m±i Dbœqb cwikíbv (A_ eqi )

Transcription

1 vbxq mikvi wefvm vbxq mikvi, cjøx Dbœqb I mgevq gš Yvjq MYcÖRvZš x evsjv `k mikvi m±i Dbœqb cwikíbv (A_ eqi ) evsjv ` ki cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m±i g~j ms iy

2 m~wpcî 1 cuf~wg f~wgkv evsjv `k cöwÿz cökvmwbk, A_ bwzk I mvgvwrk cövdvbj RvZxq cwikíbv I Dbœqb KvVv gv ( d«giqvk ) cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m±i AvÂwjK I ˆewk K cöÿvc U evsjv ` ki cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb Kfv ir cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb mevi mvgvwrk I A_ bwzk g~j m±i mn hvmxe ` cövwzôvwbk KvVv gv m±i Dbœqb KvVv gv AvBwb `wjjcî bxwzgvjv I KŠkjcÎmg~n m±i Dbœqb cwikíbvi D Ïk m±i Dbœqb cwikíbvi Kg cwiwa m±i Dbœqb cwikíbvi gqv`mg~n cwikíbv cöyq b M nxz cš v I c wzmg~n cöwz e`b iƒc ilv cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb cwiw wz cvwb mieivn cuf~wg, msáv I Kfv ir cvwb mieiv ni cuf~wg msáv I Kfv ir we` gvb cvwb mieivn Kfv i Ri mvi-ms ÿc m vwb Ukb cuf~wg, msáv I Kfv ir m vwb Ukb cuf~wg msáv I Kfv ir m vwb Ukb Kfv i Ri mvi-ms ÿc cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb DcLvZmg~n MÖvgxY I bmi RbmsL v cö ÿcy bmi DcLvZ ev mve- m±i bmi mev`vb e e v Iqvmvmn bmi GjvKvi cwiw wz wmwu K c v ikb I cšimfv jvi cwiw wz bmi WªB br e e v bmi DcLv Zi Rb Kg -wb ` kbv MÖvgxY DcLvZ MÖvgxY mev`vb e e v 44 2

3 2.5.2 MÖvgxY cvwb mieivn cwiw wz MÖvgxY cvwb mieivn Kfv ir MÖvgxY m vwb Ukb cwiw wz MÖvgxY DcLv Zi Rb Kg -wb ` kbv 52 3 cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± ii w_g vwuk welqmg~n f~wgkv f~-c ô cvwb cvwbm ú` f~- c ô cvwb f~- c ô cvwbi mgm v I mycvwik f~-mf cvwbm ú` e e vcbv f~-mf cvwbm ú` welqk cöwÿz M elyv evsjv ` ki f~-mf cvwb f~-mf cvwbi jf Zv cvwbi Íi Aebgb I MÖvgxY cvwb mieivn cöhyw³ cwigvymz jf Zvi cöfvekmg~n bxwzgvjv I cöwzôvbmg~n ez gv b Am úvw`z f~-mf cvwbm ú` e e vcbv Kvh µg f~-mf cvwbm ú` e e vcbvi Rb mycvwikgvjv cvwbi YMZ gvb cvwbi Yv Y gvb`ð I wb ` wkkv cvwbi Yv Y cwiw wz cvwbi gvb cwiexÿy cvwbi gvb welqk mycvwikgvjv Av m wbk wbimb msµgy cwiw wz Av m wbk wbimbg~jk Kvh µ gi mgm v I G _ K AwR Z wkÿv Av m wbk wbim b mycvwikgvjv cvwb-wbivcëv cwikíbv cvwb wbivcëvi cö qvrbxqzv cvwb wbivcëv cwikíbvi aviyv I PP v mgm v I P v jämg~n cvwb wbivcëv cwikíbvi Kg -wb ` kbv ^v m Z AvPiY cömvi ^v m Z AvPiY cömv ii iæz evsjv ` k ^v m Z AvPiY cömvi evsjv ` k ^v m Z AvPiY cömv ii mgm v I Kvh KvwiZv we` vj q cvwb mieivn, m vwb Ukb I ^v m Z AvPiY ^v m Z AvPiY cömv i Kg -wb ` kbv bvryk Rb Mvôx f~wgkv bvix wkï 88 3

4 3.8.4 wfbœfv e mÿg e w³ `kr/avw`evmx Rb Mvôx myweavewâz I AwZ-`wi`ª e w³ fvmgvb Rb Mvôx bvryk Rb Mvôxi mgm v I P v jämg~n bvryk Rb Mvôx wel q Kg -wb ` kbv emikvwi Lv Zi AskMÖnY emikvwi Lv Zi AskMÖn Yi my hvm ÿz`ªvkvi nvw Iq vi evrvi ÿz`ªvkvi mev evrvi e n`vkvi bmi mev cöwzôv bi evrvi cwi ek, Rjevqy cwiez b I `y h vm e e vcbv cwi ek, Dbœqb, `y h vm, Rjevqy cwiez b I RxweKvi g a hvmm~î cwi ek Rjevqy cwiez b `y h vm e e vcbv cwi ek, Rjevqy cwiez b I `y h vm e e vcbv wel q Kg -wb ` kbv M elyv I Dbœqb f~wgkv msmvb I Kvh µg mgm v I AšÍivqmg~n M elyv I Dbœ&qb wel q Kg -wb ` kbv cve Z PÆMÖvg f~wgkv cöwzôvwbk KvVv gv cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb Ae v mgm v I Kg -wb ` kbv AvBb, bxwzgvjv I KŠkjmg~n cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb Lv Zi Rb AvBwb KvVv gv cvwbm ú` e e vcbvi j ÿ cöyqbvaxb AvBb I cöweavbmg~n cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± ii Rb cö ÍvweZ bzzb AvBb I cöweavbgvjv cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± ii Rb RvZxq bxwzgvjv I KŠkjcÎmg~n RvZxq bxwzgvjvmg~n RvZxq cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb KŠkjcÎ bzzb m±i Dbœqb Kg -KvVv gv m± ii mvg_ e w msáv I mvg_ e w i Íi msmvb I e w³i mvg_ e w mikvwi ms v jvi mvsmvwbk KvVv gv vbxq mikvi wefvm (LGD) Rb ^v cö KŠkj Awa`ßi (DPHE) 137 4

5 5.2.4 cvwb mieivn I cqter wb vkb KZ cÿ (WASAs) wmwu K c v ikb I cšimfv BDwbqb cwil` m±i wewb qvm cwikíbv f~wgkv cwikíbvi ÿîmg~n wewb qvm cöv j bi Rb we ewpz cöfvekmg~n RbmsL vi cö ÿcy cöhyw³ wekí cvwbi YMZ gvb`ð mevi GKK-cÖwZ g~j (unit cost) m±i Dbœqb ` k Kímg~n mev Íi I cwipvjbv `ÿzvi wb ` kk wewb qvm e q (Investment costs) fšz jÿ gvîv wewb qvm e q wefvrb Znwe ji Drm ev RU jf Zv (availability) m±i Dbœqb cwikíbvi ev Íevqb m±i Dbœqb cwikíbv (SDP) ev Íevq bi cövwzôvwbk e e v GmwWwc ev Íevq b mn hvmx ms vmg~ ni AskMÖnY GmwWwc Kvh µ gi mgš^q, cwiexÿy I g~j vqb m±i ch v q mgš^ qi ez gvb Ae v mgm vmg~n m±i mgš^q I cwiexÿ Yi Rb Kg -wb ` kbv cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± i m±i-wfwëk cš v (SWAp) mvqvc m ú K aviyv evsjv ` k mvqvc ev Íevqb cwiw wz I AwR Z wklb mgm vmg~n mvqvc wel q mycvwikgvjv GmwWwc ev Íevq bi c_-wb ` kbv (Road map) cöviw K ch v q cöavb Kvh µgmg~n SuywKmg~n I wbimbg~jk c` ÿc mviwy ZvwjKv mviwy 1.1 cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb Kvh µ gi A_ bwzk mydj mviwy 1.2 cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb Kfv ir AR bi jvf-ÿwzi AbycvZ mviwy 2.1 cvwb mieivn Kfv ir wbiƒc Yi wewfbœ gvb`ð mviwy 2.2 wewfbœ gvb`ð Abyhvqx cvwb mieivn Kfv i Ri mvi-ms ÿc

6 mviwy 2.3 m vwb Ukb Kfv ir wbiƒc Y e eüz wewfbœ ai Yi gvb` Ði msáv mviwy 2.4 m vwb Ukb Kfv i Ri mvi-ms ÿc mviwy 2.5 Iqvmvfz³ kni jvi cvwb mieivn cwiw wz mviwy 2.6 Iqvmvfz³ kni jvi m vwb Ukb cwiw wz mviwy 2.7 wzbwu wmwu K c v ik bi cvwb mieivn cwiw wz...40 mviwy 2.8 cšimfvmg~ n cvbcevwnz cvwb mieivn cwiw wz...40 mviwy 2.9 wmwu K c v ikb I cšimfvmg~ ni m vwb Ukb cwiw wz mviwy 2.10 `ym g GjvKvfz³ BDwbq bi msl v mviwy 2.11 mikvwi cvwbi Drm msl v mviwy 2.12 MÖvgxY cvwb mieivn Kfv ir mviwy 2.13 MÖvgxY GjvKvq m vwb Ukb cwiw wz mviwy 3.1 evsjv ` ki e nëi Rjvkq mviwy 3.2 e envi hvm cybtfivu I f~-mf cvwbi Pvwn`v mviwy 3.3 f~-mf cvwbm ú` e e vcbvq hy³ ms v/cöwzôvbmg~n mviwy 3.4 f~-mf cvwbm ú` e e vcbv ev Dbœq b m ú ³ mikvwi ms vi ez gvb I m ve fwel Z Kg KvÐ mviwy 3.5 cvwbi YMZ gv bi w wzgvcmg~ ni aiy mviwy 3.6 cvwbi gvb cwiexÿ Yi wewfbœ ch vq/ Íi mviwy 3.7 wewfbœ Av m wbk msµwgz I wbivc` cvwb mieiv ni Kfv irfz³ GjvKvi Aaxb BDwbqb msl v mviwy 3.8 wewfbœ Av m wbk-msµwgz I wbivc` cvwb mieivn Kfv irfz³ GjvKvq wpwýz Av m wb Kvwmm ivmxi msl v mviwy 3.9 cve Z PÆMÖv g e eüz wewfbœ ai Yi cvwb mieivn cöhyw³ (kzkiv) mviwy 3.10 cwievimg~n KZ K e eüz DbœZ cvqlvbvi ch vq (kzkiv nvi) mviwy 4.1 cvwb I m vwb Ukb LvZ wbqš Yi Rb AvBb, Aa v `k I Ab vb AvBwb `wjjcî mviwy 6.1 wewb qvm cwikíbvi we ep cwikíbv ÿîmg~n mviwy 6.2 bmi cvwb mieiv n mev Íi I cwipvjbv `ÿzvi wb ` kk mviwy 6.3 MÖvgxY cvwb mieiv n mev Íi I cwipvjbv `ÿzvi wb ` kk (DrmwfwËK) mviwy 6.4 bmi m vwb Uk b mev Íi I cwipvjbv `ÿzvi wb ` kk mviwy 6.5 MÖvgxY m vwb Uk b mev Íi I cwipvjbv `ÿzvi wb ` kk mviwy 6.6 wewfbœ Dbœqb ` k K íi Rb cöv wjz gvu wewb qvm e q mviwy 6.7 wewfbœ köyxi bmi DcLvZ I MÖvgxY DcLv Zi Rb cö qvrbxq wewb qvm e q mviwy 6.8 gvu wewb qvm e q A_ vq bi ÿ Î m±i mn hvmx `i Ae`vb mviwy 6.9 GmwWwcÕi ^í gqv ` mikvwi Lv Z wewb qvm Pvwn`v I ev RU jf Zv mviwy 7.1 RvZxq ch v q m±i Z_ e e vcbv `ÿzvi cöavb wb ` kkmg~n mviwy 7.2 wewfbœ ch v qi Rb cö ÍvweZ mgš^q I cwiexÿy e e v mviwy 7.3 AbywgZ SuywKmg~n I cökgbg~jk c` ÿc wpî ZvwjKv wpî 1.1 (K) evsjv `k, AvÂwjK `kmg~n, `wÿy Gwkqv I ˆewk K cvwb mieivn Kfv ir wpî 1.1 (L) evsjv `k, AvÂwjK `kmg~n, `wÿy Gwkqv I ˆewk K m vwb Ukb Kfv ir wpî 1.2 m±i Dbœqb KvVv gvi w g vwuk WvqvMÖvg hwui AvIZvq m±i Dbœqb cwikíbv ev ÍevwqZ n e wpî 1.3 WvqvMÖv g GmwWwc ev Íevq bi wzb gqv ` m± ii µgea gvb Dbœqb cö`wk Z n q Q wpî I 2009 m bi RvZxq m vwb Ukb Kfv ir wpî 2.2 RbmsL v cö ÿcy wpî 2.3 MÖvgxY GjvKvq m vwb Ukb Abykxjb wpî 3.1 evsjv ` ki cöavb cöavb b`x I m jvi RjwbKvk GjvKv wpî 3.2 wwwcgbpb KZ K wbiƒwcz (2009 mb) evsjv ` ki wb œzg cvwb Íi MfxiZv wpî wgUvi ch ší I 150 wguv ii AwaK MfxiZvq vwcz bjk~ c Av m wb Ki web vm

7 wpî 3.4 WvqvwiqvRwbZ iv M wkïg Z yi nvi Kgv Z nvw Iqvi I nvbwrb Kg Kv Ði Kvh KvwiZv wpî 3.5 `vwi`ª I bvryk Rb Mvôx - GKwU `yópµ...86 wpî 3.6 cvwb mieivn bi m vwb Ukb ± ii wzbwu cöavb evrv ii Ask wpî 3.7 Rjevqy cwiez bi Kvh KviY WvqvMÖvg: wb ` kk, cvwb I m vwb Uk bi cwiyvg Ges gvbe Rxe bi Ici cöfve wpî 3.8 `y h vm e e vcbv Pµ wpî 4.1 evsjv `k cvwb AvBb, 2009Õi AvIZvq f~-mf cvwb e e vcbvq cö ÍvweZ Kvh µg, f~wgkv I `vwqz wefvrb wpî 4.2 Av m wbk wbim bi Rb bxwzgvjv I cwikíbvmg~ ni msmvb wpî 4.3 Awf cöz m±i Dbœqb Kg -KvVv gv wpî 5.1 vbxq mikvi wefvm-gi Aaxb ms v jvi mvsmvwbk KvVv gv wpî 6.1 ^í, ga I `xn gqv ` wewb qvm e qi cwigvy wpî 6.2 ^í gqv ` (A_ eqi ) wewfbœ köyxi g a gvu e qi kzkiv wefvrb wpî 6.3 ^í gqv ` (A_ eqi ) Znwej Dr mi kzkiv nvi wpî A_ eqimg~ n GwWwc ev RU eiv Ïi kzkiv nvi wpî A_ eqimg~ n GwWwc eiv Ïi (wgwjqb evsjv `wk UvKvq) cwigvy wpî 6.6 wemz cuvp eq ii GwWwc I A_ eq ii MTBF eivï wpî 6.7 m±i ms vmg~ ni MTBF eivï wpî 7.1 m±i mgš^q I cwiexÿy e e v wpî 7.2 GKwU mvqv ci Dcv`vbmg~n wpî 7.3 evsjv ` k cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± i mvqvc-gi w g vwuk WvqvMÖvg e ZvwjKv e 1.1 m±i I m± ii KwZcq gšwjk Dcv`v bi msáv e 2.1 wewfbœ ai Yi cvqlvbvi mvavi Y e eüz msávmg~n e 2.2 Rb Mvôx- bz Z mvwe K m vwb Ukb (KwgDwbwU- jw UvUvj m vwb Ukb) e 2.3 m vwb Ukb mvcvb (m vwb Ukb j vwvi) e 3.1 cvwbzvwë K Pµ...55 e 3.2 wbivc` Lvevi cvwbi Kg -KvVv gv e 3.3 gj-gy Li gva g ivm msµg Yi Gd-WvqvMÖvg e 3.4 gxbv e 3.5 ^v m Z AvPiY wel q Rxeb-`ÿZv (Life-Skills) e 3.6 cvwb mieivn, m vwb Ukb I ^v m Z AvPi Yi w wzkxj ^v mydj Kg -KvVv gv e 3.7 we` vj q Iqvk Kvh µ gi mydj e 3.8 RÐvi cwifvlvi msáv e 3.9 kû i ew Íi SuywKc~Y Rb Mvôxi Rb D vebxg~jk KwgDwbwU j vwuª bi g Wj e 3.10 m vwb Ukb mvcv b Av ivny - emikvwi Lv Zi Ae`vb e 3.11 evsjv `kt mevmyweavi ÿ Î XvKvi ew Íevmx `i AwfMg Zvi Dbœqb e 3.12 AwaKZi fvimvg c~y I UKmB mgvav bi Rb wîcÿxq Askx`vwiZ e 3.13 evsjv ` k PPPÕi DËiY ch vq e 3.14 cwi ek, Dbœqb, `y h vm I Rjevqy cwiez bi g a hvmm~î e 3.15 cwi e ki e nëi ÿî e 3.16 evsjv ` ki cöavb wzbwu bmix Ñ XvKv, PÆMÖvg I Lyjbvq f~- c ô cvwb `~ly e 3.17 cwi e ki Ici Pvc, `~ly ch vq Ges Rxeb I cövk wzk cwi e ki Ici cöfv ei g a Kvi AvšÍtm úk e 3.18 Rjevqy cwiez b wewfbœ Dcv q jeyv³zvi AbycÖ ek evov e

8 e 3.19 D veb GKwU KŠkjx cöwµqv hv RwUj e e v wb q KvR K i Ggb bxwzmg~n Øviv Dbœqb Kiv hvq e 3.20 Ae vnz Ges bzzb M elyv I Dbœq bi cöavb wkqz welqmg~n e 4.1 wzbwu cöavb mn hvmx: bxwz wba vik, mevcö`vbkvix I fv³vi g a Kvi Revew`wnZvi m úk e 4.2 Kvh Ki wbqš Yi Rb c~e kz mg~n wel q AvšÍR vwzk AwfÁZv e 5.1 mvg_ e w i Íimg~n e 5.2 nvbmviqv dvû: we K `ªxK Z MÖvgxY cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb mev cö`v bi GKwU bzzb aviyv e 5.3 Avbyf~wgK wklb Kg m~wp (nivbr Uvj jvwb s cövmövg - HLP) e 5.4 cve Z PÆMÖv g Rb Mvôx e e vcbvq cvbcevwnz cvwb mieivn xg: Ab Î Dbœq bi AbymiYxq g Wj e 7.1 cö ÍvweZ m±i Z_ e e vcbv c wzi mijxk Z iƒc ilv e 7.2 cökí aviyvi cwie Z mvqvc-gi myweavmg~n e 7.3 evsjv ` k mvqvc ev Íevqb

9 kã-ms ÿc ZvwjKv GwWwe Gwkqvb W fjc g U e vsk (Gkxq Dbœqb e vsk) GwWwc G vbyqvj W fjc g U cövmövg (evwl K Dbœqb Kg m~wp) GwcGmBD (Avcmy) Av m wbk cwjwm mv cvu BDwbU AmGBW A ªwjqvb G RwÝ di B Uvib vkbvj W fjc g U wegwwwm evsjv ` k GwMÖKvjPvivj W fjc g U K c v ikb (evsjv `k K wl Dbœqb K c v ikb) wewegm evsjv `k eÿ iv Ae vwumwukm& (evsjv `k cwimsl vb ey iv) wmwmbwwgg K vb gu PÄ, Gbfvqib g U G vû wwrv vi g v br g U (Rjevqy cwiez b, cwi ek I `y h vm e e vcbv) wewmgmavbavi evsjv `k KvDwÝj Ae mv qw UwdK G vû BÛvw ªqvj wimvm (evsjv `k weávb I wkí M elyv cwil`) wewwwu evsjv `wk UvKv weggwwg evwi ` gvwëcvicvm W fjc g U A_wiwU (e i `ª eûgylx Dbœqb KZ cÿ) weii (ey) weì, Acv iu G vû IDb wegmwuavb evsjv `k vûvw m& G vû Uw s Bbw wudkb wewui weì Acv iu UªvÝdvi webdbwu (ey qu) evsjv `k BDwbfvwm wu Ae BwÄwbqvwis G vû UK bvjwr (evsjv `k cö KŠkj I cöhyw³ wek we` vjq) wewweødwwwe evsjv `k IqvUvi W fjc g U evw (cvwb Dbœqb evw ) wmwei KwgDwbwU erw AM vbvb Rkb (Rb MvôxwfwËK msmvb) wmwwwm KwgDwbwU W fjc g U m Uvi wmgbpwu wpuvmvs wnj Uªv±m& (cve Z PÆMÖvg) wmavbwwg (wmwv) KvbvwWqvb B Uvib vkbvj W fjc g U G RwÝ wmavbgm KgbI qj_& Ae BbwW c Û U Um& wmgjwugm KwgDwbwU- jw UvUvj m vwb Ukb wwggjiqvb (Wvwj) wwrgwewjwu-g vwrv W jvbd-bqvim& WvwbWv W vwbk B Uvib vkbvj W fjc g U Gwm vý wwgdavbww wwcvu g U di B Uvib vkbvj W fjc g U wwwr-gbpgm WvB i± iu Rbv ij Ae nj_& mvwf mm ( ^v mev Awa`ßi) wwggwm wwrv vi g v br g U KwgwU (`y h vm e e vcbv KwgwU) wwggwe wwrv vi g v br g U eÿ iv wwib wwcvu g U Ae Gbfvqib g U (cwi ek Awa`ßi) wwwc W fjc g U cvu bvi (Dbœqb mn hvmx) wwwcb WvB i± iu Ae cövbgvix GWz Kkb (cöv_wgk wkÿv Awa`ßi) wwwcgbpb wwcvu g U Ae cvewjk nj_ BwÄwbqvwis (Rb ^v cö KŠkj Awa`ßi) wwaviavi WvB i± iu Ae wiwjd G vû win vwejvb Ukb (ÎvY I cybe vmb Awa`ßi) wwgm K `ȳ ^v K `ª wwgmwc wwc- mu cv ú ww-iqvmv XvKv Iqvmv (IqvUvi G vû mÿ qv ir A_wiwU) BAviwW G Uvibvj wi mvm wwwfkb (ewntm ú` wefvm) GdwWAvB d ibb WvB i± Bb f g U (cöz ÿ we `wk wewb qvm) GdwRwW dvkvm MÖæc wwmkvmb wrwwwc MÖm Wv gw K cövwv± wriwe Mfvb g U Ae evsjv `k wrgmwe wrijwrk vj mv f Ae evsjv `k 9

10 GBPwWwm wnj www ª± KvDwÝj (cve Z Rjv cwil`) GBPGjwc nivb Rv Uvj jvwb s cövmövg GBPwcGmwc nj_& G vû ccy jkb m±i cövmövg nvbmviqv nvbwrb, m vwb Ukb G vû IqvUvi mvcøvb AvBBwm Bbdi gkb, GWz Kkb G vû KwgDwb Kkb AvBwR Bbwdj Uªkb M vjvwi AvBAvBGdwm Bbd«v ªvKPvi Bb f g U d vwmwj Ukb m Uvi AvBGgwWGgwmwm B Uvi-wgwbw ªqvj wwrv vi g v br g U Kv-AwW bkb KwgwU (AvšÍtgš Yvjq `y h vm e e vcbv mgš^q KwgwU) AvBwcGGg Bgwcø g Ukb cø vb di Av m wbk wgwu Mkb (Av m wbk wbimb ev Íevqb cwikíbv) AvBwcwmwm B Uvi-Mfvb g Uvj c v bj Ab K vb gu PÄ AvBwc-WweøDGm Bgwcø g Ukb cø vb di IqvUvi mvcøvb AvBAviwc Avqib wigyfvj cøv U AvBwUGb B Uvib vkbvj Uªwbs buiqvk RvBKv Rvcvb B Uvib vkbvj Kv-Acv ikb G RwÝ RGgwc R q U gwbuwis cövmövg KAvBAvB Kx Bbdi g U B UviwfD KGmG b jr, w j G vû GwUwPDW GjwmwR jvkvj Kbmvj UwUf MÖæc GjwRwW jvkvj Mfvb g U wwwfkb ( vbxq mikvi wefvm) GjwRBwW jvkvj Mfvb g U BwÄwbqvwis wwcvu g U ( vbxq mikvi cö KŠkj Awa`ßi) GjwRAvB jvkvj Mfvb g U Bbw wudkb ( vbxq mikvi cöwzôvb) GjwRGmwc jvkvj Mfvb g U mv cvu cö R± GjwcwmwW wjuvi cvi K vwcuv cvi W (RbcÖwZ ˆ`wbK wjuvi) GgwWwR wg jwbqvg W fjc g U Mvj (mn ªvã Dbœqb jÿ gvîv) GgAvBwmGm gvwëcj BbwW KUi K v vi mv f GgAvBGm g v br g U Bbdi gkb wm g GgIBD g gvivûvg Ae AvÛvi vwûs (mg SvZv vik) GgwUweGd wgwwqvg Uvg ev RU d«giqvk (ga gqv`x ev RU KvVv gv) GbwRI bb-mfvb g U AM vbvb Rkb ( emikvwi ms v) GbAvBGjwR b vkbvj Bbw wudu di jvkvj Mfvb g U wb cvu b vkbvj Bbw wudu di ccy jkb wimvm G vû Uªwbs GbwcwWGg b vkbvj cø vb di wwrv vi g v br g U GbIwm bv Ae RKkb mvwu wd KU GbGmGm b vkbvj m vwb Ukb ª v UwR IwWGd I cb Wwd Kkb wd«ibwmww (I mw) AM vbvb Rkb di B KvbwgK Kv-Acv ikb G vû W fjc g U IG vûgg Acv ikb G vû gbb U bý (cwipvjbv I msiÿy) wcbwwwc cövbgvix GWz Kkb W fjc g U cövmövg (cöv_wgk wkÿv Dbœqb Kg m~wp) cvbkg cövb fu Bbd«v ªvKPvi KwgwU wcwcwe cvu m cvi wewjqb wcwcwc cvewjk cövb fu cvu bvikxc (mikvwi- emikvwi Askx`vwiZ ) wcavigmwc cvfvwu wiwvkkb ª v UwR ccvi (`vwi`ª we gvpb KŠkjcÎ) wcgmbd cwjwm mv cvu BDwbU wcgmgd cû m vû wdëvi (cykzi cv o evwji wdëvi) wcwweødgmgm cšimfv IqvUvi mvcøvb mkkb i v gv wi G v mm g U Ae Av m wbk wgwu Mkb Ackbm& 10

