gqgbwms ni Rwg`vwi I f~wg ^Z

Transcription

1 gqgbwms ni Rwg`vwi I f~wg ^Z i

2 ii

3 gqgbwms ni Rwg`vwi I f~wg ^Z gvt nvwdryi ingvb f~tv evsjv `k GwkqvwUK mvmvbwu iii

4 mvaviy m úv`k evsjv `k GwkqvwUK mvmvbwu 5 cyivzb m µuvwi ivw, wbgzjx igbv, XvKv-1000, evsjv `k B- gbjt evsjv `k GwkqvwUK mvmvbwu cökvk Kvj : gvp 2018 gỳ ª Y : e½j Kg-wcÖ U g~j : 700/- ISBN: iv

5 DrmM Avgvi cövywcöq mnawg Yx KvwbR dvwzgv, cyî Avn g` BkwZqvK nvwdr, I Kb v BddvZ dvivn v

6 vi

7 gyleü Awef³ gqgbwmsn Rjv evsjvi GK cövpxb Rbc` RbmsL vi wepv i gqgbwmsn Rjv wqj weªwuk fvi Zi me vwak Rbeûj Rjv f~-cök wzmz ewp Î i w`k _ K G Rjv wqj Abb mvaviy RbmsL vi wekvjz, f~wgi cövpxbzv I ewpî gq f~-cök wz BZ vw` eûgvwîk ewkó we epbv QvovI G Rjv eskci úivq Avgvi Rb vb niqvi Kvi Y Ôgqgbwmsn Rjvi Rwg`vwi I f~wg ^Z Õ kxl K MÖš ipbv Avgvq D z K i Q mỳ yi AZxZ n Z evsjv ` ki wmsnfvm gvby li g~j ckv wqj K wl K wli g~j wfwë wqj f~wg evsjvi RbRxe b f~wgi Acwimxg iæz _vkvq BwZnv mi av c av c ZvB ivóª I wewfbœ mvgvwrk Mvôxi wµqvcöwzwµqvq f~wgi Ici bvbv gvîvq AwaKvi ev ^Z cöwzwôz n q Q cövpxb I ga hymxq A_ bwzk e e vq ivóªxq Znwe ji Ab Zg cöavb Drm f~wgivr ^ Avni Yi cš v wn m e evsjvi f~-cövk wzk `ym gzv, K wl dj b AvenvIqvi wpišíb Lvg LqvwjcbvRwbZ AwbðqZv BZ vw` welq we epbvq gvmj evsjvq ÔRwg`viIqvwiÕ f~wgivr ^ e e v M o I V; hw`i fvi Zi Ab Î cöavbz ÔivqZIqvwiÕ f~wgivr ^^ e e vb Abym Z nq G ` k cövpxb I ga hy Mi f~wg ^Z e e vi g a h _ó Awgj _vk ji G `yõhy MB f~wgi Ici Pvwl-cÖRvi gvwjkvbv avivevwnkfv e P j AvmwQj Rwg`vi I ZvjyK`vi köwy wqj mikvi KZ K f~wgki Av`v qi Rb wbhy³ KwgkbwfwËK Kg KZ v Zviv wba vwiz ivr ^ Av`vq QvovI Pvwl cörvi mv _ mg SvZvg~jK m úk vcb K i mikvi I Pvwli gv S mzzeüb wn m e KvR Ki Zb ga hym ch ší MÖvg evsjvi Av_ mvgvwrk Rxeb wqj G avivevwnkzvq engvb MÖvgevsjvq cöpwjz G Av_ mvgvwrk e e v K IjUcvjU K i `q weªwuk f~wg e e v f~wgi Ici nvrvi eqi a i P j Avmv Pvwli gvwjkvbv ^Z niy K i wpi vqx e `ve Í AvB b Rwg`vi `i Ac Y Kiv nq Rwgi Ici mkj AwaKvi nvwi q Pvwl-cÖRv Rwg`v ii ÔDVew ` ivq ZÕ cwiyz nq PZz` k kzvãx Z ga fvi Z Rwg`vwi cö_v cöpwjz n ji evsjvq Zv cöpwjz nq gvmj Avg j G Avg j evsjvq Rwg`vwi KvVv gv Z hgb wqj cövpxb mvgšízvwš K cwievi jvi HwZnvwmK DËiY, Zgwb wqj m ªvU, myev`vi, bevem Yi wek^ Í Avwgi, Igivn, mbvbvqk I Kg Pvix Ges `kxq ivrvivriv I Rwg`viM Yi Aaxb Avgjv `i DËiY weªwuk kvmbkvj Rwg`vwi KvVv gvq byzb GK köwyi Afÿ `q NUvq Zviv wqj weªwuk kvmk köwyi mn hvmx `vjvj, grmywï, dwoqv wn m e Kg iz ckvrxex hviv g~jz weªwuk kvmk, kvlk I jy Viv `i AšÍf y³ n q dz j du c IVv be abxk köwy weªwuk ivr ^bxwz Z cövk-weªwuk Rwg`vwi jv cvbkvwi nv i wbjv g wewµ ïiæ n j Rwg`vwi wk b Giv Rwg`vi köwy Z DbœxZ nq Rwg`vi köwy Z DËi Yi Av ik `j wqj hviv Kwe iæ iex `ªbv_ VvKz ii fvlvq ÔivqZ Lv`K ivqzõ Zviv bvbvfv e gnvrwb Kvq`vq ivqz kvly cöwµqvi wfzi w` q Rwg`vi n q I Vb GQvov mgv Ri wewfbœ ckvrxex köwy hgb e emvqx, DwKj, mikvwi Kg KZ v, wkícwz, ivr bwzk bzv, RvZ`vi, mỳ Lvi, e emvqx, gnvrb Zv `i AwR Z m ú` Øviv wbqwgz cöwµqvq Rwg`vi köwyfz³ nb gqgbwms n cövk-weªwuk Rwg`vwi wqj gvî 17wU, wnm v`vi wq jb 41 Rb weªwuk kvmbkv j wbjvg, µqweµq BZ vw` bvbv cöwµqvq klvewa Rwg`vwi msl v `uvovq `k mn ªvwaK mviv weªwukvgje vcx Rwg`vwii DÌvb-cZb wqj wbz bwgwëk NUbv kzvwak eqi a i P j Rwg`vwi fvovmovi G Ljv gqgbwms n me P q ewk ÿwzmö nq evsjvi ev ivf~bqv (evif~tv) bzv Ckv Luv bi eskaim Yi gvwjkvbvaxb Rwg`vwi jv GK mg q gqgbwms ni 22wU cimbvb Zv `i Aax b wqj Z e ek wkqz e ov Rwg`vwi mviv weªwuk Avgj Ry ob we` gvb wqj m~h v Í AvB b Qv Uv-e ov KZ Rwg`vi h Rwg`vwi nvwi q c _i wflvwi Z cwiyz n q Q Zvi mwvk BwZnvm cviqv KwVb cövk-weªwuk Rwg`vwimn ciez xkv j bvbv vii

