gšmygx zav: evsjv ` ki DËiv ji Ôg½vÕi AZxZ I ez gvb cö vcu

Transcription

1 evsjv `k Dbœqb mgx v LÊ 29 evwl K msl v f~wgkv gšmygx zav: evsjv ` ki DËiv ji Ôg½vÕi AZxZ I ez gvb cö vcu gvnv v` Mvjvg ieÿvbx ÔDbœqb ÁvbKvÊÕ ev Wfjc g U wwm Kvm -G Ôg½vÕ GKwU mv cöwzk cöz q Avi Ôg½vÕ cxwoz gvbyl ÔIci mv`v fzi Kv jvõ (DwÏb, 1996) ÔDbœqb cöwzwbwaõ ev cöwzôvb jvi Kv Q bzzb j wkš Ôg½vÕ Kv bv mv cöwzk welq bq Gi wkko LyuR Z n e Jcwb ewkk hy M ev ZviI c~ e Jcwb ewkk hym _ K ïi K i ez gvb mgq ch š Ôg½vÕ GKwU Pjgvb welq mgq cwiez bi mv _ mv _ Ôg½vÕi PwiÎMZ cwiez b Ges Gi PjK jvi YMZ ZviZ g i Kvi Y Kv bv Kv bv eqi Ôg½vÕi cöfve Lye Zxeª bv n ji Gi bxie Dcw wz eiveib _ K G m Q GB kzvãxi cö_g `k K Ôg½vÕ evsjv ` ki ÔDbœqb fvebvõq vb cvq, Ges msev` gva gi Kj v Y evsjv ` ki `vwi `ª i GKwU wpëvkl K cöcâ wn m e Avwef ~Z nq wkš ÔDbœqb ÁvbKv ÊÕ Ôg½vÕ Dc vc bi mgq Gi h A_ Kiv nq Zv A bk mgq Ôg½vÕi ci úivmz A_ Ges Ôg½vÕ cöey GjvKvi gvby li Ôg½vÕ msµvš AwfÁZvi mv _ cv_ K ˆZwi K i Kv bv Kv bv Î ÔDbœqbÕ M elk `i digv qkx Ôg½v cwi ekbvõ Ôg½vÕi cök Z PwiÎ K Avovj K i Ôg½vÕ kãwu e env ii Î wîgvwîk mvaviyxkiy mgm v Pv L c o cö_gz, GKwU mgmvgwqk welq wn m e Ôg½vÕi A_ bwzk cöcâ Øviv Gi cövwzôvwbkxkiy Kiv nq Kvb HwZnvwmK cö vc U, wk ai Yi Av_ -mvgvwrk ev ezvi ga w` q Ôg½vÕ we` gvb Ges Gi A- A_ bwzk cöcâ jv Kx - Gme welq K i Z `Iqv nq bv wøzxqz, Ôg½vÕi GKwU ci úivmz A_ Av Q Ges MÖvgevsjvi gvby li Rxe b Gi AwfÁZv A bk cyi bv wkš Avwk b- KvwZ K ( m Þ ^i-a ±vei _ K A ±vei-b f ^i) gv m ` ki DËiv ji wbw` ó wkqy Rjvi h cwiw wz K Ôg½vÕ wn m e D j L Kiv nq Zvi h PwiÎ j Kiv hvq Zv Ôg½vÕi ci úivmz AwfÁZv _ K A bkuvb wfbœ Z ZxqZ, Ôg½vÕ K ÔDËi e ½i Ôg½vÕ wn m e D j L K i mgmö DËiv ji Dci wbwe Pv i Ôg½vÕ Pvwc q `Iqv nq wkš ch e Y Ki j `Lv hvq, Ôg½vÕi cöfve DËie ½i me Rjv Z mgvb bq Ges Gi PwiÎI kªwy I ckvwfwëk GB cöe Ü Ôg½vÕi HwZnvwmKZv LuvRvi ga w` q Ôg½vÕ wel q Gme mvaviyxki Yi mgm v Zz j aiv n q Q GQvov Ôg½vµvš Õ GjvKvi f~-cövk wzk ˆewkó ch e Y, Ôg½vµvš Õ GjvKv m irwgb cwi`k b, Ôg½vÕ KewjZ gvby li wbweo mv vrkvi MÖnY, Ges Ôg½vÕ msµvš wewfbœ NUbv I Ôg½vµvš Õ cwiev ii cwiw wz ch e Yi gva g Ôg½vÕi ev e wpî Zz j aiv n q Q mnkvix Aa vck, BwZnvm wefvm, Rvnv½xibMi wek we` vjq

2 50 evsjv `k Dbœqb mgx v msev`c Î Ôg½vÕ msµvš wewfbœ msev` I cöwz e`bb Ôg½vÕ welqwu K gvby li mvg b Zz j a i Avi G Î DËie ½i mvsevw`k gvbvrvz DwÏb, jlk Avwbmyj nk cögyl i Z c~y f~wgkv cvjb K ib Gfv e Ôg½vÕ welqwu Rbm y L D V Avmvi cö_g ch v q, A_ vr 2003 mv j ( h eqi Ôg½vÕ gvivz K AvKvi aviy K iwqj) Avwg Ôg½vµvš Õ GjvKvmg~n Rwic Kiv nq 1 GB cöe Ü e eüz gvv ch v qi A bk Z_ B mb mg q msm nxz Ôg½vÕi me kl Ae v ch e Y Kivi j 2011 mv j Ôg½vÕ cöey GjvKvmg~n cybivq Rwic Kiv nq 2 Ôg½vÕ cöey A ji cvk ez x GKwU Rjvi K wlrxex cwiev i e o DVvi myev ` Ôg½vÕi GKwU A_ Avgvi e w³mz AwfÁZvqI we` gvb K lk `i gšmygwfwëk A_ bwzk Kg KvÊ, wfbœ wfbœ K wl gšmy gi wfbœ wfbœ cöcâ, K l Ki gšmygx msku I m vebv Ges Ôg½vÕ m úwk Z Avgvi AwfÁZvjä Ávb Avwg GB M elyvq e envi K iwq 2 Ôg½vÕ k ãi DrcwË I A_ Ôg½vÕ kãwu K e _ K e eüz n q Avm Q Zv mwvkfv e Rvbv hvq bv Z e evj Kvj _ KB Avgvi wb Ri MÖvgv j Ôg½vÕ k ãi e envi ï b G mwq n Z cv i Ôg½vÕ kãwu Ôg½vÕ cöey A j e eüz GKwU AvÂwjK kã Jcwb ewkk hy Mi mikvwi bw_cî, M RwUqvi Ges mgkvjxb Jcwb ewkk mvwn Z gšmygx Lv` vfve wksev km nvwbrwbz zav A_ vr Ôg½vÕ cwiw wz K scarcity wn m e `Lv bv n q Q Avi Avgvi e w³mz AwfÁZvq e envwik A _ Ôg½vÕ n Q Ôm või wecixz A_ vr `ªe g~ j i e w Kv bv gšmy g ev Kv bv GK mvßvwnk nv U hw` Kv bv `ª e i g~j ^vfvwe Ki P q e w cvq Zv evsv bvi Rb MÖvgv ji gvbyl mvaviyz Ôg½vÕ k ãi e envi K i _v Kb A_ vr evrv i cuqv Ri `vg hw` e o hvq Zvn j ejv nq, Ô cuqvr g½võ ev Ô cuqv Ri evrvi g½võ Avevi gšmyg we k l hw` wbz cö qvrbxq mewkqyib g~j mvgwqkfv e e w cvq ZLb mvaviyfv e ejv nq ÔevRvi g½võ A_ vr mvgwqkfv e Kv bv A j Lv` `ªe mn Ab vb wbz cö qvrbxq `ªe mvgmöxi g~j e o hviqv K g½v ejv nq GB A _ D`vniY ^iƒc ejv hvq, mv cöwzk eqi jv Z mviv ` kb g½v GKwU vqx iƒc wb q Q Ges g½vi gvîv µ gb e w cv Q Avjg (2005) e jb, Òg½v kãwu gv½v ev gvmb k ãi mgv_ K A bk Mwie gvbyl ZLb g M Lvq G mgq evrv i Lv` `ª e i Afve _v K `vg _v K LyeB Pov G mgquv ÔAvKvjÕ e jb cwiwpz hgb A b K e jb, ÔKvwZ K gvwm AvKvjÕ Ó Avn g` (2005) e jb, Òg `v _ K Ôg½vÕ n q Q A_ vr KvR bb, ZvB mvaviy RbMY Afv e Av Q, Îwe k l Dcev mi Av Q Ó wkš g½v kãwu ÔgvMvÕ ev Ô g M LvIqvÕi mgv_ K e j g b nq bv Avevi g `v A_ AebwZ ev n«vm; we kl K i `ªe mvgmöxi g~j ev µq-weµ q n«vm A_ vr evrviwfwëk A _ i w`k _ K g½v n jv g `vi wecixz myzivs g `v _ K g½v k ãi DrcwË n q Q e j g b nq bv Z e Ôkª gi Pvwn`v/evRvi g `võ A _ g `v _ K Ôg½vÕi DrcwË h_v_ n Z cv i A b K Avevi 1 Avwg ZLb evsjv `k Dbœqb M elyv cöwzôvb (weavbwwgm)-g W. webvqk mb-gi Aax b gvv ch v q M elyv Kv R wb qvwrz wqjvg 2 Z_ msmö ni Kv R Avš wikfv e mn hvwmzv K i Qb Zvgvbœv Bmjvg