11 Aviwm AviG vûww AviwWG AviGBPGm mvk mv Kvmvb GmwWGd GmwWwc kiqv-we GmAvBwc GmAvBGm GmGmwU mvqvc wugjwmwm wuwcwc BDwWwW BDGdWweøD BDGb BDGbwWwc BDGbGdwcG BDwb md wfbaviwm (fvk ) wfavbwc wfgmgmwu Iqvi cv Iqvmv Iqvk IqvUmvb WweøDGBPI I q WK WweøDAviwm WweøDGmwc WweøDGmGm wiwribvj KvDwÝj (AvÂwjK cwil`) wimvm G vû W fjc g U (M elyv I Dbœqb) iæivj W fjc g U GKv Wwg (MÖvg Dbœqb GKv Wwg) ibb-iqvuvi nvi fw s wm g (e wói cvwb msiÿy c wz) mvd_ Gwkqvb G mvwm qkb di wiwribvj Kv-Acv ikb (`wÿy Gkxq AvÂwjK mn hvwmzv ms v) mvd_ Gwkqvb Kbdv iý Ab m vwb Ukb m±i W fjc g U d«giqvk m±i W fjc g U cövmövg/cø vb m vwb Ukb, nvbwrb GWz Kkb G vû IqvUvi mvcøvb Bb evsjv `k m±i Bb f g U cø vb (LvZ wewb qvm cwikíbv) m±i Bbdi gkb wm g (LvZ Z_ e e vcbv c wz) k v jv kövd WW wudei qj m±i IqvBW G v cövp UvDb j ej Kv-AwW bkb KwgwU UªvBcviUvBU cvu bvikxc (wî-cÿxq Askx`vwiZ ) Avievb W fjc g U WvB i± iu (bmi Dbœqb cwi`ßi) Avb-G vkvd UW di IqvUvi (wnmve ewnf ~Z cvwb) BDbvB UW bkbm& (RvwZmsN) BDbvB UW bkbm& W fjc g U cövmövg (RvwZmsN Dbœqb Kg m~wp) BDbvB UW bkbm& ccy jkb dvû (RvwZmsN RbmsL v Znwej) BDbvB UW bkbm& wpj Wªbm& dvû (RvwZmsN wkï Znwej) wf jr GWz Kkb wi mvm m Uvi fw U j UW BgcÖæfW wcu (evqy-wbm gbmn DbœZ MZ cvqlvbv) fwi-k v jv kövd WW wudei qj IqvUvi wi mv m m cø vwbs AM vbvb Rkb (cvwbm ú` cwikíbv ms v) IqvUvi mvcøvb G vû mÿ qv ir A_wiwU IqvUvi, m vwb Ukb G vû nvbwrb IqvUvi G vû m vwb Ukb Iqvì nj_& AM vbvb Rkb (wek ^v ms v) IqvUvi, BwÄwbqvwis G vû W fjc g U m Uvi IqvUvi mvcøvb i juix Kwgkb IqvUvi mdwu cø vb (cvwb wbivcëv cwikíbv)/iqvuvi G vû m vwb Ukb cövmövg IqvUvi mvcøvb G vû m vwb Ukb 11

12 Aa vq 1 1cUf~wg Aa vqwu Z ewy Z Av Q m±i Dbœqb cwikíbvi (GmwWwc) cuf~wg ms ÿ c ewy Z Av Q evsjv `k I evsjv ` ki cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± ii we` gvb cöwÿz Ges BwZc~ e cöyxz m±i Dbœqb d«giqvk, hlv b AšÍf y³ i q Q m±i mswkøó AvBwb, bxwz I KŠkj Ges cwikíbv msµvší `wjjmg~n ciez x Z ewy Z n q Q m±i Dbœqb cwikíbvi (GmwWwc) D Ïk I Kg cwiwa Ges Gi cwikíbv gqv`mg~n AZtci ey bv Kiv n q Q cwikíbvwu cöyq bi mv _ hy³ mn hvmx `i AskMÖnY wbwðzki Y M nxz cš v I c wzmg~n Aa vqwui mgvwß Uvbv n q Q cwikíbv `wj ji GKwU iƒc ilv ms hvr bi gva g 1.1 f~wgkv 2005 m b evsjv ` ki cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± ii Rb 10 eqi gqvw` m±i Dbœqb cwikíbv (GmwWwc 2005) cöyqb K i vbxq mikvi, cjøx Dbœqb I mgevq gš Yvjq-Gi Aaxb vbxq mikvi wefvm GmwWwc 2005 G m±i mswkøó RvZxq I AvšÍR vwzk bxwzgvjv, KŠkj I jÿ mg~n we køly Ges evsjv ` ki cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± ii Dbœq b GKwU Kg -KvVv gv ( d«giqvk ) cöyxz nq evsjv `k mikvi I Dbœqb mn hvmxe `1,2 cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± ii Rb cöyxz GmwWwc K cwikíbv `wjj wn m e e envi K i ciez x mg q mikvi GB GmwWwc ms kva bi wm vší MÖnY K i ms kvwaz GmwWwc Z cve Z PÆMÖvg wel q GKwU c _K we køly, ^v m Z AvPiY cömv i (hygiene promotion) we kl ` wó cö`vb Ges wcwq q cov AÂj jvi Pvwn`v AwaKZi iæ Z i mv _ AšÍfz ³ Kivi e vcv i gz `qv nq GQvovI Av jvp GmwWwc Z D ~Z bzzb Dbœqb avivmg~n, hgb : cvwb wbivcëv cwikíbv (water safety plan), m±i IqvBW G v cövp (SWAp) Ges cwi ek myi v, Rjevqy cwiez bi cöfve gvkvwejv I `y h vm e e vcbvi gz welq jv g~j vqb I AšÍfz ³ Kivi iæz Abyf~Z nq Z`vbyhvqx, vbxq mikvi wefv Mi AvIZvq cwjwm mv cvu BDwbU (PSU/wcGmBD) KZ K ciez x GmwWwc 3 (ms kvwaz) cöyq bi D ` vm M nxz nq GB ms kvwaz GmwWwc n e cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± ii KŠkjMZ cwikíbv `wjj 15 eqi gqvw` cwikíbvwu ev Íevqb A_ eq i 4 ïiæ n q A_ eq i kl n e 1 Gkxq Dbœqb e vsk (GwWwe) 2009, m±i mnvqzv Kg m~wp g~j vqb, m~î b ^i: GmGwc: e vb evsjv `k mikvi Ges Dbœqb mn hvmx hgb GwWwe, WvwbWv, Rvcvb mikvi, Kvixq mikvi I wek e vs Ki g a m úvw`z Askx`vwiZ KvVv gv 3 GmwWwc cöyq bi Avw_ K mn hvwmzv G m Q WvwbWv _ K, Ges Ab vb Dbœqb mn hvmx I GbwRIiv G Z KvwiMix mnvqzv cö`vb K i Qb 4 A_ eqi MYbv Kiv nq RyjvB _ K Ryb gvm ch ší 12

13 1.2 evsjv `k cöwÿz cökvmwbk, A_ bwzk I mvgvvwrk cövdvbj evsjv `k cövq 144,000 em -wk jvwguvi GjvKv I 2010 m bi wnmve Abyhvqx cövq 150 wgwjqb (15 KvwU) RbmsL v Aaÿ wlz c w_exi Ab Zg NbemwZc~Y `k cökvmwbk D Ï k fš MvwjKfv e evsjv `k mvzwu wefv M wef³ wefvm jv 64wU Rjvq I Rjv jv cybivq 482wU Dc Rjvq wef³ Dc Rjv jv Avevi wef³ me gvu 4,498wU BDwbq b GwU evsjv ` k we` gvb vbxq mikvi e e vi me wb œ Íi cökvmwbk KvVv gv Z Rjv, Dc Rjv I BDwbqb ch v q vbxq mikvi e e v we` gvb Z e ez gv b KejgvÎ Dc Rjv I BDwbqb ch v qb vbxq mikvi e e v Kvh Ki i q Q bmi GjvKvq `yb ai bi vbxq mikvi e e v we` gvb G jv n jv: mvzwu e nëi kn ii Rb wmwu K c v ikb Ges eo _ K gvsvwi kni jvi Rb cšimfv ` k ez gv b gvu 8wU wmwu K c v ikb I 308wU cšimfv we` gvb msm`xq MYZ š i gva g `kwui kvmbe e v cwipvwjz Ges ` k GK K wewkó RvZxq msm` i q Q ez gv b mikvi cwipvwjz n Q gvu 35wU gš Yvjq Ges G jvi Aaxb 7wU wefvm 5 -Gi gva g bvbvwea evwn K mgm v _vkv m Ë I ` ki w wzkxj A_ bwzk cöe w i Kvi Y evsjv ` k `vwi`ª we gvp b e vck mvdj AwR Z n q Q MZ `k K `kwui wrwwwc cöe w i nvi wqj M o 5.8 kzvsk gv_vwcqz Mo RvZxq Avq 2009 m b 621 gvwk b Wjv i cuš P Q ` ki A_ bxwzi `ywu mâvjk kw³ wn m e Avwef ~Z n q Q ˆZwi cvlvk I ˆe `wkk kög evrvi _ K AwR Z Avq AwR Z A_ bwzk cöe w i P qi GLvbKvi mvgvwrk I gvbwek Dbœq bi aviv Pv L covi gz AbyK~j mikvwi bxwzi Kvi Y evsjv ` k `ªæZ gvbwek Dbœqb m e n q Q Ges hvi d j Z Yg~j ch v q Dbœq bi MwZaviv h _ó emevb n Q 1974 m bi 2.9 kzvsk RbmsL v e w i nvi 2009 m b 1.2 kzvs k b g G m Q `vwi `ª i cöeyzvi jÿ bxqfv e µgn«vmgvb RvZxqfv e `vwi`ª mxgvi wb P emevmkvix RbmsL v 1990 m bi ïiæ Z wqj 57 kzvsk, hv 2000 m b 49 kzvsk I 2005 m b 40 kzvs k 6 b g G m Q 2009 m bi cªv jb Abyhvqx GB nvi 31.1 _ K 32.5 kzvs ki g a cuvp eq ii Kg eqmx wkïg Z yi nvi 1991 m b wqj cöwz nvrv i (live birth) 151 Rb, hv 2007 m b nvrvicöwz 65- Z b g G m Q GKB mg q bervzk g Z yi nvi cöwznvrv i (live birth) 94 _ K K g 52- Z `uvwo q Q 7 e w³mz Lvbvch v q Avq evo ji wewfbœ köyx- ckv, bvix-cyiæl I AÂj f ` `vwi `ª i nv i Zdvr i qb M Q 2005 m bi wnmve Abyhvqx ` ki gvu RbmsL vi wb œ Í ii 40 kzvsk gvbyl, huv `i K `wi`ª köyxf~³ Kiv nq, Zuviv gvu RvZxq Av qi gvî 14.4 kzvsk fvm K i; A_P Dc ii Í ii gvî 5 kzvsk gvbyl (huv `i K abx AvL vwqz Kiv nq) fvm K i 27 kzvsk Avq wewfbœ mgxÿvq `Lv hvq, nz-`wi`ª `i AwaKvskB bvix, Kbbv Zuviv Avq-ea bg~jk Kg Kv Ði mv _ Zgb RwoZ bq `vwi `ª i ÿ Î AvÂwjK ˆelg I we` gvb, hgb: ` ki c~e vâ ji Zzjbvq cwðgvâ j `vwi `ª i cö Kvc ewk wzbwu cwðgvâjxq wefvm, hgb: Lyjbv, ewikvj I ivrkvnx Z 2005 m bi wnmve Abyhvqx `vwi `ª i nvi wqj h_vµ g 45.7, 52.0, 52.2 kzvsk; hlb `wÿy-c~e vâjxq wefvm hgb: XvKv, PÆMÖvg I wm j U GB nvi wqj Zzjbvg~jKfv e Kg, h_vµ g 32.0, 34.0, 33.8 kzvsk 8 5 K qkwu gš Yvjq `ywu ev Z ZvwaK wefv M wef³, hvi cö Z KwUi cöavb GKRb mwpe 6 evsjv `k cwimsl vb ey iv (wewegm), nvdr nvì BbKvg G vû G cbwwpvi mv f 2005 (2005 m bi c i Avi Kvb RvZxq Rwic Kvh µg M nxz nq bvb) 7 ^v evzv 2009, g v br g U Bbdi gkb wm g (MIS), ^v mev Awa`ßi, evsjv `k 8 evsjv ` ki AbMÖmi AÂjmg~ ni `vwi`ª we gvpb KŠkjcÎ, Rbv ij B KvbwgK wwwfkb, cwikíbv Kwgkb, gvp

14 1.2.2 RvZxq cwikíbv I Dbœqb KvVv gv mikv ii A_ eqi wnmve Kiv nq RyjvB _ K ciez x Ryb gvm ch ší Ges cö Z K A_ eq ii Rb GKwU RvZxq ev RU cöyxz nq RvZxq ev R Ui `ywu Ask _v K, hgb: 1) Dbœqb ev RU, hvi cöwzdjb N U evwl K Dbœqb Kg m~wpi (ADP) gva g; Ges 2) cökvmwbk I ˆbwgwËK e q wbe v n cöyxz ivr ^ ev RU evsjv `k mikvi cöpwjzfv e câ-evwl Kx RvZxq Dbœqb cwikíbv MÖnY K i _v K Gfv e K qkwu câ-evwl Kx ch vq cwo q G m ez gv b mikvi Zvi lô câ-evwl Kx cwikíbv (A_ eqi ) cöyqb Ki Q mikvwi e q AwaKZi `ÿzv I Kvh KvwiZv Avb Z A_ eqi _ K mikvi GKwU ga gqvw` ev RU KvVv gv (MTBF) cöez b K i GgwUweGd cöwµqvq m ú` eiv Ï gš Yvqj jvi we` gvb bxwzgvjv I AMÖvwaKvimg~n Ges AZtci mswkøó wefvm I ms v jvi eivïk Z m ú` Kv R jvmv bvi ˆbc~ Y i g a GKwU ` k gvb hvmm~î vcb Kiv n Q Gfv e cöwzeqi GgwUweGd cöyxz n Q Ges Gi gva g wî-evwl K ev R Ui GKwU _vk eivï (a three-year budget envelope) `qv n Q eiv Ïi cöwµqvwu µgvš^ q cvup eq ii Rb Kiv n Q, hv Z Zv mikv ii câ-evwl Kx cwikíbvi mv _ mvhyr c~y nq ez gv b vbxq mikvi wefvmmn mikv ii 33wU gš Yvjq I wefvm ga gqvw` ev RU KvVv gvi AvIZvq Zv `i wbr ^ evwl K Dbœqb Kg m~wp cöyqb Ki Q 9 `vwi`ª we gvpb K cövavb w` q A_ eq ii Rb Óm vebvi Øvi D b vpb: `ªæZ `vwi`ª we gvpb RvZxq KŠkjcÎÓ wk ivyv g ` ki cö_g `vwi`ª we gvpb KŠkjcÎ (PRSP-I) cöyxz nq cwiez bi c` ÿc wk ivyv g wcavigmwc-2 ev GbGmGwcAvi-2 cöyxz nq A_ eq ii Rb ` ki mvwe K Dbœq bi j ÿ mikvi GKwU `xn gqvw` iƒckí (Vision) MÖnY K i Q, hvi cöwzdjb `Lv hv e ez gv b cöyqbvaxb `xn gqvw` cöwÿz cwikíbvq ( ) cöwÿz cwikíbvwu Z ` ki fwel Z Dbœqb jÿ gvîv ms hvwrz n e Ges 2021 m bi g a m jv AR bi Rb hvezxq Kg KvÐ AšÍf y³ _vk e Avkv Kiv n Q, 2021 m b AwR Z cöwÿz cwikíbvi mvd j i mv _ mv _ evsjv ` ki ^vaxbzv AR bi myey RqšÍx Drme cvwjz n e lô câ-evwl Kx cwikíbv _ K ïiæ n q ciez x `ywu câ-evwl Kx cwikíbvi gva gb mikv ii GB `xn gqvw` iƒckí ev ÍevwqZ n e `xn gqvw` iƒckí ev Íevq bi wbwi L mikvi cuvpwu AMÖvwaKvig~jK ÿî wpwýz K i Q: (K) mvgwók A_ bwzk w wzkxjzvi cwicvjb I ˆewk K A_ bwzk g `vi gy L wbz -cö qvrbxq `ªe g~j wbqš Y; (L) `yb xwz `g b Kvh Ki c` ÿc MÖnY; (M) we` yr I R vjvbx Drcv`b; (N) `vwi`ª I ˆelg `~ixkiy; Ges (O) mykvmb cöwzôv `xn gqvw` iƒckí AR b wewfbœ m± i 12wU jÿ w ik Z n q Q G jvi Ab Zg n jv Ó2015 m bi g a ` ki mkj bvmwi Ki Rb Avevmb wbwðzkiy, 2011 m bi g a mk ji Rb wbivc` Lvevi cvwb mieivn Ges 2013 m bi g a cöwzwu evwo K ^v m Z cvqlvbv e env ii AvIZvq wb q AvmvÓ jÿ wui ga w` q cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m±i K mikv ii Dbœqb G RÛvq AMÖvwaKvif~³ Kivi-B Bw½Z enb K i w ik Z cuvpwu AMÖvwaKvig~jK ÿî I 12wU jÿ Q RvZxq `vwi`ª we gvpb KŠkjc Î I Avmbœ lô câ-evwl Kx cwikíbvq cöwzdwjz n Q RvZxq cwikíbv `wjjwu Z AvšÍR vwzk A½xKvi I jÿ I AšÍf y³ n q Q, hgb: mn ªvã Dbœqb jÿ gvîv (GgwWwR), hlv b AvšÍR vwzkfv e mgmö c w_exi UKmB wbivc` Lvevi cvwb I m vwb Ukb mevewâz we` gvb RbmsL v K 2015 m bi g a A a K bvwg q Avbvi cöz q e ³ Kiv n q Q (GgwWwR 7, jÿ 10) 9 A_ wefvm KZ K cöyxz ga gqvw` ev RU KvVv gv, A_ eqi _ K ; A_ wefv Mi I qemvbu: 14

15 1.3 cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m±i AvÂwjK I ˆewk K cöÿvc U evsjv ` ki cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb Kfv ir wek ^v ms v I BDwb m di hš_ D ` v M cö ZK Z Ó cöv MÖm Ab m vwb Ukb G vû wwªswks IqvUvi 2010 Avc WUÓ cöwz e`bwu Z we k i wewfbœ Dbœqbkxj ` ki cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb Kfv i Ri wpî hvpvb Kiv n q Q cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb Kfv i Ri GKwU GKK msáv e eüz n q Q cöwz e`bwu Z cöwz e` bi m~î Abyhvqx, evsjv `kmn mvzwu `wÿy-gkxq `k, `wÿy Gwkqv I mgmö we k i cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb Kfv i Ri Ae v h_vµ g wpî 1.1K I 1.1L Z cö`wk Z n jv cvwb mieivn m vwb Ukb evsjv `k fviz gvjøxc gvqvbgvi bcvj cvwk Ívb köxjskv `wÿy Gwkqv wek gvu MÖvgxY bmi evsjv `k fviz gvjøxc gvqvbgvi bcvj cvwk Ívb köxjskv `wÿy Gwkqv wek gvu MÖvgxY bmi wpî 1.1 (K): evsjv `k, AvÂwjK `kmg~n, `wÿy-gwkqv I ˆewk K cvwb mieivn Kfv ir m~î: wek ^v ms v I BDwb md cöyxz RGgwc, 2008 wpî 1.1 (L): evsjv `k, AvÂwjK `kmg~n, `wÿy-gwkqv I ˆewk K m vwb Ukb Kfv ir evsjv ` ki cvwb mieivn Kfv ir 80%, hv ˆewk K I `wÿy Gkxq AvÂwjK Kfv i Ri (DfqB 87%) mv _ Zzjbxq wkš GKKfv e köxjskv (90%), cvwk Ívb (90%) I fvi Zi (88%) Kfv i Ri Zzjbvq Kg m vwb Uk b evsjv ` ki Kfv ir 53%, hv ˆewk K (61%) I `wÿy Gkxq (36%) Kfv i Ri ga ez x Ae v b i q Q, Z e GKKfv e köxjskvi (91%) Kfv i Ri P q Kg Ges cvwk Ívb (45%) I fvi Zi (31%) P q ewk `kxq gvb` Ð evsjv ` ki cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb Kfv ir cybivq Aby Q` 2-G we køwlz Av Q cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb mevi mvgvwrk I A_ bwzk g~j cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb mevq AwfMg Zv wbwðzkiy GKwU ˆbwZK I g~j eva-welqk `vwqz kxjzv, hv c w_exe vcx gvbe Mvôxi cöpwjz mvs wzk I ag xq wek vm _ K DrmwiZ gvbwek g~j eva cömvi Kvh µ g wek cvwb cwil` (World Water Council) h_v_ B e j h mvgvwrk gh v`v, b vh Zv, Av em I msnwz Ggb me g~j eva hv c w_exe vcx mk ji g a wewbgq n q _v K Ges `wi`ª Rb Mvôx Z cvwb I m vwb Ukb mev cö`vb GmKj g~j eva cömv i e vckfv e Ae`vb iv L RvwZms Ni 64Zg mvaviy Awa ek b (RyjvB 28, 2010) M nxz NvlYvq wbivc` I cwi Qbœ Lvevi cvwb K gvbevwakvi wn m e ^xk wz `Iqv n q Q, hv gvby li eu P _vkvi AwaKvi K cwic~y fv e Dc fvm Kivi Rb Acwinvh m Kvi YB mk ji Rb wbivc`, cwi Qbœ I Avw_ Kfv e m½wzc~y Lvevi cvwb I m vwb Ukb mev cö`vb wbwðz Ki Z cö qvrbxq A_ m ú `i hvmvb, mvg_ e w, cöhyw³ n ÍvšÍi Kvh µg MÖn Yi Rb RvZxq I AvšÍR vwzk msmvb we kl K i Dbœqbkxj `k jvi cöwz RvwZms Ni Zid _ K D`vË AvnŸvb Rvbv bv n q Q 15

16 evsjv ` ki RvZxq wbivc` cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb bxwzgvjv 1998 Z cvwb GKwU mvgvwrk I GKB mv _ A_ bwzk cy wn m e ^xk Z cvwb I m vwb Uk bi A_ bwzk mydj wn m e mgq mvköqmn ^v mev I Gi mv _ mswkøó Ab vb e q ms KvPb K iæz mnkv i `Lv n Q wb œ cö`ë mviwy 1.1 G cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb mevi A_ bwzk myd ji mvi-ms ÿc Dc vwcz n jv mviwy 1.1: cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb Kvh µ gi A_ bwzk mydj mydjmg~n wek` ey bv ivm- fvm Gov bvi cöz ÿ cvwb I m vwb UkbNwUZ ivm wpwkrmvi e q n«vm A_ bwzk mydj wpwkrmvi Kvi Y ågyrwbz e q n«vm wpwkrmv MÖn Yi mgq mvköq ^v MZ DbœwZi mv _ SuywKc~Y e w³i wb Ri Kv Ri ev wkïi z ji mvköqk Z mgq ev w` bi g~j m úwk Z c ivÿ A_ bwzk ivmxi AwffveK ev cwiph vkvixi mvköqk Z mg qi g~j mydj GKwU Rxeb iÿvi m ve A_ bwzk Ae`v bi g~j A- ^v MZ mydj myweav - cvwb msmön ev m vwb Ukb e e v e env i mvköqk Z mgq evwo Z kög mvköq c wzi Dcw wz AwaKZi e qeûj cvwbi Drm _ K mnr mgvav b DËiY wbr m ú `i g~j e w ÿz`ª e emvq Dbœqb, grmpvl I Ab vb Lv Z e emv e w hgb: ch Ub m~î: wek ^v ms v 2006 gvbwek Dbœqb cöwz e`b: ^íe qx cvwb I m vwb Ukb Kvh µ gi A_ bwzk I ^v MZ cöfve wel q mvgwqk cî wewfbœ mgxÿvq `Lv hvq, wbivc` cvwb I m vwb Uk bi A_ bwzk mydj A bk wek ^v ms vi mgxÿv (2006) Abyhvqx cvwb I m vwb Uk bi GgwWwR I mve Rbxb jÿ (100%) AR bi w`k _ K evsjv `k I we k i Ab vb 6wU A ji jvf-ÿwzi AbywgZ AbycvZ Ggb h, cöwz 1 Wjvi wewb qv Mi wecix Z jv fi cwigvb `uvov e 5 _ K 35 Wjv ii g a (mviwy 1.2) mywbw` ófv e evsjv ` ki Rb, GgwWwR jÿ AR b cvwb I m vwb Ukb Kvh µ g cöwz 1 Wjvi wewb qv Mi wecix Z cöv wjz jv fi cwigvb n e 5.4 Wjvi mve Rbxb Kfv ir AR b we epbvq jv fi cwigvbwu `uvov e 5.6 Wjv i A_ vr, evsjv ` k cvwb I m vwb Ukb Kvh µ g wewb qvm _ K jv fi cwigvb cövq cuvp Y n e mviwy Z cö`ë DcvË _ K `Lv hvq h, jvfÿwzi wnmvewu ïaygvî cvwb I m vwb Uk bi g a Kiv n j cvwbi Zzjbvq m vwb Uk bi jvf ewk mviwy 1.2: cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb Kfv ir AR bi jvf-ÿwzi AbycvZ `k/aâj GgwWwR Kfv ir mve Rbxb Kfv ir cvwb m vwb Ukb cvwb I m vwb Ukb cvwb m vwb Ukb cvwb I m vwb Ukb evsjv `k `wÿy Gwkqv c~e Gwkqv I cökvší-gnvmvmixq AÂj mve-mvnvivb Avwd«Kv Avie `kmg~n jvwzb Av gwikv I K vwiexq AÂj c~e BD ivc I KgbI qj&_fz³ mve fšg `kmg~n (wmavbgm) Qq A ji Mo