8 cöwµqvq Rwg`vwi KvVv gv Z AšÍf y³ Rwg`vi `i DÌvb-cZb Ges Rwg`vwii gvwjkvbv n ÍvšÍi G MÖ š avivevwnkfv e mwe Ív i ey bvi cöqvm bqv n q Q wpi vqx e `ve Í AvB b Rwg`v ii GK QÎ gvwjkvbvq f~wg Z ivq Zi AwaKvi k~ b cu Qvq GgbwK G AvB b f~wg Z ivq Zi `Lwj ^Z KI AMÖvn Kiv nq B Zvg a ivqz I Rwg`v ii gv S bvbv Aeq e cöwzwôz nq ga ^Z köwy Rwg`vi, ZvjyK`vi I ga ^Z köwy Ges Zv `i bv qe- Mvg Ívi AZ vpvi I kvl Y ivqz köwy µgvš^ q `vwi `ª wbcwzz n q f~wg`v mi ch v q AebZ nq G Ae vq ivqz köwyi cöwz wkqzuv `vwqz eva RvMÖZ niqvq Zv `i cwiîv Y mg q mg q bvbv AvBbKvbyb hgb wlªóv ãi LvRbv AvBb, 1885 wlªóv ãi e½xq cörv ^Z AvBb Ges ciez xkv j G AvB bi ms kvabx cöyqb K i ivq Zi wkqz AwaKvi cöwzôv Kiv nq Gfv e gqgbwmsnmn mviv evsjvq Dcwi ^Z (Rwg`vwi), ga ^Z (ZvjyK`vwi ^Z I Ab vb ^Z ) Ges wb œ Í ^Z (ivqwz ^Z ) G wzb Í i f~wg ^Z wefvwrz nq Z e G wî Í ii ikg di wqj cöpzi G M elyv MÖ š weªwuk gqgbwms ni f~wg ^ Z i G welq jv HwZnvwmK ` wó KvY _ K avivevwnkfv e Av jvpbv Kiv n q Q 1947 wlªóv ã `kwefv Mi ci Rwg`vwi D Q` K i c~y gvîvq ivqwz ev cörv ^Z cöwzôv Kiv nq 1854 wlªóv ã _vkev Í Rwi ci ci n Z 1960 wlªóv ã Rwg`vwi D Q` I cörv ^Z cöwzôv Aewa gqgbwms n Rwg`vwimn mkj f~wg ^ Z i MVb, aib, cök wz, n ÍvšÍi I wewje U b h mg Í D jøl hvm cwiez b mvwaz n q Q G MÖ š Zv `vwjwjk cögvyc Îi wfwë Z we køly K i avivevwnkfv e Dc vcb Kiv n q Q; hv G ` ki AvÂwjK BwZnvm cöyq b D jøl hvm f~wgkv ivl e e j Avgvi wek^vm G M elyvk g wb qvwrz niqvi cq b GKwU c~e cöw Z i q Q wm ju Rjvq AwZwi³ Rjv cökvmk (ivr ^) wn m e Kg iz Ae vq ax i ax i wm ju I evsjv ` ki f~wg e e vi cöwz Avgvi AvMÖn R b h nzz wm ju 1874 wlªóvã n Z Avmvg cö ` ki AšÍf y³ wqj, ZvB G Rjvi f~wg e e v wqj wkqyuv wfbœzi G welqwu Dcjwä K i Òwm ju wefv Mi f~wg AvBb I f~wg e e vó kxl K GKwU MÖš ipbv Kwi XvKv wek we` vj qi BwZnvm wefv Mi Aa vck W. K Gg gvnmxb G MÖ š i Dci GKwU mgv jvpbv wj Lb Ges BwZnvm wefv Mi Rvb v j Zv cökvwkz nq Gfv eb Aa vck W. K Gg gvnmx bi mv _ Avgvi cwipq N U ciez xkv j g~jz ZuviB Aby cöiyvq wk ve l XvKv wek we` vj qi BwZnvm wefv M wcgbp.ww M elyvk g fwz n q G M elyv m úbœ Kwi D jøl, XvKv wek we` vj qi ewy Z wcgbp.ww M elyvk g fwz i mgq Avwg w`bvrcy ii Rjv cökvmk wn m e `vwqz iz wqjvg ciez xkv j ch vqµ g ev `ievb cve Z Rjvi Rjv cökvmk, ms vcb gš Yvj qi hym mwpe (GwcwW), evsjv `k ch Ub Ki cv ik bi Pqvig vb I ivrkvnx wefv Mi Kwgkbvi wn m e `vwqz cvjb K iwq PvKwi Rxe b G mkj e ÍZg ch v q `vwqz cvjb Kivi Kvi Y G M elyvk g ch vß mgq `Iqvi g Zv my hvm Avgvi wqj bv Kv RB gv Sg a wkqyuv Aemi mgq M elyv Kv R e vc Z n Z cvizvg GRb M elyvkg wu m úbœ Ki Z Avgvi AwaK mgq j M hvq e Z D³ M elyv k l h Awfm `f ck Kiv nq Zv wkqy cwiewz Z AvKv i ez gvb MÖ š i iƒc `Iqv n q Q XvKv wek we` vj qi BwZnvm wefv Mi Aa vck W. K Gg gvnmx bi ZË veav b ewy Z wel qi Ici g~j Awfm `f wu ipbv Kiv nq mikvwi `vwqz cvj bi cvkvcvwk G KvR Kivi Rb Zuvi wbišíi cö Yv`bv I wbijm mn hvwmzv Avgv K GwM q h Z mnvqzv K i Q G wel qi Ici Zuvi cvwðz c~y wb ` kbv, mỳ xn AwfÁZvjä civgk I ZË veavb Ges AvšÍwiK mn hvwmzvi d j Awfm `f wu ez gvb MÖš iƒc c q Q G Rb Zuvi cöwz Mfxi kª v I K ZÁZv cökvk KiwQ viii

9 huvi Drmvn, civgk I D`vi mn hvwmzv Qvov G M elyv Pvwj q hviqv I G M elyvmöš ipbv Kiv Avgvi Rb `yiƒn wqj wzwb b_ mvd_ BDwbfvwm wui BwZnvm I `k b wefv Mi Pqvig vb I XvKv wek we` vj qi BwZnvm wefv Mi mv ek Aa vck W. kixd DwÏb Avn g` Avgvi cöpð e Í Kg Rxe b cövqk G M elyv I Awfm `f ipbv hlb `y i I Am e g b n Zv; Ggb wk M elyvwu eü Kivi K_v fvezvg- ZLb wzwb Avgvq G Kv R ah mnkv i wbweó _vkvi Rb Drmvn I civgk w` Zb Zv-Qvov, wzwb evsjv `k RvZxq AvK vbf mi cwipvjk _vkve vq Avgv K AvK vbfm e env ii AbygwZ w` q Qb; g~j evb `y cövc ikw I cȳ ÍK w` q mnvqzv K i Qb m e vcwi G MÖ š i cvðywjwc cöyq b wzwb bvbvfv e mnvqzv K i Qb Avwg Zuvi Kv Q AvšÍwiKfv e K ZÁ G M elyv cwipvjbv I G MÖš ipbvq Avwg A bk mnkg xi h _ó mn hvwmzv jvf K iwq gqgbwmsn Rjvi Z`vbxšÍb AwZwi³ Rjv cökvmk (ivr ^) Rbve mv¾v`yj nvmvb (ez gv b mwpe, cöavbgš xi Kvh vjq), Rbve iv k`yj nvmvb, fvicövß Kg KZ v, ikw iæg, (ez gv b DcmwPe) gqgbwmsn ikw iæ g M elyvq Avgv K h _ó mn hvwmzv K i Qb evsjv `k RvZxq AvK vbf mi DccwiPvjK mvjgv Bmjvg, wmwbqi AvwK wf Avjx AvKei, M elyv Kg KZ v giûg gvt AvwZqvi ingvb wgtv I Ab vb Kg KZ v-kg Pvix iæz c~y `wjj, iwr vi, wi cvu I Ab vb cö qvrbxq cȳ ÍKvw` w` q Avgv K mnvqzv K i Qb evsjv `k mwpevjq MÖš vmvi, XvKv-Gi MÖš MvwiK emg mvgmybœvnvi Lvb Avgv K jvb eªwii g~j evb M RwUqvi I Ab vb MÖš vw` w` q AvšÍwiK mn hvwmzv K i Qb GQvovI Kwgkbvi, ivrkvnx wefvm Kvh vj qi wmwbqi mnkvix Kwgkbvi W. wpî jlv bvrbxb ez gv b G Kv R h _ó mn hvwmzv K i Qb Zuv `i Kv Q Avwg K ZÁ Awfm `f gỳ ªY Kv R Avgvq mn hvwmzv K i Qb ev `ievb Rjv cökvm Ki Mvcbxq mnkvix gvt Avwgb Djøvn, ms vcb gš Yvj qi mnkvix kwdkzj Bmjvg Ges Kwgkbvi, ivrkvnx wefv Mi Mvcbxq mnkvix gvt b~iæj gv gb e½j Kg-wcÖ U Gi cövcövbui I Kg Pvixe ` MÖš wu gỳ ª Y cöpyi cwikög K i Qb Avwg Zuv `i AvšÍwiK ab ev` Rvbvw Q G `xn mgq M elyv KvR wbwe Nœfv e Pvwj q hviqv I G MÖš ipbvq Avgv K whwb wbijm Aby cöiyv I mn hvwmzv w` q Avm Qb, msmv ii iæfvi n Z Avgvq Ae vnwz w` q mkj `vwqz wbr Kuv a enb K i P j Qb, wzwb Avgvi x KvwbR dvwzgv Zuvi HKvwšÍK I AvšÍwiK Drmvn Qvov G KvR Avgvi Øviv m e n Zv bv Avgvi cyî cö K kjx Avn g` BkwZqvK nvwdr G MÖ š i cvðywjwc gỳ ªY I K úv R mn hvwmzv K i Q PvKwiRxe bi h gyn~z jv Avgvi Kv Q Aemi e j g b n Zv Zvi cªvq meuzkzb G M elyv I MÖš ipbvi Kv R e q K iwq G `yj f gyn~z jvi mvnph n Z Avgvi mnawg bx KvwbR dvwzgv, cyî Avn g` BkwZqvK nvwdr I Kb v Bd&dvZ dvivn K ewâz K iwq Zuv `i ah, Z vm, Drmvn I mn hvwmzvi d j G MÖš ipbv m e n q Q cwi k l MÖš wu cökvk Kivi D ` vm bqvi Rb evsjv `k GwkqvwUK mvmvbwui KvDwÝj Ges cökvkbv KwgwUi m`m e ` I cökvkbv wefv Mi mnkvix cwipvj Ki cöwz K ZÁZv cökvk KiwQ gqgbwmsn Rjvi kzvwak eq ii f~wg ^ Z i BwZnvm ipbvq e wbô I wbi c ` wó w` q AZxZ K `Lvi cö Póv bqv n q Q ZviciI hw` Kvb Z_ MZ `~e jzv _v K, ciez x ms i Y G jv ms kva bi h_vmva Póv Kiv n e gvt nvwdryi ingvb f~tv ix

10 gyleü f~wgkv gvbwpî m~wpcî c ôv vii xiii xxiii cö_g fvm : gqgbwmsn Rjv I f~wg cökvmb KvVv gv cö_g Aa vq : Rjv cwiwpwz mvaviy cwiwpwz I mxgvbv 01 cövk wzk ewkó 02 Rjv MVb I mxgvbv cwiez b 04 RbmsL v 07 K wl 09 BwZnvm 12 wøzxq Aa vq: f~wgcökvmb KvVv gv cövk weªwuk f~wg cökvmb KvVv gv 19 weªwuk f~wg cökvmb KvVv gv 25 wøzxq fvm : gqgbwms ni Rwg`vwi cö_g Aa vq : gqgbwms ni Rwg`vwimg~ ni BwZe Ë gvmj Avgj 35 bevwe Avgj 36 weªwuk Avgj 37 ïiækvjxb D jøl hvm Rwg`vwimg~n 37 Rjvi cö_g f~wg e `ve Í 40 câmbv e `ve Í 40 iu bi e `ve Í 41 wpi vqx e `ve Í 42 Rwg`vwi cwimsl vb 43 Rwg`vwi Z wn `y gymwjg AbycvZ 46 Z wr msl v 50 KvU Ae IqvW mi AvIZvq Rwg`vwimg~n 51 wb i G Um 54 mikvwi Lvm G Um 54 gqgbwms ni f~wg ^ Z i ewkó 54 weªwuk Avg j gqgbwms ni Rwg`vwii DÌvb czb 55 gqgbwms n we `wk Rwg`vi 61 gqgbwmsn Rjvq wfbœ Rjvi Rwg`vwii AwaKvi/Ask 61 Rwg`viM Yi RbwnZKi Kvh µg 62 x

