi ev e emvq _ K fv³v (B2C) jb ` bi cöwzkã mvaviyfv e LyPiv cy `ªe B Uvi b Ui gva g wewµ Kiv K B- wi UBwjs e j e vck A _ B-wi UBwjs n jv we µzv KZ K mivmwi B Uvi bu ev I qe eªvdrv ii gva g fv³v `i Kv Q cy `ªe wewµ Kiv KD KD Bnv K B-mc, B- vi, B Uvi bu mc, AbjvBb vi, I qe vi BZ vw` bv g AwfwnZ K i c w_exi wel vz `ybwu B- wi UBwjs n jv AvgvRb WU Kg (Amazon.com) Ges B- e (e-bay) evsjv ` ki weµq WU Kg (bikroy.com) GKwU B- wi UBwjs Gi D`vniY cwi k l Avgiv ej Z cvwi, hlb Kvb cöwzôvb mivmwi cy `ªe `vkv b bv mvwr q B Uvi b Ui gva g wewfbœ K vuvj M cy mvwr q iv L Ges µzviv mivmwi `vkv b bv G m AbjvB bi gva g cy `ªe µq Ki Z cv i ZLb Zv K e j B-wi UBwjs Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): AbjvBb e emvq (Online Business) wecyb cy I cwi mev B Uvi bu e envi K i AbjvB bi gva g h e emvq Kiv nq Zv K AbjvBb e emvq e j AbjvBb e emv q GKwU cöwzôvb Zvi mkj cy -`ªe m ú K hvezxq mkj wkqz AbjvBb K vuvj M w` q iv L h KD H K vuvjm `L Z cv i I cy cq ` K i AbjvB bb c Y i digv qk cö`vb Ki Z cv i GB digv q ki gva gb we µzv Zvi cy mieiv ni e e v K i GB ai bi c Y i g~j AbjvB bb cwi kva Ki Z nq AbjvBb e emv qi cöavb gva g wn m e B Uvi bu e envi Kiv nq B Uvi bu nvrvi nvrvi MÖvnK K cy m ú K Lye mn RB Z_ w` Z cv i, hvi gva g MÖvnKiv cy m ú K AvK ó nq Ges cy µ qi cöwz AvMÖnx nq Z e AbjvBb e emv q wek vm Ges mzzv LyeB Riæix GwU bv _vk j G e emv q mdj niqv cövq Am e

221 B-e vswks / B jkuªwbk e vswks Gi aviyv Concept of E-Banking/Electronic Banking e emv qi Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³i e envi 213 B jkuªwbk e vswks c wz n jv e vswks mev myweav cö`v bi AvaywbK KŠkj ev c wz GwU Ggb GK ai bi e vswks mev c wz hlv b DbœZ B jkuªwbk cöhyw³ e envi K i AwZ`ªæZ, wbf yj Ges e vck we Í Z mev cö`vb m e G ai bi e vswks c wz mbvzb, KvwqK kªgwbf i, mxwgz mevm ^wjz, gš i, KvMR I bw_i RgvK Z Íy ci m K j e vswks c wzi Aemvb NwU q Q evsjv ` ki cöl vz e vsk welqk jlk Wt G Avi Lvb G m ú K e jb, ÒB jkuªwbk e vswks n jv DbœZ cöhyw³wbf i AvaywbKZg Zworevnx ev DcMÖn wbf i Kw úduvivwqz cöwµqvmg~n hvi gva g e vsk `ªæZZv I wbf yjzv wbwðzc~e K MÖvnK `i K Kvg mev cö`vbmn cvi úwik hvmv hvm ms vc b mÿg nq B jkuªwbk e vswks c wzmg~n (Methods Of E-Banking) nvg e vswks (Home Banking): nvg e vswks n jv Ggb e vswks e e v, hlv b e vs Ki kvlvq bv wm q N i e mb e vswks Kvh vejx m úv`b Kiv K evsvq nvg e vswks mvaviyz Uwj dvb ev B Uvi b Ui mvnv h m úv`b Kiv n q _v K hw`i nvg e vswks 1980 mv j ïiæ nq Z_vwc 1990 mv ji gvsvgvws Z GwU RbwcÖqZv AR b K i _v K e vswks Gi RbwcÖqZvi Kvi Y ez gv b e vswks e e vq e vck cwiez b mvwaz n q Q weµq we `y mev (Point of sale (POS): POS ej Z Ggb vb K evsvq hlv b LyPiv jb `b m úv`b nq GUv n Q Ggb GKwU c qè hlv b cy I mevi g~j e emvqx `i K cö`vb Kiv nq Avi cy ev mevi g~j wba viy Kivi Rb GLv b vbvi ev B jkuªwbk gwkb e envi Kiv nq

222 214 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî ^qsµxq MYbv hš (ATM): gbyl wenxb ^qsµxqfv e cwipvwjz A_ jb `b e e v KB GwUGg e j A Uv g UW Ujvi gwkb (GwUGg) ez gvb mg q me P q ewk e eüz Ges RbwcÖq mev cö`vbkvix Abyl½ GwU GKwU cøvw K KvW, hv bm` Rgv Ges D Ëvj bi Kv R PweŸk N Uv e eüz n q _v K GwU Ggb GKwU ^qswµq hš hv cöwzôv bi jwe Z, GcvU g U Kg cø, evwywr K GjvKv, kwcs m Uvi, KviLvbv GjvKv BZ vw` h Kvb GjvKvq vcb Kiv hvq Gi gva g e vsk jv Zv `i wewfbœ LyPiv mev jv MÖvnK `i AwZ mwbœk U cuš Q w` Z c i Q mviv ` k cövq cö Z KwU e vs Ki wbr ^ ey _i cvkvcvwk kqviw ey_i i q Q G Z myweav n jv hgb-(k) PK cö qvrb nq bv (L) ^vÿi wgj-awg ji Kvb mskq bb (M) 365 w` bi h Kvb mg q mev cövwßi myweav (N) KvD Uv i hš Yv`vqK wf oi g a c o _vk Z nq bv (O) mn R enb hvm (P) mkj c ÿi mgq I A_ mvköq BZ vw` Any kind of e-book & Software : Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): µwwu KvW (Credit Card): Ôd«v¼wjb b vkbvj e vskõ 1951 mv j me cö_g µwwu Kv W i cöpjb K i 1966 mv j Ôe vsk Ae Av gwikvõ Zvi µwwu xg Pvjy Kivi Rb gvwk b hy³iv óªi Ges Ab vb ` ki me vwak e vsk jv K G jvb mý `q G cöwµqvq e vsk KZ K MÖvnK K e vs Ki UvKv e env ii GKwU wjwgu `qv nq MÖvnK Zvi GKvD U UvKv bv _vkv m Ë I G KvW w` q UvKv D Ëvjb Ki Z cv ib wksev wewfbœ kwcs cöwzôvb _ K KbvKvUv m úbœ Ki Z cv ib µwwu Kv W LiP Kivi Rb KvW Bmÿ Kvix cöwzôvb Zvi MÖvnK `i cövqk GKwU AbyMÖn mgq w` q _v K ez gv b c w_ex Z me vwak cöpwjz µwwu KvW jv n jv wfmv, G g, gv vi, Av gwikvb G cöm, Mvì KvW BZ vw` GmGgGm e vsk (SMS Bank): e vs Ki kvlvq gvevbj b ^i iwr ªkb K i GmGgGm e vswks mev Pvjy Ki Z nq h Kvb mgq GKvD U e v jý I U g U c Z GmGgGm e vswks mev AZzjbxq G mev m úªmvi Yi gva g kvlvi MÖvnK mevi gvb DbœwZ Kiv m e h mkj MÖvnK ïaygvî GKvD U e v jý Rvbvi Rb kvlvq Av mb GmGgGm e vswks Pvjy Ki j e v jý Rvbvi Rb Zv `i kvlvq Avmvi `ikvi n e bv G Z e vskvi I MÖvn Ki mgq, kög I A_ mvköq nq evsjv `k A Uv g UW wk qvwis nvdr (BACH): evsjv ` k wk qvwis RM Z Av jvob m wókvix GKwU bvg evsjv `k A Uv g UW wk qvwis nvdr (wegwmgbp) GB buiqv K i AvIZvq GLb K `ªxqfv e evsjv `k e vs Ki cöavb Kvh vj q wk qvwis m úbœ n q _v K G Z MÖvnKiv GKw` bb Zvi PK Zvi e vs Ki h Kvb kvlvi gva g wk qvwis Kwi q A_ D Ëvjb Ki Z cvi Qb, hv Av M ÿî we k l GK mßvni j M hz G ÿ Î Kej P Ki B gr cvvv Z nq, c~ e i gz g~j PK cvvv bvi cö qvrb nq bv G e e v e vswks-g cöf~z AMÖMwZ I ^v Q ` Avbqb K i Q