17 wek e vs Ki 2006 m bi Gbfvqib g U Kvw Uª G vwm Ý ª v UwRi fvl Abyhvqx, evsjv ` k mk ji Rb wbivc` cvwb I m vwb Ukb e e v bv _vkvi Kvi Y cöwz eqi cövq 80 KvwU Wjv ii (AbywgZ) wz n Q wnmvewu ÕWvwjÕ (DALY: Disability-Adjusted Life-Year) c wz Z Kiv n q Q G Z KejgvÎ ^v MZ (cöz I c iv ) mydj ev jvf K (health benefit) wn m e Avbv n q Q Ab w` K wek ^v ms v (2006) ej Q, evsjv ` k 100 fvm Kfv i Ri Rb AvbygvwbK 66 KvwU 20 j Wjvi wewb qvm cö qvrb wkš G wewb qvm n Z cöz, c iv I A- ^v MZ (non-health benefit) mydj cviqv hv e cövq 368 KvwU 90 j Wjvi evsjv ` k Ach vß m vwb Ukb I cvwb mieivn e e vi A_ bwzk cöfve wel q 2010 m b WweøDGmwc-wek e vs Ki mgx vq 10 ejv n q Q, KejgvÎ Ach vß m vwb Uk bi Kvi Y m ó evwl K A_ bwzk cöfve ev wzi cwigvy (economic impact of inadequate sanitation) cövq 29,550 KvwU UvKvi mgvb Wjv i Gi cwigvy 423 KvwU GwU ` ki mvgwmök A_ bwzk cöe w i (GDP) 6.3 kzvsk m±i mn hvmxe ` (Stakeholders) cöz A_ev c iv fv e evsjv ` ki cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± i wewfbœ ai bi mn hvmx ( K nvìvi) m ú ³ m±iwui cöavb cöavb mn hvmx n jv: mikvwi I Avav-miKvwi ms v: mikvi m± ii cöavb mn hvmx ev K nvìvi m± ii cwikíbv cöyqb, wbqš Y, Dbœqb Kvh µg ev Íevqb I cwiex Y mikvi m ú ³ mikvi wewfbœ cövwzôvwbk e e vi (institutional set-up) gva g m±i cwipvjbv K i hgb: K `ªxq ch v q (gš Yvjq, wefvm, Awa`ßi I ms v), wewfbœ Í ii vbxq mikvi cöwzôvb (BDwbqb cwil`, Dc Rjv cwil`, cšimfv I wmwu K c v ikb) I Avav-miKvwi ms v (D`vniY ^iƒc, Iqvmv) RvZxq cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb bxwzgvjv Abyhvqx m± ii gyl KZ Z civqy ms v n jv wwwcgbpb; Dbœqb mn hvmx: KvwiMix I Avw_ K mn hvwmzvi gva g Dbœqb mn hvmxe ` m± i D jøl hvm Ae`vb iv L mswkøó mikvwi ev msmv bi bxwzgvjv Abyhvqx Zv `i mn hvwmzvi cwiwa wba vwiz Giƒc mn hvwmzv MÖwnZv ` ki RvZxq bxwzgvjv I AMÖvwaKv ii mv _ mvgäm c~y nq Dbœqb mn hvmxiv Zv `i mn hvwmzv AwaKvsk Î mikvwi ms vi gva gb w` q _v K Z e GbwRI `i K mivmwi mn hvwmzv cö`v bi welqwui GLb mvaviy iiqv R cwiyz; emikvwi msmvb ev ms v (NGO): vbxq RbM Yi AskMÖn Yi gva g ` ki wewfbœ Z Yg~j GjvKvq GbwRIiv KvR K i Rb Mvôx K j K i DØy KiY I wk vg~jk Kg m~wpi gva g Dbœqb cökí K mn hvwmzv w` Q GbwRIiv G `i A b KB Avevi mivmwi Kg m~wp ev Íevq bi mv _I m ú ³; Rb MvôxwfwËK msmvb (CBO): ^-wbe vwpz KwgwU I ` ji gva g Rb MvôxwfwËK msmvbmg~n MÖvgxY n ÍPvwjZ bjk~c ev Ab vb cvwbi Drm cwipvjbv I msi Y K i µgvš^ q bmi GjvKvq cvwb mieivn c wz Ges ew Í Z KwgDwbwU j vwuªb cwipvjbv I msi Yi AwaKZi `vwqz I MÖnY Ki Q Zviv wmwei jv hmkj mevmyweavi e e vcbvi mv _ m ú ³ m jv mvaviyz mikvi ev GbwRI KZ K cö`ë; 10 B KvbwgK Bgc v±m& Ae BbGwWKz qu m vwb Ukb Bb evsjv `k (Lmov), W. Aveyj evivkvz, RyjvB

18 emikvwi LvZ I e w³: emikvwi wvkv`vi (contractors), mieivnkvix, Drcv`bKvix, nvw Iqvi `vkvwb I civgk Ki (consultants) gz A bk emikvwi më v cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± ii Dbœq bi mv _ cöz ev c iv fv e hy³ D jøl h, ` ki MÖvgxY I bmi GjvKvi e w³mz emzevwoi wbr ^ D ` v M B Zvg a wecyjmsl K n ÍPvwjZ bjk~c I cvqlvbv vwcz n q Q (AviI we ÍvwiZ `Lyb Aby Q` 3.9 wcwcwc wel q) bjk~c jv nvw Iqvi `vkvb _ K Kbv Ges emikvwi wwªwjs K Uªv±i KZ K vwcz nq cvqlvbvi miävg Kbv nq ÿz`ª Drcv`bKvix `i wbku _ K Ges vwcz nq wb R `i D ` v MB A_ev köwgk wb qvwrz K i; Ges Ab vb : Ab vb msmvb I e w³my, hgb: wk vg~jk I M elyv cöwzôvb, mykxj mgvr, MYgva g, wbg vy I civgk K cöwzôvb (company) Ges m±i ckvrxexmy (sector professionals) cöz A_ev c iv fv e ` ki cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± ii Dbœqb I cwipvjbvq m ú ³ cövwzôvwbk KvVv gv wemz cövq 150 eq ii c_ cwiµgvq M o D V Q evsjv ` ki cövwzôvwbk KvVv gv, hvi m~îcvz 1885 m bi e½j jvkvj mî-mfb g U AvBb (Bengal Local Self-government Act) cv mi gva g AvBbwUi gva g vbxq iv Ív-NvU, Rb ^v I cöv_wgk wkÿvi `vwqz w` q cö_g BDwbqb KwgwU MwVZ nq Ges KwgwU jv K vbxqfv e Znwej MV bi KZ Z `Iqv nq Ab w` K kni GjvKvq 1863 mb _ K Rb ^v mev cö`vb K i Avm Q wgdwbwmcvwjwu jv Gici wbivc` cvwb mieiv ni gva g Rb ^v Dbœq bi `vwqz vc b K i 1935 m b cöwzôv Kiv nq Rb ^v cö KŠkj Awa`ßi (wwwcgbpb) ciez x Z 1954 m b Gi mv _ hy³ Kiv nq m vwb Ukb mev cö`v bi `vwqz 1971 m b evsjv ` ki ^vaxbzv jv fi Ae ewnz c i mikvi cö_ gb aÿsmcövß cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb c wz jvi cybe vm b iæz v ivc Ges ZrcieZ x Z bzzb AeKvVv gv vcb ïiæ K i wwwcgbpbõi gva g ZLb _ KB g~jzt cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m±i `ªæZ DbœwZi c _ Pj Z ïiæ K i Ges Gi Kvh µ gi mv _ gvby li AskMÖnY evo Z _v K we` gvb RvZxq cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb meve e vi cövwzôvwbk KvVv gvi mvi-ms ÿc (Aby Q` 2 I 5 G we ÍvwiZ ewy Z Av Q) wb œ ey bv Kiv n jv RvZxq cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb meve e vi cövwzôvwbk KvVv gv vbxq mikvi, cjøx Dbœqb I mgevq gš Yvjq-Gi (MoLGRD&C) Aaxb vbxq mikvi wefvm (LGD) RvZxq ch v q m± ii mvgwmök Dbœq bi Rb `vwqz cövß vbxq mikvi wefv M-Gi cökvmwbk wbqš Y Rb ^v cö KŠkj Awa`ßi (DPHE) Ges cvwb mieivn I mÿ qv ir KZ c (WASA) KvR K i wwwcgbpb MÖvgxY I Iqvmvi AvIZv-ewnf ~Z bmi GjvKvq mikvwi Lv Z cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb cökí ev Íevq bi Rb `vwqz cövß wwwcgbpbõi evb ii vbxq mikvi wefvm-gi Aax b vbxq mikvi cö KŠkj Awa`ßi (LGED) bmi AeKvVv gv Dbœqb cök íi Ask wn m e bmi GjvKvq cvwb mieivn I WªB br Dbœq bi KvR ev Íevqb K i _v K RvZxq ch v q m±i mn hvmx cöwzôvbmg~ ni g a, hgb: mikvwi ms v, GbwRI, Dbœqb mn hvmx I emikvwi ms vi Kvh µg mgš^q K i RvZxq cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb dvivg dvivgwu vbxq mikvi wefvm KZ K cöwzwôz mwpe, vbxq mikvi wefvm c`vwakvi e j dviv gi mfvcwzi `vwqz cvjb K ib MÖvgxY GjvKvq cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb mev Kvh µg mgš^ qi `vwqz vbxq mikvi cöwzôvb jvi vbxq ch v q wwwcgbpb, GbwRI I Ab vb mn hvmx ms v KZ K cwipvwjz Kvh µg mgš^ qi `vwqz n Q Dc Rjv Ges BDwbqb IqvUmvb KwgwUi Rjv ch v q ez gv b Kvb vbxq mikvi e e v ( Rjv cwil`) Kvh Ki bb 18

19 bmi GjvKvq cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb mev cö`v bi `vwqz g~jz: wwwcgbpbõi Z e cšimfv I wmwu K c v ikb jv ch vqµ g cvwb mieivn c wz cwikíbv, ev Íevqb I e e vcbvq AwaKnv i m ú ³ n Q 1963 m b XvKv I PÆMÖvg kn i we kl D Ïk g~jk cöwzôvb (special purpose institutions) wn m e cvwb mieivn, mÿ qv ir e e v I WªB br mev cö`v bi `vwqz w` q Iqvmv cöwzôv Kiv nq Lyjbv Iqvmv cöwzôv Kiv nq 2008 m b mikvi m úªwz ivrkvnx Iqvmv cöwzôvi NvlYv w` q Q bzzb NvwlZ Iqvmvi mvsmvwbk KvVv gv I Rbej Pvwn`v P~ovšÍ Kivi cöwµqvq Av Q cve Z PÆMÖvg GjvKvi cövwzôvwbk KvVv gv ` ki Ab vb GjvKv _ K wfbœ GLv b wwwcgbpbmn mikvwi ms vmg~ ni f~wgkv Aa vq 3-G we ÍvwiZ ewy Z Av Q 1.4 m±i Dbœqb KvVv gv cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± ii mkj Dbœqbg~jK Kvh µg cwikíbv, mgš^q I ev Íevqb Kivi `vwqz m± ii cöwzôvbmg~ ni m± ii cöwzôvb jv KvR Ki e m±i Dbœqb KvVv gvi (GmwWGd) Aax b, hvi wfwë n e m±i-mswkøó AvBwb `wjjcî, bxwzgvjv, KŠkj I cwikíbvmg~n 11 ez gvb I cöz vwkz fwel Z AvBwb KvVv gv, bxwzgvjv, KŠkjvw` I cwikíbv mgš^ q MwVZ KvVv gvwui GKwU w g vwuk WvqvMÖvg wpî 1.2 G cö`wk Z n jv cöz vkv Kiv n Q, m±i Dbœqb cwikíbvi mv _ AvBwb `wjj, bxwzgvjv I KŠkjmg~n mymgwš^z I mvhyr c~y n e 11 m±i Dbœqb KvVv gvwu (GmwWGd) cöyxz nq 2004 m b, hlv b ïaygvî RvZxq cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb bxwzgvjv 1998 we køwlz nq Ges Dbœqb cökí MÖn Yi GKwU KvVv gv mycvwik Kiv nq Dc ivwjøwlz m±i iƒc ilvq mgmö m±iwu KB we epbvq biqv n q Q, mv _ mv _ AšÍf y³ Kiv n q Q GmwWGd 2004 Gi mycvwikgvjv Ges mswkøó AvBwb `wjjcî, Ab vb bxwzgvjv I KŠkjvw` hvi me wjb nq m±i wbw` ó, bv nq m± ii mv _ m úwk Z 19

20 ez gvb AvBwb `wjj, bxwzgvjv, KŠkj I cwikíbvmg~n cöz vwkz AvBwb `wjj, bxwzgvjv, KŠkj I cwikíbvmg~n cvwb I m vwb Ukb m±i wbw` ó t - Iqvmv AvBb 1996 cvwb I m vwb Ukb m± ii mv _ m úwk Zt - cwi ek msiÿy AvBb 1995 I cwi ek msiÿy wewagvjv 1997 AvBwb `wjjcî (AvBb, wewagvjv, i jkbm&) cvwb I m vwb Ukb m±i wbw` ó t - cvwb I m vwb Ukb bxwzgvjv Av m wbk bxwzgvjv I ev Íevqb cwikíbv 2004 cvwb I m vwb Ukb m± ii mv _ m úwk Zt - RvZxq cvwb bxwz 1999 bxwzgvjv m±i Dbœqb cwikíbvi mv _ mgwš^z I mvhyr c~y AvBwb `wjj, bxwzgvjv I KŠkjmg~n cvwb I m vwb Ukb m±i wbw` ó t - m vwb Ukb KŠkjcÎ `wi`ª-mnvqk KŠkjcÎ 2005 KŠkj cvwb I m vwb Ukb m±i wbw` ó t - m±i Dbœqb cwikíbv 2005 cwikíbv m±i Dbœqb cwikíbv (A_ eqi ) wpî 1.2: m±i Dbœqb KvVv gvi w g vwuk WvqvMÖvg hwui AvIZvq m±i Dbœqb cwikíbv ev ÍevwqZ n e AvBwb `wjjcî (legal instruments) A bk jv AvBb (Acts), Aa v `k (Ordinances) I wewagvjv (Rules) mgš^ q M o D V Q cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± ii AvBwb `wjjcî (ev nvwzqvi) GmKj `wjjc Î wba vwiz Av Q m± ii wewfbœ cöwzôv bi f~wgkv I `vq-`vwqz wb P wkqz iæz c~y AvBwb `wjjcî msw ß AvKv i Av jvwpz n jv: cwi ek msi Y AvBb 1995 Ges cwi ek msi Y wewagvjv 1997-G mieivnk Z Lvevi cvwbi gvb I Rjvk q er Acmvi Yi kz vejx wba vwiz Av Q; Iqvmv AvBb 1996 Øviv cwipvjbv cl ` I e e vcbv cwipvj Ki `vwqz mn Iqvmvi f~wgkv I `vq- `vwqz wba vwiz; Ges vbxq mikvi AvBb 2009-G cvwb mieivn I m vwb Uk bi mv _ m úwk Z welqmn wewfbœ vbxq mikvi cöwzôv bi (wmwu K c v ikb, cšimfv, Dc Rjv cwil` I BDwbqb cwil`) KvR I `vq- `vwqz wba viy Kiv n q Q 20

21 we` gvb AvB bi bevqb I cö qvrbxq Ab vb bzzb AvBb, wewagvjv I i jkbmn AvBwb `wjjc Îi we ÍvwiZ e vl v Aa vq 4 G ey bv Kiv n q Q bxwzgvjv I KŠkjcÎmg~n wb œv³ bxwzgvjv, KŠkjcÎ I Ab vb `wjjvw`i gva g evsjv ` ki cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± ii Kvh vejx cwipvwjz: mywbw` ófv e cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± ii Rb RvZxq wbivc` cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb bxwzgvjv 1998; RvZxq Av m wbk wbimb bxwzgvjv I ev Íevqb cwikíbv (NAMIP) 2004; RvZxq m vwb Ukb KŠkjcÖÎ 2005; cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± ii Rb `wi`ª-mnvqk KŠkjcÎ 2005; Ges evsjv ` ki cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± ii Rb RvZxq m±i Dbœqb Kg m~wp 2005 (SDP 2005) cvwbm ú` e e vcbv m±i-wbw` ó, wkš cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± ii mv _ m úwk Z RvZxq cvwb bxwz (NWP) 1999; Ges RvZxq cvwb e e vcbv cwikíbv (NWMP) 2004 cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± ii mv _ cvi úwik m±i m úwk Z RvZxq `ªæZ `vwi`ª we gvpb KŠkjcÎÑ 2 (ms kvwaz), A_ eq ii Rb (NSAPR II or PRSP-II), 2009; lô câ-evwl K cwikíbv (A_ eqi ); cöw Z cwikíbv ( ); cwi ek msi Y wewagvjv 1997; evsjv `k Rjevqy cwiez b KŠkjcÎ I Kg cwikíbv 2009; Ges mikvwi- emikvwi Askx`vwi Z i (PPP) gva g DÏxß wewb qvm D ` vm (invigorating investment initiative), Ryb 2009 (A_ gš Yvj qi Ae vb cî) Ab vb AvšÍR vwzk A½xKvi hgb mn ªvã Dbœqb jÿ gvîvi jÿ 7, D Ïk 10 ev Íevq bi evsjv `k mikvi A½xKvive, hv cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± ii mv _ m úwk Z (Aby Q` 1.2.2) RvZxq cvwb bxwz 1999 I RvZxq cvwbm ú` e e vcbv cwikíbv 2004-G cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m±imn mswkøó Ab vb mvzwu m± ii cöwz cvwbm ú` e e vcbvi e nëi w`k wb ` kbv cö`vb Kiv n q Q RvZxq cvwb bxwz 1999 Gi Kvh Ki ev Íevq bi Rb cö ZK Z evsjv `k cvwb AvB bi LmovwU ez gv b mikv ii we epbvaxb Av Q RvZxq wbivc` cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb bxwzgvjv 1998 n jv cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± ii g~j bxwz-wb ` kbv bxwzgvjvwui jÿ n jv - we` gvb MZvbyMwZK meve e vq GKwU BwZevPK cwiez b mvab I m± ii mvg_ e w Kiv G Z we kl Rvi `Iqv n q Q meve e vi we K `ªxKiY Ges vbxq mikvi cöwzôvb I Rb MvôxwfwËK msmv bi gva g mev cwikíbv, ev Íevqb, c wz cwipvjbv I msiÿ Y 21

22 e envikvix `i AskMÖnY e w i Ici bxwzgvjvwu Z ^xkvi Kiv n q Q mevc wzi Dbœqb I mev`vb e e vq GbwRI I emikvwi Lv Zi iæz c~y f~wgkv KI Z e Kxfv e Zviv mev`vb e e vi gvb`ð ervq ivl e, Zv wbwðz Kiv nqwb mikvi I Ab vb mn hvmx ms v cwipvwjz RvZxq m vwb Ukb cöpvivwfhvb K w`k-wb ` kbv cö`vb I mgš^ qi Rb 2005 cöyxz nq RvZxq m vwb Ukb KŠkjcÎ cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± ii `wi`ª-mnvqk KŠkjcÎ 2005 cöyq bi D Ïk n jv `wi`ª MÖvnK `i Rb GKwU mvgvwrk wbivcëv eóbx cöwzôv Kiv mg qi c_cwiµgvq cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± i bzzb bzzb mgm v wpwýz n Q mgm v jvi mgvav b GLb mywbw` ó I we ÍvwiZ bxwzgvjv, KŠkjvw` I cwikíbv cöyqb Avek K D`vniY ^iƒc, f~-mf cvwb Z Av m wbk msµg Yi e vck mgm v mgvavbk í 2004 m b cöyxz nq RvZxq Av m wbk wbimb ev Íevqb cwikíbv mlv b mycvwik Kiv n q Q cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m±imn K wl I ^v m± ii Av m wbk mgm v mgvav b mywbw` ó c` ÿc ez gv b Av m wbk wel q D ~Z mgm v I m jv wbimbk í bzzb Ávb ms hvrb K i cwikíbvwui ms kvwaz n Q Ges Avkv Kiv n Q, kxnªb ms kvwaz ev Íevqb cwikíbvq m jvi cöwzdjb `Lv hv e Ab vb cö qvrbxqzvi w`k _ K cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb mevi e qfvmvfvwm I ^v m Z AvPiY cömv ii Rb RvZxq KŠkjcÎ cöyqb LyeB iæz c~y, ez gv b Dfq KŠkjcÎB vbxq mikvi wefv Mi D ` v M cöyqbvaxb Av Q m úªwz cöyxz wkqz wkqz RvZxq cwikíbv `wj j cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± ii iæz cöwzfvz n Q GmKj `wj jb ` ki Dbœq bi w`k-wb ` kbv AšÍf y³ Av Q ms kvwaz RvZxq `ªæZ `vwi`ª we gvpb KŠkjcÎ (GbGmGwcAvi-2), lô câevwl Kx cwikíbv I `xn gqvw` cöwÿz cwikíbvq mikvi cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m±i K AMÖvwaKvi LvZ wn m e AšÍf y³ K i Q Rjevqy cwiez b gvkvwejv KŠkjcÎ I Kg cwikíbv 2009 ZI cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb mevmyweav iæz c~y welq wn m e wpwýz A_ gš Yvj qi wcwcwc welqk Ae vbcî 2009-G cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m±i K AMÖvwaKvi LvZ wn m e wpwýz Kiv n q Q Ges wcwcwc mnvqzv cövwß Z mikv ii w`k _ K cövk hvm we ewpz n Q m±iwu GmKj bxwzgvjv, KŠkjvw` I cwikíbvi cybtch v jvpbv I we køly Ges m±i Dbœqb cwikíbvi (GmwWwc) mv _ G jvi mvhyr KiY wel q we ÍvwiZ ey bv Aa vq 4-G ms hvwrz Av Q 1.5 m±i Dbœqb cwikíbvi D Ïk evsjv ` ki cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± ii mkj Kvh µg cwikíbv, ev Íevqb, mgš^q I cwiex Yi GKwU Kg -KvVv gv (framework) cöyqbb GmwWwcÕi g~j D Ïk D Ïk Abyhvqx, cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb msµvší mkj RvZxq I m±i bxwzgvjv, KŠkjcÎmg~n Ges AvšÍR vwzk A½xKvimg~n m±i Dbœqb cwikíbvi (GmwWwc) mv _ mymvgäm c~y n e GKwU KŠkjMZ cwikíbv `wjj wn m e cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± ii D ~Z mgkvjxb I fwel Z P v jä jv Zz j aiv n q Q G Z GmwWwc Z m± ii Dbœq bi Rb GKwU c_-wb ` kbv (road map) I Zr-m úwk Z m±i wewb qvm cwikíbvi _vk Q GKwU m±i Dbœqb KvVv gvi (SDF) Aax b G jv ev ÍevwqZ n e KvVv gvwui GKwU w g vwuk WvqvMÖvg (schematic diagram) wpî 1.2-G cö`wk Z n jv GmwWwc Z we` gvb AvBwb `wjjcî, bxwzgvjv I KŠkjvw` hvpvbc~e K we køwlz n q Q Ges GZ`msµvšÍ ïb Zv c~i Y h_vh_ Kg -wb ` kbv ms hvwrz Av Q 22

23 1.6 m±i Dbœqb cwikíbvi Kg cwiwa (Scope) evsjv ` ki ÓDbœqb LvZmg~n KÓ wewfbœ ms v, ckvrxex I wkÿvwe`my wewfbœfv e msávwqz K i _v Kb D`vniY ^iƒc, cvwb mieivn mvwe Kfv e cvwbm ú` Lv Zi GKwU DcLvZ, m vwb Ukb cwi ek Lv Zi GKwU DcLvZ Ges ^v m Z AvPiY cömvi ev nvbwrb cö gvkb ^v Lv Zi GKwU DcLvZ wn m e we ewpz Z e RvZxq wbivc` cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb bxwzgvjv 1998 Abyhvqx cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb K GKwU c _K ^qsm ú~y LvZ wn m eb we epbv Kiv nq RvZxq bxwzgvjvi we epbvg ZB GmwWwc Z ` ki bmi I MÖvgxY GjvKv K AšÍf y³ K ib cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb Lv Zi Dcv`vb jv we køwlz n q Q m vwb Uk bi Kg cwiwa wba vwiz n q Q A bk jv Kg KvÐ K AšÍf y³ K i, h jv mvaviyfv e cwi ekmz m vwb Ukb wn m e MY (e 1.1 `Lyb) ^v m Z AvPiY cömvi mkj ai Yi cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb Kvh µ gi Kvh KvwiZv I w wzkxjzv wbwðzki Yi Ab Zg gšwjk Dcv`vb wn m e we ewpz hw`i ^v m Z AvPiY cömv ii welqwu cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb Df qi mv _B ci úi-m úwk Z, GmwWwc Z GwU Dc vwcz n q Q m vwb Uk bi mv _ hy³ K i GmwWwc Z KwZcq msáv e eüz n q Q, h jv g~jzt e 1.1: m±i I m± ii KwZcq gšwjk Dcv`v bi msáv wbivc` cvwb mieivn ej Z f~-mf ev f~-c ô cvwb D Ëvjb I e wói cvwb msmön; ZrcieZ x cwi kvab, msiÿy, mâvjb I M n vjx Z e env ii D Ï k mieivnkiy K eysv bv n q Q m vwb Ukb ej Z gbyl cqter AcmviY, b` gv I KwVb er e e vcbv K eysv bv n q Q (cöpwjz A _ hv K ejv nq cwi ekmz m vwb Ukb) ^v m Z AvPiY cömvi (nvbwrb cöv gvkb) hw`i RvZxq cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb bxwzgvjv 1998 Z cwi vifv e D jøl bb, welqwu m vwb Uk bi mv _ AšÍf y³ Av Q nvbwrb ev ^v vf vm A_ n jv Amȳ Zv ev ivm msµgy cöwz ivak í Kvb GKRb e w³i wb R K ev Zvi Avkcv ki Ab `i K cwi vi-cwi Qbœ ivlv ^v m Z AvPiY cömvi ej Z ^v m Z AvPiY cwiez bi GKwU BwZevPK cöwµqv ev cš v K eysv bv n q Q (RvZxq cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb bxwzgvjv 1998 Z msávwqz Kiv nqwb, Z e GmwWwc Z AšÍf y³ Kiv n q Q) m±i K_vwUi gva g Lvevi cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m±i K eysv bv n q Q RvZxq cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb bxwzgvjv 1998-Gi wfwë ZB wbiƒwcz msáv jv wb Pi e 1.1 G mwbœ ewkz Av Q RvZxq cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb bxwzgvjv 1998 _ K KejgvÎ GKwU Dcv`v bi msávb GLv b Ams hvwrz i q Q, hwu n jv KwVb er e e vcbv Kbbv, bmi GjvKvi KwVb er e e vcbv wel q GKwU c _K cwikíbv-wb ` kbv eb I cwi ek gš Yvj qi D ` v M cöyqbvaxb 12 i q Q KwVb er e e vcbv wel q LvZ cwikíbvwu cöyq Yi KvR kl niqv gvîb vbxq mikvi wefvm KZ K GmwWwc ev Íevq bi mv _ Zv mymgwš^zkiy Kiv n e 12 KwVb er e e vcbv KŠkj I G wel q GKwU Lmov AvBb ez gv b cwi ek I eb gš Yvjq KZ K cöyqbvaxb i q Q 23