3 ieÿvbx: gšmygx zav: evsjv ` ki DËiv j Ôg½vÕi AZxZ I ez gvb cö vcu 51 g b K ib h gš^š i _ K g½v k ãi DrcwË cök Z A _ g½v kãwu gv½v k ãi mgv_ K hvi A_ `yg~ j ev gnvn D` y kã gnv½v A_ `vgx myzivs g n½v _ K gv½v ev g½v k ãi DrcwË n q Q e j aviyv Kiv hvq KviY wenv ii fvlvi mv _ evsjv ` ki DËiv j e eüz A bk k ãi wgj Av Q GB A ji gvbyl Kv bv `vgx ev g~j evb wrwbm evsv Z g½v kãwu e envi K i A_ vr g½v kãwu GKBmv _ `y úªvc I g~j evb A _ e eüz nq Gw`K _ K g½v ej Z Lv` `ªe mn Ab vb wbz cö qvrbxq `ªe mvgmöxi g~j e w K evsvq 3 Ôg½vÕ wk Avm jb g½v? g½v kãwui ci úivmz e envwik A _ i welqwu gv_vq ivl j DËie ½i AÂj we k li h Afve ev zav (hunger/starvation) cwiw wz K evsv bvi Rb g½v kãwu e envi Kiv nq Zv mwvk e j g b nq bv Gi cq b hyw³ ^iƒc ejv h Z cv i, mv cöwzk mg qi Ôg½vÕ cwiw wz ch e Y K i `Lv M Q h, Ôg½vµvš Õ A j Lv` `ªe mn Ab vb wbz cö qvrbxq `ªe mvgmöxi g~j ` ki Ab vb A ji Zzjbvq ewk bq Ges eq ii Ab vb mg qi ZzjbvqI `ªe g~j Zgb gvîvq ev owb h Lv` `ªe g½v niqvi Kvi Y zav cwiw wzi m wó n e g½vkvjxb mg q Ôg½vµvš Õ A ji nvuevrvi jv Z Lv` `ªe mn Ab vb `ªe mvgmªxi hvmvb ^vfvwek `Lv M Q Ges `ªe mvgmöxi evrvi`ii ` ki mvwe K evrvi` ii mv _ mvgäm c~y g b n q Q mlv b Kg g gvby li gv S (hv `i µq gzv Av Q) Kv bv zav cwiw wz cwijw Z nqwb zavcxwoz g b n q Q ïaygvî mbme gvbyl K, hv `i µq gzv bb myzivs Ôg½vÕ ej Z h cwiw wz K evsv bv nq Zv K GK kªwyi gvby li Ô gšmygx zavõ (seasonal hunger) wn m e a i bqv hvq, hvi KviY Lv ` i AfveRwbZ bq eis K g i AfveRwbZ Kv bv gvby li µq gzv hlb k~ b i KvUvq b g hvq ZLb Lv ` i g~j hz KgB nvk, Zvi Rb zav Awbevh Ôg½vµvš Õ mbme gvby li ewkifv Mi cwipq - Zviv b`xfv½ bi wkkvi, ev nviv f~wgnxb gvbyl GKmgq Zv `i meb wqj, GLb Zviv wb: ^ Zviv Avkªq wb q Q A b i Ae eüz RvqMvq ev mikvwi RvqMvq, evu ai cv k ev iv vi cv k Zv `i Avi Kv bv nvj-m n vwj bb, bb Kv bv Pv li Rwg Zv `i K Ônv Zi DciÕ 3 Pj Z nq ZvB ÔnvZÕ eü _vk j Zv `i ÔcvZÕ (LvIqv) eü _v K GB gvbyl jv K wlkvr Qvov Ab Kv bv KvR cv ii bv, Ab Kv bv Kv Ri my hvmi mlv b bb ZvB hw`i Afve Zv `i wbz w` bi m½x Zey eq ii Ab vb mgq jv Z hlb K wl Kv Ri my hvm _v K ZLb Zviv zavq cwzz nq bv zavq cwzz nq mvaviyz Avwk b-kvwz K gv m, hlb Kv bv K wlkvr _v K bv evrv i ch vß Lv` `ªe _vk ji µq gzvi Afv e Zviv wkb Z cv i bv ZvB A bk mgq D cvm w` Z nq A_ev bvbv ALv` L q Rxeb Pvjv Z nq d j gvby li gv S K jiv, Wvqwiqvmn bvbvwea ivm Qwo q c o ivmevjvb qi cöeyzv A bk e o hvq Ges KL bv KL bv Zv g Zz ch š W K Av b ZvB GwU GKwU `y:mgq bvrbxb Aviv b~ix (bxjdvgvix Rjvi wwgjvi GKRb zj wkw Kv) Ôg½vÕ cwiw wz m ú K e jb, ÔGwU AvKvjÕ Avgvi e w³mz AwfÁZvqI AvKvj-Gi e envwik A _ Ggb cwiw wz KB evsvq AvKvj n jv AKvj-Gi 3 hv `i K cöwzw`b LvIqvi Rb cöwzw`b ivrmvi Ki Z nq; hv `i Kv bv mâq bb; cöwzw`bb Zviv ÔnvZÕ ev Kv Ri Dci wbf ikxj

4 52 evsjv `k Dbœqb mgx v mgv_ K hv `y:mgq, `ywf ev Afve A _ e eüz nq myzivs Ôg½vÕ K g½v bv e j AvKvj ev ÔcÖvwš K Pvlx Ges K wlkªwg Ki AvKvjÕ wksev ÔK wlkªgrxex gvby li yavõ ejv h Z cv i D j L, hme Jcwb ewkk Ges A-Jcwb ewkk Drm n Z e wuk Avg ji zav I `ywf m ú K Rvbv hvq mm ei Kv_vI zav ev `ywf evsv Z g½v kãwu e envi Kiv nqwb myzivs GB cwiw wz K Ôg½vÕ ejvuv mwvk e j g b nq bv 4 evsjvi `ywf cöeyzv : Jcwb ewkk `vq-`vwqz c w_ex Z `ywf i BwZnvm A bk cyi bv c w_exi cövq me A j Ges me mf ZvqB wewfbœ mg q `ywf `Lv w` q Q gšmygxevqy wbf i K wle e vi Kvi Y evsjv A j dmjnvwbi SzuwK eiveib ewk wqj hv `ywf i Ab Zg KviY HwZnvwmK AvKimg~n cix v Ki j cövk-e wuk hy M Aš Z wzbwu `ywf m ú K wbf i hvm cögvy cviqv hvq evsjvi me P q cövpxbzg wjwc gnv vbwjwc Z, hv m ez 300 wlª c~e v ã iwpz n qwqj, `ywf ÎvY e e vi K_v D j L Av Q AvbygvwbK beg kz K iwpz gäykªx g~jkí MÖ š MŠ oi c~e vâ ji cö `kmg~ n Ôgnv`ywf Õi K_v D j L Av Q Aek bxnviiäb ivq g b K ib h, `ywf wu kkv ¼i g Zz i ci weivrgvb AivRKZvi mgq `Lv `q Avevi A b K g b K ib h, `ywf wu n qwqj AvbygvwbK PZz_ kzvãx Z ß kvm bi cö_g c e Z Zxq `ywf i K_v D j L Av Q dwzqv Bewiqv bvgk MÖ š hvi mgqkvj ewy Z n q Q cö_ gv³ `ywf wu wqj cövk wzk wech qi d j Avi Z ZxqwU gbyl m ó e j ewy Z Av Q Zvwjk wj L Qb Ôi wui P q Rxe bi `vg wqj m v Avi i wu cviqvb hvw Qj bvõ (DØ Z, Lvb: 1993) `yb nvrvi eq ii BwZnv m gvî wzbwu `ywf i D j L Aek GKwU w wzkxj A_ bxwz KB wb ` k K i hlv b K`vwPr `ywf n Zv A_ev evsjvi BwZnv mi Dcv`v bi Afve Ges cövß Dcv`v bi e wbôzv msµvš mgm vi Kvi bb nq Zv `ywf i cök Z wnmve Avgv `i nv Z bb Z e e wuk `i AvMg bi c~e ch š b`xgvz K M½vwe ašz GB e-øxc ev e½ Ôfvi Zi km fvêviõ wn m e L vz wqj wkš 1765 mv j weªwuk B BwÛqv Kv úvwbi evsjv, wenvi I Dwol v A ji `Iqvbx jv fi ci _ K cwiw wz cv ë h Z _v K cövq `ybõk eq ii e wuk kvmb- kvl Yi d j fvize l i cövk&-wkí wec e mgv Ri K l Ki gi `Ê f ½ c o K lk Ges K l Ki Rwg K K `ª K ib weªwuk kvmb- kvly AvewZ Z n q Q Avi ZvB Zviv f~wg e e vcbv wb q weivgnxb cix v-wbix v Pvwj q Q hvi Kv bv mydj GB A ji K lk cvqwb, c q Q Kzdj Under the operation of the various tenancy legislations the peasant society was differentiated as much as that a large section of the peasants became landless and reduced to extreme marginality, and through the massive concentration of land ownership to the upper stratum, the tenants of Bengal (agricultural productive entrepreneur) were paralyzed 4 e wuk kvm bi d j f~wg eèb e e vq h mxgvnxb ˆelg m wó n qwqj Zv Z K lk w` b w` b f~wgnxb n Z _v K 4 we vwiz, Rabbani, M. G. (2006), Shifting Trends in Twentieth Century Politico-Economic Culture in South Asia, Presented at the 19 th IAHA Conferenc, Manila, The Philippines, November, 2006

5 ieÿvbx: gšmygx zav: evsjv ` ki DËiv j Ôg½vÕi AZxZ I ez gvb cö vcu 53 Kv úvwb kvm bi gvî 5 eq ii gv_vq 1770 mv j evsjv AÂj fqven `ywf i wkkvi nq c~e ez xkv ji `ywf jvi mv _ ÔwQqvË ii gš^š iõ bv g L vz 1770 mv ji `ywf i PwiÎMZ wkqy cv_ K j Kiv hvq c~e ez x `ywf jvi KviY wqj cövk wzk wech q I km nvwb A_ bwzk BwZnvmwe` i gk `Ë Ges AvaywbKKv ji b ej werqx A_ bxwzwe` AgZ mbmn A b Ki g Z GB `ywf i wcq b cövk wzk Kvi Yi (Abve wó) cvkvcvwk e wuk mikv ii e U bi AbyK~ j M wnz ewykev`x A_ bxwz A bk ewk `vqx wqj G wel q GLv b wek` Av jvpbv Kivi my hvm bb AvbygvwbKfv e evsjvi cövq `k wgwjqb ( gvu RbmsL vi GK-Z Zxqvsk) gvbyl GB `ywf cövy nvivq e wuk kvmbvg j evsjvmn mgmö fvizel `ywf cöey n q I V hvi Rb `vqx e wuk Kv úvwb Ges ciez x Z e wuk mikv ii kvly mv ji `ywf i mg q `ywf KewjZ gvby li Îv Yi `vexi DË i ZrKvjxb Mfb i Rbv ij jw wjub hv e jwq jb Zv _ KB `ywf msµvš e wuk mikv ii `vq`vwqz m ú K aviyv cviqv hvq wzwb e jb, Let the British public foot the bill for its cheap sentiment, if it wished to save life at a cost that would bankrupt India (Davis, 2000) wzwb Zvi cökvmb K GB g g wb ` k w` qwq jb h, Lv ` i g~j Kgv bvi e cv i mikv ii Kv bv n ci cö qvrb bb wzwb Rjv Kg KZ v `i K wb ` k w` q e jb- Discourage relief works in every possible way...mere distress is not a sufficient reason for opening a relief work (Davis 2000) A_P 1770 _ K 1788 mvj ch š msnwuz `ywf mg~ ni djvdj m ú K Uvbv wzb eqi AZ š mzk Zvi mv _ Z`š K i jw KY Iqvwjm Kv úvwbi kvmbvaxb evsjvi GK-Z Zxqvsk AÂj K R½j wn m e NvlYv K ib Ges `Lvb h `ywf RwbZ g Zz i Kvi Y mmgq Gme A j Kv bv gvbyl wqj bv, wqj ïay eb cvkv-gvko (we vwiz `Lyb Chawla 2005) GB mg q `ywf cwiw wz GZ gvivz K AvKvi aviy K iwqj h vbxq f~ ^vgxmn mgv Ri wewfbœ ii mvg_ evb gvbyliv e w³ D ` v M `ywf cxwoz `i cv k `uvwo qwq jb Ges wewfbœ Dcv q ÎvY Kvh µg cwipvjbv K iwq jb hvi cögvy cviqv hvq g vk& Wv bj Gi Food Grain Supply as Famine Relief in Bihar and Bengal MÖ š wzwb e jb, I feel bound, thus to record the manner in which the landed proprietors and wealthy classes of Rangpur treated their tenantry in their hour of need, because in another portion of this section I have suggested that their ordinary dealings with them are regulated by strict business principles (D Z BDG, Rangpur 1977:27) myzivs `Lv hvq h, weªwuk mikv ii kvlybxwz GKw` K GB AÂj K `ywf i gy L V j w` q Q, Ab w` K `ywf cxwoz gvby li cöwz Zv `i Kv bv mnvbyf~wz wqj bv 5 Ôg½vÕi HwZnvwmK cuf~wg Ôg½vÕ ej Z ÔDbœqbÕ ÁvbKv Ê hv evsv bv nq Zv eq ii GKwU we kl mgq ev gšmy gi GKwU vwbk mgm v ZvB Ôg½vÕi HwZnvwmKZv LyuR Z wm q g~jz AZx Zi `ywf jv Z ez gvb g½vcöey AÂjmg~n K LuvRv n q Q Ges PwiÎMZ w`k _ K AZx Zi `ywf Ges ez gvb Ôg½vÕi Avš :m úk LuvRvi Póv Kiv n q Q