223 gvevbj e vswks (Mobile Bankig): e emv qi Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³i e envi 215 gvevbj e vswks Ggb GKwU kvlvwenxb wwwruvj e vswks wm g hvi gva g ^í Li P `ÿzvi mv _ e vswks myweavewâz gvby li wbku cušqv bv hvq G c wzi mvnv h cök Z Ab-jvBb myweav cviqv hvq B Uvi bu e envi K i gvevbj e vswks Gi gva g gvevb j UvKv wipvr Kiv hvq GwU cö Z Ki Rb cö qvrbx AwZ KvwÿZ GKwU mev wcö- cöbw c v K R 10 UvKv _ K 1000 UvKv ch ší w` b m e v P cuvpevi wipvr hvm cv cbw c v K R 50 UvKv _ K 5000 UvKv ch ší w` b m e v P cuvpevi wipvr hvm G Z Kvb PvR cö hvr bq w` b 24 N Uv, mßv n 7 w`b I eq i 365 w`b e vswks myweav G c wz Z we `k _ K A_ cöiy I MÖnY, bm` UvKv Rgv/D Ëvjb, GK GKvD U n Z Ab GKvD U A_ vbvšíi, GKvD Ui e v jý Rvbv, ezb/fvzv cöiy I MÖnY, gvevbj Uc-Avc (wipvr ), cy µq-weµq, h Kvb gvevbj dvb I wmg e envi K i GB myweav MÖnY, gvî 20 UvKv Rgv w` q GKvD U Lvjvmn Av iv A bk myweav MÖnY Kiv hvq evsjv ` k me cö_g WvPevsjv e vsk gvevbj e vswks mvwf m Pvjy K i ÔGg e vswksõ bv g Bmjvgx e vski G mev Pvjy K i Q WweU KvW (Debit Card): WweU KvW B j±ªwbk dvû UªvÝdv ii GKwU Ab Zg c wz, hv ÔK vkkvw Õ ev ÔG mu KvW Õ wn m e eûj cöpwjz GwU e vsk I Ab vb cöwzôvb KZ K AvgvbZKvix K cö`ë Pzw³wfwËK mvs KwZK b ^ihy³ GK ai bi we kl cøvw K KvW Gi gva g B j±ªwbk Dcv q Znwej vbvšíi I AvgvbZ wnmve _ K UvKv D Ëvjb Kiv hvq KvW wu bm` UvKv, PK ev µwwu Kv W i wekí wn m e e eüz nq m Qj jvk `i wbku G Kv W i MÖnY hvm Zv ewk AbjvbB e vswks (Online banking): AbjvBb e vswks n jv Kvb GKK e vs Ki GKvwaK kvlv ev GKvwaK e vs Ki wewfbœ kvlvi g a Kw úduvi cöhyw³wbf i GKUv buiqvk e e v G ÿ Î buiqv K i Aaxb e vs Ki h Kvb kvlvq wm q GKRb MÖvnK Zvi e vsk wnmv ei myweav MÖnY Ki Z cv i A_ vr Zv `i Kw úduv i D³ wnmve ei K i jb `b m úv`b Ki Z cv i A_ Rgv`vb, A_ msmön, P Ki A_ msmön, wej cö`vb BZ vw` bvbvb Kv R AbjvBb e vswks mev Kv R jvmv bv hvq Giƒc e vswks GKUv wbw` ó v b MwÐe mxwgz jb `b e e v K MwÐi evb i G b e vckfv e m úªmvwiz K i Q Ges bm` A_ en bi ev WªvdU K i wb q Zv fv½v bvi cö qvrb `~i K i Q B-e vswks Gi myweav (Benefits of E-Banking): B-e vswks _ K µzv, e vsk wkí Ges mvaviy A_ bxwz Z wewfbœ myweav c q _v K wb gœ B-e vswks Gi myweav Av jvpbv Kiv n jv: µzvi myweav (Benefits to customar): µzviv AbjvBb wnmv ei gva g mn RB w`b ivz 24 N Uv UvKv D Ëvjb Ki Z cv i Ges ÿîwe k l RgvI w` Z cv i

224 216 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî * bm` UvKv D Ëvjb QvovI e v jý AbymÜvb I wgwb e vsk U g U c Z mnvqzv K i _v K * Bs-e vswks Gi mvnv h ez gv b mn RB BDwUwjwU wej cwi kva Kiv hvq Gi Rb Avi N Uvi ci N Uv jvb b `uvwo q _vk Z nq bv Any kind of e-book & Software : * GKUv GKK I qe mvbu Gi gva g e vs Ki hvezxq Kvh vewj I myweav m ú K Rvbv hvq * µwwu Kv W i mvnv h we k i h Kvb `k _ K cb Kbv hvq Gi Rb Avi ccvi bvu enb Ki Z nq bv * WweU Kv W i mvnv h ` ki h Kvb kvlv _ K UvKv D Ëvjb Kiv hv e e vs Ki myweav (Benefits to Bank): Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): B-e vswks Gi Kvi Y µzvi cvkvcvwk e vsk BÛvw ª I A bk myweav c q _v K hvi D jøl hvm jv n jv: * B-e vswks Gi Kvi Y e vs Ki A bk cwipvjbv e q Ges Dcwi e q n«vm cvq * A bk KvR AbjvB bi gva g Kivq Kgx `i `ÿzv e w c q Q Ges wbqš Y Kivi ÿgzv e w c q Q * B-e vswks Gi Kvi Y e vsk jvi g a cöwz hvwmzv e o Q, me e vsk GLb Av iv DbœZ mev cö`v bi Póv Ki Q hv e vsk e e v Dbœq b iæz c~y f~wgkv cvjb Ki Q * B-e vswks mn RB Zv `i jb `b iv WKz g U AvKv i msiÿy Ki Z cv i * kvlv buiqv K i Zzjbvq Kw úduvi buiqvk `ªæZ KvR Ki Z cv i µzv Ges e vswks BÛvw ªR Gi Dbœq bi cvkvcvwk mvaviy A_ bxwz ZI B-e vswks iæz c~y f~wgkv cvjb Ki Q ZvB w`b w`b B-e vswks Gi e envi evo Q Kg cî-2 GwUGg KvW e env ii Kvi Y mbvzb c wz A cÿv h myweav jv cviqv hvq Zvi GKUv ZvwjKv Zwi Ki

225 e emv qi Z_ I hvmv hvm cöhyw³i e envi 217 eûwbe vpwb cökœ: 1 me cö_g gvevbj e vswks Kvh µg ïiæ nq KZ mv j? K L M N B-Kgvm ej Z wb gœi KvbwU K eysvq? K. B j±ªwbk Dcv q cy I mev mvgmöx µq-weµq L. e emv qi mkj Kvh µ g mnvqzv Kiv M. B Uvi bu gva g cö qvm Kiv N. e vswks Kg cwipvjbv Kiv wb Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 3 I 4 bs cö kœi DËi `vi wg. irv Ggb GKwU e vs K wnmve Ly j Qb hlv b DbœZZi cöhyw³ e envi K i AwZ`ªæZ, wbf ~j Ges e vck mev cö`vb K i GQvovI e vsk Zv K wewfbœ AvaywbK mev myweavi Advi Ki Q 3 wg. irvi e vsk e e vi aibwu Kgb? K. B-e vswks L. wgkö e vswks M. PBb e vswks N. MÖæc e vswks 4 e vsk wg. irv K h mkj AvaywbK myweav Advi Ki Q Zv n Z cv i i. WweU KvW ii. µwwu KvW iii. jkvi fvov wb Pi KvbwU mwvk? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

226 218 m Rbkxj cökœ: Any kind of e-book & Software : e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî 1 Rvwid XvKv wek we` vj qi n j _v K Zvi evev MvcvjMÄ m` i WvP-evsjv e vsk _ K Q ji Rb UvKv cvvvb DbœZ cöhyw³i gva g cuvp wgwbu cib Rvwid XvKvi WvP-evsjv e vsk, avbgwû kvlv _ K UvKv DVvq e vskwu ez gv b AviI AvaywbK cöhyw³ mev hgb UvKv Rgv I D Ëvjb, cy I mev µ qi g~j cwi kva, wewfbœ ai bi wej cwi kva, ezb-fvzv BZ vw` my hvm-myweavi ÿ Î GK avc GwM q Av Q K. B-wi UBwjs Kx? L. B-weR bm ej Z Kx eysvq? Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): M. Kvb ai bi e vswks e ve vi myev ` Rvwid `ªæZ UvKv DVv Z c i Q e vl v Ki N. WvP-evsjv e vs Ki AviI AvaywbK cöhyw³ ej Z Kx ai bi cöhyw³i K_v ejv n q Q? DÏxc Ki Av jv K we køly Ki 2 iv mj I gvmy` `yb eüz iv mj PvKyix K i Ges gvmy` e emv K i iv mj `bw `b cö qvr b wewfbœ mg q Zvi wnmve _ K ATM ey_ GK ai bi Kv W i gva g A_ D Ëvjb K i Ab w` K gvmỳ Zvi e vs K wnmve bv _vkv m Ë I we kl Kv W i gva g A_ D Ëvjb I KbvKvUv Ki Z cv i Ges ciez x Z wbw` ó mg q mỳ mn A_ diz w` Z nq K. B-Kgvm Kx? L. gvevbj e vswks ej Z Kx eysvq? M. iv mj h Kv W i gva g A_ D Ëvjb K i Zv K Kx e j? e vl v Ki N. gvmy `i e eüz KvW wu Kx bv g cwiwpz? GB ai bi KvW e env ii hšw³kzv we køly Ki