11 c ôv Rwg`vi ivqz m úk 66 we` gvb Rwg`vwi febmg~ ni Ae v 73 cvwk Ívb Avgj Rwg`vwi AwaMÖnY, wzc~iy I cörv ^ Z i cöwzôv 77 wøzxq Aa vq : gqgbwms ni cimbviqvwi Rwg`vwii weeiyx cimbv, gnvj, Rwg`vwi I G U 79 cimbv AvwUqv 82 cimbv Avjvcwmsn 88 cimbv KvMgvwi 102 cimbv LvwjqvRywi 107 cimbv Rdikvnx 110 cimbv Rvqvbkvnx (Z à jwzecyimn) 112 Z à KzwoLvB 116 cimbv bwmiæwrqvj 118 cimbv cylywiqv 123 cimbv eoevry 126 cimbv gqgbwmsn 129 cimbv iyfviqvj 151 cimbv kicyi (cimbv mvmiw` mn) 154 cimbv mym½ 163 cimbv nvriv`x 176 cimbv nv mbkvnx I Rvqvi nv mbcyi 181 z`ª cimbvmg~n 184 Z Zxq Aa vq : Rwg`vwi n ÍvšÍ ii mvims c Rwg`vwi n ÍvšÍ ii mswÿß weeiyx 189 ch v jvpbv 199 Z Zxq fvm: gqgbwms ni Rwg`vwi cökvmb I e e vcbv cö_g Aa vq : Rwg`vwi cökvmb e e vcbv (mikvwi) gvmj Rwg`vwi e e vcbv 203 weªwuk Rwg`vwi e e vcbv 204 mikvwi iwr vi 205 gqgbwmsn Kv j± i Ui Rwg`vwi iwr vi 206 ivr ^ Av`vq Kvh µg 206 wøzxq Aa vq : Rwg`vwi cökvmb e e vcbv (Af šíixy) gqgbwms ni Rwg`vwimg~ ni Af šíixy cökvmb 209 Z Zxq Aa vq : gnvivrv G Ui cökvmb e e vcbv ( KBm vww) gnvivrv G Ui msw ß BwZe Ë 214 xi

12 c ôv Rwg`vwi cökvmb 215 Rwg`vwi ev RU 227 PZz_ fvm : gqgbwms ni f~wg ^Z we køly cö_g Aa vq : gqgbwms ni f~wg ^Z gqgbwms ni Avw` f wg ^Z 233 Rwg`vwi ^Z 234 ZvjywK ^Z 235 Zvjy Ki kªwyweb vm 236 ivqwz ^Z 240 gqgbwms ni wewfbœ kªwyi ivqz 240 wøzxq Aa vq : gqgbwms ni f~wg ^Z wba viy (Rwic) Kvh µg _vkev Í Rwic 243 ivr ^ Rwic 244 wk Ívqvi Rwic 244 AvswkK wew Qbœ GjvKvi cuvp _vbvq Rwic Kvh µg 246 Z Zxq Aa vq : gqgbwms ni f~wg ^ Z i cwimsl vb Rwg`vwi cwimsl vb 247 ga ^ Z i cwimsl vb 249 ivq Zi cwimsl vb 252 Rwg`vwi ^Z, ga ^Z I ivqwz ^ Z i msl v 254 PZz_ Aa vq : gšrvwfwëk f wg ^Z ch v jvpbv g Rv Í ii f wg ^ Z i we køly 257 Dcwi ^Z 258 ga ^Z 259 wb œ (ivqwz) ^Z 264 LvRbv 265 Z_ ch v jvpbv 266 g Rv Í i f wg ^Z we køl Yi mvims c 268 Dcmsnvi 269 kã cwiwpwz 275 cwiwkó 283 MÖš cwä 332 wbn È 339 xii

13 f~wgkv cövpxb fvi Z K wli m~pbvj Mœ f~wgi Ici AwaKvi ev ^ Z i D e nq Kvjµ g K wli we Ívi I RbmsL v e w f~wg ^ Z i Ici iæz c~y f~wgkv cvjb K i wewfbœ Mvôx I MvÎRvZ be cörb K wl I AvevwmK cö qvr b AiY cwi vi K i µgk f~wg K Avev` hvm Ges mlv b bzzb emwz M o Zz j webq Nv li g Z mkv j f~wgi Dci Mvôx ^Z, msn ^Z I h _ ^Z cö_v cöpwjz wqj Z e ciezx Kv j ax i ax i Gme cö_v wkw_j n q Av m Ges GK ch v q wejyß n q f~wg Z e w³ ^Z cöwzwôz nq cövpxb MÖš ÔgbymswnZvqÕ f~wg Z e w³ ^ Z i mȳ ú D jøl cviqv hvq fvi Zi wewfbœ A ji b vq cªv P i M½v eªþcyî AeevwnKvqI evsjv fvlvfvlx mgv R GKBfv e f~wg Z e w³ ^Z cöwzwôz nq ciez xkv j µgea gvb f~wg e envi f~wg ^ Z i Ici cöwz hvwmzvg~jk cöfve d j f~wgi `LjvwaKvi wb q Mvôx Z Mvôx Z, RvwZ Z RvwZ Z hy wemön ïiæ nq Kvjµ g hy cwipvjbv I Af šíixy kvwší k Ljv ervq ivlvi cö qvr bb m ez RvwZmg~ n ivrz š i Avwef ve N U ivrvi wbqš Yvax b mvgwik I emvgwik AvgjvZ š i mgš^ q e n`vqzb GK cökvmb e e v M o D V ivrkxq cökvmb ZLb Drcv`b I Av qi GKgvÎ Drm f~wg I Gi e env ii Ici wbqš Y Av ivc K i Ges ivóªxq e q wbe v ni j Znwej MV bi ARynv Z ivr ^ Av iv ci Rb K l Ki Drcbœ dm ji Ici fvm emvq Gfv e e w³ I cwievi Í ii AvwObv Qvwo q f~wg ivrkxq wbqš Yvaxb n q c o B Zvg a ivr ^ Av`v qi myweav _ ivrv I cörvi gv S Rwg`vi, ZvjyK`vi BZ vw` bvbv cökv ii ga ^Z fvmxi Afÿ `q N U ciez xkv j ivrv, cörv I ga ^Z fvmx `i gv S f~wg gvwjkvbv, f~wg n ÍvšÍi, f~wg ivr ^ BZ vw` msµvší f~wg e e vcbv cöwµqv BwZnv mi mỳ xn c_ cwiåg Y eûiƒ c G ` k Avwef ~Z nq Z e cövk-weªwuk f~wg e e vq Rwg`vi, ZvjyK`viMY kyay ivr ^ Av`v qi AwaKvix wq jb, f~wgi Ici Zv `i AvBbMZ Zgb Kv bv AwaKvi ev gvwjkvbv wqj bv gvwjkvbv wqj f wgi cök Z e envikvix K lk I cörvi Z e ivr ^ Av`vq Kivi myev ` f~wg gvwjkm Yi Ici GK ai bi KZ Z Rwg`vi ev ZvjyK`vi `i wqj Gfv e cövk-weªwuk Avg j ivrkxq ^Z, ga ^Z Ges wbp ^Z G wî Í i f~wg ^Z wefvwrz wqj Z e f~wgi Ici wbp ^Z A_v r Pvwl/cÖRvi ^Z wqj gvwjkvbvi, ivrv I ga ^Z fvmxi ^Z wqj Pvwl n Z ivr ^cövwßi G mnr mij avivwu weªwuk Avg j wpi vqx e `ve Í AvBb cöyq bi d j f O c o weªwuk f~wge e v RvZxq BwZnv mi GK wekvj Aa vq 1757 wlªóv ã cjvkxi cönmbg~jk hy B BwÛqv Kv úvwbi Rqjv fi cöwÿ Z evsjvq weªwuk Jcwb ewkk kvm bi m~pbv nq wer qi cici Kv úvwb my K k j gxirvdi K cyzzj beve evwb q AwZ w cözvi mv _ ivóªkw³i cy iv wbqš Y Zvi wbku n Z wqwb q bq werq vqxkiy I mvgªvr we Ív ii j Zv `i cö qvrb wqj `kxq mb msmön K i mymsmwvz I kw³kvjx GK e n`vkvi mbvevwnbx MVb I hy cwipvjbvi Rb AdzišÍ A_ ef ei Avi G wecyj cwigvy A_ hvmv bi g Zv Zv `i Zgb Kv bv Aej ^b wqj bv GRb ga hymxq ivrbxwz Z A_ I gzvi g~j Drm Ôf~wg ivr ^iõ cöwz Zv `i ` wó c o AwZ PvZz h i gva g Zviv 1765 wlªóv ã bvggvî gvmj mgªvu kvn Avjg Gi wbku _ K evsjvi Ô `Iqvwbi mb`õ jvf Ki Z mg_ nq Zvici ïiæ nq we` gvb Rwg`vwi jv n Z h Kv bvfv e m ev P ivr ^ Av`v qi Rb bvbv K~U K kj cöv_wgkfv e Zviv Rwg`vwi jv wbjv g m ev P WvKKvix `i Kv Q xiii