24 1.7 m±i Dbœqb cwikíbvi gqv`mg~n wzb-ch v qi cwikíbv cš v m±i Dbœqb cwikíbvwu (GmwWwc) 15 eq ii Rb cö hvr n e, hvi ïiæ n e A_ eqi _ K GmwWwc ev Íevq bi mgqwu wzbwu cwikíbv gqv`, h_v: 15 eqie vcx `xn gqv`, 10 eqie vcx ga gqv` I 5 eqie vcx ^í gqv ` wef³ n e GmwWwci cwikíbv gqv`mg~n mikv ii câevwl K Dbœqb cwikíbv P µi mv _ mvgäm c~y n e GwU n e GKwU cwiez kxj ev AveZ K `wjj, hv cöwz cvup eqi AšÍi cybtch v jvwpz I ms kvwaz n e ^í gqvw` cwikíbvq AšÍf y³ _vk e AMÖvwaKvig~jK Kg m~wp I cökímg~n, hmkj Kg m~wp Pjgvb ev ev Íevqbvaxb, B Zvg a Aby gvw`z ev Aby gv` bi A cÿvq Av Q GmKj Kg m~wp I cök íi A_ vqb Aby gvw`z _vk Z n e A_ev ^í gqv `B G jvi A_ vqb cöwµqv Aby gvw`z niqvi wbwðz m vebv _vk Z n e ga gqvw` cwikíbvq AšÍf y³ _vk e ciez x ch v qi AMÖvwaKvig~jK cökí I Kg m~wp ^- ^ cökí ev Kg m~wpi mv _ cöv wjz ev RUI _vk e cö_g cuvpeqi gqv` kl niqvi c~ e B cöyxz ga gqv`wu bzzb ^í gqv` wn m e we ewpz n e, hvi mv _ hy³ _vk e we ÍvwiZ Kg m~wp I cökí cwikíbv I A_ vqb wbðqzv `xn gqvw` cwikíbv cöyxz n e mikv ii iƒckí K aviy K i, hlv b cwi vifv e ewy Z _vk e m ve m±i A_ vqb, cöz vwkz cwikíbv, ev Íevqb Ges c wz cwipvjbv I msiÿy (IG vûgg) mvg _ i wfwë Z `xn gqv` k l cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m±iwui Dbœqb Kx ch v q _vk e `xn gqvw` cwikíbv ch vq-3 (A_ eqi ) cvwb I m vwb Ukb mevi Íi Av iv DbœxZ cöwzôvbmg~ ni mvg_ Av iv ewa Z I m±i mvqvc Kvh Ki ga gqvw` cwikíbv ch vq-2 (A_ eqi ) cvwb I m vwb Ukb mevi Íi DbœxZ cöwzôvwbk mvg_ DbœxZ I mve- m±i mvqvc Kvh Ki ^í gqvw` cwikíbv ch vq-1 (A_ eqi ) AšÍZ gšwjk b ~bzg Í ii gva g mk ji Rb cvwb I m vwb Ukb mev cöwzôvwbk mvg_ e w i D ` vm M nxz, wbqš K ms vi KvVv gv cöyxz I wewa-weavb M nxz wpî 1.3 : WvqvMÖv g GmwWwc ev Íevq bi wzb gqv ` m± ii µgea gvb Dbœqb cö`wk Z n q Q 24

25 wzbwu cwikíbv gqv ` m± ii wekvkgvb Dbœqb (progressive development) Dc ii wpî 1.3-G e vl v Kiv n q Q ^í gqvw` cwikíbvi j n jv Ñ mk ji, we kl K i `wi`ª I bvryk (vulnerable) Rb Mvôxi Rb AšÍZtc gšwjk b~ bzg cvwb I m vwb Ukb mev 13 wbwðz Kiv we` gvb RvZxq `ªæZ `vwi`ª -we gvpb KŠkjcÎ (NSAPR-II) Abymv i mk ji Rb 2011 m bi g a wbivc` Lvevi cvwb Ges 2013 m bi g a m vwb Ukb mevmyweav wbwðz Ki Z n e cö_ g b~ bzg mevi Íi (minimum service level) wbwðz Kiv n e Ges ZrcieZ x Z µgvš^ q DbœxZ Ki Z n e mevi gvb hymcrfv e, MÖnY Ki Z n e cövwzôvwbk mvg_ e w i D ` vm Z`ycwi ^í gqv `B m±i cwipvjbvi Dcv`vbmg~n, hgb: GKwU AvBwb I wbqš K KvVv gv (legal and regulatory framework) cöwzôv Kiv n e cöyqb Ki Z n e bzzb bxwzgvjv I KŠkj ev m úbœ Kiv n e we` gvb bxwzgvjv I KŠkjcÎ jv ms kva bi KvR GKB mv _ m±i mn hvmx `i g a cvi úwik mn hvwmzv e w I Kvh µg mgš^ qi Rb GKwU gvp v ev wfwë cö Z Kiv n e av c av c M nxz n e m±i-e vcx cš v ev mvqvc ev Íevq bi D ` vm mvik_v n jv, mk ji Rb b~ bzg mev cö`vb QvovI ^í gqv `i Kg Kv Ði Dc ib iwpz n e ciez x gqv`mg~ ni wekvkgvb I UKmB Dbœq bi wfwë cö_g ch v q iwpz ` p wfwëi IciB ga gqv `i mkj Kvh µg M o DV e mevi Íi Ggbfv e DbœxZ n e h Zv Rxebgv bi AwaKZi Dbœq b Ae`vb ivl e cövwzôvwbk Dbœqb Pjgvb _vk e Ges DcLvZ (subsector), hgb: bmi I MÖvgxY cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb Kg m~wp ch v q mvqvc cöwzwôz n e `xn gqv ` mev Íi AviI DbœZ n e Avkv Kiv hvq, m mg qi g a UKmB Dbœq bi Rb m±iwu AUzU mvg _ i (sound capacity) AwaKvix n e m± ii mkj mn hvmx ms v GKwU mymgwš^z cš v (well coordinated approach) AbymiY Ki e Ges cöwzwôz n e GKwU c~y v½ m±i mvqvc wzbwu cwikíbv gqv `i Rb we ÍvwiZ c_-wb ` kbv (road map) Aa vq 7-G ey bv Kiv n q Q 1.8 cwikíbv cöyq b M nxz cš v I c wzmg~n mwpe, vbxq mikvi wefvm-gi bz Z I ZË veav b cöyxz nq m±i W fjc g U cø vb (GmwWwc) wzwb mg q mg q cöyqb Kv Ri AMÖMwZ ch v jvpbv K ib Ges cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± ii cöavb cöavb cöwzôvbmg~ ni (GjwRwW, wwwcgbpb, Iqvmv, wmwu K c v ikb I cšimfv) DaŸ Zb Kg KZ v I cöavbm Yi mv _ m úvw`z Av jvpbv I Av qvwrz bxwz-wba viyx Kg kvjvq bz vbxq f~wgkv iv Lb Kg kvjvmg~ ni djvdj n jv mwpe, vbxq mikvi wefvm I mswkøó cöwzôvb cöavbm Yi g a ^v wiz GK Q ÔÔmg SvZv wee wz (agreed statement)ó GmKj wee wz Z m± ii Dbœq b cöwzôvb jvi AskMÖn Yi g~j bxwzgvjv I Zv `i M nxze mywbw` ó Kg KvÐ AšÍf y³ nq GmwWwc ev Íevq bi c_-wb ` kbv ev ivw-g v c GmKj Kg KvÐ cöwzdwjz mwpe, vbxq mikvi wefvm-gi mfvcwz Z I wewfbœ mikvwi, Dbœqb mn hvmx ev `vzvms v, GbwRI I emikvwi Lv Zi cöwzwbwa mgš^ q MwVZ RvZxq cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb dvivg Kg KvÐ mgš^ q mn hvwmzv cö`vb K i GmwWwc cöyq bi cöwµqvwu Z wb ` kbv cö`vb I ZË veavb Ki Z dviv gi Aax b GKwU mve- KwgwU MwVZ nq wewfbœ KwgwU MVb, IqvwK s MÖæc I w_g vwuk MÖæc cöwzôvmn wb Pi Aa v q e vl v Kiv n q Q GmwWwc cöyq bi mvwe K cöwµqvwu 13 gšwjk I DbœZ ch v qi mevmyweav Aby Q` 2- Z e vl v Kiv n q Q 25

26 Kvh cîmg~n (Working documents) GmwWwc cöyq bi KvR K mnvqzv Ki Z cö Z Kiv nq ek wkqz Kvh cî, h jvi cövmw½k Ask GB cöwz e` b ms hvwrz Av Q Kvh cî jv hmkj wel qi Dci wfwë K i ˆZwi, Zv n jv: 1) w_g vwuk MÖæc KZ K cö ZK Z w_g vwuk cöwz e`b; 2) GmwWwc civgk K `i mnvqzvq AvšÍR vwzk we klámy KZ K cö ZK Z wkqz mywbw` ó M elyv, hvi Rb KvwiMix mnvqzv cö`vb K i Dbœqb mn hvmxe `, hgb: Gkxq Dbœqb e vsk (GwWwe), wwgdavbww, wek e vs Ki cvwb I m vwb Ukb Kg m~wp Ges BDwb md; Ges 3) GmwWwc civgk Ke ` KZ K m úvw`z wkqz welq ev mgm v-wbw` ó M elyv ˆZwi Kiv nq me gvu 20wU Kvh cî, hvi GKwU ZvwjKv ms hvrbx 1-G cöyxz n q Q AskMÖnY I civgk g~jk Av jvpbv GKwU mgwš^z ev e vckwfwëk cš v Aej ^ bi IciB A bkvs k wbf i K i Dbœq bi mvdj, hlv b Dbœqb mn hvmx we kl K i mbme gvbyl hv `i Rb Zv Kiv nq, Zv `i cö qvr bi w`kwu we epbvq _v K mb we epbv _ KB GmwWwc cöyqb cöwµqvq Aej ^b Kiv nq GKwU e vckwfwëk AskMÖnYg~jK cš v GwUi we Í wz N U vbxq I K `ªxq Dfq ch v qb `vwi`ª cöey I `ym g GjvKvq emevmiz gvby li cö qvrbxqzvi cöwz `Iqv nq we kl bri, hb Zuv `i Pvwn`v I e³e GmwWwc Z cöwzdwjz nq GmwWwc wel q m úbœ Kiv nq GKwU e vck civgk g~jk Av jvpbv Av jvpbvq cve Z PÆMÖvg, we Í Z PivÂj (I b`x Øxcmg~n), nvii-evii, eb v-cöey, Liv-cÖeY, cvwbi wb œ Íi GjvKv I DcK~jxq A ji gz we kl RwUj GjvKv jvi cöwz we kl ` wó wbe Kiv nq MÖvgxY I knivâ ji Rb Mvôxmg~ ni we kl K i kû i ew Í I NbemwZc~Y GjvKvq emevmiz `wi`ª gvby li mv _ `jxq Av jvpbv (group discussion) I m irwgb cwi`k b (physical observation) Kiv nq Zv `i Ae vb vbxq cöwzôvb I Awd mi cöwzwbwae ` hgb BDwbqb I Dc Rjv cwil `i Pqvig vb I m`m e `, Dc Rjv wbe vnx Awdmvie ` Ges Dc Rjv I Rjv ch v q wwwcgbpb cö KŠkjx `i mv _ A bk msl K dvkvm `j Av jvpbv (focus group discussion) I Z_ -mg e w³i mvÿvrkvi (KII: key informant interview) AbywôZ nq cšimfvi gqi, cvwb mieivn kvlvi ZË veavqk I Ab vb Kg KZ v `i mv _I c _K civgk g~jk Av jvpbv (consultative workshop) Kiv nq Av jvpbv nq wmwu K c v ikb I Iqvmv Kg KZ ve `i mv _ GQvovI AwZwi³ wn m e GbwRI, Ab vb mykxj mgv Ri cöwzwbwa Ges wkÿv we klá `i mv _I cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb wel q e vckwfwëk Av jvpbv AbywôZ nq `ywu AvÂwjK Kg kvjvi Av qvrb Kiv nq ` ki `ywu mgm v-mskzj GjvKvq, hgb: 1) fšmwjk, Av_ mvgvwrk I mgm v-pwi Îi w`k w` q ^Zš ˆewkó gwðz cve Z PÆMÖv gi ivovgvwu kni; Ges 2) nvii-evii I eb vcöey wbpz GjvKvi ˆewkó c~y bî Kvbv Rjvi gvnbmä Dc Rjv XvKv-wfwËK Dbœqb mn hvmx, hgb: mikvwi gš Yvjq I Awa`ßimg~n (h_v - wwwcgbpb I GjwWBwW), wewfbœ cökí Awdm Ges mkj cöavb wø-cvwÿk I eû-cvwÿk `vzvms vi (GwWwe, Am-GBW, wwgdavbww, WvwbWv, RvBKv, wek e vsk, wek ^v ms v, BDwb md I BDGbwWwc, hviv ` ki cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± ii Dbœq bi mv _ RwoZ) mv _ GmwWwc wel q Zv `i gzvgz I civgk MÖn Yi R b avivevwnk Av jvpbv AbywôZ nq ^- ^ Awa ÿ Î mvqvc ev Íevq bi AwfÁZv wewbgq Ges Abyiƒcfv e Zv cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± ii mvqvc cöyq b Kv R jvmv bvi D Ï k mywbw` ófv e cöv_wgk I MYwkÿv gš Yvjq Ges ^v I cwievi Kj vy gš Yvj qi mv _ we kl civgk g~jk Av jvpbv AbywôZ nq cwi k l, m±i mswkøó mn hvmx `i wb q wzbwu RvZxq Kg kvjv Av qvwrz nq, hvi D Ïk wqj GmwWwcÕi g~j welq jv m ú K mk ji mv _ gzvgz wewbgq I civgk m úbœ Kiv 26

27 w_g vwuk `jmg~n RvZxq cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb dviv gi mve-kwgwu KZ K 12wU w_g vwuk MÖæc cöwzwôz nq cöwzwu MÖæc K GmwWwcÕi Rb mwe kl iæz c~y we epbvq GKwU K i mywbw` ó Kv Ri `vwqz Ac b Kiv nq cö Z KwU MÖæc A bk jv ms vi cöwzwbwa mgš^ q MwVZ nq, hvi g a wq jb wkÿv we klá (academia), mikvwi ms v, Dbœqb mn hvmx, GbwRI, emikvwi Lv Zi cöwzwbwae ` I GmwWwc civgk Ke ` `jxq wel qi mv _ m úwk Z wel q we klámy MÖæ ci m`m wbe vwpz nb Ges MÖæ ci Kvh µg mgš^ qi Rb cöwzwu MÖæ c GKwU dvkvj ev g~j cöwzwbwa ms v wvk Kiv nq (w_g vwuk MÖæc jvi ZvwjKv I MÖæc mswkøó m`m e `i bvg ms hvrbx 2 G mwbœ ewkz Av Q) welqwfwëk `j MV bi `ywu mywbw` ó D Ïk wqj: GmwWwc cöyqb ch v q cöwzwu welqe m úwk Z KvwiMix mn hvwmzv cö`vb, Ges welqwfwëk mycvwik jvi ev Íevqb ZË veavb Ges wzbwu wbw` ó gqv ` GmwWwc cwikíbv I ev Íevq bi KvwiMix wb ` kbv cö`vb mswkøó wel qi Dci bzzb aviyv wewbgq I GmwWwcÕi mswkøó Ask ch v jvpbv K i cöwzwu w_g vwuk MÖæc Zv `i ^- ^ cöwz e`b ˆZwi K i RywU Z ch v jvpbv (Peer review) cöyxz GmwWwcÕi D Pgvb wbwðz Ki Z wewfbœ wkÿvqzb, mikvwi `ßi, GbwRI I Dbœqb mn hvmx `i ga _ K wbe vwpz we klámy KZ K GmwWwcÕi Lmov cöwz e`bwu RywU Z ch v jvpbv Kiv nq ms hvrbx 3-G RywU Z ch v jvpbvkvix we kláe `i bvg mwbœ ewkz Av Q 1.9 cöwz e`b iƒc ilv (Outline) m±i Dbœqb cwikíbv (SDP) `wj ji cö_g Aa v q cö`vb Kiv n q Q GKwU f~wgkv wøzxq Aa v q ewy Z Av Q ` ki we` gvb cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb cwiw wzi we ÍvwiZ e vl v Z Zxq Aa v q wea Z Av Q m± ii wewfbœ wel qi Dci we ÍvwiZ we køly m±i m úwk Z AvBb-Kvbyb, bxwzgvjv I KŠkjvw` ewy Z Av Q PZz_ Aa v q Ges câg Aa v q ey bv Kiv n q Q cövwzôvwbk mvg_ e w g~jk Kvh µg m± ii wewb qvm e q ms hvwrz Av Q lô Aa v q cwi k l, mßg Aa v q Dc vwcz n q Q GmwWwc ev Íevq bi c_-wb ` kbv ev ivw-g vc cöwzwu Aa v qi k l hy³ Kiv n q Q mswkøó welq ev Íevq bi Kg -wb ` kbv GmKj Kg wb ` kbvi Ici wfwë K ib cöyxz n q Q mvgwmökfv e GmwWwc ev Íevq bi c_-wb ` kbv cöwz e`bwui mv _ hy³ Av Q ek K qkwu ms hvrbx GmwWwc cöyq bi wfwëg~j DcKiY wn m e cö ZK Z wewfbœ Kvh cî (ZvwjKv ms hvrbx 1 G `Lyb) cwjwm mv cvu BDwb Ui (wcgmbd) I qe mvb U ( cviqv hv e m±i Dbœqb cwikíbvi GKwU mvivsk ms iy (SDP Summary Version) cviqv hv e evsjvq Abyw`Z mvivsk ms iy cöwz e`bwui mk ji Rb mnrjf Kiv n q Q 27

28 Aa vq 2 2cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb cwiw wz GB Aa v qi cö_ gb ewy Z Av Q evsjv ` ki cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± ii HwZnvwmK cöÿvcu Ges Zrc i ewy Z Av Q cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb Kfv ir hvpvb I msávq bi P v jämg~n Gici mshy³ Av Q ` ki we` gvb cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb cwiw wzi ey bv cybivq bmi I MÖvgxY Dc-LvZ jvi KvwiMix w`kmg~n, mevi Íi I Kfv i Ri we ÍvwiZ ey bvmn m± ii wpwýz mgm v I Kg wb ` kbv Dc vwcz n q Q cvwb mieivn I m vwb Uk bi Ab vb w`kmg~n hgb: cvwbm ú` e e vcbv, cvwbi gvb e e vcbv, ^v m Z AvPiY cömvi (hygiene promotion) Ges Gm ei mvgvwrk, cövwzôvwbk I Avw_ K w`k jv Av jvpbv Kiv n q Q ciez x Aa vqmg~ n 2.1 cvwb mieivn cuf~wg, msáv I Kfv ir cvwb mieiv ni cuf~wg 1971 m b evsjv ` ki ^vaxbzv jv fi Ae ewnz c~ e g~jz cykzi, K~qv I Lvj-wejB wqj cöpwjz Lvevi cvwbi cöavb Drm mmg q nv Z Mvbv K qkwu kn ii g a B cvbcevwnz cvwb mieivn-e e v mxwgz wqj g~jz wwwcgbpbõi gva gb Avwki `k K A bk kn i cvbcevwnz cvwb mieiv ni MvovcËb nq ch vqµ g cšimfv jv AwaKnv i m ú ³ n Z _v K cvbcevwnz cvwb mieivn e e vi mv _ eo eo bmixi µgea gvb cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb Pvwn`vi cwi cöwÿ Z 1963 m b XvKv I PÆMÖv g Ges 2008 m b Lyjbvq Iqvmv cöwzôv Kiv nq ivrkvnx kn ii cöwzôvi Kiv n Q Iqvmv mv úªwzk eqi jv Z Dc Rjv ch v qi QvU QvU kn ii cvbcevwnz cvwb mieivn e e v Pvjy Kiv n q Q mëi `k Ki ïiæ Z MÖvgv j cö_g e vcknv i n ÍPvwjZ bjk~c cöewz Z nq ZLb wwwcgbpbõi gva gb mikvi G jv webvg~ j mieivn K i bjk~ ci DcKiY hgb cvbc I I qj Œxb we `k _ K Avg`vwb Kiv n Zv Ges wwwcgbpb-gi IciB bjk~c vcb Ges G jvi cwipvjbv I msiÿ Yi `vwqz Awc Z wqj e envikvix I emikvwi Lv Zi Ici mikvwi D ` v M M nxz bjk~c vcb cökí jv BwZevPK ` wómövn cöfve d j Kv ji Ave Z bjk~c e envikvix Rb Mvôx I vbxq evrv ii mvg_ `viæyfv e e w c Z _v K Avwki `k K vwcz bjk~c jvi cwipvjbv I msiÿ Yi m ú~y `vwqz e envikvix Rb Mvôxi Dci Ac b Kiv nq emikvwi Lv Zi bjk~c Drcv`b I vcb mvg_ eûjvs k e w cvq vbxq evrvi _ K msmön K i e w³mz D ` v M bjk~c vcb ïiæ nq mëi `k K, Ges `Lv hvq ez gv b ` k vwcz gvu bjk~ ci cövq 80 fvmb vwcz n q Q emikvwi D ` v M GmKj bjk~ ci AwaKvskB n ÍPvwjZ AMfxi bjk~c, hv e w³mz evmvevwo Z e eüz GbwRIivI ekwkqz bjk~c weziy K i, Z e Zv g~jz `wi`ª Rb Mvôxi g a B mxgve GLbI ch ší MÖvgxY cvwb mieivn e e v n ÍPvwjZ bjk~c-wbf ib i q M Q; mvgvb wkqz ÿ Î cû m vû wdëvi (pond sand filter), cvz-k~qv (ring well) I e wói cvwb msiÿy c wzi (rain water harvesting) gz cvwbi Drm e eüz n Z `Lv hvq 28

29 2.1.2 msáv I Kfv ir cvwb mieivn Kfv i Ri P v jämg~n cvwb mieiv ni Kfv ir msávqb I wbiƒc Y evsjv ` ki cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m±i `ywu e nëi P v j Äi m ylxb: - GKwU GKK gvb` Ði wfwë Z Kfv i Ri msávqb (definition of coverage); Ges - Kfv ir wbiƒc Y wbf i hvm Z _ i (data) Afve Kfv i Ri msáv: HwZnvwmKfv e m±i ms vmg~n hgb wwwcgbpb KZ K cvwb mieivn Kfv ir wbiƒc Yi Rb h gvb`ð e eüz n Q, Zv mg q mg q Dbœqb cöwÿz cwiez bi mv _ mv _ cwiez xz n Q hgb cö_ g bjk~c-cöwz 150 RbmsL v K gvb`ð aiv n Zv, hv ez gv b 50 R bi Rb e eüz n Q RvZxq wbivc` cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb bxwzgvjv 1998 Abyhvqx cvwb mieivn Kfv i Ri gvb`ð wvk Kiv n q Q 50 R bi Rb GKwU cvwbi Dr mi (point source) wfwë Z; wkš gvb`ðwu cwicvj bi Rb Kvb mgqmxgv wba vwiz bvb Avevi GB gvb`ðwu MÖvgxY GjvKvi Rb cö hvr, wkš mwu bmi GjvKvi cvbcevwnz cvwb mieivn e e vi Rb Dc hvmx bq Gw` K mikvi KZ K 2011 m bi g a mk ji Rb cvwb mieiv ni jÿ gvîv wba vwiz n q Q, ev Íe Ae vi wbwi L hv AR bi Rb GKwU MÖnY hvm gvb`ð wba vwiz niqv cö qvrb m± ii ckvrxexmy I ms vmg~ ni A b KB cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb Kfv ir wbiƒc Yi Rb hš_ cwiexÿy Kg m~wp (JMP: joint monitoring program) gvb`ð e envi K i _v Kb Dbœqbkxj `k jv Z cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb msµvší mn ªvã Dbœqb jÿ gvîv (MDG) AR bi wbwg Ë mvaviyfv e Kfv ir wbiƒc Y RGgwc gvb`ð e eüz n q _v K BDwb md cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m úwk Z Z_ mn RGgwc Rwic djvdj cökvk K i, hvi mv _ Ab vb wkqz Z_ I mshy³ Av Q Rwic cöwz e`bwui bvg n jv eû-wb ` kk Q Rwic (MICS: multiple indicator cluster survey) hv nvk, c w_exi wewfbœ `k Zv `i wbr ^ RvZxq cö qvrbxqzvi mv _ mvgäm i L cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb Kfv ir wbiƒc Y wfbœ wfbœ gvb`ð e envi K i wbf i hvm Z _ i Afve: MÖvgxY I bmi Dfq GjvKvi Kfv ir wbiƒc Y wbf i hvm Z _ i Afve Av ikwu eo P v jä bmi GjvKvi ejvq, mkj Drcv`b bjk~ c wguvi e e v hy³ bvb A_ev e env ii mwvk cwigvy cö`k Y mÿg ivl Z wguvi jvi h_vh_ cwiph v (not calibrated) biqv nq bv Avevi, bmi GjvKvi AwaKvsk emzevwoi cvwbi ms hvm wguviwenxb Ges GgbwK Kvb Kvb ÿ Î ms hvm msl vi (AvBbm Z I e-avbwb Df qib) mwvk wnmvei h_vh_fv e msiÿy Kiv nq bv h nzz eûzj febmn bvbvikg emzevwo Z ms hvm `qv n q _v K, Dchy ³ mgm vi Kvi Y cöwzwu ms hv Mi gva g mevcövß gvu RbmsL vi wnmvei h_vh_fv e wbiƒcy Kiv hvq bv d j Drcvw`Z I mieivnk Z gvu cvwbi cwigvy wbiƒc Yi ÿ Î Z_ -wbf i hvm Zvi cökœwu _ KB hvq cvkvcvwk bmi GjvKv Z wecyj msl K mikvwi I emikvwi n ÍPvwjZ bjk~ci e eüz nq cvbcevwnz cvwbi ms hvm Av Q Ggb eû emzevwo ZI n ÍPvwjZ bjk~c i q Q h nzz n ÍPvwjZ bjk~c I G jvi e envikvixi cök Z msl v ARvbv, m nzz bmi GjvKvq n ÍPvwjZ bjk~ ci gva g AwR Z Kfv ir wbiƒcy mwz B Lye `yiƒn GKB ai Yi mgm v MÖvgxY GjvKv ZI we` gvb RvZxqfv e cvwb mieiv ni Kvb wfwërwic GL bv m úbœ nqwb, hgbuv 2003 m b n q Q m vwb Ukb Rwi ci Rb A_P GKB Rwi ci gva g ` ki gvu bjk~c ev Ab vb mkj ai Yi cvwbi Drm-msL v wbiƒcy Kiv m e wqj mikvi KZ K mieivnk Z n ÍPvwjZ bjk~c I Ab vb cvwbi Dr mi GKwU wnmve cviqv hvq, wkš emikvwifv e vwcz bjk~ ci Kvb Z_ mlv b bb GbwRI `i gva g mieivnk Z I vwcz n ÍPvwjZ bjk~c I Ab vb cvwbi Dr mi mwvk Z_ -cövwßi Kómva 29