227 Øv`k Aa vq e emvq bwzkzv I mvgvwrk `vqe Zv ETHICS IN BUSINESS & SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES e emv qi cöavb D Ïk gybvdv AR b ZeyI e emvq cöwzôvb K bwzkzv I mvgvwrk `vqe Zvi welqwu g b Pj Z nq e emvq m úª`v qi m`m wn m e e emvq D ` v³v K g~j eva I bwzkzv m ú K BwZevPK ` wófw½ cvjb Ki Z nq G Aa vq cvv k l Avgiv Rvb Z cvi ev e emvwqk g~j eva I bwzkzvi aviyv e emvwqk g~j eva I bwzkzvi cö qvrbxqzv e emv qi mvgvwrk `vqe Zvi aviyv e emv qi mvgvwrk `vq Zvi iæz mg~n mvgvwrk `vqe Zvi ÿî jv wpwýzkiy e emvwqk Kvi Y cwi ek `~l Yi cöfve cwi ek msiÿ Y ewyk mwgwz / e emvq msmvbmg~ ni `vwqz mg~n mvgvwrk `vqe Zvi Ask wn m e wewfbœ e emvq cöwzôv bi M wnz Kvh µg Lv` msiÿ Y h mkj ivmvqwbk e envi nq m jvi ÿwzki w`k mbv³kiy ivmvqwb Ki e env ii gva g Drcvw`Z Lv ` i ÿwzki w`k jv ÿwzkvik cwjw_b Drcv`b I e env ii ÿwzki w`k jv Lv` Drcv`b I msiÿ Y ivmvqwb Ki e env i mzk Zv I KiYxq w`k jv

228 220 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî e emvwqk g~j eva I bwzkzvi aviyv Concept of Business Values and Ethics Any kind of e-book & Software : bwzkzv I g~j eva e emvq RM Z GKwU iæz c~y welq g~j eva n jv Ggb me AvPvi-AvPiY I Kg cöwµqvi mgwó, hv gvbyl K wbqš Y I cwipvjbv K i g~j eva I bwzkzv eva gvbyl K b vq- Ab vq, wvk- ewvk, fv jv-g `i g a cv_ K wpwýz Ki Z mvnvh K i mvaviy gvbyl AvRI mrfv e Rxebhvcb K i RxweKvi ms vb Ki Z Pvq Ges mgv R GLbI wkqy msl K e emvqx Av Qb hviv mr e emvqx wn m e mvgvwrk ^xk wz c q Qb e emv q bwzkzvi wekvk I g~j ev ai Dbœq bi Rb ivóªxq D ` v M AvBb-Kvbyb cöez b hgb cö qvrb, Zgwb mvgvwrk m PZbZvI Acwinvh cvðv Z i `k jv Z e emvq-evwy R i ÿ Î h g~j eva I bwzkzvi gvb cöwzôv jvf K i Q Zv GKw` b nqwb Ges ïay ivóªxq D ` v MI nqwb DbœZ `k jvi e n`vqzb e emvq cöwzôvb jv Z bwzkzv wewa-weavb cöyqb I Abymi Yi Ici hfv e iæz Av ivc Kiv nq Avgv `i ` ki Zv Ki Z n e GK_v wvk h, e emvwqk g~j eva I bwzkzvi Dbœq bi Rb Avgv `i ` ki AvBbKvbyb LyeB Ach vß wkš h mxwgz msl K AvBbKvbyb G ` k Av Q m jvii myôz ev Íevqb bb e emv q g~j eva I bwzkzvi Dbœq bi Rb ivóª I mgvr- Dfq K GwM q Avm Z n e Zvn j A`~i fwel Z e emv qi ÿ Î bwzkzv I g~j ev ai Dbœqb NU e e j Avkv Kiv hvq Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): e emvwqk g~j eva Business Values g~j eva n jv Ggb me AvPvi-AvPiY I Kg cöwµqvi mgwó, hv gvbyl K wbqš Y I cwipvjbv K i mzzv, b vqcivqyzv, wkóvpvi, k Ljv, m Rb, mnbkxjzv, mngwg Zv BZ vw` gvbwek Yvewj n Q g~j ev ai Dcv`vb g~j eva gvbyl K Zvi Kg Kv Ûi fv jv-g ` w`k Abyaveb Ki Z mnvqzv K i Ab w` K e emvwqk g~j eva ej Z Ggb GKwU gvb`û K eysvq hvi Dci wfwë K i e emvwqk ixwz-bxwz, wpšív- PZbv, a vb-aviyv Z_v e emvwqk Kg KvÛ cwipvwjz n q _v K e emvq RM Z hme g~j eva me Rb ^xk wz jvf Ki Q Zv wb gœ D jøl Kiv n jv 1. m e v P fv³v mš wó wbwðzki Yi gva gb gybvdvi m e v PKiY m e ZvB MÖvnK mšíywó weav b m e mewkqz Kiv DwPZ 2. cöwzôv b Kg iz Rbkw³i Kvh mšíywói Dci cöwzôv bi mvdj wbf ikxj ZvB Zv `i mš wó AR b Avw_ K I Abvw_ K mkj ai bi cö Yv`bv `qv DwPZ

229 e emvq bwzkzv I mvgvwrk `vqe Zv mswkøó mk ji mv _ DËg hvmv hvm I fv jv m úk e emvwqk Dbœq bi PvweKvwV ZvB m úk m wó, m úk iÿv Ges wbqwgz hvmv hvm e emvwqk mg w AR bi nvwzqvi 4. MÖvnK `i mv _ cöz ÿ m úk vcb ev mivmwi Av e`b m wói gva gb evrv i Ae v mymsnz Kiv h Z cv i 5. mgvr m ú K D`vmxb _ K e emvq K GwM q bqv m e bq ZvB h_vm e mvgvwrk `vwqz cvj b m Pó niqv `ikvi 6. mybvg e emv qi eo m ú` hv mzzv, AvšÍwiKZv, hvm Zv I cvi úwik kª v ev ai gva g M o Zvjv m e 12.3 e emvq bwzkzv ev e emvqx wkóvpvi Business Ethics hme mvgvwrk wksev AvBbMZ ixwz-bxwz AbymiY K i e emvqx K Zvi e emvq Kh µg cwipvjbv Ki Z nq, Zv K e emvq bwzkzv ejv hvq bwzkzv gvbyl K mr I mwvk Kv Ri c_ cö`k b K i, gvby li g a `vwqz eva RvMÖZ K i Encyclopedia America - Z ejv n q Q, Ò bwzkzv n Q `k bi Ggb GKwU kvlv, hvi gva g gvbyl Kv bv wbw` ó Kvh µg ev AvPvi-AvPiY m ú K mwvk g~j vqb I wm vší Mªn Y m Pó nq Ó e emv qi ÿ Î h bwzkzv ev wkóvpvi mkj mgv RB ^xk wz jvf K i Q Zv wb gœ Zz j aiv n jv mkj ÿ Î mzzv ervq ivlv I wbf izvi Y AR b Kiv Kv bv ai bi cözviyv, kvzv I avkvevwri AvkÖq MÖnY bv Kiv evrv i K wîg msku m wó K i cy g~j e w bv Kiv mikvwi wbqg-ixwz g b Pjv cwi ek iÿvq mva g Zv f~wgkv ivlv ÿwzki I eavbwb cy Drcv`b ev weµq bv Kiv 12.4 e emvwqk g~j eva I bwzkzvi cö qvrbxqzv Necessity of Business Values and Ethics evsjv ` k e emvq bwzkzvi cö qvm A bk ÿ Î m šívlrbk bq A_ bwzk `yie v I nxbgb Zv eva M o D V Q wkÿvi Afv e gvby li gv S MZvbyMwZK wpšív I fveaviv we` gvb Lv` `ª e frvj, wbgœgv bi cy Zwi, IR b Kg, digvwjbhy³ gvq I djg~j, Jl a frvj, PjvP ji A hvm hvbevn b iv Ívq PjvPj e emv q A bwzk Kvh Kjv ci D`vniY Giƒc Ae vq mgv R bwzkzv I g~j ev ai cö qvrbxqzv Acwimxg