6 54 evsjv `k Dbœqb mgx v n vwgjub-eykvbb (1921) I fv mi (1911) weeiyx Z `Lv hvq h, 1809 wlª v ã e nëi iscyi Rjvi 76% fvm gvbyl K wli Dci wbf ikxj _vk ji wek kz Ki ïi ZB G wbf ikxjzvi cwigvy e o `uvovq 85% fv M Rjvi ^í msl K gvbyl AK wl Kv Ri mv _ RwoZ wqj KviY e wuk Avg j Kv bv wkí-kvilvbv M o bv IVvq Ges cövk&-e wuk hy Mi KzwUi wkímg~n aÿsm niqvq GB A j K wl wfbœ Ab Kv bv Kv Ri my hvm wqj bv Acic e wuk kvmb I kvl Yi d j mviv evsjvi g Zv GB A ji K lk I K wli gvivz Kfv e wzi m ylxb nq d j Ewbk kz Ki klfvm ch š ißvwbi Rb GB Rjv _ K Pvj msmön Kiv n ji AwP ib GB AÂj GKwU Lv` NvUwZ GjvKvq cwiyz nq 1809 wlª v ã hlv b iscyi _ K 1.8 wgwjqb g bii ewk Pvj ißvwbi weeiy cviqv hvq, mlv b 1872 wlª v ã iscy ii WcywU Kv j±i GB Rjv K GKwU Pvj Avg`vwbKviK AÂj wn m e D j L K ib fvize l i Ab vb A ji `ywf Kvjxb mg q iscyi _ K Lv` mieiv ni A bk Z_ cögvy cviqv hvq A_P Aí mg qi g a B GB Rjvq Lv` NvUwZ `Lv `q e wuk kvm bi 182 eq i GB A j cövq 30/40wU `ywf nq (GB msl v Kg ewk nq M elk `i `ywf welqk aviyvi ZviZ g i Kvi Y) Avi GBme `ywf cövynvbxi mwvk Kv bv wnmve cviqv hvq bv KviY `ywf msµvš Z_ h me Drm _ K cviqv hvq Zvi meb cy iv` i Jcwb ewkk fš MvwjK ALÊZv, Awfbœ AvenvIqv, Rjevqy, b`b`x Ges K wlwfwëk A_ bxwzi Kvi Y evsjv, wenvi I Dwol v A ji mkj `ywf B ez gvb iscyi-w`bvrcyi AÂj Avµvš n Zv ÔwQqvË ii gš^š iõ bv g L vz 1770 mv ji `ywf ez gvb evsjv `k, wenvi, cwðge½, Dwol v Ges SvoL ` A j we vi jvf K iwqj GB `ywf i m~îcvz n qwqj ZrKvjxb e wuk kvwmz e½ ev ez gvb evsjv ` k Ges GB AÂj wqj me P q ewk wzmö AÂj jvi g a GKwU ÔwQqvË ii gš^š iõ Gi cöfve iscy ii `Lv hvq 1768 wlª v ãi Abve wói Kvi Y GB Rjvi Drcv`b gvivzœkfv e wech qi m ylxb nq e vck Lv` NvUwZi Kvi Y me Î Pv ji g~j e w cvq wkš Kv úvwb cökvmb GB Rjvi `ywf cxwoz gvby li mvnvh v _ Kv bv c` c MÖnY K iwb c vš i `ywf Kvjxb mg q Ki Av`v q Kv úvwb Ggb wbôzizvi cwipq `q h, `wf i Kej _ K gyw³i j GjvKv _ K cvwj q hviqv `ywf cxwoz gvby li Ki D³ GjvKvi evwm `v `i Dci Pvwc q `Iqv nq hv Ôbv hvb cjvzk KiÕ bv g AvL vwqz n qwqj (iƒgx, 2000) mv ji `ywf me vwak wzmö Rjv jvi g a e nëi iscyii wqj `xn Liv, cöv_wgk Ae vq `y h vm cöwz iv ai Rb Z_ msmö n e _ Zv, mikvwi gryzbxwz I AcwiwgZ ißvwb bxwzi Kvi Y GB `ywf n qwqj (Rahman 1988) g vk& Wv bj e jb, In the year 1873 the rainfall was not only greatly deficient, it was very unseasonably distributed (D Z, BDG, Rangpur 1977:26) Abve wói Kvi Y 1874 mv ji kxz gšmy g dm ji 80 kzvsk bó n q hvq Ges dj ^iƒc `ywf `Lv `q ZrKvjxb iscyi Rjvi Kv j±i-gi wi cvu Abyhvqx GB Abve wói Kvi Y MvBevÜv gnkzgv me P q ewk wzmö n qwqj Ges GB GjvKvi gvî 1 /8 fvm dmj i v c qwqj GB `ywf i mg qi mikvwi I emikvwi ÎvY Kvh µg m ú K g vk& Wv bj e jb, The high prices which so early as January prevailed in this district

7 ieÿvbx: gšmygx zav: evsjv ` ki DËiv j Ôg½vÕi AZxZ I ez gvb cö vcu 55 pressed with great severity on the poorer classes of the people and from the commencement of the year the local authorities were under the necessity of concerting measures of relief. In no other district, however, in which the failure had been equally pronounced did relief measure cost government so little as in Rangpur; in no other district equally distressed did the people owe so little to government and so much to private charity (D Z BDG, Rangpur 1977:27) mv ji `ywf iscyi AÂj gvivz Kfv e Avµvš n qwqj Jcwb ewkk Z_ m~îg Z, GB `ywf i g~j KviY wqj cöej eb v GB eb v m ú K iscyi Rjvi ZrKvjxb Kv j±i Board of Revenue-Gi Kv Q 1787 mv ji 2 m Þ ^i h cöwz e`b Rgv `b Zv Z D j L Kiv nq: Multitudes of men, women, children and cattle have perished in the floods; and in many places whole village have been so completely swept away, as not to leave the smallest trace whereby to determine that the ground has been occupied (D Z BDG, Rangpur 1977:30) mv j evsjvq Avv ikwu `ywf `Lv `q GB `ywf m ú K evk&j vû (1902: ) e jb, Like all previous famines in Bengal, the famine of was caused by the failure of the monsoon rains of 1896, and was the result of 2 successive bad seasons... the effect of these abnormal meteorological conditions was that the total area cultivated with winter rice was about a million acres less than in the preceding years, and that the outturn of the crop was as bad in Bihar and in parts of Bengal as in 1873, the estimate for the whole province being only 7 1 / 2 annas, or less than half the average crop mv j e nëi iscyi AÂj cybivq scarcity i Ke j c o Z e GB scarcity Rjvi me Î mgvbfv e Abyf~Z nqwb KejgvÎ Rjvi GK dmwj wlqvi GjvKvq Zxeªfv e Abyf~Z n qwqj mv j evsjvq Avv ikwu fqven `ywf `Lv `q wøzxq wek hy i cö_g w` K e wuk mikv ii `Dwjqv Z i fv i m ó GB `ywf cövq 3.5 wgwjqb gvby li cövynvbxi KviY nq GB `ywf K Ôgbyl m óõ (man made) ejv nq KviY GB mgq evsjvq Pv ji Zgb NvUwZ wqj bv mb (1981) AZ š hyw³hy³fv e `wl q Qb h, Lv` NvUwZ GB `ywf i g~j KviY wqj bv eis gryz Lv ` i Dci mvaviy gvby li ^Z vwakvi cöwzôv Ki Z bv cvivb wqj Gi g~j KviY GB `ywf i ik wqj cövq cy iv `kk Ry ob A b Ki Kv Q ÔcÂv ki gš^š iõ bv g L vz GB gnv`ywf iscyi-w`bvrcyi AÂj Zxeªfv e Avµvš n qwqj Ab vb `ywf Kvjxb mg qi g Zv GmgqI GB A j dmj fv jv nqwb wkš cö qvr bi Zzjbvq NvUwZ GZ ewk wqj bv h fqven `ywf n e hy i cö qvr b weªwuk mikvi GB AÂj _ K Pvj evb i Pvjvb K iwqj (i gx 2000) evrvi _ K Pvj DavI n qwqj Ges gryz n qwqj mikvi, PvivKvievix I gryz`vi `i nv Z cvk ez x A ji cvkvcvwk ZrKvjxb iscy ii mekwu gnkzgvb Pig `ywf cwzz n qwqj Wvgv ii `ywf Kvjxb Ae v m ú K Kg iw ejivg mvnv D j L K ib, ÒGKw` K Bs ir mikv ii `vwqz nxbzv, Aciw` K AwZ jvfx wvkv`vi,

8 56 evsjv `k Dbœqb mgx v gryz`vi, gnvrb `i KvimvwR Z wbz cö qvrbxq wrwbm DavI; jey, K ivwmb, Pvj, Wvj A` k Mvc b AwZwi³ `vg w` j cviqv hvq, wkš Zv Mix ei Avq Ëi evwn i...kz kz zavz I cxwoz gvbyl G m wfo K i Q Wvgvi e ` ió (gy Lvcva vq I Nvl 1985: 74) KzwoMÖv gi fqven `ywf gvkv ejvq K lk mwgwz Acivci Ab vb msmv bi mn hvwmzvq KzwoMÖvg m`i, KvuVvjevox, ivrnvu, wmsnxgvix, cv½v, eoevox, Dwjcyi, `ym vcyi, eyoveywomn MvBevÜvi wewfbœ GjvKv ZI wiwjd Kvh µg ïi K iwqj me Î vbxq mvnv h j½ilvbv cwipvwjz nq GB mgq ÎvY mvgmöx msmö ni Rb mvs wzk vqvw MwVZ n qwqj ÎvY mvgmöx msmö n MwVZ mvs wzk KwgwUi wjwlz GKwU Mvb GB `ywf i fqvenzvi wpî Zz j a i: ÒRjcvBqv gyb bvix iscy i gvi evwo ^vgx epvb j abxi N i I i, zavq cvmjv cövy cwz i gb jv ab gvi LuvI LuvI Kwiqv...Ó (gy Lvcva vq I Nvl, 1985: 74) G mgq iscyi Rjvq 1943 mv ji gvp _ K 1944 mv ji RyjvB ch š `ywf I gnvgvwii Kvi Y 1,81,778 Rb gvbyl cövy nvivq Gi g a Rbeûj bxjdvgvix gnkzgvq me P q ewk gvby li g Zÿ N U GB g Zz i msl v wqj 43,804 Rb hv Rjvi gvu RbmsLvi 7.32% fvm KzwoMÖvg gnkzgvq g Zÿ i nvi wqj 5.15% fvm (BDG, Rangpur 1977) 6 Ôg½vÕi PwiÎ: ÔmeyR wec eõ Gi Av M I c i Ôg½vÕi cuf~wg LyuR Z wm q `Lv hvq, e wuk kvmbvg j evsjv ` ki DËivÂj ev DËie½ `ywf cöey GjvKv jvi g a Ab Zg wqj Jcwb ewkk Z_ m~î jv Z e wuk kvmbvg ji mkj `ywf i Rb B `vqx Kiv n q Q cövk wzk `y h vmrwbz dmjnvwb K evk&j Û (1902) e jb, All known famines in Bengal and Orissa have been rice famine. In Bihar and Northern Bengal the bhadoi and rabi crops may affect the turning point between famine and no famine, but even there the immediate cause of scarcities and famines has always been the failure of the great winter rice crop wkš cövk wzk `y h vmrwbz dmjnwb `ywf i GKwU KviY n ji mkj `ywf i cq bb g~j f~wgkv cvjb K i Q e wuk `i kvlybxwz Gi cögvy ^iƒc `Lv hvq, e wuk ciez x MZ Qq `k K evsjv ` k `ywf RwbZ g Zz i msl v e wuk kvm bi `ybõk eq i `ywf RwbZ g Zz i GK kzvski bq A_P cwi e ki fvimvg nvbxi Kvi Y eb v, Abve wó, b`xfv½b BZ vw` cövk wzk `y h vm c~ e i P q A bk e w c q Q Gi KviY ^iƒc Awbj PvIjvi (2005) fvlvq ejv hvq, Famines have missed the most essential aspect - criminal act of the British Government myzivs ^vaxb evsjv ` k Ôg½vÕ ej Z h AvKvj cwiw wz K evsv bv nq Zvi cq b cövk wzk PjK jvb g~j f~wgkv cvjb K i Aek ^vaxb ` k Jcwb ewkk kvly bv _vk ji Av Q m ú` I Dbœq bi Amg eèb, g½v m wó Z hvi Ae`vb