30 cvwb mieiv ni Kfv ir wbiƒc Yi Rb GKwU wbw` ó msáv I gvb` Ði G nb Abycw wz Z GmwWwc Z `yb ai Yi evsjv `k gvb`ð we ewpz n q Q, hv wb œ ewy Z Av Q AwZwi³ wn m e ` k AwR Z AMÖMwZ Ab vb Dbœqbkxj ` ki mv _ Zzjbv Kivi myweav _ RGgwc gvb`ð KI e envi hvm we epbv Kiv n q Q evsjv `k gšwjk gvb`ð (basic standard): cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb mevmyweavi Î AšÍZtc evsjv `k mikv ii j 2011 m bi g a mk ji Rb wbivc` cvwb I 2013 m bi g a mk ji Rb m vwb Ukb AR b wbwðz Kiv evsjv `k DbœZ gvb`ð (improved standard): cvwb mieivn mevmyweavi Î AšÍZtc RvZxq wbivc` cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb bxwzgvjv 1998 Z wba vwiz j gvîv Ges m vwb Uk bi Î RvZxq m vwb Ukb KŠkjcÎ 2005-G wbav wiz gvb`ð AR b Kiv RGgwc gvb`ð (JMP standard): cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb mevmyweavi Î AšÍZtc RGgwc KZ K msávwqz mnm&ªvã Dbœqb j gvîvq (GgwWwR) wba vwiz j AR b cvwb mieivn Kfv ir wbiƒc Y e eüze wzbwu gvb` Ði we ÍvwiZ msáv mviwy 2.1 G Dc vwcz n q Q evsjv ` ki `ywu gvb`ð I RGgwc gvb` Ði g a g~j cv_ K n jv - RGgwc gvb`ð KejgvÎ Õwbivc` cvwbi DrmÕ e envi KB we epbv K i; G Z mev Íi A_ vr MÖvgv j KZmsL K gvbyl bjk~c e envi K i ev bmivâ j cvbcevwnz cvwbi ms hvm KZRb e envi Ki Q Gme we epbvq bq bv evsjv `k gšwjk gvb` Ð cvwbi Drm-cÖwZ 100 Rb e envikvix K we epbv Kiv nq, hlb DbœZ gvb`ð Abyhvqx Drm-cÖwZ e envikvixi cwigvy aiv nq 50 Rb mviwy 2.1: cvwb mieivn Kfv ir wbiƒc Yi wewfbœ gvb`ð evsjv `k gšwjk gvb`ð evsjv `k DbœZ gvb`ð RGgwc gvb`ð 2011 m bi g a mk ji Rb cvwb mieiv ni mikvwi jÿ gvî AR b AšÍZtc ÿ wb œewy Z cvwb mieivn myweavw` cö`v bi jÿ AR b Kiv RvZxq wbivc` cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb bxwzgvjv 1998 Z wba vwiz jÿ gvîv Abyhvqx AšÍZtc ÿ wb œewy Z cvwb mieivn GgwWwR jÿ gvîv Abyhvqx AšÍZtc ÿ wb œewy Z cvwb mieivn myweavw` cö`v bi jÿ AR b Kiv wb œewy Z ai Yi e w³mz ev fv M e eüz cvwb mieivn myweavw`: myweavw` cö`v bi jÿ AR b Kiv wb œewy Z ai Yi e w³mz ev fv M e eüz cvwb mieivn myweavw`: wb œewy Z ai Yi e w³mz ev fv M e eüz cvwb mieivn myweavw`: bmi I MÖvgxY: GKvwaK Kj/U vc, DVvb ms hvm ev fv M e eüze ms hvmmn emzevwo Z cvbcevwnz cvwb mieivn; m e v P 100 R bi Rb fv M e eüze MYKj ev cvewjk vûcvbc; wbivc` cvwbi Drm, hgb: n ÍPvwjZ bjk~c, cvz-k~qv, wcgmgd, msiwÿz K~qv, msiwÿz SY v I e wói cvwb bmi: GKvwaK Kj/U vc, DVvb ms hvm ev fv M e eüze ms hvmmn emzevwo Z cvbcevwnz cvwb mieivn; m e v P 50 R bi Rb fv M e eüze MYKj ev cvewjk vûcvbc; MÖvgxY: GKvwaK Kj/U vc, DVvb ms hvm ev fv M e eüze ms hvmmn emzevwo Z cvbcevwnz cvwb bmi I MÖvgxY: GKvwaK Kj/U vc, DVvb ms hvm ev fv M e eüze ms hvmmn emzevwo Z cvbcevwnz cvwb mieivn; MYKj ev cvewjk vûcvbc; wbivc` cvwbi Drm, hgb: n ÍPvwjZ bjk~c, cvz-k~qv, wcgmgd, msiwÿz K~qv, msiwÿz SY v I e wói cvwb msiÿy c wz; 30

31 msiÿy c wz; m e v P 100 R bi Rb fv M e eüze mikvwi cvwbi Drm Ges m e v P 5 R bi Rb fv M e eüze e w³mz cvwbi Drm mieivn; m e v P 50 R bi Rb fv M e eüze MYKj ev cvewjk vûcvbc; wbivc` cvwbi Drm, hgb: n ÍPvwjZ bjk~c, cvz-k~qv, wcgmgd, msiwÿz K~qv, msiwÿz SY v I e wói cvwb msiÿy c wz; m e v P 50 R bi Rb fv M e eüze mikvwi cvwbi Drm Ges m e v P 5 R bi Rb fv M e eüze e w³mz cvwbi Drm we` gvb cvwb mieivn Kfv i Ri mvi-ms ÿc bmi I MÖvgxY GjvKvi wbf i hvm Z_ Abycw wzi cöwÿ Z wb œv³ Dcv q cvwb mieivn Kfv ir cöv jb Kiv n q Q we` gvb bmi cvwb mieivn Kfv i Ri wpî mswkøó wmwu K c v ikb, cšimfv I wwwcgbpb KZ K cöv wjz Z _ i wfwë Z Dc vwcz vbxq Z_ m~ Îi wfwë ZB GmKj ms vi cöv jb m úbœ n q Q Ges Zv Z cvwb Drcv`b I M n vjx ms hvm, iv Ívq vwcz MYKj I n ÍPvwjZ bjk~ ci msl v, Ges cvbc- buiqv K i gva g mevfz³ GjvKvi gz welq jv we ewpz m±i we klám Yi g Z, ez gv b MÖvgv j e eüz emikvwi AMfxi n ÍPvwjZ bjk~ ci AbywgZ msl v mikvwi bjk~ ci msl vi cövq AvU Y emikvwi Mfxi bjk~c I wwc- mu cv ú (DSP) bjk~ ci msl v GKB ai Yi mikvwi bjk~ ci cövq GK-Z Zxqvsk Ges Ab vb emikvwi cvwbi Drm hgb wewfbœ ai Yi wekí cöhyw³ (D`vniY ^iƒc, wcgmgd I e wói cvwb msiÿy c wz) mikvwi vcbvi cövq GK-`kgvsk MÖvgxY GjvKvi wewfbœ ai Yi cvwbi Dr mi msl v wba vi Y GmKj DcvË e eüz n q Q D jøl h, mikvi I GbwRI KZ K cvwbi Drm Kvb Kvb ÿ Î hš_ cwievi, Avevi GKK cwiev ii (M o cuvprb e envikvix) e env ii Rb `Iqv n q Q; G welqwui MÖvgxY GjvKvi cvwb mieivn Kfv ir wbiƒc Y we ewpz n q Q evsjv `k gšwjk gvb`ð, evsjv `k DbœZ gvb`ð I RGgwc gvb` Ði wfwë Z wbiƒwcz cvwb mieivn Kfv i Ri GKwU mvi-ms ÿc mviwy 2.2 Z Dc vwcz n jv RGgwc cö`ë Z_ -DcvË hš_fv e evsjv `k cwimsl vb eÿ iv (BBS), wek ^v ms v I BDwb md KZ K cwipvwjz GKwU bgybv Lvbv Rwi ci ( hwu eûwb ` kk Q Rwic cöwz e`b ev MICS wi cvu 2009 m~ Î cövß) gva g msm nxz ` ki we` gvb cvwb mieivn Kfv ir evsjv `k gšwjk gvb`ð Abyhvqx 75 kzvsk, evsjv `k DbœZ gvb`ð Abyhvqx 50 kzvsk Ges RGgwc gvb`ð Abyhvqx 85.5 kzvsk wewfbœ K v UMwii bmi I MÖvgxY cvwb mieivn Kfv i Ri we ÍvwiZ ey bv I G jv wbiƒc Yi c wzmg~ ni cybte vl v ciez x Aby Q` jv Z mwbœ ewkz Av Q mviwy 2.2: wewfbœ gvb`ð Abyhvqx cvwb mieivn Kfv i Ri mvi-ms ÿc GjvKv cvwb mieivn Kfv i Ri kzkiv nvi (%) evsjv `k gšwjk evsjv `k DbœZ RGgwc gvb`ð gvb`ð gvb`ð bmi mkj Iqvmv mkj wmwu K c v ikb

32 mkj cšimfv I MÖv_- m Uvi MÖvgxY RvZxq m vwb Ukb cuf~wg, msáv I Kfv ir m vwb Ukb cuf~wg 1980 I 1990Õi w` K m vwb Ukb Kfv i Ri AMÖMwZ, we kl K i MÖvgxY GjvKvq eis ek aximwzi wqj; mmg q evwl K Kfv ir cöe w wqj eo Rvo 1 kzvsk m vwb Ukb Kfv ir wbiƒcy Kivi j ÿ 2003 m bi A ±vei gv m mikvi KZ K GKwU RvZxq wfwë-rwic Kiv nq, hlv b `Lv hvq h ` ki cövq 21 wgwjqb cwiev ii g a gvî 33 kzvsk ^v m Z cvqlvbv e envi K i, 25 kzvsk e envi K i A- ^v m Z cvqlvbv Ges 42 kzvsk cwiev ii Kvb ai Yi cvqlvbv-b bvb, Zviv g~jz Db y³ v bb gjz v M Af Í Gai Yi kvpbxq Kfv ir mikvi K GKwU RvZxq m vwb Ukb cöpvivwfhvb MÖn Yi c _ DØy K i, hvi D Ïk wqj ` k `ªæZ m vwb Ukb Kfv ir e w Kiv cöv_wgkfv e Ó2010 m bi g a 100 fvm m vwb UkbÓ Kfv ir AR bi jÿ gvîv w i Kiv nq Z e, ev Íe Ae vi cwi cöwÿ Z 2009 m b jÿ gvîvwu Ó2013 m bi g a 100 fvm m vwb UkbÓ -G cybtwba vwiz nq 2003 m b RvZxq m vwb Ukb cöpvivwfhvb ïiæi c i m vwb Ukb cömv ii j ÿ mikvi KZ K A bk jv bxwzgvjv cöyqb I ev Íevqb wm vší M nxz nq MVb Kiv nq GKwU RvZxq m vwb Ukb m µuvwi qu Ges m vwb Ukb Dbœq bi Kvh µ g mnvqzv cö`vb I m jv cövwzôvwbkxki Y RvZxq ch vq _ K ïiæ K i Z Yg~j ch v q cöwzôv Kiv nq Uv dvm mb 2003 mb _ KB cöwzeqi A ±vei gvm K ÓRvZxq m vwb Ukb gvmó wn m e D`hvcb Kiv n Q m vwb Ukb I ^v m Z AvPiY cömv ii cö qvrbxqzv wel q RbMY K m PZb Ki Z wewfbœ MYgva g e vckfv e cöpviyv Pvjv bv nq mywbw` ófv e m vwb Ukb cömv ii Rb B mikvi Dc Rjvmg~ n evwl K Dbœqb Kg m~wpi (GwWwc) 20 kzvsk eøk eivï gäyi K i Avm Q, hv KejgvÎ Dc Rjv I BDwbqb cwil `i gva g e eüz n e Av iv iæz c~y n jv, vbxq mikvi cöwzôvb, GbwRI, Dbœqb mn hvmx I mykxj mgv Ri g a GKwU Askx`vwiZ g~jk cš v K mikvi DrmvwnZ K i Gi gva g m vwb Ukb Kfv ir e w Z mkj Dbœqb mn hvmxi g a Kvh Ki Askx`vwiZ m wói ` p wfwë iwpz n q Q Ges Askx`vi `i hš_ Kvh µ gi mgwš^z cöfve cwijwÿz n Q msáv I Kfv ir m vwb Ukb Kfv i Ri P v jämg~n cvwb mieivn Kfv i Ri gzb m vwb Ukb Kfv i Ri ÿ ÎI `yb ai Yi P v jä we` gvb, hgb: GKwU GKK gvb` Ði wfwë Z Kfv ir msávqb, Ges Kfv ir wbiƒc Y wbf i hvm Z _ i Abycw wz Kfv i Ri msáv: ` k cvqlvbvi wewfbœ ai Yi msáv e eüz n Q (e 2.1) Ges m vwb Ukb Kfv ir wel q wewfbœ ai Yi msáv I Z_ wp Îi e envi `Lv hvq 32

33 e 2.1: wewfbœ ai Yi cvqlvbvi mvavi Y e eüz msávmg~n ^v m Z (hygienic) cvqlvbv: Gai Yi cvqlvbv Kvh Kifv e ivm msµg Yi Õgj-gyLÕ c_ K (faecal-oral route) wbqš Y K i RvZxq m vwb Ukb KŠkjcÎ 2005 ^v m Z cvqlvbvi e envi mycvwik K i Ges Gai Yi cvqlvbvi b~ bzg gvb`ð ev cök wz n jv wjw ev d vcmn Rjve MZ cvqlvbv DbœZ (improved) cvqlvbv: wek ^v ms v I BDwb md cöyxz RGgwc msáv Abymv i GmKj cvqlvbv Ógbyl ms úk _ K gbyl cqter K ^v m Z Dcv q c _KxKiY wbwðz K ió Gai Yi cvqlvbvi b~ bzg gvb`ð ev cök wz n jv m vemn MZ cvqlvbv A- ^v m Z (un-hygienic) cvqlvbv: Gai Yi cvqlvbv Kej GKwU wbw` ó RvqMvq gjz vm K mxgve K i, wkš wewfbœ c _B ev fv eb gvbyl cöz ÿ ev c ivÿfv e gbyl cqte R i ms ú k Avm Z cv i Gai Yi cvqlvbvi g a AšÍf y³ Av Q øve ev d vcqvov MZ I evjwz (bucket) cvqlvbv wbf i hvm Z _ i Afve ev Abycw wz: wwwcgbpb fe b Aew Z RvZxq m vwb Ukb m µuvwi qu BDwbqb cwil`, cšimfv I wmwu K c v ikbmg~n _ K msm nxz Z _ i wfwë Z wbqwgz m vwb Ukb Kfv ir cöwz e`b cökvk K i _v K GmKj cöwz e` bi gva g g~jz 2003 m bi RvZxq m vwb Ukb Rwi c cövß Z_ Avc WU Kiv nq hv nvk, GmKj cöwz e`b e env ii A bk mxgve Zv i q Q, Kbbv 2003 m bi ci _ KB cöwz e` b Dc vwcz Z_ -Dcv Ë RbmsL v e w i welqwu we ewpz nq bv Ges cöwz e`b cöyq bi c wz Z memgq hvpvb wb ` kk (means of verification) ev ci úi-hvpvb (cross-checking) e eüz nq bv G ÿ Î wewfbœ ai Yi gvby li mev e env ii ˆewkó mn AwaKZi wbf i hvm I we ÍvwiZ Z_ -DcvË eûwb ` kk Q Rwic (ev MISC) 2009 G cviqv hvq h Kvi Y GgAvBwmGm _ K msm nxz Z_ -Dcv Ëi wfwë ZB cöv jb Kiv n q Q m vwb Ukb Kfv ir hv nvk, GgAvBwmGm cöwz e` b Dc vwcz Z _ i we ÍvwiZ e vl v cviqv bv M jb KejgvÎ RvZxq m vwb Ukb m µuvwi q Ui Z_ e eüz n q Q cvwb mieiv ni Abyiƒc Kvi YB m vwb Ukb Kfv ir wbiƒc Y wzb ai Yi gvb`ðb e eüz n q Q, hgb: 1) evsjv `k gšwjk gvb`ð, 2) evsjv `k DbœZ gvb`ð, Ges 3) RGgwc gvb`ð we ÍvwiZ ewy Z Av Q mviwy 2.3 Z 2013 m bi g a mk ji Rb m vwb Ukb mev cö`v bi mikvwi jÿ gvîv AR bi wbwi L m vwb Ukb Kfv i Ri ÿ Î evsjv `k gšwjk gvb`ð Ges RvZxq m vwb Ukb KŠkjcÎ 2005-G cö`ë wb ` kbv Abyhvqx evsjv `k DbœZ gvb`ð e eüz n q Q RGgwc gvb`ð wba vwiz n q Q RGgwc msáv Abymv ib G jvi g a g~j cv_ K n jv gšwjk gvb`ð DbœZ cvqlvbvi e envi K we epbv K i, wkš cvqlvbvwu GKvwaK cwievi KZ KI e eüz n Z cv i RGgwc gvb`ð A bkuv evsjv `k gšwjk m vwb Ukb gvb` Ði gz-b, ïaygvî e wzµg n jv RGgwc gvb`ð GKvwaK cwievi KZ K GKwU cvqlvbvi fv M e envi K we epbvq bq bv, hlv b evsjv `k DbœZ gvb`ð ^v m Z cvqlvbv e envi K we epbvq bq, hv GK ev m e v P `ywu cwievi KZ K fv M e eüz n Z cv i mviwy 2.3: m vwb Ukb Kfv ir wbiƒc Y e eüz wewfbœ ai Yi gvb` Ði msáv evsjv `k gšwjk gvb`ð evsjv `k DbœZ gvb`ð RGgwc gvb`ð 2013 m bi g a mk ji Rb m vwb Ukb mev cö`v bi mikvwi jÿ gvîv AR b AšÍZtc ÿ wb œewy Z m vwb Ukb myweavw` cö`v bi jÿ RvZxq m vwb Ukb KŠkjcÎ 2005 Z wba vwiz jÿ gvîv Abyhvqx AšÍZtc ÿ wb œewy Z m vwb Ukb myweavw` cö`v bi jÿ AR b Kiv RGgwc gvb` Ði wfwë Z wba vwizggwwwr jÿ gvîv Abyhvqx AšÍZtc ÿ wb œewy Z m vwb Ukb myweavw` cö`v bi jÿ AR b Kiv AR b Kiv wb œewy Z e w³mz ev fv M e eüz wb œewy Z e w³mz ev m e v P `ywu wb œewy Z e w³mzfv e e eüz 33

34 cvqlvbvi aiy: cvbcm ^wjz m~ qvi c wz ev mcwuk U vs Ki mv _ mshy³ d vk Ges cdi d vk cvqlvbv øve I wjw ev d vcmn Rjve MZ cvqlvbv øvemn wkš Rjve, wjw ev d vcqvov MZ cvqlvbv evqy-wbm gy cvbcmn DbœZ MZ cvqlvbv K úvw s j vwuªb/cvqlvbv cwievi KZ K fv M e eüz cvqlvbvi aiy: cvbcm ^wjz m~ qvi c wz ev mcwuk U vs Ki mv _ mshy³ d vk Ges cdi d vk cvqlvbv øve I wjw ev d vcmn Rjve MZ cvqlvbv evqy-wbm gy cvbcmn DbœZ MZ cvqlvbv K úvw s j vwuªb/cvqlvbv cvqlvbvi aiy: cvbcm ^wjz m~ qvi c wz ev mcwuk U vs Ki mv _ mshy³ d vk Ges cdi d vk cvqlvbv øve I wjw ev d vcmn Rjve MZ cvqlvbv øvemn wkš Rjve, wjw ev d vcqvov MZ cvqlvbv evqy-wbm gy cvbcmn DbœZ MZ cvqlvbv K úvw s j vwuªb/cvqlvbv m vwb Ukb Kfv i Ri mvi-ms ÿc GgAvBwmGm 2009 cöwz e` b DwjøwLZ Z _ i wfwë Z Ges 2009 m bi m vwb Ukb Kfv i Ri wzbwu msáv Abyhvqx wewfbœ GjvKvi Rb c _KK Z RvZxq m vwb Ukb Kfv ir mviwy 2.4 Z Dc vwcz n jv GKB mviwy Z 2003 m bi m vwb Ukb cwiw wzi AšÍf y³ Av Q mviwy 2.4: m vwb Ukb Kfv i Ri mvi-ms ÿc GjvKv 2003 m bi wfwëg~j cwiw wz 2009 m bi m vwb Ukb Kfv i Ri kzkiv nvi (%) gvu Lvbvi ^v m Z cvqlvbv evsjv `k evsjv `k RGgwc msl v e envikvix Lvbvi nvi ( gšwjk gvb`ð) gšwjk gvb`ð DbœZ gvb`ð gvb`ð bmi 3,067, wmwu K c v ikbmg~n 1,216, cšimfvmg~n 1,851, MÖvgxY 18,326, RvZxq 21,394, wewfbœ K v UMwi Z bmi I MÖvgxY m vwb Ukb Kfv i Ri welqwfwëk we ÍvwiZ e vl v cybivq wb Pi Aby Q ` Dc vwcz gšwjk m vwb Ukb gvb`ð we epbvq m vwb Ukb Kfv ir D P ch v qi, wkš DbœZ ev ^v m Z m vwb Ukb gvb`ð we epbv Kiv n j mwu K g hvq gšwjk m vwb Ukb gvb`ð Abyhvqx 2009 m bi RvZxq m vwb Ukb Kfv ir cövq 80.4 kzvsk, wkš evsjv `k DbœZ gvb`ð I RGgwc gvb`ð we epbvq H nvi K g h_vµ g 52.5 kzvsk I 54.1 kzvs k `uvovq gšwjk m vwb Ukb gvb`ð Abyhvqx 2003 _ K 2009 m bi g a RvZxq m vwb Ukb Kfv i Ri ZviZg wb Pi wpî 2.1 G cö`wk Z n q Q `Lv hv Q, GKwU cwi vi DbœwZ N U Q gšwjk m vwb Ukb Kfv i Ri ejvq, kzkiv wnmv e Zv 33 kzvsk _ K e o 80.4 kzvs k G m `uvwo q Q GKB mv _ Db y³ v b gjz v Mi cöeyzv `viæyfv e K g M Q, kzkiv wnmv e Zv 42 kzvsk _ K gvî 5.7 kzvs k b g G m Q 34

35 Total percentage Db y³ v b gjz vm A- ^v m Z cvqlvbv AšÍf y³ nqwb gvu kzkiv nvi gšwjk m vwb Ukb Kfv ir wpî 2.1: 2003 I 2009 m bi RvZxq m vwb Ukb Kfv ir 2.3 cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb DcLvZmg~n bmi I MÖvgxY GjvKvi ˆewk ó i g a mywbw` ó cv_ K _vkvi Kvi Y GmwWwc Z cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb LvZ K `ywu DcLv Z wef³ Kiv n q Q: - bmi cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb mve- m±i ev DcLvZ; Ges - MÖvgxY cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb mve- m±i ev DcLvZ ciez x Aby Q ` `ywu mve- m±i K cybivq K qkwu e nëi K v UMwi Z wef³ K i Dc vcb Kiv n q Q Dfq mve- m± ii ejv ZB cve Z PÆMÖv gi Ici we kl Rvo `Iqv n q Q, Kbbv GjvKvwU ` ki Ab vb Ask _ K wfbœ mvgvwrk, mvs wzk I cökvmwbk ˆewkó gwûz MÖvgxY I bmi RbmsL v cö ÿcy evsjv `k cwimsl vb e~ iv (BBS) KZ K 2025 mb ch ší evsjv ` ki RbmsL vi cö ÿcy wpî 2.2 Z Dc vwcz n jv c _Kfv e bmi I MÖvgxY RbmsL vi cö ÿcy K i Q cwikíbv Kwgkb, mwu ch v jvpbv K i Q bmi Dbœqb Awa`ßi (UDD) I RvZxq RbmsL v M elyv I cöwkÿy Bbw wudu (NIPORT), Ges GiB wfwë Z cybivq bmi I MÖvgxY GjvKvi RbmsL v cö ÿc Yi KvRwU m úbœ n q Q cö ÿcy Abyhvqx Avkv Kiv n Q, 2015 m bi ci _ K MÖvgxY RbmsL v w wzkxj n e Ges 2025 m bi ci _ K cöe w Kg Z _vk e Aciw` K, bmi RbmsL vi e vck e w NU e, hvi KviY n jv gvby li g a MÖvg _ K kn i µgea gvb Awfevmb cöeyzv I MÖvgxY GjvKvi µg-bmivqb cö ÿcy Abymv i, 2015, 2020 I 2025 m b ` ki gvu RbmsL v h_vµ g 162 wgwjqb, 172 wgwjqb I 183 wgwjq b `uvov e mvgwmökfv e evsjv ` ki cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± ii (mywbw` ófv e bmi I MÖvgxY GjvKvi) fwel Z Dbœqb Pvwn`v we køly I wbiƒc Yi D Ï k GmKj cö ÿcy GmwWwc Z e eüz n q Q 35