230 222 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî e emvqxiv Zv `i cö ZK Z cy ev mev weµq K i RxebaviY K i Zv `i bwzk `vwqz n jv mwvk mg q gvbm Z cy ev mev mieivn Kiv e emv qi g~j jÿ gybvdv AR b n ji e emvqx `i g b ivlv DwPZ mgv Ri cöwz Zv `i A bk `vwqz Av Q Ges G Kv R Ae njv ev Abxnv e emv qi Rb Kj vyki bq Any kind of e-book & Software : bwzkzv ev wkóvpv ii mkj bxwz jv AbymiY Ki j e emvqx `i wm vší MÖnY mwvk n e e emvq GKwU mvgvwrk cöwzôvb mgv Ri wewfbœ Í ii gvby li fv jv-g `, Kj vy `Lv GKwU iæz c~y `vwqz `kxq I AvšÍR vwzk AvB bi cöwz kö v cö`k b K i e emvqx `i e emvq MVb I cwipvjbv Kiv DwPZ Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): Lv ` frvj I Jlac Î frv ji Kvi Y gvbyl RwUj iv M AvµvšÍ n Q bwzkzv I g~j evab cv i G fqven cwiywz n Z iÿv Ki Z mgv Ri m vb I kö v c Z n j e emvq bwzkzv I g~j eva Aej ^ bi wekí bb Kg cî-1 Zvgvi GjvKvq Ggb 3wU cöwzôvb wbe vpb Ki hviv bwzkzvi mv _ e emv K i Ges 3wU cöwzôvb wbe vpb Ki hviv bwzkzvi mv _ e emv K i bv bwzkzvi mv _ e emv K i 12.5 e emv qi mvgvwrk `vqe Zvi aviyv Concept of Corporate Social Responsibility bwzkzvi mv _ e emv K i bv e emv qi mvgvwrk `vqe Zv ej Z e emv cöwzôv bi Ggb Kvh K evsvq hv mgvr I cwi e ki Dbœqb, mgm v `~ixkiy Ges DbœZ cwi ek I mgvr M o Zvjvi mv _ m úk hy³ e emv qi mvgvwrk `vqe Zvi D Ïk n jv mgvr I cwi e ki Dci e emv qi cöfve DbœZ Kiv mvgvwrk `vqe Zv Kvb AvBbMZ eva evakzv Ges cwi ekev`x `i Av `vj bi evb i m wó nq GwU K K c v iu wmwu Rb (Corporate Citizen) bv g A b K AwfwnZ K i Q G ÿ Î Kv úvwb huv e q Ki e Zv ZrÿbvZ wd i cv e bv wkšíy GwU mgvr I cwi e ki BwZevPK cwiez b Avb e hgb WvPevsjv e vsk `wi`ª wkÿv_ x `i Rb 102 KvwU UvKvi wkÿve wë w` q Q G Z wkÿvi nvi e o Q cwi k l ej Z cvwi, e emv qi mvgvwrk `vqe Zv ej Z e emv qi A_ bwzk Dbœqb I bwzk AvPi Yi GKwU Pjgvb A½xKvi K evsvq hlv b Kgx `i RxebhvÎvi gvb Dbœqb, vbxq Awaevmx Ges m e vcwi mgv Ri mvwe K Dbœq bi KvR nq

231 e emvq bwzkzv I mvgvwrk `vqe Zv e emv qi mvgvwrk `vq Zvi iæz mg~n Importance of Social Responsibilities of Business GKUv mgq wqj hlb e emvq cöwzôvb h Kvb Dcv q A_ DcvR bi Póv KiZ ZLb e emv qi mvgvwrk `vqe Zv e j wkqz wqjbv wkš ez gv b fv³v ev bvmwikiv AwaK m PZb hvi Kvi Y w`b w`b e emv qi mvgvwrk `vqe Zv evo Q wb gœ e emv qi mvgvwrk `vqe Zvi iæz ms ÿ c Av jvpbv Kiv n jv 1. e vû B gr I L vwz e w : e emvq mvgvwrk `vqe Zv mwvkfv e cvjb Ki j gvbylrb D³ cöwzôvb m ú K Rvb Z cv i hvi d j cöwzôv bi eªvû B gr Ges L vwz e w cvq 2. weµq e w : cöwzôv bi hlb ÿwz ev o Ges RbMY D³ cöwzôvb m ú K Rv b ZLb cöwzôv bi weµq e w cvq ZvQvov ez gvb µzv `i K I a i ivlv m e nq 3. Drcv`b I c b i bv Y e w : GKwU cöwzôvb hlb mwvkfv e Zvi mvgvwrk `vqe Zv cvjb K i ZLb m me mgq c Y i Yv b e w i Póv K i G Z c b i bv b e w cvq Ges Drcv`b I ev o 4. bzzb Kgx `i AvKl Y Kiv Ges ez gvb Kg x `i a i ivlv: mvgvwrk `vqe Zv cvj bi gva g cöwzôv bi B gr ev o G Z bzzb bzzb Kgx iv D³ cöwzôv bi cöwz AvMÖnx nq wvk GKBfv e ez gvb Kg xiv I D³ cöwzôvb Q o h Z Pvq bv 5. c b i wbivcëv e w Ges `vq n«vm: mvgvwrk `vqe Zvi Kvi Y Drcv`K DbœZgv bi cy Drcv` bi Póv K i Avwi cy hv Z mn R bó bv nq m Rb me mgq c Y i wbivcëvi Dci iæz Av ivc Kiv nq c Y i wbivcëvi Kvi Y cy bó n j h SzuwK MÖnY Ki Z nq Zvi cwigvy n«vm cvq 6. m cö`vq I mvavib gvby li Kj vy: A bk mgq e emv cöwzôv Zvi mvgvwrk `vqe Zv wn m e vbxq gvbyl `i K Wv bkb cö`vb K i, Mixe wkÿv_x `i K wkÿv DcKiY cö`vb K i, iv ÍvNv Ui Dbœq b KvR K i G Z vbxq m cö`vq I mvaviy gvby li Kj vy nq

232 224 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî 12.7 e emv qi mvgvwrk `vwqz Social Responsibilities of Business Any kind of e-book & Software : AZx Z gybvdv AR bb wqj e emv qi GKgvÎ D Ïk wkš ez gvb me Rb ^xk Z h, Kej gybvdv AR bb e emv qi D Ïk n Z cv i bv gybvdv AR bi cvkvcvwk G K mvgvwrk `vwqz I cvjb Ki Z nq e emv qi mvgvwrk `vwqz ej Z e emv qi mv _ mswkó mgv Ri wewfbœ e w³ ev cöwzôv bi cöwz `vwqz cvjb Kiv K eysvq e emv qi mv _ RwoZ wewfbœ cÿmg~n hgb, µzv, kªwgkñkg x, wewb qvmkvix, mieivnkvix, cvibv`vi, mikvi, Ges mgv Ri RbMY- G `i cöwz e emvq K cöz ÿ I c ivÿfv e A bk `vwqz cvjb Ki Z nq e emv qi mv _ mswkó Kg x, mgv Ri mvaviy RbMY I mikv ii cöwz e emvq cöwzôv bi gvwjk ev cwipvjkmy ev D ` v³vmy K h `vwqz cvjb Ki Z nq Zv K e emv qi mvgvwrk `vwqz ejv hvq Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): e emv qi mvgvwrk `vqe Zvi ÿîmg~n The Area of Corporate Social Responsibilities e emvq GKwU mvgvwrk cöwzôvb wewb qvmkvix, µzv, kªwgk-kgx, cvibv`vi, mikvi, mvaviy RbMY, KvuPvgvj mieivnkvix BZ vw` mk jb mgv Ri A½ gybvdv AR bi cvkvcvwk G `i cöwz e emv qi A bk `vwqz i q Q wb gœ e emv qi mv _ mswkó mgv Ri wewfbœ c ÿi cöwz e emv qi mvgvwrk `vwqz ey bv Kiv nj kªwgk-kg x `i cöwz `vqe Zv Responsibility to Employees kªwgk-kg x e emv qi g~j kw³ Zviv e emv qi mkj Í i wb qvwrz _ K e emvq cöwzôvb K cwipvwjz K i Gi Afxó jÿ AR b mnvqzv K i Zv `i cöwz e emv qi `vwqz n QÑ K. Zv `i K b vh cvwikªwgk cö`vb Kiv ; L. Zv `i mv _ fvj e envi Kiv ; M. Zv `i Rb myôz Kvh cwi ek M o Zvjv ; N. Zv `i Ges Zv `i x-mšívb `i Rb wpwkrmvi e e v Kiv