14 e `ve Í cö`v bi cöwµqv ïiæ K i G cöwµqvq e bw` Rwg`vi cwievi jv n Z AwaKvsk Rwg`vwi P j hvq Kv úvwbi ewbqv, `vjvj I Zv `i mn hvmx be awbk kªwyi nv Z; hv `i Rwg`vwi cwipvjbvi `ÿzv ev AwfÁZv wqj bv d j wbjvg WvK AvkvZxZ n ji Zv `i Kvw Z ivr ^ Av`v q APjve v m wó nq Ges ivr ^ Av`vq AwbwðZ n q c o G Ae v n Z DËi Yi j Bs ir kvmk Mvôx 1793 wlªóv ã HwZnvwmK wpi vqx e `ve Í AvBb cöez b K i wpi vqx e `ve Í AvB b wukzk Rwg`vi cwiev ii nv Z KvwU KvwU gvby li f~-m úwëi gvwjkvbv b Í Kiv nq d j evsjvi MYgvby li RxweKvi GKgvÎ Aej ^b f~wg A½ b fqven wek Ljvi m wó nq kz kz eqi a i P j Avmv Rwg`vi I Pvwl cörvi ü` Zvc~Y m úk f O hvq Rwg`vi kªwy abm ú ` I Avwac Z ^ ^ GjvKvq cy ivcywi ^ivpvix kvl Ki Aeq e Avwef ~Z nb K lkcörv Rwgi Ici Zv `i Rb MZ gvwjkvbv ^Z nvwi q Rwg`v ii K cvi cvî Õivq ZÕ cwiyz nq Rwg`vi kªwy wb R `i mkj cökvi Sw Sv gjv Gwo q mev wak Avq wbwðz Ki Z Zv `i Aax b wewfbœ Í i wewfbœ gvîvi ga ^Z m wó K i ga ^Z vwakvixiv wbr wbr GjvKvq Qv UvLv Uv Rwg`vi n q hvq Kvjµ g ga ^Z bvbv kvlvcökvlvq web Í nq Ges GKch v q MvUv MÖvgxY mgvr K Rv ji b vq cwi eób K i d j cöwzwu GjvKvi mvaviy gvby li Av_ mvgvwrk Rxeb G mg Í Rwg`vi, ZvjyK`vi Ges bvbv Aeq e Avwef ~Z ga ^Z fvmx `i wn i AvewZ Z n Z _v K Gw` K eskvbyµwgkfv e A_ev µq-weµ qi gva g wewfbœ Í ii f~wg ^Z (Rwg`vwi I ZvjyK`vwi ^Z, ga ^Z ) n ÍvšÍi cöwµqv Pj Z _v K, hvi d j GK Rwg`vwii czb I Av ik Rwg`vwii D e N U Ggwbfv e cwievi n Z cwiev i Rwg`vwi ^Z vbvší ii GK avivevwnk cöwµqvq BwZnvm G Z _v K mviv weªwuk kvmbvgj Ry o mikvi, Dcwi ^Z, I ga ^Z, mkj Í ib `vb, µq-weµq, wbjvg, BRviv, mikv ii cybtmöny BZ vw` f~wgn ÍvšÍ ii bvbv cöwµqv, Rwg`vwi, ga ^Z I ivqwz AwaKvi wb q we iva Ges GZ`msµvšÍ gvgjv gvkïgv I AvBbMZ RwUjZvq MÖvgxY Rxebe e v mikvwi Awdm, KvU -KvQvwi, DwKj, gv³vi, I Rwg`vwi m i Ívq NyicvK L Z _v K Rwg`vi, ga ^Z fvmx Ges Zv `i bv qe, Mvg Ív I jvwvqvj `i AZ vpvi, kvly I bvbvwea gvgjv gvkïgvi Ave Z c o Pig `vwi`ª wk ó ivqzkzj w` knviv Ae vq Amnbxq Rxebhvc b eva nq ek `wi Z n ji ivqz kªwyi G Ae v Ae jvkb K i Zv `i cöwz wkqyuv `vwqz eva RvMÖZ niqvq weªwuk kvmk Mvôx wkqy AvBbKvbyb, hgb 1859 wlªóv ãi LvRbv AvBb, 1885 wlªóv ãi e½xq cörv ^Z AvBb Ges ciez xkv j G AvB bi ekwkqy ms kvabx cöyqb K i Rwgi Ici mxwgz AvKv i ivqwz ^Z cöwzôvi D ` vm bq weªwuk kvm bi klch v q f~wgi Ici Rwg`vi, ga ^Z Ges ivqz G wzb kªwyi mywbw` ó ^Z cöwzôvi D ` vm bqv nq G cöwµqvq weªwuk kvm bi kl `yõ`k K ivqz f~wgi gvwjkvbv bv c ji f~wgi Ici gvuvgywu `LjvwaKvi I wbw` ó nv i LvRbv cö`v bi AwaKvimn ek wkqy g wjk ^Z vwakvi wd i cvq `kwefv Mi ci mkj Rwg`vwi D Q` K i c~y gvîvq cörv ^Z cöwzôv Kiv nq Aemvb nq f~wg Z eûgvwîk ^ Z i RwUjZv weªwuk f~wge e vq mikv ii cökvmwbk K `ªwe `y wqj cöwzwu Rjv Kv j± iu wewfbœ AvBwb cöwµqvq cöwzwu Kv j± i U ivr ^ Av`vq n Zv Ges GLvb _ KB wpi vqx e `ve Ím ó Rwg`vi bvgk f~ ^vgx `i mkj cökvi mikvwi mn hvwmzv I mg_ b wbwðz Kiv n Zv Rjvi Rwg`vwi, G U I G jvi gvwjkvbvi nvjbvmv` ZvwjKv, Rwg`vi `i wbku n Z ivr ^ wbav iy I msmön, Rwg`vwi ev Zvi Askwe kl xiv

15 µq-weµq, `vb, wbjvg, DËivwaKvi m~ Î ev Ab Kv bv cökv i n ÍvšÍi I n ÍvšÍwiZ Rwg`vwii bvgrvwi Ges GZ`msµvšÍ gvgjv gvkïgv wb úwë, Rwg`vi ivqz we iva wb úwë, AvBbk Ljv i v, mikvwi Av `k wb la cö qvmmn G msµvší mkj Kvh µg Kv j± iu n Z cwipvjbv Kiv n Zv Avevi GB Kv j± iu cökvm bi gva gb cvwk Ívb Avg j Rwg`vwi AwaMÖnY Kvh vw` m úbœ nq Ges AwaM nxz Rwg`vwii wzc~iy Rwg`vi `i cwi kva K i Rwgi gvwjkvbv K lk cörvi nv Z wdwi q `Iqv nq cöwz Kv j± iu ikw iæ g GZ`msµvšÍ kzvwak eq ii Kvh µ gi bw_cî GL bv msiw Z i q Q ïay G jvb bq, cövk weªwuk Avg ji dviwm fvlvq g~j `wjj I ik W-cÎvw`I Kv j± iu ik Wiæ g msiw Z Av Q G jv BwZnv mi iæz c~y `wjj Z e G jvi msi Ygvb `ytlrbkfv e LyeB wb œgv bi h_vh_fv e msi Y bv Kivq B Zvg a A bk ikw /Z_ webó n q Q A_ev nvwi q wm q Q evwk jvi `ªæZ web ói c _ Z e GL bv hv Av Q G jv Rjvi BwZnv mi wbf i hvm Z_ fvðvi Aciw` K Rjvi Rwg`vwi jvi wbr ^ ikw / KvMRc Îi wmsnfvm Rwg`vwi AwaMÖn Yi cicib webó n q Q ` wób `b Rwg`vwi feb jvi ewkifvmb GLb h_vh_ i Yv e Yi Afv e aÿsmcövß GgZve vq Rjv ch v q kzvwak eqi a i f~wg e e vi mwvk BwZnvm wewbg v Yi wbf i hvm Z_ m~î GL bv hzuzkz we` gvb Av Q, Zv Aej ^ b M elyvi GLwb m ez kl mgq G Z hzb mgq c iv e ZZB Z_ cögv Yi Afv e Rjv BwZnv mi Am ú~y Zvi Avk¼v evo e Ges wbf i hvm Zv I e wbôzvi my hvm n«vm c Z _vk e ZvB Awej ^ Rjvi f~wg e e vi BwZnvm cöyq bi j M elkm Yi GwM q Avmv cö qvrb ez gvb M elyvmöš wu G cö PóviB GKwU ` óvší gvî M elyvi D Ïk I welqe evsjv ` ki DËi mxgv šíi Mv iv cvnvo Nu l c~e cwðg `y-av i gnbv I hgybv; G `ye nr b`x cwi ewóz f~lð wb q MwVZ wqj gqgbwmsn Rjv* Avw`hy M GwU ÔcÖvM R vwzlõ I ciez xkv j ÔKvgiƒcÕ iv R i AšÍf y³ wqj 1 gqgbwmsn f~l Ði Askwe kl ivr bwzkfv e evsjvq AšÍf yw³ cöwµqv ïiæ nq AvbygvwbK GKv`k kzvãx _ K ga hy M GB f~lð gymwjg kvmbvax b Av m weªwuk kvmbkv j GwU gqgbwmsn Rjv wn m e cwiwpwz jvf K i DuPzwbPz, cvnvo, wujv, Rjvf~wg, b`b`x, nvii, ebvâj, dmwj Rwg cöf wz wewea ikg f~wgiƒc G Rjvq we` gvb hgybv, eªþcyî, gnbvmn AmsL Qv Uv-e ov b`b`xi cwjgvwumg De iv Rwgi AvKl Y gqgbwmsn Rjvq mỳ ~i AZxZ n ZB wecyj msl K gvby li Awfevmb ïiæ nq Ges Kvjµ g gvbeemwzi AvwaK N U Gfv e weªwuk fvi Z RbmsL vi w`k _ K gqgbwmsn e nëg Rjvq cwiyz nq ewpî gq f~wgiƒc, RbmsL vi AvwaK, cwjgvwumg De iv Rwgi e ` j Z Drcvw`Z dm ji cövpzh, m Qj RbRxebcÖm~Z jvkms wzi ^Y fvðvi, HwZnvwmKfv e cövpxb, ga hym I weªwuk Avg ji RvZxq iæz c~y ivr bwzk I Av_ mvgvwrk NUbvcwÄi m~wzkvmvi, cövpxbkvj _ K f~wg e e vi avivevwnkzv BZ vw` bvbvb welq we epbvq gqgbwmsn Abb ewkó gq Rbc` gqgbwmsn GjvKv gvmj Avg j Ckv Luv bi gvwjkvbvaxb Ô22-ciMbviÕ Ab Zg cöavb cökvmwbk K `ª cwimwyz nq gqgbwms ni AwaKvsk cimbv D³ 22-ciMbvi AšÍf y³ wqj Ckv Luv bi g Zz i ci GKkZ * gqgbwmsn Rjv ej Z weªwuk Avg ji gqgbwmsn Rjv (ez gvb gqgbwmsn, Uv½vBj, Rvgvjcyi, kicyi, wk kvimä I bî KvYv K wb q Rjv) eysv e 1 F. A. Sachse, Bengal District Gazetteers, Mymensingh, Bengal Secretariat Book Depot, Calcutta, 1917 (AZtci Gazetteers, Mymensingh wjlv n e), p. 22 xv