9 ieÿvbx: gšmygx zav: evsjv ` ki DËiv j Ôg½vÕi AZxZ I ez gvb cö vcu 57 bnvz Kg bq ZvB Ôg½vÕi PwiÎ we k l Yi Î Gi cövk wzk PjK jv K i Z i mv _ we epbv Ki Z n e Avi GB KvRwU wvkgz Kiv nq bv e jb g½v kãwu e env ii Î mvaviyxkiy mgm v Pv L c o hgb- ÔDËie ½i g½võ e j mgmö DËi ½i Dci mgvbfv e Ôg½vÕ Pvwc q `qv nq wkš DËie ½i Rjv jv Z wfbœ wfbœ wkqz cövk wzk PjK Av Q hv Ôg½vÕ cöcâ K GK GK Rjvi Rb GK GK ikg K i Zz j w`bvrcyi, câmo I VvKziMvI Rjv A_ vr e nëi w`bvrcyi AÂj evsjv ` ki Ab Zg avb Drcv`bKvix AÂj e wuk KvimvwR Qvov ïaygvî cövk wzk KviYRwbZ `ywf cwiw wz Z GB e nëi w`bvrcyi AÂj KL bvb Lye ewk Avµvš nqwb Ôg½vÕi BwZnvm ch e Y Ki j `Lv hvq - Gi ZxeªZv e nëi iscyi Rjvi g a B mxgve _ K Q e nëi iscyi Rjvi g a wqj ez gvb iscyi, KzwoMÖvg, jvjgwbinvu, bxjdvgvix Ges MvBevÜv Rjv ez gvb mg qi Ôg½vµvš Õ GjvKv ej Z GB KqwU Rjv KB evsv bv nq myzivs Ôg½vÕi GB Dc-AvÂwjKZv K ev` w` q Ôg½vÕ we k ly Kiv mwvk n e bv ZvQvov e nëi iscyi Rjvi mv _ w`bvrcy ii f~-cövk wzk Ges A_ bwzk Kg Kv Êi cv_ K Ôg½vÕi KviY we k l Y wewfbœ Pj Ki hvmvb w` Z cv i GLv b mv`vgvuvfv e ejv h Z cv i h, b`xfv½b I eb vi Øviv e nëi iscyi eqi eqi wzmö n ji e nëi w`bvrcy i Gi m vebv bb cö_gz e nëi w`bvrcyi AÂj D P f~wg wb q MwVZ e j GB AÂj eb vcöey bq wøzxqz, w`bvrcy i b`xfv½b bb Avi Ôg½vÕ ej Z h Afve ev zav cwiw wz K evsv bv nq, eb v I b`xfv½b Zvi cöavb `yõwu KviY Avgiv hw` b`xmg~ ni MwZc _i w` K ZvKvB Zvn j `L Z cve eªþcyî b`x KzwoMÖvg w` q evsjv ` k cö ek K i MvBevÜvq G m hgybv bvg aviy K i Q Aci w` K wz v b`x jvjgwbinvu Rjvi cvumövg w` q evsjv ` k cö ek K i bxjdvgvix, iscyi I KzwoMÖvg n q MvBevÜvq G m eªþcy Îi mv _ wgwjz n q Q AviI `ybwu eo b`x - aijv I `yakzgvi QvovI GB A j wqj A bk QvU QvU b`x (ÔwQjÕ ejwq GB Rb h, GB b`x jvi AwaKvskB GLb g ZcÖvq) bxjdvgvix, iscyi, KzwoMÖvg I MvBevÜv Rjvi eªþcyî I wz v DcK~jeZ x AÂjwUB g~jz Ôg½vÕcÖeY cöwzeqi wz v I eªþcyî b`xi fv½b, fvi Zi b`x mš v mi Kvi Y wz vi ïwk q hviqv, ÔwZ v e v i Ri KzdjÕ 5, Ges b`xi bve Zv n«vmrwbz eb v cöeyzv b`x ZxieZ x we xy Rbc` K Ôg½vcÖeYÕ K i Zz j Q eq ii ci eqi a i A b KB wz vi fv½b, ÔwZ v e v i Ri KzdjÕ Ges wz vi bve Zv n«vmrwbz KzcÖfv ei Kvi Y wz v K Ôiscy ii `y:lõ wn m e AvL v w` q _v Kb Ôg½vÕi kªwy I ckvwfwëk PwiÎ we k l Yi gva g ciez x Z GB welqwu wek`fv e e vl v Kiv n e Ôg½vÕi PwiÎ we k l Y h welqwu K i Z i mv _ we epbv Ki Z n e Zv n jv evsjv ` ki K wl Drcv` bi Î MZ K qk `k K N U hviqv cwiez b m Pi gva g Bwi (IRRI) av bi Pvl ïi niqvi ci ev KZvex fvlvq ÔmeyR wec eiõ ci we kl K i Ôg½vÕcÖeY GjvKvmn mviv evsjv ` k K wl Drcv`b e e vq eo ai bi cwiez b G m Q ev iv gšmy g m Pi gva g Drcvw`Z D P djbkxj weª (BRRI) Rv Zi avb e vckfv e Drcvw`Z n Q Gi 5 vbxq evwm `v `i A b KB Rvwb q Qb h, wz v e v i Ri wbg vy KŠk ji Î wurwbz Kvi Y Gi GK cv k we xy GjvKv b`xfv½ bi wkkvi n q Q ÿs Av ik cv k evwj R g we xy dm ji gvv evj~p i cwiyz n q Q

10 58 evsjv `k Dbœqb mgx v gva g evsjv ` ki dmjx gšmy gi wkqz cöcâ cwiewz Z n q Q hv Ôg½vÕi mv _ we klfv e m úwk Z ZvB Avwg Ôg½vÕi PwiÎ we k l Yi myweav _ Ôg½vÕ K ÔmeyR wec eõ c~e ez x Ges ÔmeyR wec eõ ciez x GB `ybfv M wef³ K iwq 6.1 ÔmeyR wec eõ c~e ez x Ôg½vÕ ÔmeyR wec eõ c~e ez x mg qi Drcvw`Z cöavb cöavb dmj Ges Zv `i gšmyg we k ly Ki j ZrKvjxb mg qi Ôg½vÕi PwiÎ evsv hvq evsjv ` k avb Drcv` bi 3wU gšmyg - Avgb, AvDk I ev iv ÔmeyR wec eõ ev Bwi c~e ez x mg q ez gvb Ôg½vÕcÖeY GjvKvmn mviv ` kb Avgb wqj cöavb avb Avgb avb `yb cökvi- ivcv Avgb I evbv Avgb A c vk Z DuPz Rwg Z evbv Avgb Ges wbpz Rwg Z ivcv Avg bi Pvl nq weavq Kv bv RwgB GB Pvl _ K ev` c o bv Avgb av bi Pv li mgq Avlvp-kªveY gvm Avi km -msmö ni mgq AMÖnvqY gvm Gici Av m ev iv gšmyg KvwZ K-AMÖnvqY gv m ivcb K i ˆekvL-ˆRô gv m G avb KvUv nq GB ev iv gšmy gi cvkvcvwk P j iwek m i gšmyg; A_ vr ngš Kv j Avgb avb KvUvi ci GB k m i exr eybv nq Ges emš Kv j A_ vr dvêyb I ˆPÎ gv m GB dmj N i Av m ev iv gšmyg ciez x mg q A c vk Z DuPz Rwg Z GK cökvi avb ecb Kiv nq A c vk Z Kg mg qi g a A_ vr Avï GB avb N i Av m weavq ÔAvïÕ _ K GB av bi bvg nq AvDk Drcv` bi cwigv Yi w`k _ K we k ly Ki j `Lv hvq, ÔmeyR wec eõ c~e ez x mg q Avgb avbb wqj eq ii cöavb Lv` km K lkiv mviv eq ii Lv` Pvwn`v guv bvi Rb g~jz Avgb av bi DciB wbf i KiZ Ab w` K ev iv Pv l m Pi `ikvi n Zv Ges h nzz bjk~ ci mp e e v wqj bv ZvB KejgvÎ Rjve wbpz Rwg ev wej/nvio GjvKvq G av bi Pvl n Zv weavq GB av bi Drcv` bi cwigvy wqj Kg G gšmy g av bi cvkvcvwk cvu Drcv`b n Zv iwek m i g a wqj Mg, Avjy, KvDb, wewfbœ mewr BZ vw` Avi el vkv j h AvDk av bi Drcv`b n Zv Zv wqj cwigv Yi w`k _ K Kg A_ vr GB avb K l Ki evowz Pvwn`v guv ji GwU wbf i hvm wqj bv myzivs Avgb wqj eq ii cöavb Lv` km hvi Dci K lkiv Zv `i cwiev ii mviv eq ii Lv` Pvwn`v guv bvi Rb wbf i KiZ ZvB eqi Ny i Avevi hlb Avgb avb ivc bi gšmyg AvmZ ZLb ^fvezb K l Ki Mvjvi avb dzwi q hz KviY Av MB e jwq ev iv Ges AvDk av bi Drcv`b n Zv Ach vß myzivs GB mg q `ywu Kvi Y K l Ki N i N i Afve `Lv w`z: (1) eqi k l Mvjvi avb dzwi q hviqv, Ges (2) Avgb avb ivc bi wcq b A bk wewb qvm Kiv h eqi AwZwi³ eb v n Zv Ges Avgb av bi exrzjv bó n q hz m eqi GB Afve ZxeªZi n Zv ZLb Avgb av bi Pvivi msku `Lv w`z hv K l Ki A_ bwzk Rxeb KI mskuvcbœ K i ZzjZ K l Ki Afve AviI gvivz K AvKvi aviy KiZ hw` Kv bv eqi AKvj eb vq (fv`ª-avwk b gv mi eb v) ivcb Kiv Avgb avb bó n q hz KviY h Kv bv Dcv q K lk K GKB Rwg Z wøzxq evi ev KL bv KL bv Z Zxq ev ii g Zv av bi Pviv ivcb Ki Z n Zv Ggwb cwiw wz Z K lkiv KL bv cv ji Mi -QvMj wewµ K i, KL bv avikr K i, KL bvev FY K i BZ vw` bvbvwe` Dcv q Avgb avb ivcb KiZ Ges ciez x Avwk b-kvwz K