233 e emvq bwzkzv I mvgvwrk `vqe Zv 225 O. Zv `i mšívb-mšíywzi wkÿvi e e v Kiv ; P. Zv `i e w³mz bcyy e w i Rb Dchy³ cöwkÿy I Dbœq bi e e v Kiv Q. kªwgk-kg x `i PvKwii wbivcëv weavb Kiv ; R. Zv `i gbmšíywó weav bi Rb we bv`bg~jk my hvm-myweavi e e v Kiv ; S. PvKwi k l Zv `i AemiKvjxb cbk bi e e v Kiv BZ vw` µzvm Yi cöwz `vqe Zv Responsibility to Customers mgv Ri fvmkvix µzvmyb e emvq cwipvjbvi jÿ we `y Zuviv cy mvgmöx µq Ki j Drcv`b Ae vnz MwZ Z P j Ges e emvwqk Kvh µg m cömvwiz nq Kbbv cy mvgmöx Drcv`b Kiv nq µzvmvavi Yi Pvwn`v I Afve c~i Yi D Ï k ; wkš µzvi Afv e e emv qi G D Ïk cû n q h Z cv i myzivs mgv Ri fvmkvix µzvmvavi Yi cöwz e emv qi wbæewy Z `vwqz cvjb Ki Z nq K. µzvm Yi Afve gvp bi Rb Pvwn`vbyhvqx cy `ªe I mevkg vw` mieivn Kiv; L. wbw` ó v b I wba vwiz mg q b vh g~ j ch vß cwigv Y cy mvgmöx mieivn Kiv; M. µzv `i mš wó weav b c Y i YMZ gvb DbœZ Kiv; N. mieivnk Z cy m ú K µzvmvavi Yi wbku _ K Kv bv Awf hvm G j Zv h_vh_ we epbvq G b ÎæwU-wePÿ wzi cöwzweav bi e e v Kiv; O. bzzb bzzb cy Avwe v ii gva g µzv `i AZ ß evmbv PwiZv_ K i Zv `i myl- ^v Q ` e w Kiv BZ vw` Kg cî-2 Zvgv `i K j Ri K vw UbwU µzv `i cöwz h `vwqz jv Av Q Zvi KvbwU cvjb Ki Q Avi Ki Q bv Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv Zwi Ki `vwqz cvjb Ki Q `vwqz cvjb Ki Q bv;

234 226 wewb qvmkvix `i cöwz `vqe Zv Responsibility to Investors Any kind of e-book & Software : e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî wewb qvmkvix A_ wewb qvm K i g~jz: Avq e w i cöz vkvq myzivs, hviv e emv q A_ wewb qvm K i, Zviv hv Z wewb qv M DrmvwnZ nq mb j ÿ e emv qi `vwqz n Q K. wewb qv Mi Ici b vh nv i Avq cövwßi myweav cö`vb Kiv ; L. wewb qvmkvixi wewb qvmk Z A _ i wbivcëv weavb Kiv ; M. wewb qvwrz A _ i møe envi Kiv ; N. Zuv `i K e emv hi cªk Z Ae v AewnZ Kiv BZ vw` Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): mieivnkvix I cvibv`vi ev FY`vZvi cöwz `vqe Zv Responsibility to Suppliers and Creditors e emv qi Drcv`b Kvh K Ae vnz ivl Z Ges e emvwqk Kvh µg K mvejxj MwZ Z Pvjy ivlvi ÿ Î KuvPvgvj mieivnkvix I FY`vZv `i iæz c~y f~wgkv i q Q myzivs Zv `i cöwzi e emv qi KwZcq `vwqz _v K m jv wbgœiƒc K. mieivnkvix KZ K mieivnk Z KuvPvgv ji Dchy³ g~j cö`vb Kiv ; L. FY`vZv `i F Yi Ici wbqwgz mỳ cö`vb Kiv ; M. F Yi UvKv mgqgz cwi kva Kiv BZ vw` mikv ii cöwz `vqe Zv Responsibility to Government mikvi ev iv óªi mn hvwmzv bv c j e emvq mg w AR b Ki Z cv i bv ; Ggb wk e emv qi Aw ÍZ B wejxb n q h Z cv i e emvqx K ZvB me mgqb mikv ii KvQ _ K wewfbœ A_ bwzk I ivr bwzk wbðqzv jvf Ki Z nq Ges Gi wewbg q e emvqx K mikv ii cöwz wb æv³ `vwqz cvjb Ki Z nq K. mikvwi AvBb-Kvbyb, ixwz-bxwz I wewa cö`vb Kiv ; L. mikvi K wbqwgz b vqm½z Ki cö`vb Kiv ; M. ivóªwe ivax Kvh Kjvc _ K weiz _vkv ; N. RvZxq m ú `i mø envi Kiv ; O e vck Kg ms v bi e e v Kiv BZ vw`

235 GjvKvi cöwz `vqe Zv Responsibility to Community e emvq bwzkzv I mvgvwrk `vqe Zv 227 e emvq h v b cöwzwôz nq mlv b Kj-KviLvbvi auvqv, AveR bv BZ vw`i Rb cvwb, gvwu, AvenvIqv Ges cwi ek `~wlz n Z cv i G Z vbxq Awaevmx `i hv Z ^v nvwb bv N U mrb e emvq K wkqy `vwqz cvjb Ki Z nq; Zv wbæiƒc K. cwi e ki mȳ Zv ervq ivlv; L. GjvKvi iv ÍvNvU Dbœq b mnvqzv `vb; M. GjvKvevmxi Kj v Y zj-k j R, gmwr`-gw `i, nvmcvzvj, cvvvmvi BZ vw` vc b mwµq mn hvwmzv Kiv; N. GjvKvi ÿwzmö Í RbM Yi Rb ÎvY I cybe vm bi Kv R AskMÖnY Kiv BZ vw` mgv Ri mvaviy RbM Yi cöwz `vqe Zv Responsibility to General People of the Society mgv Ri Avcvgi RbM Yi cöwz e emv qi eûgywl `vwqz i q Q Gi g a KwZcq D jl hvm `vwqz wb æ Zz j aiv nj K. RbM Yi wbz cö qvrbxq cy mvgmöx Drcv`b Kiv ; L. RbM Yi Rb ÿwzkvik Ggb me frvj I `~wlz cy mvgmöx mieivn bv Kiv ; M. mgv Ri RbM Yi Rb Kg ms v bi my hvm m wó Kiv ; N. `ªe g~ j i w wzkxjzv ervq ivlv ; O. AwkwÿZ, Aa wkwÿz I Aÿg e w³ `i wewfbœ cökvi cöwkÿy Kg m~wpi gva g DcvR bÿg K i Zvjv ; P. RbM Yi ^v_ iÿv Ges wkÿv I ms wzi Dbœq b mn hvwmzv cö`vb ; Q. e emv qi gybvdvi wkq`sk mgv Ri Kj v Y e q Kiv ; R. mgv Ri mvwe K jÿ ev Íevq b BwZevPK f~wgkv cvjb Kiv 12.9 e emvwqk Kvi Y cwi ek `~l Yi cöfve The Impact of Pollution Created by Business wek cwi e ki `ªæZ AebwZ n Q, evsjv ` k MZ K qk `k K G AebwZ n q Q AviI `ªæZ evsjv ` k 1995 mv j e emvq cwi ek AvBb cvm n q Q wkš Rbwe ùviy, ebvâ ji Aeÿq I NvUwZ Ges wkí I cwienb wbqš Y e e vi Afv ei `iæy ` ki e emvwqk cwi ek GK RwUj Ae vi w` K cu Qv Z hv Q