16 eq ii g a B gqgbwms ni wmsnfvm GjvKv Zvi DËivwaKvixM Yi nvzqvov n q hvq Ges Kvjµ g wewfbœ Rwg`v ii n ÍMZ nq gywk `Kzjx Lv bi Avg j G Rjvq `ywu e nr wn `y Rwg`vwi h_v Avjvcwmsn (gy³vmvqv) I gqgbwmsn ( M ixcyi) Rwg`vwi cöwzwôz nq Ges G jv eskci úivq Rwg`vwi D Q` Aewa c~y gvîvq AwawôZ _v K weªwuk Avg j Rjvi wewfbœ v b bzzb K qkwu Rwg`vwii D e nq Ges wekvk jvf K i vbxq Rwg`vi QvovI XvKvi biqve cwievi, gvwbkm Äi AvauvigvwYK, avbkzov I evwjqvwzi Rwg`vi cwievi Ges ivrkvnxi KwZcq Rwg`vi cwiev ii gqgbwms n we Íi f~-m úwë wqj Zv Qvov mym½, kicyi, KiwUqv, R½jevoxmn HwZn evnx Rwg`vi cwievi jvi mviv weªwuk Avgj Ry o wu K wqj c~e n ZB gqgbwms n Rwg`vwi ^ Z i cvkvcvwk bvbvai bi ZvjywK ^Z cöwzwôz wqj weªwuk Avg j wpi vqx e `ve Íi mgq A bk ^vaxb (ûrywi) ZvjywK ^Z K Rwg`vwii b vq gvwjkvbv ^ Z (Dcwi ^ Z ) cwiyz Kiv nq evwk jv mvaviy (gvrkzwi) ga ^Z wn m e wu K _v K ciez xkv j mviv weªwuk Avgj Ry o MÖvgevsjvq eû cök wzi ARmª ga ^Z m wó nq G mkj ga ^ Z i AvBbMZ Ges cö_vmz cök wz I cwiwa wqj ewpî gq wewfbœ GjvKvi Rwg`vi I ZvjyK`viMY ivqzkzj n Z mnr Dcv q wbqwgz Ges me vwak LvRbv Av`v qi cö qvr b mswkøó GjvKvi f~cövk wzk Ae vb, hvmv hvm,rbm Yi Av_ mvgvwrk Ae v Ges vbxq K wle e v I Rjevqy msµvší myweav-amyweav we epbv K i G jv m wó K ib Gfv e Kvjµ g Rwg`vi I ivq Zi gv S eûav c wewfbœai bi ga ^ Z i Avwef ve N U gqgbwmsn Rjvq Rwg`vwii msl v Zzjbvg~jKfv e Ab vb Rjvi mgch v qi n ji mviv ` ki g a e n`vqz bi (20,000 GK ii D aÿ ) Rwg`vwi wqj gqgbwms n me vwak 2 Z e AvqZ b e ov n ji G jvi m QjZv Lye ewk wqj bv 3 wbjvg, µq-weµq, `vb BZ vw`i gva g Rwg`vwi ^Z n ÍvšÍi cöpwjz _vk ji e nr wn `y Rwg`vwi jvi gvwjkvbv cwiez b wqj g~jz DËivwaKvim~ Î Ges cövqk DËivwaKvi cöwµqv wqj `ËK cyîwfwëk 4 G Kvi Y `Lv hvq e nr wn `y Rwg`vwi jv DËivwaKvim~ Î ewkifvm Î GKK gvwjkvbvaxb _ K Q Ges cöfve cöwzcwë I Avw_ K m QjZv mgybœz ivl Z mg_ n q Q Bs ir kvm bi cö_gfv M werqx weªwuk kvmk kªwy wewrz gymjgvb `i cöwz ^vfvwekfv eb we Ølfvevcbœ wqj mg gymjgvb cwievi jvi cöwz Zv `i m `n wqj mxgvzxz Avevi kvmbÿgzv nvwi q gymjgvbmyi ivóªÿgzvq AwawôZ Bs ir `i cöwz ÿvf I N YvekZ me ch v q wqj Zv `i msköeewr Z ÿgzvi K `ªwe `y _ K `~ i I weiƒc Ae v bi d j gymjgvb m Qj cwievi jv weªwuk AvMÖvm b wech qi mb ylxb nq ZvB Avgiv `L Z cvb, weªwuk kvm bi cö_gfv M e vckfv e jv LivRf~wg ev Rqvwßi d j gymwjg Rwg`vwi jv Avw_ Kfv e me P q ewk wzmö nq Ges G jv weªwuk kvm b ewa Znv i ivr ^ cö`v bi m gzv nvwi q d j Dciš gymwjg Rwg`vwi jv DËivwaKvim~ Î wqj eûavwef³ Rwg`viM Yi eûweevn I AwaK mšívb-mšíwz wqj Gi g~j KviY Zv Qvov ivrbxwzi GZeo cucwiez bi c~e vbym Z fvmwejvwmzv ervq ivlvq Awbqwš Z e qwbe v ni Kvi Y gymwjg gvwjkvbvaxb Rwg`vwi jv wqj wqòz Z`ycwi, weªwuk kvm b Bs iwr wk vmn Bs ir ms wzi cöwz Abxnv BZ vw` Kvi YI gymjgvb Rwg`vi I m vší cwievi jvi wn `y `i g Zv weªwuk kvmk köwyi mv _ Pjv div I 2 W.H. Grimley, Report on Land Revenue System of Bengal & Bihar, Board of Revenue, Calcutta 1883, p. 5 (cwiwkó 6 `ªóe ) 3 Gazetteers, Mymensingh, p Ibid. xvi