11 ieÿvbx: gšmygx zav: evsjv ` ki DËiv j Ôg½vÕi AZxZ I ez gvb cö vcu 59 `yb gvm Zviv Pig Afv ei g a KvUvZ Ges Zi avb cvkvi Rb AMÖnvqY gv mi A c vq _vkz ZvB GB mgquv K ejv nz ÔAvKvjÕ h eqi jv Z eb v dm ji e vck wz KiZ Ges b`xfv½b we xy Rbc` MÖvm KiZ, m eqi jv Z GB Afve mvgwqk zavq iƒc wbz e wuk `i `xn vqx kvl Yi d j hz w`b Mwo q Q K l Ki Ae v ZZ ewk bvryk n q Q Ges GB gšmy gi zav wd eqi `Lv w` q Q Gfv eb Avwk b-kvwz K gv mi GB zav eqi eqi wd i G m Q Ges Ô gšmygx yavõ wn m e cövwš K Pvlx `i Rxe b vqx n q Q eq ii Ab vb mgq m Qj _vk ji cövwš K Pvlxiv GB mg q mvgwqk yavi wkkvi n Zv eb v `xn vqx n j eb v ciez x mg q K jiv, Wvqwiqv, R i, mw` -Kvwk BZ vw` cvwbevnx I Quvqv P iv Mi cöeyzv `Lv w`z ZvQvov zavi Zvobvq bvbv ALv` LvIqvi Kvi YI G mgquv Z Zv `i gv S Wvqwiqv I K jivi g Zv ivm Qwo q coz Avi m mgq ( gvuvgywufv e `yb/wzb `kk AvM ch š ) h nzz MÖv gi gvby li ^v mevi Zgb Kv bv my hvm wqj bv Ges Wvqwiqv I K jiv iv Mi cöpwjz fyj wpwkrmvb gvby li g Zz W K AvbZ, ZvB Gme ivmevjvb Lye mn RB me Î Qwo q coz Avwk b-kvwz K gv mi zav I ivm-evjvb Kv bv Kv bv eqi gnvgvwi AvKvi aviy KiZ K l Ki `vwi`ª e w cviqvi mv _ mv _ Avwk b-kvwz K gv mi Afv ei cöeyzv e w c Z _v K Ges Gi PwiÎI gvivz K AvKvi aviy Ki Z _v K ZvB KvwZ K gvm Gmgq _ K we kl K i evsjv ` ki DËiv j Ôgiv KvwZ KÕ wn m e cwiwpwz jvf K i (ÔgivÕ we kly Øviv KvwZ K gv mi zav I ivm-evjvb qi wpîwub evsv bv nq) Aek wpwkrmv weávb Ges ^v mevi DbœwZi d j Kv bv gnvgvwi ivm GLb Avi bb eqi eqi GKwU wbw` ó gšmy g GB zav `Lv `q e j GK eq ii wnmv e Gi PwiÎ n q c o gšmygx wkš hy Mi wnmv e GwU vqx A_ vr Avwk b-kvwz K gv mi GB zav n Q GKwU gšmyg wfwëk vqx yav hv wd eqi `Lv `q DËiv ji GB yav cwiw wz KB Ôg½vÕ ejv nq GZ Y a i Bwi c~e ez x Ôg½vÕi h PwiÎ Zz j aivi Póv Kijvg Zvi Dci wfwë K i Bwi c~e ez x GB Ôg½vÕ K gšmygx Ôg½vÕ (dm ji gšmyg wfwëk g½v) ev K l Ki Ôg½vÕ wn m e we epbv Kiv hvq 6.2 ÔmeyR wec eõ ciez x Ôg½vÕ 1977 mv j evsjv ` k cö_g mikvwi D ` v M IRRI (International Rice Research Institute) KZ K D vwez D P djbkxj IR-8 Rv Zi avb Pvl ïi nq Mfxi Ges AMfxi bjk ci gva g wbqwgz mp w` q ev iv gšmy g GB av bi Avev` ïi nq D P djbkxj niqvq AwZ Aí mg qi g a B GB av bi Pvl mviv ` k e vckfv e Qwo q c o ez gvb mg q K lkiv ev iv gšmy g m Pi gva g D P djbkxj weª (BRRI) Rv Zi avb Drcv` bi cöwz ewk g bv hvmx mp Kv R cviqvi-cv ú Gi ch vßzvi cvkvcvwk cj x we`ÿ Zi e envi ` ki AwaKvsk A j GB av bi Pvl cöpj b mnvqzv K i Q GB avb Pvl m úwk Z h welqwu GLv b i Z c~y Zv n jv, GB avb N i I V ˆRô -Avlvp gv m A_ vr ˆRô -Avlvp gv m K lk h avb Drcv`b K i Zv gvî Pvi gv mi gv_vq Avwk b-kvwz K (Ôg½vÕKvjxY mgq) gv mb kl n q hviqvi K_v bq myzivs `Lv hv Q h, ev iv gšmy g AwaK avb Pv li d j Avwk b-kvwz K

12 60 evsjv `k Dbœqb mgx v gv mi cöcâ Bwi-c~e ez x mg qi P q Ggbfv e e` j Q h GB mgquv Z K l Ki N i Bwi c~e ez x mg qi g Zv gšmygx Ôg½vÕ _vkvi K_v bq ZeyI GB wbw` ó mg q evsjv ` ki DËiv ji GKwU eo Ask Ry o Ôg½vÕ weivr K i Zvn j GB Ôg½vÕi PwiÎ Kgb? Ôg½vµvš Õ `i Av_ -mvgvwrk I ckvmz cwipq Kx? Zviv Kb Ôg½vµvš Õ? GB cökœ jvi DËi LvuRvi Rb Ôg½vÕKvjxb mg q Ôg½vµvš Õ GjvKv cwi`k b K i, Ôg½vµvš Õ gvby li mv _ wewfbœ c wz Z K_v e j Ges Ôg½vÕ msµvš wewfbœ NUbv ch e Yi gva g Z_ msmön Kiv n q Q mme Z _ i wfwë Z Ôg½vÕi ev ezv cwi ek bi gva g wb æ mv cöwzk mg qi Õg½vÕi PwiÎ LvuRvi Póv Kiv n jv 7 Ôg½vÕi ev ezv: GKwU gvv Rwi ci djvdj Avwk b gv m Ôg½vÕ ïi nq Ges KvwZ K gv m Zv Zxeª AvKvi aviy K i KviY, g½vkvjxb mg q Afvex cövwš K Pvlx I K wl kªwgk `i cöwzwu w`b Kv U FYvZœK Ae vi ga w` q d j Avwk b gv m Afve ïi n q KvwZ K gvm ch š zavz gvbyliv Lv` µ qi ZvwM ` nv ji Mi, QvMj, nuvm-gyiwmmn M n vjx mvgmöx ch š wewµ K i `q A bk mgq Zv `i FY Avi `vkv b evwki cwigvy GZ e o hvq h ZLb Zviv PvB ji Avi avi-kr ev `vkv b evwk Z `ªe mvgmöx µq Ki Z cv i bv A_ vr KvwZ K gv m Zv `i µq gzv k~ b b g Av m ZvB evrv i ch vß Lv` `ªe _vk ji `wi`ª K wlkªwgk I cövwš K Pvlx `i g a yav Zxeª AvKvi aviy K i GKB mg q Aek mviv gv V P j avb cvkvi Av qvrb wkš we xy mvbvjx avb Z ZvwK q eyk fi ji cu f i bv wbibœ K wlkªwg Ki Zv `i K A c v Ki Z nq AMÖnvqY gvm ch š Aek f~wgnxb K wl kªwgk `i GB A c vi gv S wb Ri N i mvbvjx dmj Zvjvi Kv bv ^cœ bb KviY Zv `i wb Ri Kv bv Rwg bb ZvB gvv fiv dm j Zv `i Kv bv Askx`vwiZ bb Zviv KejB A c v K i avb KvUvi KvR cviqvi Rb avb KvUvi gšmy g cöwzw`b KvR cviqv hv e Ges grywii UvKvq Q j g q wb q w` b `yõ ejv L Z cvi e - GUzKz cöz vkv wb qb Zviv A c vq _v K Ôg½vÕ ev `ywf i cövk wzk PjK hgb - Abve wó, eb v, b`xfv½ bi cvkvcvwk f~wgeèb e e vq Pig ˆelg Ges cövwš K Pvlx `i Rxe bi Ô`vwi `ª i `yópµõ Ôg½vÕi cq b vqx PjK wn m e KvR K i Ôg½vÕcÖeY GjvKv Z_v evsjv ` ki DËiv j abx I `wi `ªi g a cv_ K A bk ewk m Qj ga we Ëi msl v mlv b LyeB Kg AwaKvsk Rwgi gvwjkvbv ^ímsl K D Pwe Ëi nv Z cövwš K Pvlx I f~wgnxb K wl kªwg Ki msl vb ewk Avjg wew`zi BDwbq bi cvb K bi wz v cv ii (evua GjvKv) Qwjg DwÏb (60) e jb, Òev n nvgvi ` k (A j) hvi Av Q, Zvi eûz Av Q, hvi bvb, Zvi wkqzb bvb Ó ÔgnKzgvi RvZ`viiv cörv ^Z AvBb Abyhvqx RvZ`vi wqj bv ewkifvmb wqj eo ivqz Zv `i Avev`x Rwgi cwigvy wenv w` q wnmve Kiv hvq bvõ (Rahman 1988) AwaKvsk f~wgi gvwjkvbv gywô gq gvby li nv Z Zviv nvrvi nvrvi gy avb wewµ K i `q kn ii e emvqx `i Kv Q A_P cövwš K Pvlx I K wl kªwg Ki Lv` vfve Kv U bv mviv eqi M½vPov _vbvi bvqvjx-kpzqv BDwbq bi wz vi cv i emevmkvwi b`x fv½ bi wkkvi mvb`yj Bmjvg (20) Zvi evwoi cv ki we xy avb Z `wl q