236 228 kã `~ly Sound Pollution Any kind of e-book & Software : e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî µgea gvb RbmsL vi Rb cö qvrb nq evowz hvbevnb I Ab vb KjKviLvbv Gme Mvwo KjKviLvbv _ K wbm Z avqv cwi ek K gvivz K fv e `~wlz K i kã `~ly I cwi e ki `~l Yi Ab Zg KviY KviLvbv I Mvwo- Nvov Qvov I gvbk, jvdw w úkvi, iwwi, wuwf cök wzi AvIqvR kã`~l Yi m wó K i G Z K i gvby li GKK kw³ jvc cvq i³pvc e w cvq, KLbI `Lv hvq gvbwmk wech q GQvov KjKviLvbv Av k cv ki vqx evwm `v `i wkï mšívbiv Kg ewk ewai n Z `Lv hvq Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): evqy `~ly I Zvi djvdj Air Pollution and Its Consequences Avgv `i cövk wzk m ú `i Ab Zg m vi n jv evqy evqy `~l Yi g~ j Av Q KjKviLvbv, gvui Mvwo, Uªb, Nievwo I e emv evwyr cöwzôv bi DËvc m wói hš cvwz Ges bvbv AveR bv e emv cöwzôv b Rxevk R vjvwb A_ vr Zj, Kqjv BZ vw` cywo q Kve b-wvb A vb evzv m Qwo q `Iqv K v ivd z ivwg _b, bvbuªvm A vbw, Av jvk ivmvqwbk BZ vw` me jv evqy `~l Yi cöavb DcKiY wewfbœ A vbw evzv mi Rjxq ev úi m ½ wg k Zwi K i mvjdvi Ges bvb Uªv R bi A ø GB A ø wb P b g G m cvwb I gvwuim ½ wg k hvq GiB bvg ÔGwmW ibbõ A ø el Y evqy `~l Yi Dr mi g a i q Q B Ui fvuv mvi Kvi Lvbv, wpwb, KvMR, cvu I e KviLvbv, Pvgov wkí, cvkvk wkí, we zu Zwi Z KviLvbv, ivmvqwbk Jla Zwi wkí, wm g U Drcv`b, wmöj I `irv-rvbvjv, ivmvqwbk Jla Zwi wkí, wm g U Drcv`b, wmöj I `irv Rvbvjvi IqvK kc BZ vw` Drm _ K cöpzi cwigv Y avqv, ev ú, M vm I aywjkyv BZ vw` evzv m wg k auvqv m wó K i d j cwi ek `~wlz nq evqy `~l Yi d j k vmkô, nvcvwb, `xn vqx eªskvbwum, dzmdzm K vývi G RvZxq `~l Yi dj

237 cvwb `~ly I Zvi djvdj Water Pollution and Its Consequences e emvq bwzkzv I mvgvwrk `vqe Zv 229 ez gv b wk íi er b`x I Rjvkq K `~wlz Ki Q cwi ek Awa`ßi D jøl K i Q h PÆMÖv g wugmwc mvi KviLvbv _ K mvjwddwik I dmdwik GwmW Ges P `ª Nvbvi KY dzwj KvM Ri wgj, wm ju KvMR wgj, `k bvi Kiæ A vû Kv úvwb, Lyjbvi wkcbqvw I gvq cöwµqvkiy KviLvbv, XvKvi Awjw úk I Kv `wiqv U UvBj wgjm jÿ jÿ Mjb Zij er cvk ezx b`x I Rjvk q wb ÿc K i cvwb `~ly NUv Q b`xi Zx i M o D V Q mg Rbc` kn i cöwzwôz n q Q AvaywbK PUKj, KvcoKj, wpwbkj, KvM Ri Kj, flr Zj BZ vw` GB me KjKviLvbvi AveR bv cöwzwbqz cvwb K `~wlz Ki Q `ªæZ wkívqb wewfbœ ` ki cvwb mieiv ni Ges AveR bv wb ÿ ci mgm v K µgk RwUj K i Zzj Q Dbœqbkxj I DbœZ `k jv Z `Lv w` Q M nkv h e eüz bvsiv cvwb K kvab K i cybivq Zv e envi hvm K i Zvjvi cö qvrbxqzv wkš cvwb kvab e e vq mvgvb Zg ÎæwU _vk j G _ K jÿ jÿ gvby li g a iæzi ik gi msµgy NU Z cv i gvwu `~ly I Zvi djvdj Soil Pollution and Its Consenquences g wëkv ev gvwu f~z Ki Dcwifv Mi GKwU cvzjv AveiY wewfbœ Kvi Y g wëkv `~ly N U hgb f~wgÿq, evqy cöevn m wó MvQKvUv, eb DRvo, Rwg Z AwZwi³ ev wbqwgz ivmvqwbk mvi e envi Kiv BZ vw` Kvi Y gvwui bmz gvb bó n q hvq, d j gvwu `~ly N U

238 230 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî GQvov KxUbvkK e env i Avgv `i gvwu `~wlz n Q evowz dmj Drcv` bi Rb dmj K KxU cz ½i AvµgY _ K iÿv Kivi ZvwM ` h ivmvqwbk `ªe vw` I mvi e envi Kiv nq, Zv gvwui Ici weiæc cöfve d j gvwu `~wlz K i _v K Any kind of e-book & Software : cwi ek msiÿ Y ewyk mwgwz The Role of Chamber of Commerce Protecting Environment cwi ek `~l Yi Rb ewkifvm mgq `vqx wewfbœ ikg e emvq cöwzôvb e emvq cöwzôvb hw` Zv `i `~ly Kwg q `q Zvn j mn RB cwi ek msiÿy Ki Z mÿg nq Avi e emv cöwzôv bi AwffveK wn m e ewyk mwgwz iæz c~y f~wgkv cvjb K i _v K GB Rb cövqb ewyk mwgwz wewfbœ ikg mwgbvi Av qvrb K i _v K hlv b `~l Yi KviY Ges `~l Yi ÿwzki cöfve Zz j a i Kvb e emvq cöwzôvb hw` AvBb f½ K i Zvn j ewyk mwgwz Zv `i weiæ c` ÿc MÖnY K i A bk mgq ewbk mwgwz AbymÜvb K i Kvb cöwzôvb cwi e ki ÿwz mvab Ki Q wkbv hw` Kvb cöwzôvb AvBb f½ K i Zvn j A bk mgq Zv `i m`m c` wmz K i cwi ek msiÿ Yi Rb ewyk mwgwz wbz bzzb wbqg K i _v K Ges m`m `i K Zv cvj b DØy K i _v K Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): mvgvwrk `vqe Zvi Ask wn m e wewfbœ e emvq cöwzôv bi M nxz Kvh µg The Functions of Different Organization as a Corporate Social Responsibility e emv qi mvgvwrk `vwqz eûhym a i Ae nwjz n q Avm ji ez gv b ` k-we ` k A bk cöwzôvb mvgvwrk Kvh µ g GwM q G m Q wewfbœ e vsk I gvevbj Kv úvwb Zv `i mvavib e emvq Kvh µ gi mv _ mv _ wewfbœ mvgvwrk `vwqz cvjb Ki Q

239 e emvq bwzkzv I mvgvwrk `vqe Zv 231 WvP-evsjv e vsk, cövbg e vsk, Bmjvwg e vsk, RbZv e vsk _ K ïiæ K i mkj emikvix e vsk Ges wewfbœ gvevbj dvb Kv úvwb hgb- UwjUK, MÖvgxb dvb, iwe, evsjv wjsk, wmwu mj, Gqvi Uj Ges wewfbœ gvwëb vkbvj I b vkbvj Kv úvwb e vck nv i mvgvwrk Kvh µ g AskMÖnY Ki Q Zv `i D jøl hvm mvgvwrk Kvh µ gi g a i q Q `vwi`ª we gvpb, gavex wkÿv_ xi cov kvbvi LiP enb, e wë cö`vb, Ljva~jvi Dbœq b Avw_ K c ô cvlkzv cö`vb, mvgvwrk Dbœq b Ae`vb, GwmW ÿwzmö `i mnvqzv `vb I Gi weiæ mvgvwrk m PZbZv e w, MÖvgxY gww Kj mev cö`vb, wewfbœ `~ h v Mi mgq Avw_ K mnvqzv cö`vb, cöwzewü `i mnvqzv cö`vb, wewfbœ nvmcvzv j G v ^y jý cö`vb, we kl w`em Dcj ÿ Av qvwrz Abyôv bi c ô cvlkzv Kiv, Aÿg wkï `i mnvqzv Kiv, n R i Rb AvMZ nvrx `i mnvqzv cö`vb, B Ígvq AvMZ gymwjø `i Rb wd«wpwkrmv cö`vb, wewfbœ wkÿv cöwzôv b webvg~ j j vcuc cö`vb, webvg~ j Pÿz mev cö`vb, cwi ek cwi QbœZv Kvh µg BZ vw` wkqz wkqz e emv cöwzôvb ZiæY mgv Ri cöwzfv AbymÜvb I wekv k GwM q G m Q evsjv ` k e emvwqk cöwzôv bi mvgvwrk `vwqz cvj bi cöeyzv ewk w` bi bq Avkv Kiv hvq, Avgv `i wk ív ` v³v köyx gybvdvgylx e emvq cwipvjbvi mv _ mv _ mvgvwrk Dbœq b mvgvwrk `vwqz cvj b Av iv GwM q Avm e mvgvwrk `vqe Zv wn m e K qkwu D jøl hvm cöwzôv bi M nxz Kvh µ gi weeiy `qv n jv: evsjvwjsk Gi M nxz c` ÿc evsjv ` ki gvevbj mev cö`vbkvix cöwzôvb jv mgv Ri Dbœq bi Rb A bk Ae`vb ivl Q evsjvwjsk G ÿ Î Ae`vb ivlvi Rb ` p cöwzá GRb Zviv wewfbœ mgq wewfbœ ai bi mvgvwrk Dbœqbg~jK Kvh µg MÖnY K i _v K evsjvwjs Ki D jøl hvm c` ÿc jv n jv: K evrvi mx wep cwi vi cökí Ges AvšÍR vwzk mg~`ªk~j cwi vi w`em cvjb: 2005 mvj _ K evsjvwjsk we k i `xn Zg mg~`ª mkz K evrv ii cwi vi-cwi QbœZvi `vwqz MÖnY K i Q GRb eq i 263 w`b 26 Rb gwnjv Kg x 2 wmd U wzb wk.wg `xn mg~`ª mkzwu cwi vi K i _v K GQvov Av iv 7Rb cyiæl Kg x i q Q hviv fvix AveR bv Acmvi b wb qvwrz hv mg~`ª Zxi K `~ly _ K iÿv Ki Q GQvovI evsjvwjsk AvšÍR vwzk mg~`ª Zxi cwi Qbœ w`em cvjb K i hlv b 500 ZiæY-ZiæYx ^ Qv kö gi gva g cwi vi-cwi QbœZvi KvR K i _v K GwZg `i K ^j cö`vb: 2009 mvj _ K evsjvwjsk GwZg `i K ^j cö`v bi Kvh µg nv Z wb q Q GB j ÿ MZeQi (2012) mv j Zviv 101 wu GwZgLvbvq cövq 5000 Rb GwZg K webvg~ j K ^j cö`vb K i Q nvrxk v ú AvMZ nvrx `i we kl e e v: 2009 mvj _ K evsjvwjsk n R AvMZ nvrx `i we kl myweav cö`vb Ki Q Gi g a D jøl hvm n jv nvrx `i Rb kxzvzc wbqwš Z ev mi e e vkiy, cvwb eèb AÂj vcb, webvg~ j dvb K ji e e vkiy, webvg~ j gvevbj Pv h i e e vkiy, Uªwji e e vkib, n R i MvBWjvBb cö`vb BZ vw` igrv bi mgq GwZg `i LRyi I BdZvi cö`vb: 2009 mvj n Z evsjvwjsk GB Kvh µg MÖnY K i Q Gi AvIZvq 2011 mv j evsjvwjsk 85,000 ivrv`vi K BdZvi Kivq hvi g a wqj ` ki 123wU GwZgLvbvi cövq 12,000 GwZg