36 Population in Million RbmsL v cö ÿcy wgwjqb RbmsL vq gvu bmi MÖvgxY 2.4 bmi DcLvZ ev mve- m±i wpî 2.2: RbmsL v cö ÿcy evsjv ` k 2009 m b wmwu K c v ikb 14 wqj 6wU Ges cšimfvi msl v wqj 308wU GmKj wmwu K c v ik bi wfz i wzbwu eo bmix hgb: XvKv, PÆMÖvg I Lyjbvq wzbwu c _K Iqvmv cöwzôv Kiv n q Q ivrkvnx wmwu ZI Iqvmv cöwzôvi KvR Pj Q Iqvmv bb Ggb wmwu K c v ikb I 308wU cšimfv wb RivB Zv `i ^- ^ cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb mevmyweavi e e vcbv K i _v K bmi mev`vb e e v bmi GjvKvi e nëi K qkwu mev`vb c wzi ey bv wb œ Dc vwcz n jv GmKj c wzi cövwzôvwbk e e vcbv Aa vq 5-G we ÍvwiZ ewy Z Av Q Iqvmvmg~n: Iqvmv n jv e nr cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb mev cö`vbkvix cöwzôvb, hviv mev c wz jv cwipvjbv K i, cö`ë mevi ivr ^ Av`vq K i I GKBmv _ wewfbœ ai Yi Dbœqbg~jK cökí ev Íevqb K i XvKv I PÆMÖv g Iqvmv cöwzwôz n q Q 1963 m b m úªwz, 2008 m bi g gv m Lyjbvq Iqvmv cöwzôv Kiv n q Q Ges GwU GLbI Zvi mvsmvwbk Dbœq bi cöv_wgk Í i i q Q Lyjbv wmwu K c v ik bi Aaxb cvwb I m vwb Ukb kvlvi Rbej I Zv `i Kg KvÐ AwZ m úªwz Iqvmvi Kv Q n ÍvšÍwiZ n q Q vbxq mikvi cöwzôvbmg~n: bmiwfwëk vbxq mikvi cöwzôvb, hgb: wmwu K c v ikb I cšimfvmg~n cvwb mieivn c wz jvi cwipvjbv I msiÿ Yi `vwqz cövß bzzb cvwb mieivn c wz wbg vy I gvuv`v Mi cybe vmb Kg m~wp jv cöv_wgkfv e wwwcgbpb ev Íevqb K i _v K wbgv Y KvR k l wwwcgbpb G jv cwipvjbv I msiÿ Yi Rb wmwu K c v ikb I cšimfvi Kv Q n ÍvšÍi K i vbxq mikvi cöwzôvb jv g~jz cvbcevwnz cvwb mieivn c wzi ÿz`ª m úªmvi Yi KvR, bjk~c I Ab vb cvwbi Drm weziy Ges wb œ- Avqfz³ Rb Mvôx Z m vwb Ukb mev cö`vb K i _v K ÿz`ª-cwim ii mev cö`vbkvix: ez gv b g~jz G jv n jv GbwRI, hviv wb œ-av qi Rb Mvôx Z cvbcevwnz cvwb mieivn c wzi mv _ mshy³ ÿz`ª cvwbi Drmmg~n cwipvjbv K i _v K wewjs Gi Rb wb qvmk Z 14 m úªwz iscyi kni KI ` ki 7g wmwu K c v ikb wn m e NvlYv Kiv n q Q 36

37 KejgvÎ KwZcq mev-pzw³fz³ ms v Qvov ( emikvwi Lv Zi AskMÖnY wel q Aby Q` Z AwaK ey bv ms hvwrz Av Q) cvbcevwnz cvwb mieivn e e v cwipvjbvi Rb ez gv b Kvb AvbyôvwbK emikvwi D ` v³v bvb emikvwi e w³: mikvwi cvbcevwnz cvwb mieivn I m~ qv ir meve e vi cvkvcvwk emikvwifv e e w³mz (Lvbv/emZevwo) bjk~c vwcz n q _v K Z e m vwb Ukb mev AwaKvsk ÿ Î emikvwi e w³ KZ K e ew Z GbwRI: Giv g~jz wb œ-av qi Rb Mvôx Z bjk~c, Ab vb cvwbi Drm, KwgDwbwU cvqlvbv I GKK cwiev i e envh MZ cvqlvbv weziy K i cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb mev cö`v bi Rb wfbœ wfbœ cövwzôvwbk Av qvrb Ges kn ii AvKv ii wfwë Z bmi DcLvZ K `ywu fv M wef³ Kiv n q Q: Iqvmvmn bmi (wmwu) GjvKv; Ges wmwu K c v ikb I cšimfvmg~n Dchy ³ `zwu K v UMwii GjvKvq cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb cwiw wzi we ÍvwiZ ey bv wb P Dc vwcz n jv Iqvmvmn bmi (city including WASAs) GjvKvi cwiw wz cvwb mieivn XvKv evsjv ` ki ivravbx, PÆMÖvg e `i-bmix I Lyjbv K ejv nq wkí-bmix GmKj bmix, mywbw` ófv e XvKv I PÆMÖvg D P NbemwZc~Y RbmsL v Aa ywlz I wekvkgvb A_ bwzk Kg Kv Ði ˆewkó gwûz Ges Gm ei Kvi Y bmix jvi RvqMv-Rwg, AeKvVv gv I cwi e ki Dci gvivz K Pvc m wó n Q cöpzi my-d P feb ˆZwi n Q, mlv b Aew Z eo eo Awd m AZ wak cwigvy cvwb mieivn Ki Z AwaK gzvm úbœ ms hvm w` Z n Q Giƒc Dbœqb B Zvg a B Pv c b~ R cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb e e vi Ici KwVbZi Pvc m wó Ki Q Ab w` K mÿ qv ir c wzi gz K `ªxq e e v cöez Y NbemwZc~Y GjvKv, RvqMvi Afve, f~-cövk wzk mgm v (PÆMÖvg e ZxZ) I cöpð hvbevn bi Pv ci Kvi Y ek `yiƒn I P v jäc~y AwaKš, wewb qvm Ges cwipvjbv I msi Yi w`k _ K m yqv ir e e v e qeûj wmwu K c v ikb GjvKvmg~ ni gvu RbmsL vi cövq 35 kzvskb emevm K i ew Í Z, Ges ZvI Avevi mlvbkvi gvu f~wg GjvKvi gvî 4 kzvsk RvqMvq 15 Dchy ³ Kvi Y mkj bmix ZB cvwb mieiv ni msku weivrgvb cvwb mieiv ni g~j DrmB n jv f~-mf cvwb h cvwbi Íi bmievmxi cvwbi µgea gvb Pvwn`v guvq mwub µgvš^ q mskywpz n q co Q d j fwel Z bzzb Drm A bkuv f~-c ô cvwb-wbf i n q co e, hvi Rb f~-mf cvwb e env ii Zzjbvq A bk ewk wewb qvm `ikvi n e GmwWwc ˆZwii mgq eo eo QqwU g UªvcwjUb kn ii f~-mf I f~- c ô cvwbi m ve cövc Zv wel q GKwU hvpvb m úbœ n q Q Iqvmv KvR Ki Q - Ggb bmix jvi cvwb mieivn cwiw wz mviwy 2.5-G Dc vwcz n q Q `Lv hv Q, KejgvÎ XvKv bmix ZB Zzjbvg~jKfv e cvwb mieiv ni D P Kfv ir (83 kzvsk) i q Q, A_P PÆMÖvg I 15 øvgm& Ae evsjv `k: g vwcs G vû mbmvm 2005, bmi M elyv K `ª (wmbdgm) evsjv `k; wb cvu evsjv `k, wgrvim& Bf vjy qkb Ae BDwbfvwm wu Ae b_ K v ivwjbv G vu P v cj wnj G vû BDGmGAvBwW, g

38 Lyjbv bmix Z Kfv i Ri GB nvi A bk Kg, h_vµ g 41 kzvsk I 45 kzvsk GKgvÎ Lyjbv e wz i K hlv b cövq 10,000 n ÍPvwjZ bjk~c i q Q, Ab vb `ywu eo bmix Z cvwbi Dr mi cwigvy bmy mlv b A bk gvbyl b`x I cykz ii `~wlz cvwb e envi K i A_ev A bk `~i _ K msmön K i e envi K i D P NbemwZc~Y GmKj bmix Z (Lyjbv bmix e wzz, hlv b Mfxi bjk~c Dc hvmx) n ÍPvwjZ bjk~ ci gz cvwbi Drm h _vchy³, Kbbv m jv Kg ÿgzvm úbœ Ges AMfxi Íi _ K cvwb D Ëvj b e eüz nq Ges GB cvwbi ÍiwU bmix Z Nb vwcz mcwuk U vsk I MZ cvqlvbvi Kvi Y mn RB `~wlz niqvi SuywK enb K i GKvi YB eo eo bmix jv K cvbcevwnz cvwb mieivn e e vi DciB wbf i Ki Z nq Iqvmv mviwy 2.5: Iqvmvfz³ kni jvi cvwb mieivn cwiw wz cvwb mieivn c wz jvi cwipvjbv I msiÿy e e v h _ó bq, hwu cöwzfvz n Q D Pnv i cvwb nviv bvi (high water loss) gva g A_ev KvwiMixfv e hv K wnmve-ewnf ~Z cvwb (unaccounted for water) AwfwnZ Kiv nq XvKv bmix Z wnmve ewnf ~Z cvwbi cwigvy cövq kzvsk; PÆMÖvg I Lyjbv ZI cwigvywu cövq GKB ikg e j aviyv mieivn c wz jvi wbqwgz ms vi mwvkfv e Kiv nq bv, hvi d j cvbcjvb b AwZgvÎvq wq`ª nq Ges cvbc, Drcv`b K~c I hš cvwzi AKvj Aeÿq N U XvKv I PÆMÖv gi AwaKvsk cvwbi ms hv MB wguvi mshy³ Av Q, wkš Lyjbv Z Kvb wguvi e e v bvb Kvb IqvmvB mviv mßvn 24 N Uv cvwb mieivn Ki Z mÿg bq XvKv Iqvmv m e v P ˆ`wbK cövq 22 N Uv mieivn K i, wkš ï gšmy g mlv b fqven cvwb-msku `Lv `q cvwb-msk Ui welqwu gvivzœk AvKvi aviy K i Nb Nb we` yr P j hviqvi Kvi Y Ab `ywu Iqvmv ˆ`wbK m e v P 12 N U mieivn Ki Z cv i Ges mlv bi GKB ai Yi msku we` gvb XvKv Iqvmv Zvi wewb qvm e qi GKwU mvgvb AskB cybiæ vi Ki Z cv i, hlv b PÆMÖvg I Lyjbv Iqvmv eo Rvi c wz cwipvjbv I msiÿy e q cybiæ v i mÿg m vwb Ukb 2010 m b cöv wjz RbmsL v (wgwjqb) ˆ`wbK cvwb Drcv`b (NbwgUvi) f~mf cvwbi Drm (Drcv`b bjkzc msl v) f~- c ô cvwbi Drm (wuªu g U cø v U msl v) cvbc jvbb (wkwg) M n vjx ms hvm (msl v) mieivn N Uv cvbcevwnz mieiv ni gva g DbœZ Kfv ir (%) cvbcevwnz I c q U- mvm Gi gva g gšwjk Kfv ir (%) XvKv ,920, , , PÆMÖvg , , Lyjbv , , gvu ,155, , , m~î: Iqvmvmg~n KZ K cöyxz vuvm wi cvu 2009 XvKv e ZxZ Ab vb bmix Z cöpwjz m~ qv ir e e v Abycw Z XvKvi gvu RbmsL vi gvî 25 kzvsk GKwU m~ qvi buiqv K i mv _ mshy³, euvkxiv Ab vb AbmvBU m vwb Ukb c wz hgb: mcwuk U vsk, MZ cvqlvbv, A ^v Ki cvqlvbv e envi K i A_ev Kvb ai Yi cvqlvbv-b e envi K i bv XvKvi m~ qvi buiqvk _ K h cwigvy cqter R g Zv GKwUgvÎ cwi kvab K `ªi (cvmjvq Aew Z) er cwi kvab Kivi we` gvb ÿgzvi cövq wzb Y ewk GKvi Y AwaKvsk ÿ ÎB cwi kvab K `ª K Gwo q hviqv nq Ges RgvU cqte R i AwaKvskB Acwi kvwaz Ae vq mivmwi b`x Z Aegy³ Kiv nq e nëg bmix jvi my-d P febmn A bk `vjvb- KvVvq Kvb ai Yi m vwb Ukb c wzb mshy³ bvb A_ev Zv `i mcwuk U vsk jv _ K cqter Dc P c o Ges er mivmwi wbku jk, Lvj I b`x Z wm q c o d j NbemwZc~Y GjvKvq gvivzœk cwi ek `~ly N U I ^v Su ywk `Lv `q bmixi ew Í jvi m vwbuvwi cwiw wz AeY bxq, 38

39 hv `i gvî 8 _ K 12 kzvs ki ^v m Z cvqlvbv Av Q AwaKvsk ew Íevmxi gjz v Mi Rb b` gv, gy³ vb, iv Ívi avi wk ^v b`xzxi wfbœ Ab Kvb e e v-b bvb GgAvBwmGm cöwz e` b wzbwu bmixi Rb c _Kfv e cöyxz Kvb Z _ i Abycw wz Z KejgvÎ QqwU wmwu K c v ik bi Mo wnmve mviwy 2.6 G Dc vwcz n jv GKB mviwy Z RvZxq m vwb Ukb m µuvwi qu m~ Î cövß wzbwu bmixi m vwb Ukb cwiw wzi AšÍf y³ Av Q mviwy 2.6: Iqvmvfz³ kni jvi m vwb Ukb cwiw wz Iqvmv 2003 m bi wfwëg~j cwiw wz m vwb Ukb Kfv i Ri kzkiv nvi gvu Lvbvi msl v ^v m Z cvqlvbv e envikvix Lvbvi kzkiv nvi (m vwb Ukb m µuvwi qu 2009* Abyhvqx) m vwb Ukb Kfv i Ri kzkiv nvi (GgAvBwmGm 2009 m~ Î wnmvek Z Z_ )** gšwjk gvb`ð DbœZ gvb`ð RGgwc gvb`ð XvKv 669, n.a. n.a. n.a. PÆMÖvg 310, n.a. n.a n.a. Lyjbv 92, n.a. n.a. n.a. gvu 1,072,679 71% * b vkbvj m vwb Ukb m µuvwi qu, wwwcgbpb, vuvm wi cvu, Ryb 2009 ** 6wU wmwu K c v ik bi Kfv ir Mo Iqvmv jvi Rb Askx`vwiZ g~jk KvVv gv Pzw³ Iqvmv jv K mỳ ÿ ms vq DbœxZ Ki Z mikvi m jv K D P-AMÖvwaKvifz³ MY K i Ges GRb Dbœqb mn hvmx `i mv _ wzbwu Iqvmvi Rb GKwU Askx`vwiZ g~jk KvVv gv Pzw³ Z 16 (partnership framework agreement) DcYxZ n q Q Pzw³wUi D Ïk n jv cybm Vb mgm v jv mgvavb Kiv Ges cvwb mieivn, m vwb Ukb, WªB br I er cvwb AcmviY mev DbœZ I m úªmvwiz Kiv KvVv gv Pzw³i Aaxb KŠkjmg~n n jv: 1) mykvmb I mvsmvwbk Dbœqb, 2) Avw_ K e e vcbvi Dbœqb, I 3) mev cö`v bi mvgwmök e e vi DbœwZweavb I m úªmviy KŠkj jvi mg_ b GKwU bxwz KvVv gvi (policy matrix) cöyxz n q Q, hvi gva g g~j Kvh µg, cybm Vb jÿ wba viy, Pzw³ ev Íevq bi AMÖMwZ cwiexÿ Yi gvbjdjk wba viy Ges mikvi I Dbœqb mn hvmx `i Zid _ K wewb qvm wel q GKwU HKgZ m wó nq Pzw³i avivevwnkzvq B Zvg a m ve Zv hvpvb I cö KŠkj bkkv cöyqb, mvg_ e w I Avw_ K e e vcbv Dbœq b mgxÿv D ` vm Ges AeKvVv gv cybe vmb I m úªmvi Y wewb qvmmn A bk Kvh µ gi ev Íevqb ïiæ n q Q wmwu K c v ikb I cšimfv jvi cwiw wz cvwb mieivn QqwU wmwu K c v ik bi g a Iqvmv KvR K i wzbwu Z Ges Ab wzbwu bmix n jv ivrkvnx, ewikvj I wm ju Iqvmvfz³ wzbwu bmixi b vq Ab vb bmix ZI f~-mf cvwbb n jv Lvevi cvwbi cöavb Drm Ges mlv b fwel Z f~- c ô cvwbb n Z hv Q Ab Zg cöavb Drm wmwu K c v ikb wzbwui we` gvb cwiw wz mviwy 2.7-G ewy Z Av Q cvbcevwnz cvwb mieivn Kfv ir ivrkvnx Z 73 kzvsk, wkš wm ju I ewikv j Zv ek Kg - cö Z KwU Z gvî 40 kzvsk wzbwu wmwu K c v ik bb ˆ`wbK cvwb mieivn Kiv nq 12 NÈvi 16 evsjv `k mikvi I Dbœqb mn hvmx `i (GwWwe, WvwbWv, Rvcvb mikvi, Kvixq mikvi I wek e vsk) g a XvKv I PÆMÖvg Iqvmvi Rb Askx`vwiZ g~jk KvVv gv Pzw³ m úvw`z n q Q 2007 m b Ges Lyjbv Iqvmv K m ú ³ Ki Z 2009 m b Pzw³wU ms kvwaz n q Q 39

40 gz cvbcevwnz mieivn c wzi cvkvcvwk ivrkvnx I ewikv j h_vµ g 6,500 I 1,700 n ÍPvwjZ bjk~c i q Q Dc hvmx cvwb Í ii Abycw wz Z wm ju bmix Z n ÍPvwjZ bjk~ ci msl v LyeB bmy wmwu K c v ikb cöv wjz RbmsL v, 2009 mb (wgwjqb) mviwy 2.7: wzbwu wmwu K c v ik bi cvwb mieivn cwiw wz ˆ`wbK cvwb Drcv`b (NbwgUvi) f~-mf cvwbi Drm (Drcv`b bjkzc msl v) f~-c ô cvwbi Drm (wuªu g U cø v U msl v) cvbc jvbb (wkwg) ivrkvnx , M n vjx ms hvm (msl v) 26,00 0 mieivn N Uv cvbcevwnz mieiv ni gva g DbœZ Kfv ir (%) cvbcevwnz I c q U- mvm Gi gva g gšwjk Kfv ir (%) wm ju , , ewikvj , , gvu , , m~î: wmwu K c v ikbmg~ ni vuvm wi cvu, Ryb 2009 me gvu 308wU cšimfvi g a 102wU cšimfvq cvbcevwnz cvwb mieivn e e v Kvh Ki i q Q Ges euvkx 58wU Z ev Íevq bi wewfbœ ch v q i q Q hmkj cšimfvq cvbcevwnz cvwb mieivn bvb mlv b n ÍPvwjZ bjk~c e eüz nq ez gv b 31wU e nëi cšimfvi cö Z KwU Z RbmsL v GK wgwjq bii ewk Ges gvsvix I ÿz`ª cšimfv jvi RbmsL v M o 30,000 wk ^v Zvi wkqz ewk cvbcevwnz cvwb mieivnfz³ cšimfv jvi GKwU wpî mviwy 2.8-G cö`wk Z n q Q cšimfv jvi cvbcevwnz cvwb mieivn c wz mxwgz RbmsL v K (40 kzvsk) Kfvi K i, hvi AwaKvskB emevm K i kn ii K `ª j Z e Kfv i Ri welqwu cšimfv _ K cšimfv Z wfbœ n q _v K, Gi gvîv cövq ïb _ K 60 kzvsk ch ší n Z cv i ˆ`wbK mieivn NÈv 2 _ K 12 Ges Mo cvwb mieiv ni cwigvy gv_vwcqz ˆ`wbK 75 wjuvi cöv wjz cövq 40 kzvsk wnmve ewnf yz cvwb ev` w` j cvbcevwnz mieivn e e v _ K cšievmxi cvwb cövwßi bu cwigvy `vuovq gv_vwcqz ˆ`wbK 45 wjuv i Aciw` K, Ach vß ms hvm I mieivn jvb bi Kvi Y A bk cšimfvq we` gvb cvwb mieivn c wzi c~y ÿgzv e envi m e nq bv hmg Í GjvKvq cvbcevwnz mieivn bb mlvbkvi gvbyl n ÍPvwjZ bjk~c e envi K i hgbuv Av M ejv n q Q, GgbwK cvwbi jvbb-mshy³ A bk evmvevwo ZI bjk~c e eüz nq Kbbv jvb b AwbqwgZ mieivn _vkvi d j MÖwnZv e e vwui Ici cy ivcywi Av v ivl Z cv i bv ` ki mkj cšimfvq cövq 152,007wU n ÍPvwjZ bjk~c i q Q cvbcevwnz I bjk~c Df qi gva g mieivn Kfv i Ri wnmve Ki j Gi cwigvy `uvovq cövq 85 kzvs k welq mviwy 2.8: cšimfvmg~ n cvbcevwnz cvwb mieivn cwiw wz cwigvy cvbcevwnz cvwb mieivn e e v-mshy³ cšimfvi msl v m b 102 wu cšimfvi gvu RbmsL v 7.93 wgwjqb gvu Drcvw`Z cvwb 238,542 NbwgUvi/ cöwzw`b gvu n ÍPvwjZ bjk~ ci msl v 152,077 gvu M nms hv Mi msl v 175,532 40

41 iv Ívq vwcz gvu MYK ji (w ªU nvb Wª U) msl v 3,355 Mo mieivn NÈv 2-12 N Uv cvbcevwnz cvwb mieivnfz³ RbmsL vi nvi 40% cvbcevwnz cvwb mieivn I n ÍPvwjZ bjk~ ci Kfv irfy³ 85% RbmsL vi nvi m~î: wwwcgbpb vuvm wi cvu, Ryb 2009 wmwu K c v ikb I cšimfv jv Z cvwb mieivn e e vi Dbœqb NU Q g~jz GW-nK wfwë Z, hvi AwaKvskB Dbœqb cökí jvi gva g A_ mnvqzv cövwßi Ici wbf ikxj m úªwz wwwcgbpb wmwu K c v ikbmn wkqz eo I 148wU ÿz`ª cšimfvq ( hlv b cvbcevwnz mieivn bb) cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb mev AšÍf yw³i Rb gv vi cø vb ˆZwi Z mn hvwmzv w` Q evukx cšimfv jvi gv vi cø vb ˆZwiiI cö qvrbxqzv Abyf~Z n Q, hv Z mkj v b cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb meve e v GKwU mymgwš^z Dcv q ev ÍevwqZ n Z cv i wmwu K c v ikb I cšimfv jv Z cvwb mieivn e e vi wbqwgz iÿyv eÿy h_vh_fv e m úbœ nqbv wbqwgz iÿyv eÿ Yi Rb `ikvi ˆbwgwËK c wz cwi`k b, wjk ev wq`ª A š^ly I m jvi `ªæZ ms vi, cvbcjvb bi wdwusm I Ab vb hš cvwzi msiÿy I cö qvrbxq cybt vcb, cvbcjvb bi wbqwgz d vwks (cvwb Z AvqiY I jeyv³zv _vk j GwU ewk `ikvi) Ges Drcv`b bjk~ ci cybtms hvrb h_vh_ msiÿ Yi Afv e c wzi Lye `ªæZ Aeÿq N U Ges AwfÁZvq `Lv hvq h, wbgv Y ev ms vi KvR kl Kivi wzb _ K Pvi eq ii gv_vq G jvi AwaKvskB AKvh Ki n q ev f ½ c o `Lv hvq, A bk Drcv`b bjk~c APj i q Q I cvbcjvb b µgvmz wq`ª n Q mvaviyz wmwu K c v ikb I cšimfv jv weøwps cvdwvi ev K vwib w` q mieivnk Z cvwb (f~-mf ) msµgygy³ K i bv w` bi gvî K qkn Uv mgq cvwb mieivn Kiv nq, Gi A_ n jv cvwb mieivn bv _vk j cvbcjvb b Kvb Pvc _v K bv Ges Gi d j f~-c ô GgbwK WªBb I m~ qv ir ev MZ cvqlvbv I mcwuk U vs Ki gqjv cvwb I cqter cvbcjvb bi wq`ª w` q Xz K c o Ges mievink Z cvwb K `~wlz K i GgZve vq mieivnk Z cvwbi gvb AZ wak SuywKc~Y mkj ch v q MÖvnK mev Kvh µgi Abycw Z, hv nvk, wkqz cšimfv Z M nxz cök íi gva g GmKj mgm v I MÖvnK `i Awf hvm MÖnY I mgvav bi GKwU c wz Pvjy Kiv n Q Ges Gwel q cšimfv Kg x `i cöwkÿy `Iqv n Q mwvk Pvwn`v e e vcbvi Abycw wz we` gvb cvwb mieivn e e v jv cwipvjbvi cöavb mgm v wmwu K c v ikb I cšimfv (mvgvb wkqz cšimfv e ZxZ) ch v q cvwb mieiv n wguvie e v bvb d j, mieivnk Z cvwbi e envi g~ j i wfwë Z bv n q mieivn-jf Zvi wfwë Z MY evwo Z cvwbi ms hv M U vc ev Kj bv _vkv A_ev m jv eü bv _vkvi d j e envikvix ch v q cöpzi cwigvy cvwbi AcPq nq Ges mieivn mg q AweiZ cvwb co Z _v K GgZve vq mieivn mgq I cvbcjvb b Pvc evov bv n j e envikvix ch v q I wq`ª ev wj K Ri gva g cvwbi AcPq Av iv evo e cvwbi h_vh_ msiÿ Yi Rb cö Yv`bv (incentives) wk ^v Ace envi ev cö qvr bi AwZwi³ e env ii Rb kvw Íg~jK Kvb e e v bb Z`ªæc, ^v m Z m vwb Ukb myweav e env ii Rb I KvbiKg cö Yv`bv ev kvw Íi e e v Abycw Z m vwb Ukb XvKv e ZxZ ` ki Ab Kvb bmix ev cšimfv Z m~ qv ir e e v bb mlv b ïaygvî Ab-mvBU m vwb Ukb c wz e eüz nq wmwu K c v ikb I cšimfv jv Z m vwb Ukb Kfv i Ri we` gvb wpî mviwy 2.9- Z Dc vwcz n jv 41