13 ieÿvbx: gšmygx zav: evsjv ` ki DËiv j Ôg½vÕi AZxZ I ez gvb cö vcu 61 e jb, ÒGB h gvv fwz avb `L Z Qb Gi cy ivuvb GKR bi GLv bi Rwg-Rgv me eo jvk `i Ó Acic cövwš K Pvlxiv dmj Pvl Kivi mgq Rwg Z Pvl `qv, mp `qv, mvi I KxUbvkK e envi Kiv BZ vw` Kv R h UvKvi mgm vq c o, Zv wguv Z wm q Pov my ` UvKv avi bq mikvwi ev emikvwi ch v q gšmyg wfwëk ^íkvjxb K wlf Yi e e v bv _vkvq K lkiv Kzmx`Rxex `i wbku _ K Pov my ` FY MÖnY K i Avevi dmj N i DVvi mv _ mv _B FY`vZviv my `-Avm j FY cwi kv ai Rb Pvc `q ZLb K lkiv wb R `i cö qvrbxq cwigvy Lv` grỳ bv K ib Drcvw`Z Lv` km Kg g~ j wewµ K i w` Z eva nq Avi GB my hv MB cövwš K Pvlx `i kvly K i ga ^Ë fvmxiv mikvwifv e K wlc Y i evrvi wbqš Yi Afv e cövwš K Pvlxiv A bk mgq Drcv`b Li Pi P q Kg g~ j Zv `i Drcvw`Z K wlcy `vjvj, dwoqv bv gi ga ^Ë fvmx `i Kv Q wewµ K i w` Z eva nq Gme Kvi YB Zv `i msmv i mviv eqi a i P j Uvbv cvob DËiv ji Ôg½vÕ KewjZ GjvKv jvi g a iscyi Rjv Ab Zg GB Rjvi wz vi fv½b KewjZ M½vPov _vbvq Ôg½vÕi cöfve A bk ewk, hv `ywf i ch v q c o A_P iscyi kn ii wewfbœ evrvi Ges Ab vb vbxq evrv i wm q `Lv Mj me wkqzb ^vfvwek g~ j wewµ n Q XvKvmn mviv ` ki evrvi ` ii mv _ Zxeªfv e Ôg½vÕ KewjZ M½vPovi evrvi ` iii D j L hvm Kv bv ZviZg j Kiv hvqwb A_ vr eûj Av jvwpz Ôg½vÕi Kv bv cöfve Ôg½vÕ KewjZ GjvKvi evrvi jv Z bb Z e Rjv kni Ges _vbv m`i jv Z wi vi msl v ` L gvby li Kg nxbzvi welquv mn RB Abygvb Kiv Mj K qkrb wi viqvjvi mv _ K_v e j Rvbv Mj, Zv `i Kv iv evwo kn ii cvk ez x MÖv g, Kv iv evwo `~iez x Pi ev b`xfv½b GjvKvq Zviv Rvbv jb, Ab vb mg qi Zzjbvq GLb kn i wi vi msl v wø YiI ewk MÖvgv j gvby li nv Z Kv bv KvR bb e j A b KB kn i G m mvgwqkfv e GB ckvq b g Q Zv `i KD KD GB ckvq G Kev ib bzzb A b K Avevi cöwz eqi wbqg K ib GB gšmy g kn i G m wi v Pvjvq GKB wpî cviqv hvq iscyi, KzwoMÖvg I bxjdvgvixi cö Z KwU Rjv I _vbv kn i iscyi Rjvi M½vPov _vbv Ôg½vÕ KewjZ GjvKv jvi g a Ab Zg GB _vbvi m`i BDwbqb, eowej, bvqvjx-kpzqv, Avjg wew`zi, ezmvwo I Kvj Kv ` BDwbq b Zxeª Ôg½vÕ cwiw wz j Kiv hvq we kl K i Avjg wew`zi, eowej, Kvj Kv ` I bvqvjx-kpzqv BDwbq bi wz vi cv i A vqxfv e emevmkvix b`xfv½ bi wkkvi ARmª gvby li g a `ywf i wpîb cviqv hvq evu ai `yb cv ki AmgZj, AcÖk RvqMv Ry o Svucwo eu a, Pvjv K i evm Ki Q AmsL gvbyl K`vwPr `yb-gkwu wu bi NiI `Lv hvq b`xi MÖvm _ K ïay H NiUvB nq Zv i v Ki Z c i Q NiUv ` L m Qj g b n ji wfz ii LvuR wb j Rvbv hvq, A bk w`b Zviv cucy i gvq-fvz L Z cvq bv `yb ejv ev GK ejv, ÔAvav cuvõ ev ÔwmwK cuvõ L qb P j Zv `i cövq w`b A bk mgq Avevi ZvI Rv Ubv A b K A bk mgq `yw` bi

14 62 evsjv `k Dbœqb mgx v Kv bv Abœ RyUv Z cv i bv NbemwZc~Y evua a i nvuuvi mgq wcqz bqv DrmyK wbibœ wkïwk kvi `i w` K ZvwK q g b n q Q hb zavz gvby li wbie wgwqj Zv `i mviv Mv q yav Avi `vwi `ª i wpý cy iv evua GjvKvq wkï-wk kvi, bvix Avi e jvk `i gy Li w` K ZvwK q IUv K `ywf i Rbc`B g b n q Q Qwjg DwÏb (60) Zuvi Ae vi ey bv `b Gfv e, nvgvi Q j cövq 15/20 w`b Av M XvKvq M Q wi v PvjvB Z hviqvi mgq GKR bi _ K 200 UKv my `i Dci wb q 100 UKv nvgv i w` q M Q, Avi 100 UKv fvov wb q M Q hvevi mgq Av ik Rb i e j M Q nvgvi Pjvi R b my `i Dci wkqz UKv `Iqvi R b hwïb bv AvBe, Avwg Gi/Ii KvQ _ K my `i Dci wkqz UKv wb q Kó Kwi Pwjgy Q j wd i AvB j kva w` e Avjg wew`zi BDwbq bi cvb K bi Kv `y bv gi cövq 70 eqi eqmx GK e Zuvi zavi ey bv `b Gfv e, RwgRgv me b`x LvB Q nv Zi Dci Pwj GLb Zv nvzi bv P j GLb wk K i evuwp, evev! KZ h D cvm _vwk! D cv mi Kv bv wn me bvb!... NiZ Lvevi bvb AvR h wk Lvgy mb wp š q Zv evuwp bv! NiZ Pvj bvb eb j ivhv Ki Z cvwi bv `ybw`b a i wvkgz LvB bv! mikv ii Kv bv mvnvh bvb cvb mvg b avb KvUv ïi nb j gvb& l Kvg cvbe nvwg Zv KvgI cvgy bv nvwg avb KvU Z cvi ji avb Dev Z (enb Kiv) cvwi bv nvgvi KvUv avb Zv Ab KD Dev q w`e bv! ( h kªwgk avb Kv U Zv KB mb avb K l Ki evwo Z cuš Q w` Z nq) ZvB avb KvUvi mgqi nvgvi nvz Pje bv! GBevi g b nq bv Lv qb gi Z nbe (Kvbœv)! bwrib bv gi GK AkxwZci kxy Kvq e v iv vq e m cöjvc ekwq jb Kv Q wm q eysjvg Zvi k vm wb ZI Kó n Q Rvbv jb mvivw`b wkqz Lvbwb Zvi Pv L gy L zavi úó Qvc wzwb e jb, nvgvi Kv bv euv bvb! cvlvb q gvbyl bvb! fvz bvb wg j! g½v! fvz wg j bv! ZiKvix wg j bv! mikvi wk Qy bvb `q GK cqmvi bvb `q g ^i K KBjy - nvgvi LvIqvB q bvb, cvlvb q bvb, gv i Lvevi `b bvb `q!

15 ieÿvbx: gšmygx zav: evsjv ` ki DËiv j Ôg½vÕi AZxZ I ez gvb cö vcu 63 GKB MÖv gi Lvw`Rv bvgk Av ik e v L Z bv c q gviv M Q (GB gvv Rwi ci K qkw`b Av M) Zvi Q ji ed Ges cvov-cöwz ewk `i mv _ K_v e j Rvbv hvq GB Ôg½vÕi gšmy g w` bi ci w`b m bv L q _ K Q Av M m `~ ii MÖv g wm q wf v KiZ wkš Gevi m Amȳ n q c owqj e j `~ i wf v Ki Z h Z cv iwb ZvB L Z bv c qb Ae k l m gviv hvq Zvi Q jiv ZLb KD evwo Z wqj bv M½vPov _vbvi eowej BDwbq bi Ôg½vÕi Ki Y wpî Pv L coj GB BDwbq bi ivrcyi MÖv gi Avt mvëvi (55) e jb, ÒwZbw`b a i fvz LvB bv! MZKvj wk Qz LvB bvb! `yb gvm ab i Kvg eü nvzi P j bv, LvIbI cvb bv!ó wzwb AviI e jb, ÒAfve gvb b, hvi Afve Zvi hvi RwgRgv Av Q, nvj- Miw Av Q, Zvi Afve bvb Ó wzwb h_v_ B e j Qb Ôg½vÕ ej Z hv evsv bv nq, mb zavi wpî cviqv hvq Kej b`x fv½ bi wkkvi Ges f~wgnxb `i gv SB Ôg½vÕ KewjZ f~wgnxb K wlkªwgk `i A bk K ˆ`wbK grywii `vg KZ Rvb Z P q Kv bv DËi cviqv hvqwb mevb GKB K_v Rvwb q Q - Zv `i nv Z Kv bv KvR bb hlv b Kv bv KvRB bb, mlv b kª gi g~j Rvb Z PvIqv h evkvwg ZvI A b KB wewfbœ Kvq`vq eyws q w` q Q KzwoMÖv gi bv Mk ix _vbvi m`i BDwbq bi Pv `vicvo MÖv gi wi vpvjk gybœvd (25) e jb, GBevi g½v ewk gvby li nv Z KvR bvb ZvB gvbylr bi Lye Kó Kqw` b K qkuv jvk nvmcvzv j Wvqwiqvq gviv M Q...GLv bi PvB Z XvKv, Kzwgj v-b fvj IBw` K KvR-Kvg ewk KzwoMÖv gi fi ½vgvix _vbvi cv Uk ix weª Ri c~e cvo evrv ii wi vpvjk (b`xfv½ bi wkkvi) iwng DwÏb (30) e jb, GBevi Afve ewk Avwg Zv K wl KvR Kwi GLb KvR bvb ZvB wi v wbqv evbi nb Zv wi vi bvb P j gvbyl wi vq Kg I V...mevB g½vi Ke j KviY gvby li nv Z Kv bv KvR bvb hlb KvR cviqv hvq, ZLbI K wl kª gi g~j GB A j ` ki h Kv bv A j P q Kg Avi ZvB f~wgnxb K wl kªwgk `i A_ bwzk Ae v me mgqb FYvZ K _v K, hv Zviv mvg j bq Kg L q, Kg c i wkš GB Ae vq Avwk b-kvwz K gv m G Kev i Kg nxb niqvi d j Zviv mwz Kvi A _ B zavcxwoz n q c o KzwoMÖvg Rjvi bv Mk ix, f~i ½vgvix I dzjevwo _vbvi wewfbœ GjvKv Ny i Ôg½vÕi wpî cviqv hvq evwo evwo Ny i Rvbv Mj wbr GjvKvq KvR bv c q cövwš K Pvlx I f~wgnxb cwiev ii DcvR bkxj m`m iv Kv Ri müv b ivravbx XvKvmn `w Yv ji wewfbœ Rjvq cvwo Rwg q Q G `i GKUv Ask vbxq kn i A_ev XvKv ev Ab Kv_vI wm q wi v Pvjvq Avi