240 232 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî `wi`ª wkÿv_ x `i K ICT mev cö`vb: mgvr _ K wbiÿizv `~ixkiy Ges wkÿv_ x `i K AvaywbK wkÿvq wkwÿz Kivi j ÿ evsjvwjsk 2011 mv j cövq 270wU Kw úduvi j ve vcb K i w` q Q hvi cö Z KwUi Ae vb n Q ` ki myweav ewâz zj jv Z cö Z KwU j v e evsjvwjsk j vcuc, B Uvi bu g Wg Ges gvwëwgwwqv cö`vb Kiv n q Q mvgvwrk `vqe Zv wn m e MÖvgxY dv bi c` ÿc MÖvgxY dvb mvgvwrk `vqe Zv wn m e h c` ÿc jv MÖnY K i Q m jv K wzbwu cöavb fv M fvm Kiv n q Q h_v: 1. ^v 2. wkÿv 3. cwi ek Any kind of e-book & Software : MÖvgxY dv bi M wnz cöavb cöavb mvgvwrk `vqe Zvi Kvh µg jv n Q: `wi`ª gv I wkï `i Rb cövq 1.7 wgwjqb cöv_wgk ^v mev cö`vb K i Q cövq 28,700 Rb e w³ K webvg~ j Pÿz mev cö`vb K i Q hvi g a cövq 3,458 Rb AÜ e w³ K ` wókw³ wdwi q `qvi e e v K i Q wewfbœ AvšÍR vwzk Bmÿ hgb GBWm& wel q RbMY K m PZb Kivi Rb m PZbZvg~jK Abyôv bi Av qvrb K i _v K MÖvgxY dvb cövq 4,00,000Rb gvevbj Acv iui K A_ bwzk ^vaxbzv G b w` q Q MÖvgxY dvb cövq 500 KwgDwbwU Z_ K `ª vcb K i Q GwmW AvµvšÍ `i Kg ms v bi e e vkiy `wi`ª gavex QvÎ `i e wë cö`vb `wi`ª _ vjvwmgv iv M AµvšÍ ivmx `i webvg~ j i³ mieivn cövk wzk `~ h v Mi mgq Riæix Îv bi e e vkib BZ vw` WvP-evsjv e vs Ki mvgvwrk `vqe Zv wn m e M wnz c` ÿc Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): ` ki mvgvwrk Dbœq b WvP-evsjv e vs Ki M nxz c` ÿc K mvgvwrk `vqe Zvi cw_k r ejv nq mvgvwrk `vqe Zv wn m e WvP-evsjv e vsk h c` ÿc MÖnY K i Q Zvi D jøl hvm n jv: wkÿve wë cö`vb : wewfbœ Í i gavex wkÿv_ x `i K e wë cö`vb K i _v K WvP-evsjv e vsk GB j ÿ 2012 mv j Zviv 102 KvwU UvKvi wkÿv e wë cö`vb K i Q nvmcvzv j mnvqzv: WvP-evsjv e vsk cövq 9,36,00,000 UvKv Beªvnxg KwW qvk nvmcvzvj K cö`vb K i Q j ve vcb Kivi Rb ivmx `i wpwkrmv: wewfbœ mgq WvP-evsjv e vsk VvU KvUv Q j g q `i webvg~ j Acv ik bi e e v K i _v K GwmW AµvšÍ `i mnvqzv: 2000 mvj _ K WvP-evsjv e vsk GwmW wel q MYm PZbZv e w i Rb wewfbœ MYgva g weávcb cökvk K i Avm Q GwmW AvµvšÍ `i wewfbœ fv e Avw_ K mnvqzv cö`vb Ki Q ZvQvov GwmW AvµvšÍ `i mvej ^x Kivi Rb gv_vwcqy 10,000 UvKv cö`vb K i _v K gv`k wbqš Y: gv`k wbqš Y Kivi Rb gv`k wbivgq K `ª ÒAvcbÓ- K cövq 1 KvwU UvKv cö`vb K i Q

241 e emvq bwzkzv I mvgvwrk `vqe Zv 233 GQvovI WvP-evsjv e vsk 10wU MÖvgxY ^v mev K `ª vcb, B ú± dvd Ûkb K 21 jvl UvKv cö`vb, wu.gg.gm.gm- K 10 jvl UvKv Wv bkb cö`vb, h ZzK _ K bvix `i iÿvi e ve vkiy, wewfbœ cövk wzk `~ h v M mnvqzv cö`vb K i _v K Kg cî-3 Zvgvi cwiwpz GKwU Kv úvwbi mvgvwrk `vqe Zv wn m e h `vwqz cvjb K i Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv Zwi Ki Lv` msiÿ Y h mkj ivmvqwbk e envi nq m jvi ÿwzki w`k mbv³kiy The Bad Effects of Different Chemical Pestisides Which is Used in Preserving Food Avgv `i ` k cöwzwu ÿ Î `~b xwz Pig fv e cwijwÿz nq Lv` `ªe KI GB `~b xwz invq `qwb wewfbœ fv e `yb xwzi gva g Lv` `ª e frvj `qv n Q me P q fq¼i welq n Q Lv ` ivmvqwbk c`v _ i e envi hv wewfbœ Lv` msiÿ bi Rb ev µzv `i Kv Q AvKl Yxq Kivi Rb e envi Kiv n Q Avgiv cöwzw`b hme kvkmewr I djg~j wk b Lvw Q m jv m ZR ivl Z I cvkv Z we µzviv Kve vbwmn wewfbœ welv³ ivmvqwbk e envi Ki Q Gme ivmvqwb Ki Kvi Y wkwwb I wjfvi bó n Z cv i, Pv Li ` wókw³ n«vm QvovI K výv i AvµvšÍ niqvi m vebv i q Q gv Qi evrv ii frv ji Kivj MÖvm Ae vnz Av Q QvU-eo wewfbœ gvq K m ZR ivl Z I m jv m ZR `Lv bvi Rb we µzviv digvwjb e envi Ki Q, hv gvbe ` ni Rb gvivz K ÿwzki GQvov kyuuwk gv Qi mv _ Amvay e emvqxiv welv³ KxUbvkK I wwwwwu e envi K i, hv gvbe ` n K vývi, ü` ivmmn wewfbœ ivm m wó K i M elyvmv i cixÿv K i `Lv M Q evrv i Aew Z 93 fvm MvIqv wn, 92 fvm evuvi A qj, 100 fvm WvjWv, 92 fvm mqvweb I mwilvi Zj ivmvqwbk c`v_ e env ii Kvi Y Lvevi Abyc hvmx GmKj fvr Zj L j wkwwb, wjfv ii K vývi niqv I Mf wkï cöwzeüx niqvi cvkvcvwk c Ui iv M AvµvšÍ niqv mn bvbv ai bi RwUj e vwa Z AvµvšÍ niqvi Avk¼v LyeB ewk B`vwbs dv g i mv`v wwg jvj Kivi Rb KviLvbvi welv³ WvB I is e envi Kiv n Q hv ^v i Rb AZ ší ÿwzki Gme welv³ is wgwköz Lvev ii Rb Wvqv ewuk mn bvbv ai bi ivm nq evrv ii 96 fvm Wv j i q Q frvj Avg`vwbK Z wbgœgv bi gmyi Wvj K `wk Kivi Rb ÔwbD ivuw bõ bv g h ivmvqwbk c`v_ e envi Kiv nq, Zv ` n cö e ki ci mœvqyzš aÿsm K i d j Avi ÔgvB KvUw bõ bv g Av ikwu KwgK vj e eüz nq hv K vývimn wewfbœ ai bi RwUj ivm m wó Z mnvqzv K i GQvovI evrv ii ewki fvm wgbv ij IqvUvi, Rym I Rwj, AvBmwµg, wgwó RvZxq Lvevi, PvBwbR BZ vw` Z wewfbœ ai Yi KwgK vj e envi Kiv nq, hv gvby li kix i ivm m wó Kivi Rb iæz c~y f~wgkv cvjb Ki Q