42 mviwy 2.9: wmwu K c v ikb I cšimfvmg~ ni m vwb Ukb cwiw wz GjvKv 2003 m bi wfwëg~j cwiw wz m vwb Ukb Kfv i Ri gvu Lvbvi msl v ^v m Z cvqlvbv e envikvix Lvbvi kzkiv nvi kzkiv nvi (m vwb Ukb m µuvwi qu 2009* Abyhvqx) m vwb Ukb Kfv i Ri kzkiv nvi (GgAvBwmGm 2009 m~ Î wnmvek Z Z_ )** evsjv `k gšwjk gvb`ð evsjv `k DbœZ gvb`ð RGgwc gvb`ð ivrkvnx 63, cö hvr bq cö hvr bq cö hvr bq ewikvj 36, cö hvr bq cö hvr bq cö hvr bq wm ju 43, cö hvr bq cö hvr bq cö hvr bq wzbwu wmwu 143, K c v ikb gvu mkj cšimfv gvu 1,851, * b vkbvj m vwb Ukb m µuvwi qu, wwwcgbpb, vuvm wi cvu, Ryb 2009 ** QqwU wmwu K c v ik bi Mo cšimfv I RvZxq Dbœqb cökí jvi gva g wb œ-avqfz³ Rb Mvôx Z wkqz Rjve MZ cvqlvbv weziy Kiv nq bmi GjvKvq MZ cvqlvbv I mcwuk U vs Ki cqter wb vkb Ges wbivc` AcmviY GKwU D ØMRbK cwi ekmz mgm v we` gvb bmi m vwb Ukb Kfv ir MÖvgxY GjvKvi mv _ Zzjbxq n ji D P NbemwZi Kvi Y Gi bwzevpk cöfve D ØMRbK bmi GjvKvq fwel Z AwaKZi RbemwZ Ges RbmsL vi NbZ evo Z _vk j we kl K i ew Í GjvKvq cwi ekmz Ae vi Av iv AebwZ n e bmi WªB br e e v f~wgkv we Í Z mgzjf~wgi `k niqv Z evsjv ` k WªB br e e vi GKwU mnrvz (inherent) mgm v `ªæZ bmivq bi mv _ mv _ ea bkxj vcbv M o IVv GjvKv jvi Kvi YI cvwbi cövk wzk cöevn evavmö n Q evmvevwoi (ivbœvevbœv, Mvmj I avqv gvqvq) e eüz bvsiv cvwb wbtmi Yi cwigvyi bmivq bi mv _ mgvb MwZ Z evo Q cqtcvwb I e e wói cvwb bvsiv, msµgyhy³ I Zv A bk ik gi cwi ekmz I ^v Su ywk enb K i; hv cwi ekevüe Dcv qb AcmvwiZ niqv `ikvi cqtcvwb (sullage water) mivmwi cqte R i P q Kg `~wlz niqvq Zv mpivpi iv Ívi av i gy³ b` gvq Rgv n Z `Iqv nq Ges Zrc i Zv b`x, Lvj ev wbku gy³ v b cwzz nq KejgvÎ XvKv bmix ZB f~-mf e wói cvwbi WªB br c wz i q Q Ges Ab vb kn i gy³ b` gv ev WªB br e eüz nq mgm v I P v jä we Í Z mgzjf~wgi `k niqv Z el v gšmy g fvix e wócv Zi Nb Z i d j kni I bmi GjvKv cövqktb eb vkewjz ev RjgMœ nq ` ki evwl K Mo e wócv Zi cwigvy cövq 2,540 wgwjwguvi, hvi 80 kzvsk n q _v K g _ K m Þ ^i gvm ch ší el v gšmy g b`x jvi cvwben bi ÿgzv cwj Í ii Kvi Y K g hv Q, hvi d j we kl K i DcK~jxq GjvKvq gvivz K WªB br RU m wó Ki Q bmi GjvKvq WªB br c wz wbgv Y AZ ší e qeûj Ges bmi Dbœq bi MwZi mv _ Zvj wgwj q Gi m úªmviy m e n Q bv mgm vwu Av iv cöku 42

43 AvKvi aviy Ki Q A bk v b cövk wzk Lvj fivu K i A_ev Lv ji ^vfvwek cöev n cöwzeükzv ˆZwi K i evwoni I Ab vb vcbv wbg v Yi Kvi Y AwaKš, h_vh_ cwipvjbv I msiÿy Ges wmwu KZ cÿ KZ K iv Ívi gqjv-aver bv Wª b djvi Kvi Y we` gvb WªB br e e vi c~y -myweavi Kv R jvmv bv hv Q bv Gi mv _ hy³ n Q mvaviy RbMY KZ K M n vjxi AveR bv I Ab vb er hîzî Acmvi Yi mgm v bmi DcLv Zi Rb Kg -wb ` kbv bmi DcLv Zi Rb wb œewy Z Kg -wb ` kbvmg~n cvjb Kiv n e wb ` kbvq AšÍf y³ i q Q: K) mkj ai Yi bmi GjvKvi Rb mvaviy Kg -wb ` kbv; L) Iqvmvfz³ bmix jvi Rb mywbw` ó Kg -wb ` kbv; I M) wmwu K c v ikb I cšimfv jvi Rb mywbw` ó Kg -wb ` kbv K) mvaviy Kg -wb ` kbv c wz cybe vmb I DbœZKiY: ez gv b cvbcjvb b A bk wq`ª ev wj KR Ges hš cvwz bó ev e envi Abyc hvmx, hvi d j wnmve-ewnf yz cvwb I cwipvjbv A`ÿZv e w cv Q D zz cwiw wz Z c wz cwipvjbv I msiÿ Yi Ici we kl bri `Iqvi cö qvrbxqzv Abyf~Z n Q XvKv Iqvmv KZ K M nxz mv úªwzk D ` vmwu cybtev ÍevwqZ (replicated) niqv `ikvi evé cvwbi wguvi vcb I we` gvb m~ qv ir I WªB br e e vi cybe vmbmn Rvb-e e vcbv eèb c wz cöez YiI cö qvrbxqzv i q Q mkj mev cö`vbkvix cöwzôv bi Kg -`ÿzv g~j vqb c wz (benchmarking) cöez Yi gva g cwipvjbv I msiÿ Yi iæz evov bv h Z cv i Ges G _ K GKB ikg wfbœ cöwzôvb _ K wkÿv MÖn Yi m~ hvm ˆZwi n Z cv i cvbcevwnz cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb Kfv ir e w KiY: G jvi Rb cwi kvab cø v U I Drcv`b bjk~c vcb Ges cvbc buiqvk m úªmviy Kiv `ikvi mkj ai Yi cvwbi ms hv M I Dr m A_ vr Drcv`b bjk~c, cwi kvab cø v U I cvbc buiqv K i Ab vb KŠkjMZ v b wguvi vwcz niqv cö qvrb m~ qvi jvbb m úªmviy I er -cvwb kvabvmv ii Dbœqb mvabi we kl cö qvrb hmg Í v b ^ízg mg q m~ qvi jvbb wbg vy Kiv m e bq, mmkj v b h _vchy³ AbmvBU m vwb Ukb c wz e eüz n Z cv i Z e G jvi mv _ Aek B mcwuk U vsk I MZ cvqlvbv _ K msm nxz cqter cwi kva bi we K `ªxK Z cø v U- Gi gz wbivc` cqter e e vcbv I AcmviY c wz hy³ _vk Z n e WªB br Kfv i Ri m úªmviyi AwZ cö qvrbxq Gai Yi meve e vi m úªmvi Y wb œ-avqfy³ Rb Mvôxi Pvwn`v K we kl we epbvq wb Z n e ivr ^ Av`vq `ÿzv e w KiY: `ÿ ivr ^ Av`v qi Rb mkj wmwu K c v ikb I cšimfvq AvDU mvwm s e e v cöez b Ki Z n e, hv `i K Abv`vqx `bvi `v q M n vjxi ms hvm wew Qbœ Kivi ÿgzv cö`vb Kiv n e MÖvnK mevi Dbœqb: cšimfv jv Z MÖvnK mev I m úk e e v K kw³kvjx Ki Z n e Ge vcv i kni ch v qi mgš^q cwil `i (TLCC) gz bvmwik dvivg LyeB Kvh Ki f~wgkv ivl Z cv i Ggb GKwU BDwbU cöwzôv Kiv h Z cv i, hlvb _ K MÖvnKMY ÕIqvb c mvwf mõ cv eb, hgb: mev m úwk Z Awf hvm wjwce KiY, m jvi wecix Z M nxz D ` vm, wej I bzzb ms hvm msµvší Z_ Av`vb-cÖ`vb BZ vw` Ab vb ms vi mv _ mgš^qmvay: ci úi-m úwk Z ms vmg~n, hgb: cwi ek Awa`ßi (DoE), evsjv `k cvwb Dbœqb evw (BWDB) Ges cvwbm ú` cwikíbv ms v (WARPO) BZ vw`i g a WªB br e e vmn cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb mgm v, D`vniY ^iƒc: `~ly wbqš Y, eb v cöwz iva I b`x Lbb wel q mgwš^z Kvh µg MÖnY Ki Z n e Rb Mvôxi AskMÖnY e w KiY: cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb c wzi cwikíbvq Rb Mvôxi AskMÖnY wbwðz Ki Z n e WªB b er bv dj Z RbMY K m PZb Ki Z MYwkÿv Kg m~wp MÖnY Kiv h Z cv i 43

44 L) Iqvmv wbw` ó cvwbi bzyb Drm Avwe vi: vbxqfv e cvwbi Pvwn`v guv Z eo eo wzbwu bmixi Avkcv k cvwbi Dr mi I f~-mf cvwbi cövc Zvi NvUwZ kl mxgvq cuš P Q GLb cvwbi bzzb Drm wn m e f~-c ô cvwb A_ev `~iez x vb _ K f~-mf cvwb msmön K i mieivn Kiv wfbœ wekí c_ bvb Dfq ÿ ÎB D P wewb qvm `ikvi e wói cvwb e env ii m vebvwui m Kvi Y f e `Lv h Z cv i Iqvmvmg~ ni Rb m úvw`z Askx`vwiZ g~jk KvVv gv Pzw³i (partnership framework agreement) ev Íevqb: Pzw³wUi h_vh_ ev Íevqb AMÖvwaKvifz³ Ki Z n e GKB Pzw³ KvVv gvi Aax b Iqvmvfz³ bmix jv Z GKwU AvswkK- mvqvc M nxz n Z cv i M) wmwu K c v ikb I cšimfv wbw` ó mevi YMZgvb wbwðzkiy: cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb mev cö`vbkvix cöwzôvb jvi mv _ cšimfv I wmwu K c v ikb jv Zv `i GLwZqvifz³ GjvKvi Rb GKwU mevi gvb msµvší Pzw³ Z DcYxZ n Z cv i GwU Ki Z n j cšimfv/wmwu K c v ikb I Zv `i cvwb mieivn kvlvi g a GKwU cwi vi KZ Z wefvrb Ki Z n e GKB D Ï k wmwu K c v ik bi Rb mswkøó Iqvmvi mv _ Av iv Mfxi Kg -m úk vc bi cö qvrb n e mkj ÿ ÎB vbxq mikvi cöwzôvb jv K wbwðz n Z n e h, mev cö`vbkvix cöwzôvb jv cö`ë mevi wbivcëv (safety) I Av vkxjzvi (reliability) Rb me `v `vqe ev Revew`wn Ki Z cö Z _vk e Pvwn`v e e vcbvi Abykxjb: GwU Ki Z n e cö_ gb mkj ms hv Mi Rb cvwbi wguvi vc bi gva g Ges Zrc i M ni Af ší i cvwbi AcPq iva I Gi h_vh_ msiÿ Yi gva g ms hvmmsl v e w KiY: A_ bwzk cöe w bxwzgvjvi wbwi L AímsL K mevi ms hvm memgqb nzvkvrbk A bk cšimfvq we` gvb Drcv`b bjk~c jvi c~y Drcv`b ÿgzvi e envi Kiv hv Q bv GKwU mieivn c wzi Avw_ K Dc hvwmzv wbwðz Ki Z n j ms hvm msl v evov Z n e, mv _ fvj mev w` Z n e, ms hvm wb Z RbMY K DØy Ki Z n e Ges hlv bb `ikvi cvbcjvbb m úªmviy Ki Z n e g~j cwikíbv (master plan) cöyqb: mbme cšimfvi Rb g~j-cwikíbv cöyqb Ki Z n e hv `i GiKg Kvb cwikíbvb bvb Gici Ab vb ms v hgb: bmi Dbœqb Awa`ßi (UDD) I vbxq mikvi cö KŠkj Awa`ßi (LGED), hviv e nëi bmi cwikíbvi KvR K i _v K, Zv `i mv _ cšimfvi cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb cwikíbvi mgš^q Ki Z n e 2.5 MÖvgxY DcLvZ MÖvgxY mev`vb e e v MÖvgxY GjvKvi cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb mev cö`v bi Rb Pvjy i q Q wzbwu e nëi mev`vb c wz G jv wb œiƒc: mikvwi Lv Zi c wz: mikvwi ms vmg~n, cöavbz wwwcgbpb, cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb meve e vi cwikíbv MÖnY I ev Íevqb K i c wz vc bi Rb Zviv emikvwi wvkv`vi wb qvm K i vbxq mikvi cöwzôvb jv (BDwbqb cwil`) Zv `i GwWwc ev evwl K Dbœqb Kg m~wpi Aax b cövß eøk eivï _ K `wi`ª Rb Mvôx Z webvg~ j m vwbuvwi cvqlvbvi DcKiY weziy K i 44

45 GbwRI Lv Zi c wz: Zviv wb RivB Ó mev cö`vbkvixió f~wgkvq AeZxY, A_ vr Rb Mvôxi mv _ wbwio civgk K i Zviv cökí ev xg cwikíbv I ev Íevqb K i Gai Yi cökí ev Íevq bi KvR nq Rb Mvôx wb RivB K i A_ev KvRwU Ki Z GbwRIiv emikvwi wvkv`vi wb qvm K i emikvwi Lv Zi c wz: e w³mz emzevwo ev µzvmy (bjk~c I m vwb Ukb DcKiY) evrvi _ K mivmwi wk b Ges wb R `i D ` v MB vcb K i cš vwu mikvwi- emikvwi Askx`vwiZ welqk Z Zxq Aa v q we ÍvwiZ ewy Z Av Q MÖvgxY cvwb mieivn cwiw wz evsjv ` ki MÖvgxY cvwb mieivn e e v f~-mf Drm-wbf i DrmwU c v _v Rb ev e vk Uwiqv `~lygy³ Ges AvevwmK e env ii Rb DrmwUi cvwb mvaviyz cwi kva bi `ikvi nq bv LiP, YMZ gvb I cövc Zvi w`k w` q f~-mf cvwb Lvevi cvwb wn m e me vwak cq `i Drm we ewpz big cvjwjk gvwu Z mn RB K~c Lbb Kiv hvq e j ` ki me Î jÿ jÿ n ÍPvwjZ bjk~c vwcz n q Q ` k cöpwjz wewfbœ ai Yi bjk~c cöhyw³ wb œiƒc: K) 6bs n ÍPvwjZ cv úmn AMfxi bjk~c n jv AwZ-mvaviY cöhyw³ Ges GwU D P cvwbi Íi GjvKvq e eüz nq, hlv b f~wg _ K 6 wguvi Af ší i cvwb cviqv hvq cöhyw³wui `vg Kg, bjk~c-cöwz cövq 2,000 _ K 5,000 UvKv L) wwc mu cv ú (DSP) bjk~c (mvaviyfv e Zviv ev Zviv Wf nw bv g cwiwpz) f~wg _ K 6 wguv ii ewk Mfxi cvwb Íi GjvKvq e eüz nq bjk~c cöhyw³wu m e v P wguvi Mfxi Íi _ KI cvwb D Ëvj b mÿg wwc mu bjk~ ci LiP Zzjbvg~jKfv e ewk, bjk~c-cöwz cövq 25,000 _ K 40,000 UvKv; Ges M) Mfxi bjk~c mvaviyz 100 wguv iii ewk Mfxi cvwb Íi _ K cvwb D Ëvj bi Rb e eüz nq Gi `vg A bk ewk, bjk~c-cöwz cövq 40,000 _ K 60,000 UvKv hmkj v b Dchy³ f~-mf cvwb Íi bvb, mlv b Ab vb ai Yi M n vjx ev Rb MvôxwfwËK cöhyw³ e eüz nq, hv mvaviyfv e wekí cöhyw³ bv g AwfwnZ; Kbbv m jv RbwcÖq bjk~c cöhyw³i wekí wn m e MY wekí cöhyw³i g a Av Q: wcgmgd, K~qv I e wói cvwb msiÿy c wz jeyv³ DcK~jxq GjvKvi wkqz wkqz c K U AMfxi Íi _ K gvwukyvi gva g cwi kvwaz (infiltrated) e wói cvwb msmö ni Rb k v jv kövd WW wudei qj (SST) I fwi k v jv kövd WW wudei qj (VSST) e eüz nq GmKj bjk~c I wekí cöhyw³ jv K GK Î cvwbi Drm (water point) AwfwnZ Kiv nq, Kbbv G jv Kvb GKwU wbw` ó vb ev c q U _ K M n vjx ev Rb Mvôx Z cvwb mieiv ni Kv R e eüz nq MÖvgxY cvbcevwnz cvwb mieivn c wz GKwU bzzb cöhyw³ Ges GwU ` ki Av m wbk msµwgz I Ab vb m vebvgq GjvKvq cixÿvg~jkfv e e eüz n Q evsjv `k g~jz GKwU mgzjf~gxq e-øxc, Gi GKgvÎ e wzµg n jv cvnvwo GjvKvi f~-cövk wzk ˆewkó gwûz cve Z PÆMÖvg GjvKvwU ` ki `wÿy-c~e vâjxq As k Aew Z GLvbKvi cvwb-f~zvwë K ˆewkó m ú~y wfbœ Ges cövqb Zv GjvKv f ` cwiewz Z nq cve Z PÆMÖv g AMfxi, wwc mu bjk~c I K~qvi gz Ab vb cöhyw³i e eüz nq SY vi cvwb myjf n j GLv b Bbwdj Uªkb M vjvwi (IFG) c wzii e envi `Lv hvq 45

46 cövwzôvwbk e e v Ges mvgvwrk I mvs wzk ˆewk ó i w`k w` qi cve Z PÆMÖvg GjvKv ` ki Ab vb AÂj _ K wfbœ (Aby Q` Z cybivq Av jvwpz) evsjv ` ki MÖvgxY cvwb mieivn e e v wb œewy Z wzbwu eo P v j Äi m ylxb: Av m wbk msµgy: G kzvãxi ïiæ Z evsjv ` k cvwb mieiv n cövq mve Rbxb Kfv ir (90 kzvs ki AwaK) AwR Z n qwqj e j we epbv Kiv nq, wkš GKB mg q `Lv hvq h ` ki cövq 19 kzvsk n ÍPvwjZ bjk~ ci cvwb Av m wbk msµwgz we` gvb cwiw wz Z Av m wbk msµvší mgm v jv Aby Q` 3.5-G we ÍvwiZ ewy Z Av Q; f~-mf cvwbi Íi wb P b g hviqv: ` ki A bk v b, mywbw` ófv e DËi-cwðgvÂj I K `ªxq A j f~-mf cvwbi Íi AZ wak gvîvq b g hv Q Gi cöavb KviY n jv K wlrwg Z m Pi Rb f~-mf cvwbi gvîvwzwi³ e envi cvwbi Íi b g hviqvi d j H mkj GjvKvq AMfxi bjk~ c Avi cvwb cviqv hv Q bv, dj ^iƒc ez gvb AMfxi bjk~c-wbf i MÖvgxY cvwb mieivn e e v gvivz K ûgwki m ylxb f~-mf cvwbi Íi b g hviqvi bwzevpk cöfve m ú K we ÍvwiZ e vl v Aby Q` 3.3-G ewy Z Av Q; Ges `ym g (hard-to-reach) GjvKv: ` ki `ym g GjvKv jv Z cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb mev cö`v bi GKwU e vck ïb Zv weivrgvb G jv wb P ey bv Kiv n jv `ym g GjvKv evsjv `k mgzj cvjwjk f~wgi GKwU `k Ges mvaviyz cvwb mieiv ni Rb `kwu Z f~-mf cvwbi wecyj fvðvi we` gvb hv nvk, f~-cövk wzk I cvwb-f~zvwë K ˆewkó mg~n hgb: Nb Nb cvwb Z Zwj q hviqv, cvnvwo GjvKv I Dc hvmx cvwbi Dr mi Ajf Zv BZ vw`i Kvi Y ` ki wkqz AÂj `ym g GjvKvq cwiyz, hlv b mn R cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb mev cö`vb m e bq welqwu mywbw` ófv e bvix, wkï I kvixwikfv e Aÿg e w³ `i Rb KwVb cwiw wz ˆZwi K i mviwy 2.10-G ` ki wewfbœ ai Yi `ym g GjvKv 17 I mlvbkvi BDwbqb msl v Dc vwcz n q Q Abygvb Kiv n Q h, gvu BDwbq bi cövq A a K GjvKv K `ym g GjvKv wn m e MY Kiv hvq wewfbœ ai bi `ym g GjvKvi mswÿß ey bv wb P Dc vwcz n q Q mviwy 2.10: `ym g GjvKvfz³ BDwbq bi msl v `ym g GjvKvi aiy AvswkK ev m ú~y `ym g GjvKvfz³ BDwbqb msl v gvu cvwb mieivn m úwk Z m vwb Ukb m úwk Z PivÂj wej GjvKv nvii GjvKv SuywKc~Y DcK~jxq AÂj I `~iez x Øxcmg~n wek e vs Ki cvwb I m vwb Ukb Kg m~wp KZ K cökvwkz cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb mevi w`k _ K evsjv ` ki `ym g GjvKvmg~ ni gvbwpî (Lmov), 2010 _ K AwaKvsk Z_ M nxz mgm vwui cöfve K GjvKvwfwËK wfbœfv e Dc vc bi ^v _ mvgvb wkqz Z_ Ab m~ Îi mv _ mgš^q Kiv n q Q 46

47 cvnvwo (cve Z PÆMÖvgmn) AÂj wew Qbœ GjvKvmg~n cvwb-`y úövc GjvKvmg~n gvut PivÂj n jv b`x-øxc Abygvb Kiv nq h cövq 5 wgwjqb gvbyl Piv j emevm K i Piv ji gvbyl I mlvbkvi cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb vcbvmg~n cövq mve ÿwykfv eb eb v I b`xfv½ bi Su ywk enb K i wej I nvii GjvKv g~jz cvwb Z fvmgvb (swampy) f~wg evsjv ` ki we Í Z eb vkewjz mgzj f~wg Z wewfbœ AvKv ii nvrv iv wej i q Q AwaKvsk e nr wej jv Z mviveqi Rjve Zv _v K HmKj GjvKvq wkqz Avw`evmx RvwZ Mvôxmn 5 wgwjq bii AwaK gvbyl emevm K i wej GjvKvi Kuv`vgvwU I AvVv jv gvwu cöpwjz MZ cvqlvbv vc bi I e env ii Rb gv UB Dc hvmx bq, Kbbv GLvbKvi gvwui cvwb- kvly ÿgzv bvb ej jb P j eb v-cøvwez niqv QvovI, GLvbKvi AwaKvsk n ÍPvwjZ bjk~c AZ ší AMfxi (30-60 dzu) _ K AMfxi ( dzu) Í i vwcz Ges wbku MZ cvqlvbv ev Ab vb Drm _ K `~ly cöwz iv ai Kvb e e v bb DcK~jxq SuywKc~Y GjvKv I Øxcmg~n mgy `ªi wbkuez x Ges ^vfvwekfv eb cövk wzk `y h vm I mvgyw`ªk R jv Qv mi Rb SuywKc~Y GjvKvwUi AwaKvskB Mfxi bjk~ ci Dci wbf ikxj GLvbKvi gvwu gvuvgywufv e cvwb- kva b mÿg Ges mvgyw`ªk R jv Qv mi d j cövqb f~-mf cvwbi Íi f~wgz ji ch v q D V Av m Gi d j MZ cvqlvbv jv Dc P c o cvnvwo GjvKv, cve Z PÆMÖvg e ZxZ, g~jz PÆMÖvg, wm ju, gqgbwmsn I bî Kvbv Rjvq Aew Z GmKj GjvKvi AmgZj f~wgi Kvi Y bjk~c cöhyw³ me ÎB Dc hvmx bq cvwbi ^í-jf Zvi Kvi Y m vwb Ukb e e v ZI `Lv hvq mgm v wew Qbœ GjvKv jvi AwaKvskB fvizxq mxgvbvi ga w Z evsjv `wk AÂj, hv K wqugnj ejv nq GmKj GjvKvq AwfMg Zv-msK Ui Kvi Y mev cö`vb m e nq bv Ges ` ki Dbœqb g~javiv _ K Zviv cövq wew Qbœ- B _ K hvq cvwb `y úövc GjvKvmg~n m jvb, hlv b Dc hvmx cvwbi Drm Abycw Z, nvk Zv f~-mf A_ev f~-c ô cvwb GmKj GjvKvi AwaKvskB mvzÿxiv, ev MinvU I Lyjbv Rjvi DcK~jxq jeyv³ GjvKvq Aew Z GLvbKvi AMfxi I Mfxi f~-mf cvwbi Íimg~n jeyv³ b`xi cvwbi GKBmv _ `y úövc I jeyv³ câmo, wm ju (ˆRšÍvcyi) I PÆMÖvg (mxzvkzð) Rjvi wkqz wkqz GjvKv ZI cv_y i gvwu I Ab vb Kvi Y Dc hvmx f~-mf cvwbi Drm cviqv `y i Gme GjvKvi Avkcv ki f~-c ô cvwbi Drm mnrcövc bq MÖvgxY cvwb mieivn Kfv ir n ÍPvwjZ bjk~ ci AwaKvskB mikvwi LvZ A_ vr wwwcgbpb, emikvwi e w³ I GbwRIi D ` v M vwcz mikvwifv e vwcz cvwbi Dr mi aiy I msl v mviwy 2.11-G Dc vwcz n q Q 47