16 64 evsjv `k Dbœqb mgx v AwaKvsk ` ki Ab vb A j wm q K wl kªwgk wn m e w`b grywi K i f~i ½vgvix _vbvi cvk ez x wujvi Pi, bqvinvu, cvb KiQov, wqu cvb KiQov, gwbivgcyimn ek K qkwu MÖvg cwi`k b K i Ges GjvKvi jvkr bi mv _ K_v e j Rvbv hvq, Afve me ÎB Z e KejgvÎ f~wgnxb K wl-kªwgk `i Ae vb ewk bvryk KviY Zv `i nv Z KvR bvb Z e Kv bv Kv bv GjvKvq Ôg½vÕ wb q gvby li gv S Zgb Kv bv cöwzwµqv j Kiv hvqwb KviY wn m e g b nq h, Avwk b-kvwz K gv mi Ôg½vÕi mv _ Zviv cwiwpz Zviv Ôg½vÕ gvkv ejvi Rb Kv bv c~e cö wz MÖnY Ki Z bv cvi ji Aš Z Ôg½vÕKvjxb Afve-AbUb g b bqvi Rb gvbwmkfv e cö Z _v K dzjevwo _vbvi cvk ez x Ôg½vÕ KewjZ P `ª Nvbv MÖv gi (Av`k cvov) jvfwj emg (20), Rvnvbviv emg (22), AviwRbv emg (20) Ges ivweqv emg (25) Gi mv _ K_v e j Afv ei LeiB cviqv Mj Rvnvbviv emg (22) e jb, Avgv `i g Zv Mwie jvk `i mevib Lye Afve Avgv `i Kv bv nvj-m n vjx bvb, Ônv Zi DciÕ Pj Z nq mviv eqi mb ÔnvZÕ hlb eü n q hvq, ZLb Zv `i K ói mxgv _v K bv GKB Mªv gi f~wgnxb K wlkªwgk gvm jg Avjx (32) e jb, Avgv `i Afve KvUvgjvi (dmj KvUvi mgq) mgq hb ikg, KvwZ K gv mi mb ikg mviv eqib Avgv `i Afve KviY Avgv `i Ônv Zi DciÕ Pj Z nq Kvgjv-cvBU w` q hv cviqv hvq, Zv Z Kv bv ik g kvk-fvz RvUv bv hvq wkš nvz eü _vk j Avgv `i P j bv KzwoMÖvg m`i _vbvi gvmjevmv BDwbq bi aijvi cv ii wbwaivgcyi, wk mgzcyi I Pi wkòcy i hb `ywf i wpîb cviqv Mj b`x fv½ bi wkkvi kz kz cwievi aijvi evu ai Dci Ges wbkuez x iv vi `yb cv k Kv bv ik g Avkªq K i gvb ezi Rxebhvcb Ki Q evwo evwo wbibœ wkï-wk kvi, bvix, e iv AcwiwPZ KvI K `L j d vj& d v&j K i ZvwK q _v K A b KB mvnv h i Avkvq nvz cv Z Avevi A b KB zavi R vjvq KvZi n ji Kv iv Kv Q nvz cv Z bv nvz c Z Zviv Af bq KviY, wkqzw`b Av MI Zv `i RwgRgv, nvj-m n vwj meb wqj! b`xfv½ bi wkkvi n q Zviv GLb wb: ^ wk mgzcyi MÖv gi nhiz Avjx (35) Ôg½vÕ m ú K e jb, cöwz eqi Avwk b-kvwz K gv m g½vi cöavb KviY n Q Kv Ri Afve Avgb avb ivcb Kivi ci gvby li nv Z Avi Kv bv KvR _v K bv ZvB hviv nv Zi Dci P j, Zv `i nvzi eü _v K, cvzi eü _v K

17 ieÿvbx: gšmygx zav: evsjv ` ki DËiv j Ôg½vÕi AZxZ I ez gvb cö vcu 65 GKB MÖv gi lv Uva e v KvwQiY e jb, Gevi Lye Afve fvz bvb wg j nvgvi wk Qz bvb QvIqvjiv bvb cv l gvby li evwo Z Kvg Kwi LvB...GLb gvby li Kvg-KvR bvb nvzi bv P j, fvzi bvb cvb...avj vq bv bq K ev? KcvjZ wk mi `ytl Kwi ayb Q? GB `y:l KZ fvmv hvq, GB eq m? gvmjevmv BDwbq bi wz v cv ii fjvkzcv P ii Aveyj nv mb (40) e jb, ÒMZ eq ii P q G eq ii g½v A bk ewk eb vq Avgb avb bó niqv ZB Gevi GZ g½v Ó gvmjevmv BDwbq bi wbwaivgcyi MÖv gi igrvb Avjx (30) Rvbvb, wzwb mvz eqi U UvBj (KzwoMÖv gi GKgvÎ U UvBj wgj) wg j PvKzwi K i Qb mikvi wgjwu eü K i w` q Zv K eva Zvg~jK Aemi w` q Q wgjwu eü niqvi mv _ mv _ H wg j Kg iz 600 kªwg Ki mevb igrvb Avjxi g Zv PvKzwi nvwi q Qb igrvb Avjx Rvbv jb, GKw` K b`x Zvi evwo-ni, RwgRgv me f ½ wb q Q, Ab w` K GKB mg q wzwb PvKzwi nvwi q Qb GLb gvby li RvqMvq Ni Zz j Av Qb GjvKvq Kv bv KvR bb Ac ii evwo Z x-mš vb d j `~ i Kv_vI KvR Ki ZI h Z cvi Qb bv x-mš vb wb q fxly Afv e Av Qb wzwb bxjdvgvix Rjvi m`i _vbvi wewfbœ GjvKv, Wvgv ii wewfbœ GjvKv Ges wwgjv _vbvi wz v e v i Ri cvk ez x b`xfv½b GjvKv Ny ii Ôg½vÕi cövq GKB wpî cviqv M Q fywgnxb K wl kªwgk I cövwš K Pvlxiv, we kl K i b`x fv½ bi wkkvi wbt ^ gvby livb Ôg½vÕi wkkvi Avi h nzz mviv eqi Zviv w`b Av b w`b Lvq ZvB Zv `i Kv bv mâq _v K bv hv w` q Zviv Ôg½vÕ ev Ab Kv bv Avc`Kvjxb mg q Lv ` i wbivcëv wbwðz Ki Z cv i ZvB cöwz eqi Avwk b-kvwz K gv m hlb KvR _v K bv, ZLb Zviv Ôg½vÕi wkkvi nq 8 Ôg½vÕi me kl cwiw wz MZ `yb/wzb eq i Ôg½vÕi ZxeªZv LvwbKUv K g Q msev` gva g Ôg½vÕ msµvš gg úk x Lei ev cöwz e`b GLb Avi Zgb cökvk cvq bv mikv ii c _ KI Ôg½vÕ bb e j `vex Kiv nq ZvB Ôg½vÕi me kl Ae v ch e Y Kivi j 2011 mv j Ôg½vÕcÖeY GjvKv cybivq Rwic Kiv n q Q GB gvvk g i gva g evsv hvq h, K qk eqi Av MI Ôg½vÕi h ZxeªZv wqj Zv A bkvs k K g Q Gi cq b wkqz mikvwi I emikvwi D ` vm hgb KvR K i Q, Zgwb AbyK~j AvenvIqv I f~-cövk wzk cwi eki i Z c~y f~wgkv i L Q MZ K qk eq i eb v nqwb Ges b`xfv½b cöeyzvi K g Q Ôg½vÕi PwiÎ we k l Y Avgiv ` LwQ h, b`xfv½ bi wkkvi, eb v KewjZ, f~wgnxb gvbylivb g~jz Ôg½vÕi wkkvi nq myzivs Ôg½vÕi cövk wzk PjK jv K we epbvq G b ejv hvq h, b`xfv½b I eb vi g Zv cövk wzk `y h v Mi Abycw wz Ôg½vÕi ZxeªZv n«v m mnvqk f~wgkv cvjb K i Q

18 66 evsjv `k Dbœqb mgx v Kg ms vb m wói Î bxjdvgvix Rjvq Aew Z DËiv Bwc RW GKwU i Z c~y f~wgkv cvjb K i Q GLv b B Zvg a B K qk nvrvi gvby li Kg ms vb m wó n q Q hv GB GjvKvi Ôg½vÕi ZxeªZv Kgv Z mnvqk f~wgkv cvjb K i Q e j vbxq Awaevmx `i A b KB gz `b GQvov MZ K qk eq i Ôg½vÕ gvk ejvq ek wkq~ mikvwi D ` vm j Kiv hvq mvgvwrk wbivcëv eóbxi AvIZvq M wnz mikvwi Kg m~wp jv Zvr wykfv e Ôg½vÕ gvkv ejvq LvwbKUv mnvqk f~wgkv cvjb K i Q ` ki `wi`ª Rb Mvôx K mvgvwrk wbivcëv eóbxi g a Avbvi j mikv ii Pjgvb Kg m~wpmg~n hgb - wfwrgd, wfwrww, KvweLv/KvweUv, U wiwjd, eq I weaev fvzv, `wi`ª gv qi Rb gvz Z RwbZ fvzv, Pi RxweKvqb cökí, SuywK wbimb cökí BZ vw` _ K ` ki `wi`ª Rb Mvôxi Ask wn m e Ôg½vÕµvš gvbyliv DcKvi c q Avm Q GQvovI Ôg½vÕ gvk ejvq mikvi wkqy bzzb cökí ev evqb Ki Q hvi mydj LvwbKUv n ji ` wó MvPi nq w` bi Kg m Rb Kg m~wp Ôg½vÕ cxwoz gvbyl I AwZ`wi`ª ekvi kªwgk `i Rb A_ eq i M wnz mikv ii Ô100 w` bi Kg m Rb Kg m~wpõ Øviv Ôg½vÕ cxwoz gvbyl DcK Z n q Q A_ eq ii ev R U 2000 KvwU UvKv eivï w` q Lv` I `y h vm e e vcbv gš Yvj qi Aax b GB Kg m~wp Z cövq 20 jvl kªwgk wbeüb Kiv nq Kg m~wpi cö_g ch v q 920 KvwU UvKv e q Kiv nq 6 mikvwi wi cvu Abyhvqx ev evqb bxwzgvjvq wkqz A úózv I cökí cwigvc msµvš wel q Kv bv mȳ úó wb ` kbv bv _vkvq Ges cökí ev evq b h_vh_ Revew`wnZvi e e v bv _vkvq G Kg m~wpi gva g ` ki Ôg½vÕ cxwoz gvbyl I AwZ`wi`ª ekvi kªwgkiv wkqzuv DcK Z n ji ev evwqz cökí jv MªvgxY AeKvVv gv Dbœq b Kvw LZ Ae`vb ivl Z m g nqwb d j G Kg m~wpi wøzxq ch v qi KvR ev evqb bv K i Kg m~wpwu mgvß Kiv nq Ges bzzb K i djcöm~ Kg m Rb Kg m~wp Mªn Yi Rb c` c MªnY Kiv nq A_ eq i Ôg½vÕµvš GjvKvmn ` ki AwZ `wi`ª 80wU Dc Rjv K AMÖvwaKvi w` q mviv ` k ÔAwZ `wi `ªi Rb Kg ms vbõ (Employment Generation Program for Hardcore Poor) kxl K Kg m~wp MÖnY Kiv nq Dfq cök í eq i `yb ch v q, A_ vr cö_g ch v q m Þ ^i _ K b f ^i ch š wzb gvm Ges wøzxq ch v q gvp -GwcÖj `yb gvm - gvu cuvp gv m (cöwz gv m 20 w`b K i) 100 w` bi Kg m Rb Kiv nq Ôg½vÕ cxwoz gvbyliv GB cökí `ywu _ K DcK Z n q Q MªvgxY AeKvVv gv Dbœqbg~jK Kv R wbhy³ Gme kªwgk K ˆ`wbK 100 UvKv K i cvwikªwgk `Iqv nq Avi hviv wbewüz n qi KvR cvqwb Zv `i K ekvi fvzv ^iƒc cö_g 30 w` b 40 UvKv K i Ges Aewkó 70 w` bi Rb 50 UvKv K i `Iqv nq GB cökí Øviv Ôg½vÕ cxwoz gvbyl mivmwi DcK Z n q Q 7 6 Ò100 w` bi Kg m Rb Kg m~wp ev evqb bxwzgvjv,ó Lv` I `y h vm e e vcbv gš Yvjq, evsjv `k mwpevjq, XvKv, AvM ÒAwZ `wi`ª `i Rb Kg ms vb Kg m~wp ev evqb bxwzgvjv,ó Lv` I `y h vm e e vcbv gš Yvjq, evsjv `k mwpevjq, XvKv, m Þ ^i 2009