17 m ú K i NwbôZv M o D Vwb d j kvmk köwyi mnvbyf~wz AR b gymwjg Rwg`vwi jv e _ nq ZvB weªwuk kvm bi cöv v j gqgbwmsn GjvKvq mg gymwjg Rwg`vwi (D`vniY ^iƒc, AvwUqv, nvrivw`, KvMgvwi, Rqbkvwn BZ vw`) _vk ji kl w` K ewkifvm gymwjg Rwg`vwiB Pig `wi`ªzvq wbcwzz n q wbjv g wewµ n q hvq gqgbwms ni Rwg`vwi cöm ½ wlªóv ãi Annual Administration Reports of Commissioners of Divisions-Gi gqgbwms ni Rwg`vi m ú K e³e cöwyavb hvm G Z ejv nq 5.Two or three points appear worthy of notice with regard to the district zemindars in general. First, that though so large a proportion of the population are Mahomedan, only two or three of the large zemindars hold the Mahomedan faith; secondly, that a very considerable number of the present zemindars are woman; and thirdly, that though the existing zemindars mostly represent old families, a great many of them attained their present position by adoption, and not by birth. G MÖ š we ep mg q (kzvwak eq i) wn `y I gymwjg Rwg`vwi jvi I ga ^Z fvmxi nvi I msl v n«vm e w D`&NvUb Kiv n q Q weªwuk Avg ji gvsvgvws gqgbwmsn Rjvi e ov Rwg`vi `i AwaKvskB Zv `i Rwg`vwi bv qe, Mvg Ív I Avgjv `i nv Z Q o w` q KjKvZvq emevm ïiæ K i Rwg`viMY wb Riv Abycw Z _vkvq Rwg`vwii Avgjv Mvg ÍvivB ev Íe A _ (De facto) Rwg`vi e b hvq d j Rwg`vwi Avgjv `i Lqvj Lywki Ici ivqz cörv `i mylkvwší I wbqwz b Í n q hvq Z e gywó gq K qkrb Rwg`vi hgb gy³vmvqvi gnvivrv m~h KvšÍ, ivg Mvcvjcy ii ivrv wksev m šív li Qq Avwb Rwg`vwii ivwb, Zviv wq jb Gi e wzµg 6 gqgbwms ni Rwg`vwi jvi Gmg Í w`k QvovI ZvjyK`vwi I ivqwz ^Z jvi Ae v Kx wqj ZvI G M elyvq D`&NvU bi cö Póv bqv n q Q Rwg`vi kªwyi wb P wqj wewfbœ ch v qi ga ^Z fvmx ZvjyK`vi köwy Zviv g~jz MÖv gb emevm KiZ Zviv K lk cörv `i (ivqz) wbku _ K LvRbv Av`vq KiZ Ges A bk Î Rwg`vi I K lk cörvi gv S mzzeüb wn m e KvR KiZ Z e ivqz kvl Y ZvivI wcqcv wqj bv gqgbwms ni f~wg ^ Z i Av ikwu ewkó wqj ivqz köwyi ^í cökvi f` ivqwz ^Z g~jz wqj RvZ I K qk kªwyi wb i ^ Z mxwgz ivqz köwy Rwg`v ii LvRbv eq i 4-12 wkw Í Z cwi kva KiZ g~jz bm` UvKvq LvRbv cwi kva hvm wqj Z e mym½ cimbvi Kv bv Kv bv GjvKvq LvRbv wqj av b G ivqwz ^ Z i kªwy wqj Ôavb KivixÕ wbgœivqwz ^Z wqj g~jz em v I Kvd v ^Z Rwg`vi, bvbv cökv ii ga ^Z I ivqz köwyi g a LvRbv AvKv i Drcvw`Z dm ji eèb, cökvi f`, mikvi cöyxz AvB bi cöfve Ges Av_ mvgvwrk Rxe b Gi ewpî gq wg_w qv G M elyvmö š Dc vc bi cö Póv bqv n q Q wpi vqx e `ve Íi c~ e Ges c i evsjvi e ov e ov ek wkqy Rwg`vwii czb N U m Î gqgbwms ni Rwg`vwi jvi Kx cwiywz n qwqj Zv ^í cwim i G M elyvq D`&NvwUZ n q Q 1793 wlªóv ãi 48 bs i jk bi weavb gvzv ek cöwz Rjvi ivr ^ cö`vqx G Umg~ ni weeiyx m ^wjz câmbv iwr vi ev Quinquennial Register cö Z Kiv nq G iwr v ii cöwz cvzv Rjv Kv j±i 5 The Zemindary Settlement of Bengal 1879 (first published), Low Price Edition, Delhi 1995 (Reproduced) Appendix-XIII, pp Gazetteers, Mymensingh, p. 61 xvii

18 I RR KZ K mz vqb Kiv nq gqgbwmsn Kv j± iu ikw iæ g 6 fwjqy g G iwr vi msiwÿz i q Q G iwr vi cövwßi d j wpi vqx e `ve ÍKvjxb gqgbwms ni Rwg`vwimg~ ni cök Z weeiyx m ^wjz Z_ vw` msmön Kivi m e n q Q 1793 wlªóv ãi wpi vqx e `ve Í AvB bi ci mikvi Rwg`vi `i ^v_ i vq ek wkqy AvBb cöyqb K i G Z Rwg`vi `i ivr ^ Av`v q m gzv e w c ji ivqzcörv Pig `vwi`ª Ae vq cwzz nq Kv úvwbi Ackvmb I Rwg`vi ZvjyK`vi `i AgvbweK kvl Yi weiæ evsjvq e vck Av `vjb M o I V dwki mbœ vmx we `ªvn, ejvkx kv ni we `ªvn, cvebvq cvmjcš x `i we `ªvn, wzzzgx ii we `ªvn, K lk we `ªvn BZ vw` weªwuk kvmb K Kuvwc q Zz j wew Qbœfv e msnwuz G mg Í Av `vjb AvcvZ` wó Z wfbœ cök wzi g b n ji G jvi g~j Drm wqj evsjvi wbh vwzz K lk mgvr `ke vcx Rwg`vi I Rwg`v ii Avgjv Mvg Ívi AgvbweK ivqz kvly I wbh vzb, Lv` weªwuk kvm bi weiæ Dcwi-D³ we `ªvn BZ vw`i iæz we epbv K i weªwuk cvj v g U K lk `i ^v _ me cö_g LvRbv AvBb, 1859 cöyqb K i cvkvcvwk f~wgi Ici gvwjkvbv wby qv _ 1845 wlªóvã n Z 1877 wlªóvã ch ší mviv evsjvq Õ_vKe ÍÕ I ÕivR ^ RwicÕ cwipvwjz nq G `ywu Rwi c ÕivqwZ ^Z Õ ikw Kiv bv n ji Rwg`vwimg~ ni mxgvbv-avqzb I gvwjk `i Ges g Rv msµvší Z_ vw` ikw Kiv nq gqgbwmsn Rjvq 1854 n Z 1856 wlªóv ã _vke Í Rwic Ges 1855 n Z 1857 wlªóv ã ivr ^ Rwic cwipvwjz nq G `ywu Rwi ci ci cib ÔciMbvIqviÕ I ÔgnvjIqvi iwr viõ cöyqb Kiv nq Ges Rwg`vwimg~ ni Z_ vw` G iwr vi `ywu Z ikw Kiv nq G wjb evsjvi Rwg`vwimg~ ni Rwicµ g cö_g iwr vify³ ZvwjKv ciez xkv j 1885 wlªóv ã e½xq cörv ^Z AvBb cöyxz nq Ges Gi AvIZvq 1908 wlªóvã n Z 1919 wlªóvã ch ší gqgbwms n K vwv ªvj mv f ev wm.gm. Rwic cwipvwjz nq GgZve vq 1854 wlªóvã n Z cwipvwjz wewfbœ Rwicg~ j cövß gqgbwmsn Rjvi f~wg ^ Z i ZvwjKv, f~wg ^ Z i cök wz, AvKvi, cökvi, cwiez b BZ vw` m ú K `vwjwjk Z_ G M elyvmöš ipbvq D jøl hvm f~wgkv i L Q wpi vqx e `ve Í m ó Rwg`vwi cö_v GK ch v q Lv` weªwuk kvmke M i Kv QB AcÖ qvrbxq e j cözxqgvb n Z _v K 1938 wlªóv ã Rwg`vwi D Q`K í d«vwým d vd Wi bz Z The Land Revenue Commission MVb Kiv nq Kwgkb 1940 wlªóv ã Rwg`vwi e e v we jv ci mycvwik K i me k l cvwk Ívb m wói ci Rwg`vwi D Q` I cörv ^Z cöwzôvk í The East Bengal State Acquisition And Tenancy Act, 1950 cöyqb Kiv nq cöv_wgkfv e G AvB bi AvIZvq 1952 wlªóv ãi g a cö_ g 17wU e ov Rwg`vwi mikvwi `L j Avbqb Kiv nq B Zvg a ek wkqy gvgjv gvkïgvi Kvi Y Rwg`vwi AwaMÖnY cöwµqv wejw ^Z nq 1958 wlªóv ãi g a ` ki mkj Rwg`vwi AwaMÖnY cöwµqv m úbœ nq Rwg`vwimg~ ni AwaMÖn Yi wek` weeiyx wlªóv ãi g a Ôw` XvKv M RwUqviÕ-Gi fwjdgmg~ n cökvwkz n q Q gqgbwms n 1956 wlªóvã _ K 1960 wlªóvã ch ší GK msw ß Rwic (hv Gm G Rwic wn m e cwiwpz) cwipvjbv Kiv nq G Rwi c Rwg`vi `i AwaMÖnYK Z Rwg`vwi eve` wzc~iy ZvwjKv (Compensation Assessment Roll) cöyqb Kiv nq cvkvcvwk mswkøó Rwg`vwii Aaxb ivq Zi bvg, Rwgi weeiy, LvRbvi cwigvy m ^wjz ZvwjKvI cö Z Kiv nq Rwg`v ii wzc~iy ZvwjKv cöyq bi ci ivq Zi weeiy m ^wjz ^Z wjwc ZvwjKvwU Gm. G. LwZqvb wn m e MY nq Ges GwU Kv j± ii wbku n ÍvšÍi Kiv nq xviii