242 234 e emvq msmvb I e e vcbv cö_g cî Kg cî-4 Lv` msiÿ Y h mkj ivmvqwbk e envi nq m jv we køly K i Lv` Drcv`b I msiÿ Y ivmvqwbk e env ii mzk Zv I KiYxq w`k jv wpwýz Ki Any kind of e-book & Software : Wants More Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): ivmvqwb Ki e env ii gva g Drcvw`Z Lv ` i ÿwzki w`k Negative Impacts of Chemical which is Used in Producing Food gvby li cöavb g wjk Pvwn`v n Q Lv` Lv` Qvov gvbyl euvp Z cv i bv ZvB memgq gvbyl Lv` Drcv`b e w Z m Pó Avi GB Rb Zviv wewfbœ mgq wewfbœ ai bi ivmvqwbk e envi K i _v K hv gvby li Ges cwie ki gvivz K ÿwzmvab K i _v K K lkiv kvkkwâ, djg~jmn wewfbœ K wlrvz cy Drcv`b ivmvqwbk mvi e envi K i GB ivmvqwbk mvi cvwbi mv _ wg k b`x-bvjv, Lvj-we j wg k hvq Gi Kvi Y b`x-bvjvi A bk gvq gviv hvq GB gvq jv L j gvbyli wewfbœ iv M AvµvšÍ nq kvkkwâ I djg~j m ZR ivl Z Ges `ªæZ cvkv Z we µzviv K vjwmqvg Kve vbwmn wewfbœ welv³ KwgK vj e envi K i Gme Lv` MÖnY Ki j wkwwb, wjfvi bó n Z cv i, Pv Li ` wókw³ n«vm cviqv QvovI K výv i AvµvšÍ niqvi m vebv i q Q ïuukx gvq Drcv` b e emvqxiv welv³ KxUbvkK I ww.ww.wu e envi K i, hv gvbe ` n K vývi, ü` ivmmn wewfbœ RwUj ivm m wó K i Rym, km, Rwj, wewfbœ ikg ekvix Lvevi, dv dzw BZ vw` Z wewfbœ ikg is we kl K i WvB is e envi Kiv nq hv gvbe ` ni Rb gvivz K ÿwzki GBme Lv` MÖnY Ki j mivmwi wkwwb I wjfvi bó n Z cv i GQvov K vývi, c Ui cxov, UvBd qw, fvbivm ncvuvbwum I Ab vb RwUj ivm niqvi m vebv cöej Avg `ªæZ S i bv hviqv ev `ª yz cvkv bvi Rb Av g mvbcvi guw_ªb I g vb Kv Ri e envi Kiv nq G jv mxwgz AvKv i e envi Ki j Lye ewk ÿwzki bq wkš AwZwi³ KwgK vj cö qvmk Z Avg L j gvbe ` n gvivz K ÿwz n Z cv i A b K Avg I Ab vb dj `ª yz cvkv bvi Rb Kve vbu e envi K i GwU gvbe ` ni gvivz K ÿwzmvab K i _v K Gfv e cvkv bv dj-g~j L j K vývi, wjfvi mgm v, WvBwiqv, ` wókw³ n«vmmn wewfbœ mgm v `Lv `q ez gv b ü` ivm, ªvK BZ vw` e w i GKgvÎ KviY n jv Lv` Drcv` b wewfbœ ivmvqwb Ki AZ wak e envi Lv` Drcv` b wewfbœ ivmvqwb Ki e envi Kgv bv M j gvby li ivme wai cwigvy 50% ch ší Kgv bv m e

243 e emvq bwzkzv I mvgvwrk `vqe Zv ÿwzkvik cwjw_b Drcv`b I e env ii ÿwzki w`k jv The Bad Effects of Producing and Using Polythin cwjw_b n Q LwbR Z ji DcRvZ cwjw_b Zwi nq Acwi kvwaz LwbR Zj _ K cwjw_b g~jk GKwU nvb Wªv-Kve Y h M Gi AYy jv GZ k³fv e M nxz _v K h ÿwzki ÿz`ªvk wzi dv½vm ev e vk Uwiqv I Gi fz i cö ek Ki Z cv i bv d j cwjw_b kz kz eqi a i GKBfv e gvwui Dc i ev wb P _vk Z cv i cwjw_b Ggb GKUv c`v_ hvi m wó Av Q wkš aÿsm bb cwjw_b cpbkxj e i cpb wµqv eü K i w` Z mÿg cwjw_b (Polythin) cwjw_b GKcÖKvi Re ivmvqwbk e eûmsl v Bw_b AYyi ivmvqwbk cöwµqvq GwU Drcbœ nq e j G K cwjw_b (Poly = many) ejv nq Z e G K cwjbw_wjbi ejv nq, KviY Bw_ bi Avi GK bvg Bw_wjb mvaviyz D P Pv c I D P ZvcgvÎvq Gi wk ívrcv`b Kiv nq, hvi ms KZ nj nh 2 C = CH 2 Zvc Pvc ( CH 2 CH 2 )n Bw_b cwjw_b cwjw_ bi ewkó (Characteristics of Polythin) h ivmvqwbk eü bi d j cwjw_b MwVZ nq Zv Lye ` p e j G eüb evzv m I Rjxq AvenvIqvq I gvwu Kv bv e i Øviv f O hvq bv, hvi d j GwU gvwu Z wg k bv ev c P-M j hvq bv-g~jz G Kvi YB cwjw_ bi e envi gvivz K ûgwk ^iƒc cwjw_ bi we kl ivmvqwbk ewk ó i Kvi YB GwU me vwak e envi hvm cy Z cwiyz n q Q cwjw_ bi we kl ewkó nj 1. GwU cvwb I evqy wb ivak 2. gvwu Z wg k bv 3. mn RB enb hvm, e qfvi I cö Z LiP Kg wkš ÿwzki 4. A bkw`b UKmB nq e jb gvwu Z GwU wg k hvq bv Ges weiƒc cöwzwµqvi m wó K i cwjw_ bi e envi (Uses of Polythin) Avgv `i `bw `b Rxe bi wbz cö qvrbxq wrwb mi cöwzwu ÿ ÎB cwjw_ bi e envi jÿ Kiv hvq nv U-evRv i wrwbmcî Kbvi mgq cövq mk jb GwU e envi K i ZwiZiKvwi, gvq, gvsm, wwg, Pvj- Wvj BZ vw` evwo Z wb q Avmvi R b cwjw_ bi e envi nq gvuk_v, nvuevrvi Ki Z cwjw_b gvby li wbz m½x n q `uvwo q Q GQvov Km gwuk, B jkwuªk, B jkuªwb, Kvco Pvco BZ vw` cöwzwu cy ZB cwjw_b e envi Kiv nq GKmgq cwjw_ bi e envi GZUvB e w c qwqj h, Zvi Avi wk b Avbvi cö qvrb nq wb d j evrv i hviqvi mgq KD _ j ev e vm wb q hvqwb KviY `vkvb`vi wb RB webv cqmvq GK ev GKvwaK cwjw_b cöwzwu `ª e i mv _ w` q w`z Gfv e evsjv ` ki gvbyl `xn GK hy MiI ewk mgq a i cwjw_b e v M Af Í n q c owqj