19 ieÿvbx: gšmygx zav: evsjv ` ki DËiv j Ôg½vÕi AZxZ I ez gvb cö vcu b vkbvj mvwf m Kg m~wp (National Service Job Sceme) mikv ii b vkbvj mvwf m Kg m~wpi Ôg½vÕ cxwoz gvby li zav gvkv ejvq i Z c~y f~wgkv cvjb K i Q GB Kg m~wpi Aax b wzb gvm gqvw` AvZ Kg ms v bi cöwk Y (nuvm-gyiwm cvjb, mewr I gvq Pvl) Ges wewfbœ mikvwi cöwzôv b mn hvmx wn m e Kv Ri cöwk Y `Iqv nq 2010 mv ji 6 gvp ïi niqv GB Kg m~wpi gqv` `yb eqi GB cök íi Aax b 31,620 Rb D Pgva wgk cvm hyek I hye bvix K evqvb K i Kw úduvi, ^v I cwievi cwikíbv, wk v I kvixwik wk v, K wl-eb-cwi ek, RbwbivcËv I AvBbk Ljv, BDwbqb I Dc Rjv cwil `i mev Kvh µ g cöwk Y `Iqvi ci 19,682 Rb K wewfbœ mikvwi cöwzôv b gvwmk Qq nvrvi UvKv ez b PvKzwi `Iqv n q Q (cö_g Av jv, 5 GwcÖj, 2011) KzwoMÖv g bzzb K i AviI 58,237 Rb K cöwk Y `Iqvi cwikíbv Pj Q cöwk Yi ch vßzv I YMZ gvb wb q cökœ Ges mikvwi cöwzôv b mevg~jk Kv R cöwk YcÖvßiv mikv ii `yb eqi gqvw` GB cökí kl n j Kv_vq KvR cv e ev Zv `i GB cöwk Y Avi Kv bv Kv R Avm e wk bv Zv wb q h _ó kskv _vk ji mikv ii GB Kg m~wp g½vµvš A bk cwiev i mvgwqk mw G b w` q Q hvi dj ^iƒc ez gv b g½vi ZxeªZv A bkuv K g Q cvkvcvwk wewfbœ emikvwi cöwzôvbi (GbwRI) Ôg½vÕ cxwoz gvby li Rb wkqz Kg m~wp cwipvjbv Ki Q 8.3 wekí Pvl c wz wekí Pvl c wz Ges Ôg½vÕKvjxb mg qi Rb bzzb Rv Zi avb Avwe vi Ôg½vÕ gvkv ejvq M wnz Ab Zg c` c evsjv `k K wl wek we` vjq Ôg½vÕKvjxb mg qi Rb webd-iqvb (BU- 1) bv gi bzzb Rv Zi Avgb avb D veb K i Q bzzb Rv Zi GB avb mvaviy Rv Zi Avgb av bi P q cövq GKgvm Av MB A_ vr KvwZ K gv mi gvsvgvws mg q N i Av m d j GB avb Ôg½vÕi ZxeªZv LvwbKUv n ji n«vm Ki e mvaviy Rv Zi Avgb avb djb w` Z mgq bq w`b Avi webd-iqvb djb w` Z mgq bq gvî w`b K wl m cömviy Awa`ß ii wnmve g Z, GB av bi Drcv`b LiP Kg Ges n±i cöwz Gi djb cuvp Ub Ôg½vÕµvš GjvKvq GB avb Drcv`b n Q KzwoMÖvg Rjvi my `imä Dc Rjvi ejv ev MÖvgmn Ab vb GjvKvi we xy evjyp i m cöwz mikvi I wwgdavbwwõi mnvqzvq wgwó Kzgovi Pvl K i K lkiv Zv `i Afve LvwbKUv n ji `~i Ki Z c i Q b`x fv½b I evwj Rgvi Kvi Y GB GjvKvi K lkiv A bk eqi Zv `i Rwg Pvl Ki Z cv iwb wgwó Kzgov Pv li g Zv Ggb GKwU wekí Pvl c wz GB A ji gvbyl `i Ôg½vÕ `~ixki Y Avkve ÄK f~wgkv ivl Z P j Q 9 kl K_v Ôg½vÕi AZxZ I ez gvb cö vcu ch v jvpbv Ges G msµvš gvv Rwi ci djvd ji wfwë Z h welqwu cwi vi evsv hvq Zv n jv, KejgvÎ `xn vqx `vwi`ª MÖ cövwš K Pvlx I f~wgnxb K wlkªwgkivb Ôg½vÕµvš, hv `i GKwU eo AskB b`x fv½ bi wkkvi Gme gvby li g a hv `i cwiev ii AbycvR bkxj gvby li msl v ewk Zv `i Ae vb ewk bvryk b`xi av i,

20 68 evsjv `k Dbœqb mgx v iv v ev euv ai Dci Avkªq bqv, Ônv Zi Dci PjvÕ GBme gvbyliv mviv eqi Kv bv ik g Lv` RvUv Z cvi ji, Avwk b-kvwz K gv m hlb Kv bv KvR _v K bv ZLb Zviv Zxeªfv e zavµvš nq Avi GUvB Ôg½vÕi cök Z ev ezv myzivs `Lv hv Q h, cövwš K Pvlx I f~wgnxb K wlkªwgk `i `xn vqx `vwi`ª Ges Avwk b-kvwz K gv m Kv Ri Afve-B Ôg½vÕi g~j KviY ZvB Ôg½vÕi Kej _ K GBme gvbyl K i v Ki Z n j Kg ms vb m wói gva g Zv `i `vwi`ª `~i Ki Z n e cvkvcvwk GB gšmy g we kl wkqz mvgwqk c` c MÖnY Kiv h Z cv i 1876 mv ji `ywf m ú K cvubv wefv Mi Kwgkbvi Scarcity and Relief Department- Gi mwpe K jlv GK mikviwi wpwv Z wj LwQ jb, ÒG mkj GjvKv Z Livi Kvi Y Lv` km Drcvw`Z bv n ji cöpzi cwigv Y Lv` `ªe i q Q wkš Zvi c ii GLv b Pig `vwi`ª we` gvb Ab K_vq GKwU eo kªwyi gvbylr bi µq Kivi mvg_ bb ZvB mikvwi c` c wb Z n j G `vwi `ª i wei wb Z n e hw` e nr Avw½ K Kv Ri e `ve Kiv bv hvq... Zvn j cöwz eqib eo ai bi `ỳ kv, Abvnvi `Lv w` e Ges Zv fv`b- gšmyg ch š Pj e Ó 8 ez gvb Ôg½vÕi ÎI GKB ai bi mycvwik cö hvr hw`i cö vcu A bkuvb Avjv`v Ôg½vÕ cxwoz gvby li mv _ K_v e j úób evsv hvq h Zviv wiwjd bq, KvR Pvq KzwoMÖv gi wk mgzcyi MÖv gi nhiz Avjx (35) hgb e jb, Avwg wiwjd PvB bv Avwg cöwzw`b KvR Ki Z PvB Kg n ji hb Avwg Avq Ki Z cvwi Avgv K hb nvz wu q e m _vk Z bv nq myzivs GBme f~wgnxb, b`xfv½ bi wkkvi, Kg nxb gvbyl K vqxfv e cybevwm Z Ki Z n e Ges Zv `i Rb Kg ms vb m wó Ki Z n e Ôg½vÕµvš gvbyl `i Rb wekí Kg ms vb m wó Kiv, Zv `i K Kg g I AvZ wbf ikxj K i Zvjvi j wb æv³ mycvwikgvjv MªnY Kiv h Z cv i: cö_gz, Ôg½vÕµvš AÂ j K wl Drcv` b ˆewPÎ Avbvi gva g K wl Drcv`b I Kg ms vb DfqB e w Kiv m e Ôg½vÕ gvkv ejvq B Zvg a B mikvwi I emikvwi D ` v M wkqz wekí Pvl Pvjy n q Q wkš Ôg½vÕµvš gvby li msl vi Zzjbvq Zv GLbI ch š LyeB mvgvb wekí Pvl e e v AviI Qwo q `qvi j cövwš K Pvlx `i cu~wr, K wl welqk cöwk Y I civgk Ges cö qvrbxq mvi, ex Ri hvmvb w` q mnvqzv Kiv h Z cv i wøzxqz, Ôg½vÕµvš GjvKvq h me Lvm Rwg Av Q Zv f~wgnxb `i gv S weziy Ki Z n e mikvwi Rwg e `ve w` q cövwš K Pvlx I f~wgnxb K wlkªwgk `i hš_ D ` v M mgevqwfwëk K wl Lvgvi M o Zvjv n j Zv ïay Ôg½vÕ gvkv ejvq bq, `vwi`ª `~ixki YI mnvqk f~wgkv ivl e 8 Statistical Department, Draught no. 149D, 17 th July 1876)

21 ieÿvbx: gšmygx zav: evsjv ` ki DËiv j Ôg½vÕi AZxZ I ez gvb cö vcu 69 Z ZxqZ, f~wgi ^ízvi welqwu gv_vq i L Kvh Ki cöwk Yi gva g Zv `i K wekí ckvq ` K i Zzj Z n e G Î mn RB mgevqwfwëk Mevw` cïi Lvgvi Ges nuvm-gyiwmi Lvgvi M o Zvjv h Z cv i m e vcwi GjvKvwfwËK kªgnb wkíkvilvbv M o Zz j vqxfv e Kg ms vb m wó Ki Z n e MÖš cwä DwÏb, gvbvrvz (1996): j xuvix, mvwnz cökvk, XvKv Lvb, AvKei Avjx (1992): Ò mvbvi evsjv wg_ I ev ezv,ó Bmjvg, wmivryj (m úv.) evsjv ` ki BwZnvm , GwkqvwUK mvmvbwu Ae evsjv `k, XvKv gy Lvcva vq, myaxi I Nvl, b cy (1985): iscyi Rjvi K lk Av `vj bi BwZnvm I cvwu, gnx Zvl, ûmjx g n`x, G.wU.Gg. mvbdzj vn (AcÖKvwkZ), ( ): Òg½vÕ cwi e k bi ivrbxwz I ˆ`bw `b PP v: Km KzwoMÖv gi GKwU Pi,Ó gvv M elyvcî, b weávb wefvm, Rvnv½xibMi wek we` vjq ingvb, nv mb wrj yi (1991): Ògiv KvwZ Ki Av jl t gšmygx NvUwZ I MÖvgxY `wi `ªi wecbœz,vó evsjv `k Dbœqb mgx v, beg LÊ, evwl K msl v, 1398, evsjv `k Dbœqb M elyv cöwzôvb, XvKv kvn iƒgx, Avey gvt BKevj (2000): Òe wuk Avg j iscy i `ywf,ó nv mb, gvqv ¾g (m úvw`z), iscyi Rjvi BwZnvm, iscyi Rjv cökvmb, iscyi Buckland, C. E. (1902): Bengal Under the Lieutenant Governors, Vol. II, Calcutta. Chakraborty, R. Lal. (1988): Rural Indebtedness in Bengal , (unpublished Ph.D dissertation), University of Dhaka. Chawla, A.l (2005): The Great Holocaust of Bengal. 30/05/2008. Davis, M. (2000): Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World, London: Verso. Floud, F. (1940): Report of the Land Revenue Commission (popularly known as Floud Commission), Government of Bengal, Vol. 5, Table VIII (b), Alipore, Bengal Government Press. Fraser, L. (1911): India Under Carzon & After, London. Habib, I. (1963): The Agrarian System of Mughal India , Asia Publishing House London. Hartley, A.C. (1940): Final report of thr Rangpur Survey and Settlement Operations, , Alipore, Bengal Government Press. Hossain, M. (1989): Green Revolution in Bangladesh, University Press Ltd., Dhaka. Hunter, W. W. (1876): A Statistical Account of Bengal, Districts of Maldah, Rangpur and Dinajpur; vol. 8, Trubner & Co. London.