19 1854 wlªóvã n Z 1960 wlªóvã ch ší ` ki f~wg AvBb I f~wg e e vcbvq DcwiwjøwLZ hymvšíkvix NUbvejxi Av jv K gqgbwmsn Rjvi Rwg`vwi I Ab vb f wg ^ Z i Ici h cöfve I cwiez b cwijw Z n q Q Ges G Z Rwg`vwi I f~wg ^Z cöwµqv hfv e AvewZ Z n q Q G jvi bvbvb Z_ D`NvUb I we køly KivB G M elyvmöš cöyq bi D Ïk Ges gqgbwmsn ikw iæg I Ab Î WKz g U AvKv i GmKj Z_ cviqv m e we epbvq Zv G MÖ š i welqe wn m e wbe vpb Kiv n q Q M elyv wel qi e vwßkvj wlªóv ã gqgbwms n cwipvwjz _vkev Í Rwic I ivr ^ Rwic I G jvi wfwë Z cöyxz cimbviqvi I g RvIqvi iwr vimg~n, 1885 wlªóv ãi e½xq cörv ^Z AvB bi AvIZvq gqgbwms n wlªóv ã cwipvwjz K vwv ªvj mv f (wm. Gm Rwic) I GZ`g~ j cöyxz wm. Gm. ikw ( ^Z wjwc), 1950 wlªóv ãi ivóªxq AwaMÖnY I cörv ^Z AvB bi AvIZvq gqgbwms n Rwg`vwimg~n AwaMÖnY, ÿwzc~iy cö`vb I GZ`g~ j cöyxz wm. G. ivj (ÿwzc~iy ZvwjKv), wlªóv ã gqgbwms n cwipvwjz U GKzBwRkb mv f (Gm. G. Rwic) I GZ`g~ j cöyxz Gm. G. ikw ( ^Z wjwc) Ges D³ mg q m ô Rwg`vwi I f~wgmsµvší Ab vb bw_cîvw`, iwr vi, wi cvu I Ab vb ikw cîvw` BZ vw` mkjb G M elyvmö š i Rb cövbgvwi WKz g U Ges LyeB iæz c~y G mkj WKz g U gqgbwmsn Kv j± iu ikw iæ g msiwÿz i q Q weavq Ges G jv n Z G M elyvmö š i g~j evb Dcv`vb msmön m e n e we epbvq M elyv wel qi mgqkvj 1854 wlªóvã _ K 1960 wlªóvã ch ší wba viy Kiv n q Q Z _ i Drm, M elyv c wz I e vwß gqgbwmsn Rjvi Ici ek wkqz msl K MÖš iwpz n q Q Zb a kªx K`vibv_ gryg`vi wjwlz `ywu MÖš h_v gqgbwms ni BwZnvm Ges gqgbwms ni weeiy, k ix `ª wk kvi ivq P ayix iwpz gqgbwms ni ev i `ª eªvþy Rwg`vi (1g I 2q LÐ), kªx nip `ª P ayix iwpz micy ii weeiy BZ vw` D jøl hvm F.A Sachse iwpz Bengal District Gazetteer Mymensingh Ges b~iæj Bmjvg Lvb m úvw`z evsjv `k Rjv M RwUqvi, e nëi gqgbwmsn Av iv `ywu iæz c~y MÖš Zv Qvov F.A Sachse iwpz Final Report on the Survey and Settlement Operations in the District of Mymensing Ges R.W. Bastin KZ K iwpz Final Report of the Settlement Operation in Five Thanas of the Partially Excluded Area of Mymensing ZI gqgbwms ni iæz c~y Z_ vw` wjwce Av Q kªx K`vibv_ gryg`vi KZ K iwpz gqgbwms ni weeiy I gqgbwms ni BwZnvm MÖš `ywu cövgvy I wbf i hvm gqgbwms ni weeiy cö_g cökvwkz nq 1904 wlªóv ã, gqgbwms ni BwZnvm cökvwkz nq 1906 wlªóv ã G `ywu MÖ š i cybg ỳ ªY Kiv nq gqgbwmsn Rjv cökvmb KZ K gqgbwmsn Rjvi wøkzevwl Kx D`hvcb Dcj 1987 wlªóv ã G `ywu MÖ š gqgbwms ni cimbvwfwëk Rwg`vwi jvi cwiwpwz I n ÍvšÍi m ú K iæz c~y Z_ vw` cviqv hvq kªx k ix `ª wk kvi ivq P ayix iwpz gqgbwms ni ev i `ª eªvþy Rwg`vi cö_g LÐ KjKvZv n Z cökvwkz nq 1317 e½v ã Ges wøzxq LÐ cökvwkz nq 1323 e½v ã cö_g L Ð gqgbwmsn cimbvi HwZnvwmK weeiyx Zz j aiv n q Q wøzxq L Ð mym½ cimbvi HwZnvwmK weeiyvw` ewy Z n q Q D³ MÖš `ywui wbf i hvm I cövgvy kªx nip `ª P ayix cöyxz micy ii weeiy cökvwkz n q Q 1279 e½vã gvzv ek 1784 wlªóv ã GwUI GKwU xix

20 cövgvy I wbf i hvm MÖš F.A Sachse KZ K iwpz Final Report on the Survey and Settlement Operation in the District of Mymensing Ges R.W. Bastin KZ K iwpz Final Report of the Settlement Operation in Five Thanas of the Partially Excluded Area of Mymensing MÖš `ywu DwjøwLZ `ywu Rwi ci Final Report Ges G jv mikvwi wi cvu Zv Qvov Dchy ³ M RwUqvi `ywui mikvwi cökvkbv Kv RB G jvi wbf i hvm mv cöwzkkv j wewfbœ M elk I jlk gqgbwms ni Ici ek wkqz MÖš ipbv K i Qb HwZnvwmK w`k _ K G jv cy ivcywi wbf i hvm bv n ji A bk nvwi q hviqv m~î (Missing Link) G jv n Z D`&NvUb Kiv hvq G mg Í MÖ š bvbv wel qi ey bvq f~wg ^ Z i welqwui ^í cwim i Av jvwpz n q Q Z e Kv bv MÖ š B ev mikvwi wi cv U ev Rvbvg Z Kv bv M elyvq gqgbwms ni Rwg`vwi I f~wg ^ Z i wbf i hvm c~yv ½ wpî cviqv hvqwb hw`i 1854 wlªóvã n Z 1960 wlªóvã ch ší gqgbwms ni Rwg`vwi I f~wg ^Z G M elyvi welqe `Lv bv n q Q, gqgbwms ni f~wg ^ Z i BwZnvm wkš Av jvpbv Kiv n q Q gvmj Avgj we kl K i bevwe Avgj _ K M elyvi GK ch v q m fvm µ g gqgbwmsn Kv j± iu ikw iæ g 1795 wlªóv ã cö ZK Z g~j câmbv iwr vi (Quinquennial Register; 6wU L Û mgvß) AweK Z Ae vq cviqv hvq G iwr v i wpi vqx e `ve Íi ci ci ZrKvjxb gqgbwms ni mkj Rwg`vwi I G Umg~ ni bvg, AvqZb, Rwg`vi/gvwj Ki bvg, mikvwi ivr ^ BZ vw` mgwš^z AZ ší iyz c~y Z_ wjwce i q Q M elyvi welqe i Kvj 1854 wlªóvã n Z n ji G iæz c~y iwr viwu cviqvi d j ev Íe Kvi Y gqgbwms ni f~wg ^ Z i mȳ úó `vwjwjk cögvy bqv n q Q weªwuk Avg ji wpi vqx e `ve Íi mgqkvj A_ vr 1795 wlªóvã n Z 1795 wlªóv ãi ÒcÂmbv iwr vió (hv Quinquennial Register wn m e cwiwpz), 1855 wlªóvã n Z cöpwjz ÒciMbvIqviÓ I ÒgnvjIqvi iwr vió, 1909 n Z 1919 wlªóvãe vcx cwipvwjz K vwv ªvj mv f Øviv cöyxz ikw Ae ivbum (wm. Gm ikw ), jv LivR, Lvm BZ vw` f~wg msµvší iwr vi, 1954 wlªóvã n Z 1960 wlªóvãe vcx cwipvwjz ivóxq AwaM&ªnY Rwic (State Acquisition Survey) ev Gm. G. Rwic Øviv cöyxz msw ß Gm G ikw I wm. G. ivj (Compensation Assessment Roll), 1951 wlªóvã n Z 1960 wlªóvã ch ší mg q Òw` XvKv M RwUqv ió cökvwkz mikvwi cöávcb AvKv i AwaMÖnYK Z Rwg`vwimg~ ni gvwjkvbv I m úwëi Zdwmj, Board of Revenue cöyxz wek` weeiyx, Report of the Wards, Attached and Trust Estates in the Presidency of Bengal Gi evrmwik cökvkbvmg~n, Report on the Land Revenue Administration of the Lower Provinces-Gi evrmwik cökvkbvmg~n, Annual General Admisistration Report of The Dacca Division-Gi evrmwik cökvkbv mg~n, Bengal District Gazetteer, B. Volume, Mymensing, District Statistics-Gi 3wU volume ( , , ) BZ vw` G MÖ š i Rb g wjk ev cöv_wgk Drm (Primary Source) Zv Qvov wewfbœ cövgvy `wjj, Rjv ikw iæg I evsjv `k RvZxq AvK vbf m iw Z bw_cî, wewfbœ mg q cöyxz mikvwi wi cvu mg~n, Rwg`vwi KvQvwii KvMRcÎ BZ vw`i M elyvq cöv_wgk Drm wn m e e eüz n q Q GZØ ZxZ, f~wg ^Z m úwk Z wewfbœ M elyvcî, MÖš vw`, Rvb vj BZ vw` Secondary Ges Tertiary Source wn m e e envi Kiv n q Q gqgbwmsn Rjvi BwZnvm m úwk Z KwZcq MÖš iwpz n ji G jv Z Rjvi f~wg ^ Z i Ici wew Qbœfv e wkqz iyz c~y Z_ Qvov c~y v½ I wek` weeiyx bb Zv Qvov f~wg ^Z m úwk Z mikvwi WKz g Um, iwr vi BZ vw` KvMRcÎvw` kzvãxe vcx Ah Zœ Ae njvq wewfbœ Kvh vj q hîzî A MvQv jv xx

21 Ae vq wkqz c o Av Q, wkqz B Zvg a webó n q Q Ges wkqz webó niqvi c _ evsjv `k AvK vbf m wkqz WKz g Um msi Y Kiv n ji G jv Z ch vß Z_ bb Rwg`vwimg~ ni KvQvwi I m i Ívq Rwg`vwii wbr ^ WKz g Umg~ ni AwaKvskB B Zvg a ^ ^ GjvKvq webó n q Q A_ev nvwi q M Q Ges mikvwi gnv drlvbvq h jv Avbv n qwqj, G jvi myôz msi Yi Afv e A MvQv jv, RivRxY Ae vq i q Q Zv m Ë I G MÖ š G mkj v bi mkj Drm n ZB welqe cövmw½k m ve mkj Z_ msmön Kiv n q Q Z e G K_v wbwø avq ejv P j h, G MÖ š h mg Í Z_ D`&NvUb Kiv n q Q Zvi wmsnfvmb cªv_wgk Drm (Primary Source) A_ vr g~j mikvwi I g~j Rwg`vwi ikw cî (Official & Zemindary Documents) n Z M nxz G M elyvmö š gqgbwmsn Rjv ikw iyg, evsjv `k RvZxq AvK vbfm, evsjv `k mwpevjq, wewfbœ Rjv Ges Ab vb v b iw Z wewfbœ HwZnvwmK `wjj, iwr vi, ikw, wb`k b BZ vw` cöv_wgk (Primary) Drmmg~n n Z hgb iyz c~y Z_ vw` AvniY Kiv n q Q Zgwb GZ`msµvšÍ hvezxq MÖš, M elyvcî, cövgvy cî BZ vw` AcÖavb (Secondary & Tertiary) Drm n ZI Z_ vw` msmön Kiv n q Q cö qvrbxq wkqy Î mswkøó Rwg`vieskxq Ges Rwg`vwii cöavb Kg Pvix/e w³ `i AwfÁZvI MÖnY Kiv n q Q gqgbwmsn Kv j± iu ikw iæ g iw Z Rwg`vwi jvi wbr ^ Awdm WKz g Um n Z Rwg`vwii Af šíixy e e vcbv msµvší Z_ vw` MÖnY Kiv n q Q Rwg`vi, ga ^Z I ivqwz ^ Z i g a Rwgi gvwjkvbv I ^v_ wefvrb msµvší Z_ vw` msmön Kiv n q Q wlªóv ã cwipvwjz K vwv ªvj mv f ev wm. Gm. Rwi c cöyxz ^Z wjwc (Record of Rights ev ROR) n Z GRb gqgbwmsn Rjvi cöavb 14wU cimbv wbe vpbc~e K cöwz cimbvq GKwU g Rv ikw (ROR) ev ^Z wjwc KBm vww K i wek`fv e we køly Kiv n q Q KBm vww Z `epq bi (Random Sampling) gva g g Rv wba viy Kiv n q Q Dch y³ g Z cövß Z_ vw` we køly K i G MÖ š weªwuk Avg j gqgbwmsn Rjvi f~wg ^ Z i GKwU AeKvVv gv wbg v Yi cö Póv Kiv n q Q Pjgvb BwZnv mi avivevwnkzvq weªwuk kvmbvg j we kl K i wpi vqx e `ve Í ciez x mg q gqgbwms ni cimbviqvwi Rwg`vwimg~ ni Awa Î, gvwjkvbv n ÍvšÍi Ges ^Z vwakvixi ^Z cwipvjb cöwµqv wek`fv e Av jvwpz n q Q Ô Kv úvwbi wbqwgz ivr ^ Avq wbwðz Kiv Ges Kv úvwbi GKwU AbyMZ kw³kvjx mvgvwrk kw³ wn m e Rwg`vi `i cöwzwôzkiyõ wpi vqx e `ve Íi G `ywu D Ïk mva b mg q mg q h mg Í AvBb cöyqb Kiv n q Q I gqgbwmsn Rjvi K lk, cörv ivq Zi Av_ mvgvwrk Ae v bi Dci G jvi h cöfve cwijw Z n q Q Ges G Z Rwg`vi I ga ^Z fvmx `i AvPiY I ivqzkz ji h cöwzwµqv m jvi G M elyvq mxwgz cwim i Av jvwpz n q Q f~wg ^Z cwipvjbv e e vq Rwg`vi `i A ea Kvh Kjvc I AgvbweK AvPi Yi Kvi Y Rwg`vi ivqz m ú K i h Aw izv weivr KiZ Zv-I mxwgzfv e Dc vcb Kiv n q Q wpi vqx e `ve Ívaxb f~wg QvovI A vqx e `ve Í I mikvwi Lvm gn ji Rwgi gvwjkvbvi G M elyvq D`&NvwUZ n q Q ikw iæ g msiw Z Gm. G. Rwic I wzc~iy ZvwjKv n Z Rwg`vwi D Q `i mgq Rwg`vwimg~ ni gvwjkvbv, ivr ^ I wzc~iy msµvší Z_ vw` G M elyvq wek`fv e Av jvpbv Kiv n q Q cvkvcvwk cöwzwu cimbvi g Rv ikw wb q KBm vwwi gva g g Rvi Rwg`vi, ga ^Z vwakvix I ivqz G wzb f~wg ^ Z i aib, ag xq web vm, LvRbvi cwigvy I nvi BZ vw` m ú K ev Íe aviyv `Iqv n q Q G Qvov gqgbwms n mikvwi f~wg e e vcbv I Rwg`vwii Af šíixy cökvmb I f~wg e e vcbv m ú K I we ÍvwiZ Av jvkcvz Kiv n q Q Rwg`vwii Af šíixy cökvmb e e vi Ici mg K aviyv `Iqvi j gqgbwms ni wel vz Rwg`vwi ÒgnvivRv G UiÓ Ici KBm vww Kiv xxi

22 n q Q G Z gnvivrv G Ui LvRbv Av`vq e e v, Kg Pvix cökvmb I evrmwik ev RU m ú K wbf i hvm Z_ Dc vwcz n q Q wewfbœ Drm n Z hz`~i m e wbf i hvm Z_ mgš^ q 1854 n Z 1960 wlªóvã G mgqkv j gqgbwmsn Rjvi f~wg ^Z KvVv gv MVb K i f~wg ^Z A½ bi L U LvIqv gvby li Drcvw`Z dm ji Ici bvbv ai bi f~ ^vgx `i fvmeuv Uvqvivi LwZqvb, mikvi cöyxz AvBbKvby bi cöfve, f~ ^vgx `i cwiez b Ges cwi k l Rwg`vwi ^ Z i wejywß I cörv ^Z cöwzôvi BwZnvm cybwbg vy Kiv n q Q gqgbwms ni HwZn evnx Rwg`vwi jvi g RvwfwËK gvwjkvbv I gvwjkvbv cwiez bi avivevwnk weeiyx wek`fv e Dc vcb Kiv n q Q gqgbwms ni h Kvb v bi h Kvb wbw` ó mg q Rwg`vwi gvwjkvbv Kvi wqj Zv G MÖš cv V D`&NvUb Kiv m e n e h Rwg`vi ZvjyK`vi `i wn i MÖvgevsjvi gvby li Rxeb kzvwak eqi AvewZ Z n q Q, Zv `i Kvh µ gi c~y v½ BwZnvm Rjvi ez gvb cör b i Kv Q AwZ g~j evb Zv Qvov GK_v mz h weªwuk kvmbvg j cöyxz bvbvgylx AvB bi RwUj Ave Z MÖvgevsjvi mkj kªwyi gvbyl bvbv nqivwb Z kzvãxii AwaKKvj AwZevwnZ K i Zv `i Av_ mvgvwrk Rxeb cömwznxb GK APjvqZ b euvav c o hvq RvwZi Av_ mvgvwrk Rxeb GKB RvqMvq NyicvK L Z _v K G mg Í NUbvcÖevn K G M elyvq Zz j Avbvi cö Póv Kiv n q Q weªwuk kvmbkv j ïay f~wg Lv Z RvZxq mvg _ i cy iv Ask wbweó _vkvi d j Av_ mvgvwrk Rxe bi weizv ` ki wkívqb I AMÖMwZi m vebv K webó K i cvkvcvwk wpi vqx e `ve Í AvBb cöyq bi d j Rwg`viMY K wl Z wewb qvm K i K wl I K l Ki Dbœqb NUv eb g g jw Kb Iqvwjm h Avkvev` e ³ K iwq jb Zv gqgbwms n wbõj nq gqgbwms n h K wl Ges K l Ki DbœwZ nqwb Zv G M elyvq cöwzfvz n q Q KvwU KvwU gvby li wekvj f~-m úwëi gvwjkvbv ^ímsl K jv Ki nv Z b Í Kivq RvZxq A_ bxwz Z h APjve v I wech q m wó n Z cv i Ges G Z h RvZxq AMÖMwZ iæ n q wekvj Rb Mvôxi Kg ÿgzv kzvwak eqi a i wei n q h Z cv i weªwuk kvmbkvj Zv Avgv `i iy Kwi q `q RvZxq Rxe bi fwel r cömwzi Rb G BwZnvm Rvbv GKvšÍ Avek K Dcgnv ` ki me v c v Rbeûj gqgbwmsn Rjvi G mg Í Z_ evsjvi AvÂwjK BwZnv m AwZ iæz c~y ms hvrb wn m e we ewpz n e e j Avkv Kiv hvq xxii

23 Assam Bengal ( ) Assam Bihar & Sylhet Tripura Orissa Myanmar xxiii

24 xxiv

25 g q g b wm s n R jv mybvgmä xxv