48 mviwy 2.11: mikvwi cvwbi Drm msl v cvwb mieivn cöhyw³i aiy msl v kzkiv nvi (%) bjk~c: AMfxi bjk~c 867, wwc- mu bjk~c 182, Mfxi bjk~c 237, wekí cöhyw³mg~n: GmGmwU/wfGmGmwU 11, cvz K~qv 20, e wói cvwb msiÿy c wz wcgmd/bbwdj Uªkb M vjvwi 4, gvu t 1,323, m~î: wwwcgbpb vuvm wi cvu, Ryb 2009 ` k me gvu mikvwi cvwbi Dr mi msl v cövq 1.3 wgwjqb, Gi cövq `yb-z ZxqvskB AMfxi bjk~c e envikvix `i wbr D ` v M vwcz emikvwi bjk~ ci msl v mikvwi bjk~ ci msl v _ K A bk ewk (we ÍvwiZ Aa vq 3-G wcwcwc wk ivyv g Av jvwpz) emikvwi AMfxi bjk~ ci msl v wel q wbf i hvm Kvb Z_ bv _vk ji Abygvb Kiv nq h Gi msl v mikvwi bjk~ ci msl vi cövq AvU Y emikvwi wwc mu I Mfxi bjk~ ci AbywgZ msl v mikvwi cvwbi Dr mi cövq 10 kzvsk GbwRI KZ K mieivnk Z cvwbi Drm msl v mikvwi Dr mi kzvsk cöv jb Abyhvqx, ` k ez gv b me gvu cövq 8 wgwjqb AMfxi bjk~c I Ab vb ai Yi 50,000 cvwbi Drm i q Q h nzz ` ki gvu cvwbi Dr mi cök Z msl v bw_e bvb, m ÿ Î MÖvgxY cvwb mieivn Kfv ir KejgvÎ Abygv bi wfwë ZB ejv h Z cv i BDwb md KZ K m úvw`z mv úªwzk Rwi ci (GgAvBwmGm 2009) djvdj Abyhvqx cövq 97.4 kzvsk MÖvgxY Rbmvavi Yi DbœZ cvwbi Dr m AwfMg Zv i q Q (Av m wbk msµwgz cvwbi Drm mgš^q bv K i) Ges cök Zc ÿ 83.8 kzvsk MÖvgxY Rbmvavi Yi wbivc` cvwbi Dr m AwfMg Zv Av Q (Av m wbk msµwgz cvwbi Drm mgš^q K i) Z e RwicwU Z cvwbi Drm e envikvix gvby li msl vi wfwë Z mevi gvb`ð (AwfMg Zv) we ewpz nqwb MÖvgxY cvwb mieivn Kfv ir wbiƒc Yi D Ï k ` ki mgmö AÂj K cvwb-f~zvwë K I f~-cövk wzk ˆewkó I mme GjvKvi mev wak e eüz cöhyw³i ai Yi wfwë Z K qkwu K v UMwi Z wef³ Kiv n q Q GjvKv jv wb œiƒc: D P cvwbi Íi GjvKv; wb œ cvwbi Íi GjvKv; DcK~jxq Mfxi Íiwewkó GjvKv; Av m wbk msµwgz GjvKv; `ym g GjvKv; Ges cve Z PÆMÖvg AÂj GmKj wfbœ wfbœ K v UMwii GjvKvq wfbœ wfbœ mgm v we` gvb mlv b wewfbœ ai Yi cöhyw³ e eüz nq Ges GjvKv f ` Kfv i Ri wfbœzv i q Q me gvu cvwbi Drm wel q Kvb mywbw` ó Z _ i Abycw wz Z Kfv i Ri ch vq cöv j b wewfbœ ikg c wz I Dr mi mvnvh biqv nq Z`vbyhvqx MÖvgxY cvwb mieivn Kfv i Ri wpî mviwy Z Dc vwcz n q Q `Lv hv Q, D P cvwb Íi GjvKv I DcK~jxq Mfxi 48

49 3 gvu Íiwewkó GjvKv e Zx i K Ab vb GjvKvi Kfv ir wb œ ch v qi gšwjk gvb`ð Abyhvqx (cöwz 100 R bi Rb GKwU cvwbi Drm) ` ki ez gvb MÖvgxY cvwb mieivn Kfv ir cövq 71 kzvsk Ges DbœZ gvb`ð Abyhvqx (cöwz 50 R bi Rb GKwU cvwbi Drm) Zv 51 kzvsk MÖvgxY GjvKvi K v UMwi mviwy 2.12: MÖvgxY cvwb mieivn Kfv ir K v UMwi Z MÖvgxY RbmsL vi nvi K v UMwi Z Kfv i Ri kzkiv nvi evsjv `k evsjv `k gšwjk DbœZ gvb`ð* gvb`ð* Abyhvqx Abyhvqx RvZxq Kfv i Ri kzkiv nvi evsjv `k gšwjk gvb`ð* Abyhvqx evsjv `k DbœZ gvb`ð* Abyhvqx cvwbi D P- Íifz³ GjvKv cvwbi wb œ- Íifz³ GjvKv DcK~jxq Mfxi cvwbi Íifz³ GjvKv Av m wbk msµwgz GjvKv `ym g GjvKv cve Z PÆMÖvg GjvKv MÖvgxY gvu: * gšwjk gvb`ð cöwz 100 R b GKwU cvwbi Drm K we epbv K i ** RvZxq wbivc` cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb bxwzgvjv 1998 Abyhvqx DbœZ gvb`ð cöwz 50 R b GKwU cvwbi Drm K we epbv K i m~î: GmwWwc cöv jb MÖvgxY m vwb Ukb cwiw wz mviwy Z Dc vcb Kiv n q Q MÖvgxY m vwb Ukb cwiw wzi wpî evwl K cövq 1 kzvs ki gz AZ ší aximwzi cöe w i Zzjbvq 2009 m bi wnmve Abyhvqx MÖvgxY m vwb Uk b ek D jøl hvm AMÖMwZ mvwaz nq Ges Kfv ir 79 kzvs k ( gšwjk m vwb Ukb) DbœxZ nq G mvd j i K wzz GbwRI Ges Ab vb mn hvmx `i mv _ mikv ii Askx`vwiZ Ges Rb Mvôx- bz Z mvwe K m vwb Ukb (wmgjwugm) cš vib cövc Avevi DbœZ m vwb Ukb ev ^v m Z m vwb Uk bi w`k we epbv Ki j Kfv ir Zzjbvg~jKfv e K g Av m, h_vµ g 54% I 50% mviwy 2.13: MÖvgxY GjvKvq m vwb Ukb cwiw wz GjvKv 2003 m bi wfwëg~j cwiw wz 2009 m bi m vwb Ukb Kfv i Ri kzkiv nvi (%) Lvbvi ^v m Z evsjv `k evsjv `k DbœZ RGgwc gvb`ð msl v cvqlvbv gšwjk gvb`ð gvb`ð e envikvix Lvbvi kzkiv nvi (%) MÖvgxY 18,326, evsjv ` k AwR Z m vwb Ukb mvd j i K wzz A bkuvb Rb Mvôx- bz Z mvwe K m vwb Ukb ev wmgjwugm cš v K w` Z nq cš vwu hš_fv e mikvi I GbwRI KZ K M nxz (e 2.2 `Lyb) 49

50 e 2.2: Rb Mvôx- bz Z mvwe K m vwb Ukb (community-led total sanitation) evsjv ` ki Rb Mvôx- bz Z mvwe K m vwb Ukb cš vwu wb œiƒ c msávwqz: Db y³ v b gjz vm bq ev Kvb Db y³ ev SzjšÍ cvqlvbvi e envi bq gjz v Mi ci I Lvevi Av M Kvh Ki nvz- avqv Lvevi I cvwbi cvî me `v X K ivlv BwZevPK e w³mz cwi QbœZvi Af vm, hgb: `uvz gvrv I bl KvUv/cwi vi Kiv cvqlvbv cwi vi-cwi Qbœ ivlv cvqlvbv e env ii mgq m v Ûj e envi Kiv evwoi Avw½bv I iv Ívi avi cwi vi-cwi Qbœ ivlv GKwU wbw` ó RvqMv hgb, M Z AveR bv djv mkj M n vjx cö qvr b wbivc` cvwb e envi cvwbi Drm cwi vi-cwi Qbœ ivlv/er -cvwb WªBb ev GKwU wbw` ó v b AcmviY m~î:awfázv _ K wkÿv, W. Pvj m R vkmb I G. R. wgbnvrdwïb Avn g` KZ K m úvw`z w` Kv vj eë cö R±, Ryb 2009 _ K D Z Db y³ v b gjz v Mi Af vm c~y fv e Z vm Ki Z Rb Mvôx K DØy I Zv `i K Kv R m ú ³ Ki Z wmgjwugm GKwU D vebxg~jk cš v wmgjwugm-gi g~jk_v n jv ïaygvî cvqlvbv DcKiY mieivn K ib Gi e envi wbwðz Kiv hvq bv, wbwðz Kiv hvq bv DbœZ m vwb Ukb wksev ^v m Z AvPiY m vwb Uk bi Rb c~ e Kvi cš v jv Z DbœZ cöv_wgk gvb`ð AR bi mycvwik Kiv n Zv Ges cö Yv`bv wn m e fz ywk e e v ivlv n Zv Z_vwcI, Gi d j mk jb Zv MÖnY Ki Zv bv, mgm v `Lv w`z mieivnk Z cvqlvbvi `xn gqvw` vwqz kxjzv wb q Ges `Lv hz Gi AvswkK e envi cš v jvi gva g ˆZwi nq fz ywk-wbf ikxjzvi ms wz Db y³ v b gjz vm I gj-gy Li gva g ivm msµg Yi cöeyzv Pj ZB _v K cyi bv cš vi Zzjbvq, wmgjwugm e envikvix `i cö qvrbxq AvPiYMZ cwiez bi Ici Rvi `q Gi gva g wbwðz Kiv nq nvw Iqvi DcKi Yi e` j Rb Mvôxi m ú ³Zvi gz cök Z I vwqz kxj Dbœq b wewb qvm, Ges GKwU e w³evwo Z cvqlvbv vcbv _ K AMÖvwaKvi mwi q Db y³ gjz vm-gy³ MÖv gi w` K Av jvkcvz Kiv nq IqvUvi GBW evsjv ` ki KvwiMix mnvqzvq 2000 m b evsjv ` k wmgjwugm cš vwui cöv_wgk D ` v³v wf jr GWz Kkb wi mvm m Uvi (fvk ) bv gi GKwU GbwRI ez gv b vbxq mikvi cöwzôvb jvi mv _ Askx`vwi Z i gva g GbwRIiv cš vwu e vckfv e e envi Ki Q wmgjwugm cš vi e envi ` ki MwÐ cwi q GLb we ` ki; ez gv b hwu Gwkqv, Avwd«Kv, jvwzb Av gwikv I ga cöv P i cövq 20wUiI ewk ` k Abym Z n Q m~îmg~n:mv m BDwbfvwm wui Bbw wudu Ae W fjc g U vwwm&, hy³ivr IqvUvi GBW, hy³ivr wmgjwugm cöwµqvq, cöv_wgk ch v qi ÕcÖ¾ jb ev BMwbkb (ignition)õ I wbivc` ^v m Z ev m vwbuvwi Af vm ïiæi Ae ewnz c i, cwievi jv DbœZ m vwb Ukb myweav vcb I e env ii gva g Óm vwb Ukb mvcv bió D P wmwo Z Av ivnb ïiæ K i (e 2.3) 50

51 e 2.3: m vwb Ukb mvcvb (sanitation ladder) m vwb Ukb mvcvb K_vwUi gva g e eüz cöhyw³i I M nxz mevi Í ii µ gvbœwz K eysv bv n q Q m vwb Ukb n Z cv i MZ cvqlvbvi gz ^íe qx I mvaviy A_ev mcwuk U vsk ev m~ qv irmn d vk Uq j Ui gz e qeûj mvcv bi hz Dc i IVv hv e, mlv b RbMY I cwi e ki Rb Z ZvwaK mydj cviqv hv e evsjv ` ki MÖvgxY cöwÿ Z m vwb Ukb mvcv bi GKwU avivevwnk ilwpî wb P Dc vwcz n jv mvcv bi D PZi ch v q DËi Y GKRb MÖvnK GwUi Kvb GKwU ev Z ZvwaK avc Gwo qi h Z cv i m~ qv irmn d vk Uq ju m vwb Ukb mvcvb mcwuk U vskmn d vk Uq ju øve I IqvUvi mxjmn cdi d vk MZ cvqlvbv øvemn wkš IqvUvi mxj Qvov cdi d vk MZ cvqlvbv øve-e ZxZ MZ cvqlvbv Db y³ v b gjz vm wpî 2.3- Z MÖvgxY GjvKvi wewfbœ m vwb Ukb Af vm Dc vwcz n q Q hw`i ` ki GKwU weivu msl K (79%) Rb Mvôx gšwjk m vwb Ukb c wz e envi K i, wkqz gvbyl (14%) GLbI A ^v Ki cvqlvbv e envi K i Ges GgbwK (7%) Db y³ v b gjz v M Af Í ^v m Z cvqlvbvi g a Av Q wjw ev d vcmn Rjve MZ cvqlvbv (62%), evqy wbm gy e e vmn DbœZ MZ (wfavbwc) I K úvw s cvqlvbv (4%) Ges gšwjk m vwb Uk bi AšÍf y³ mcwuk U vskmn d vk cvqlvbv (76%) hv nvk, GLbI D jøl hvm msl K cwiev i (24%) KejgvÎ øvemn MZ cvqlvbv i q Q; Gai Yi cvqlvbv ivm-msµg Yi m ve c_ jv eü Ki Z gv UB Kvh Kix bq hvi A_ n jv, evsjv ` ki MÖvgxY m vwb Ukb mvgwmökfv e GLbI m vwb Ukb mvcv bi cöv_wgk av cb Ae vb Ki Q cvqlvbvi vwqz kxj e envi me P q iæz c~y welq ` k e eüz cvqlvbvi AwaKvskB MZ cvqlvbv Ges GKevi MZ wu f i M j Av ikwu M Z i cö qvrb nq cvqlvbvi mv _ cöwz vcb Ki Z nq øvewui AwfÁZvq `Lv hvq, GKevi MZ wu f i M j H cvqlvbvwu Avi e envi Kiv hvq bv, GgZve vq A b Ki g a B Db y³ v b gjz v Mi gz cy iv bv Af v m wd i hviqvi cöeyzv cwijwÿz nq GKwU gšwjk cvqlvbvi e envikvix cwiev ii msl vi mv _ Zzjbv Ki j `Lv hvq, kzkiv 71 fvm cvqlvbvb GKK cwievi KZ K e eüz; hlv b 15 fvm cvqlvbv e eüz nq ˆØZ cwievi Ges euvkx 14 fvm cvqlvbv e eüz nq wzb ev Z ZvwaK cwiev ii Øviv MZ cvqlvbv jv mvaviyz GKK cwievi KZ K e env ivc hvmx K i ˆZwi Ges m Kvi YB fv M e env ii welqwu `xn gqv ` KvwiMix I mvgvwrkfv e h _vchy³ bq 51

52 % 4% 10% m~ qvi A_ev mcwuk U vs K d vkk Z IqvUvi wmj, wjw ev d vcmn MZ cvqlvbv ïay øvemn MZ cvqlvbv 62% wfavbwc I K úvw s wpî 2.3: MÖvgxY GjvKvq m vwb Ukb Abykxjb Ab w` K `vwi`ª m vwb Ukb cöe w AR b evav ^iƒc hmkj cwievi fv M cvqlvbv e envi K i, Db y³ v b gjz v M Af Í A_ev A ^v Ki cvqlvbv e envi K i, Zv `i AwaKvskB `wi`ª ZvB 100 fvm m vwb Ukb AR b Ki Z PvB j `wi`ª gvby li cö qvrbxqzv K we epbvq biqv Riæwi MÖvgxY DcLv Zi Rb Kg -wb ` kbv wb œewy Z Kg -wb ` kbvmg~n Abym Z n e: K) cvwb mieivn I m vwb Uk bi Rb mvgwmök, L) cvwb mieivn wbw` ó, I M) m vwb Ukb wbw` ó K) mvgwmök (general) `vwi`ª we gvpb: cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb mev cö`v b `vwi`ª GKwU mvaviy mgm v `wi`ª `i Rb wbivcëv eóbx cöwzôvi D Ï k vbxq mikvi cöwzôvb jv Z m vwb Uk bi Rb evwl K Dbœqb Kg m~wp (GwWwc) eivï `Iqv n ji cvwb mieiv ni Rb Zv `Iqv nq bv GRb GKwU we kl A_ vqb c wz Pvjy A_ev we` gvb c wz K kw³kvjx Kiv cö qvrb GLv b vbxq mikvi cöwzôvb jvi f~wgkv LyeB iæz c~y mgš^q mvay: wkqz wkqz ch v q, we kl K i Dbœqb cökí jvi Aaxb, mvgvb n ji mikvwi ms v I GbwRI `i gv S GKwU mgš^q cöwµqv we` gvb Z e emikvwi LvZ hviv MÖvgxY GjvKvq e nëi GKwU f~wgkv cvjb K i _v K, Zv `i ejvq mgš^q LyeB `ye j vbxq mikvi cöwzôvb KB vbxq ch v q M nxz Dbœqb Kg Kv Ði hvezxq cwikíbv I ev Íevqb mgš^ q AMÖYx f~wgkv cvjb Ki Z n e ALÐ ev mgwš^z (integrated) cš v: cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb mev cö`vb Ges wewfbœ ai Yi Z_ -wkÿv- hvmv hvm (IEC) Kvh µ g mikvwi cökí jv I GbwRI KZ K wfbœ wfbœ cš v Abym Z nq Avevi wewfbœ welq hgb: Rb Mvôxi AskMÖnY, ^v m Z AvPiY cömvi, m vwb Ukb Dbœqb, c wz cwipvjbv I msiÿy I cvwb wbivcëv cwikíbv wel q wfbœ wfbœ AvBBwm c v KR e eüz n q _v K cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb Kvh µ gi Rb ev Íevqb wb ` wkkvmn GKwU ALÐ (mgwš^z) Z_ -wkÿv- hvmv hvm Kvh µg cöyqb Kiv cö qvrb (Aby Q` 3.7-G ^v m Z AvPiY cömvi wel qi mv _ we ÍvwiZ ewy Z) 52

53 L) cvwb mieivn MÖvgxY cvwb mieiv ni NvUwZ wel q we kl bri cö`vb: MÖvgxY cvwb mieivn Kfv ir evsjv ` ki gšwjk gvb`ð Abyhvqx 71 kzvsk I DbœZ gvb`ð Abyhvqx 51 kzvsk Dch y³ Z_ Abymv i MÖvgxY cvwb mieiv n mve Rwbb Kfv ir AR b GLbI GKwU eo NvUwZ we` gvb, hvi cöavb `ywu KviY n jv: 1) wekvjvqzb GjvKvq Kfv ir AR b GKB ai Yi mgm v, hgb: Av m wbk msµwgz GjvKv (AviI `Lyb Aby Q` 3.5) Ges h mg Í GjvKvq f~-mf cvwbi Íi wb P b g hv Q (AviI `Lyb Aby Q` 3.3); Ges 2) A cÿvk Z ÿz`ªvqz bi GjvKv jvi vbxq Pwi Îi mgm v, hgb: `ym g GjvKv (welqwu Av MB ewy Z) ewy Z `yb ai Yi GjvKvi wbw` ó mgm v mgvav b `ywu wfbœ cš v Aej ^Y Kiv `ikvi G ÿ Î wekvjvqzb GjvKvi Rb Õeø vs KU ai YiÕ cš v Dc hvmx n Z cv i, Aciw` K ÿz`ªvqzb GjvKvi ˆewPÎ c~y mgm v mgvav b Ó UBji- gwó cš v Dc hvmx n Z cv i e nëi f~wgkv MÖn Y emikvwi LvZ K DrmvwnZKiY: MÖvgxY cvwb mieivn GKwU DËiY cöwµqvq (transition path) i q Q, hlb ` ki GKwU e nr As k f~-mf cvwbi Íi wb œmvgx niqvq GjvKvwU AMfxi _ K wwc mu bjk~c e env ii w` K avwez n Q MÖvgxY cvbcevwnz cvwb mieivn GKwU D`xqgvb cöhyw³ (emerging technology) AMfxi bjk~c-wbf i MÖvgxY cvwb mieiv n D P Kfv ir AR b emikvwi Lv Zi iæz c~y Ae`vb i q Q mkvi YB m± ii fwel Z P v jä gvkvwejvq emikvwi LvZ K GwM q Avm Z mg_ b cö`vb I DrmvwnZ Kiv `ikvi (AviI `Lyb wcwcwc wel q Aby Q` 3.9) vbxqfv e cvwb Í ii ˆewkó I YMZ gvb Ges mikvwi wbqš Ye e v I Ggb `ikvwi Z_ mk ji Rb mnrjf Ki Z wwwcgbpb I vbxq mikvi cöwzôvb jv h_vh_ D ` vm wb Z cv i M) m vwb Ukb m vwb Ukb mvcv bi D P Í i Av ivny: evsjv `k ez gv b m vwb Ukb mvcv bi cöv_wgk `yõgkwu avc AwZµg Ki Q GLbB mgq mvcv bi Dc ii w` K Av ivny Kivi GwU Ki Z n e A ^v Ki I KejgvÎ øvehy³ (Rjve mxj, wjw ev d vc Qvov) cvqlvbv K ^v m Z cvqlvbvq iƒcvší ii cöwµqvq we` gvb m vwb Ukb cöhyw³i Dbœq b AwaKZi ` wó cö`v bi gva g hymcrfv e, GLbI Pj Z _vkv Db y³ v b gjz v Mi Af vmwu eü Ki Z n e Ges DbœZ cöhyw³ hgb: mcwuk U vsk I `yb MZ wewkó cvqlvbvi e envi K DrmvwnZ Ki Z n e `ym g GjvKvi Rb m vwb Ukb: `ym g GjvKvi Rb Dchy³ cöhyw³ D veb GKwU Av jvwpz mgm v, hlv b m vwb Ukb Kfv ir AZ ší wb œ ch v qi GRb e vckwfwëk Kg m~wp Ges M elyv I Dbœqb (AviG vûww) D ` vm MÖnY AwZ Riæwi (M elyv I Dbœqb wel q we ÍvwiZ `Lyb Aby Q` 3.11) 53

54 Aa vq 3 cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± ii w_g vwuk welqmg~n GB Aa v q wea Z Av Q cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m±i-wbw` ó I ci úi-m úwk Z (cross-cutting) wkqz w_g vwuk welq, h jv w_g vwuk MÖæ ci Ae`vb I Zrc i civgk Ke `i we køl Yi wfwë Z cöyxz n q Q w_g vwuk MÖæc KZ K cöyxz ev`euvkx welq jv Ab Aa v q Dc vwcz I Av jvwpz n q Q Aa v q mshy³ welq jvi GKwU iƒc ilv ïiæ ZB `Iqv n q Q cöwzwu wel qi mv _ mswkøó g~j mgm vi we køly I m jvi mgvav b m ve Kg -wb ` kbv AšÍf y³ Av Q 3.1 f~wgkv GB Aa v qi ciez x Aby Q` jv Z wb œewy Z w_g vwuk welqmg~n Dc vwcz n q Q cö_g cuvpwu welq cvwbm ú` I cvwbi YMZ gvb m úwk Z Ges ciez x cuvpwu welq ci úi-m úwk Z cve Z PÆMÖvg welqwu Gi wfbœ cökvmwbk, mvgvwrk I mvs wzk ˆewk ó i Kvi Y we kl we ewpz 3.2 f~-c ô cvwb cvwb m ú` 1) f~-c ô cvwb; 2) f~-mf cvwb; 3) cvwbi YMZ gvb (water quality); 4) Av m wbk wbimb (arsenic mitigation); 5) cvwb-wbivcëv cwikíbv (water safety plan); 6) ^v m Z AvPiY cömvi (hygiene promotion); 7) bvryk Rb Mvôx (vulnerable groups); 8) mikvwi- emikvwi Askx`vwiZ (wcwcwc); 9) cwi ek myiÿv, Rjevqy cwiez b gvkvwejv I `y h vm e e vcbv; 10) M elyv I Dbœqb (R&D); Ges 11) cve Z PÆMÖvg (CHT) c w_exi mgmö cvwbm ú `i AvqZb cövq 326 wgwjqb NbgvB ji mgvb, hvi cöwz NbgvB j i q Q 1 wuªwjqb M vjb cvwb mgmö jf cvwbi gvî 2.5 kzvsk my cq Ges euvkx 97.5 kzvsk jeyv³ my cq cvwbm ú `i 54

55 Avevi cövq 69 kzvskb RgvU ei d Ave ; 30 kzvsk f~-mf cvwb Ges gvî 0.27 kzvsk i q Q f~-c ôi Dc i 18 mieivn hvm cvwbm ú` gvu `ywu K v UMwi Z wef³: f~-c ô cvwb; Ges f~-mf cvwb f~-c ô I f~-mf cvwbm ú` cvwbzvwë K (hydrological) P µi gva g ci úi-mshy³ cvwbzvwë K Pµ n jv GKwU cöwµqv, hwu my h i kw³ Z ejxqvb, hv cvwb K mvmi, AvKvk I f~wgi g a AweiZ cöevngvb iv L (e 3.1 `Lyb) e 3.1: cvwbzvwë K Pµ cvwbzvwë K Pµ K GKwU ˆRweK (physical) cöwµqv wn m e ey bv Kiv h Z cv i, hvi gva g cvwbi cöevn Pjgvb _v K Gi RwUj cöwµqvq AšÍf y³ Av Q c w_exi Dcwifv Mi ev Pvicv ki ev úxq Íi (envelop), hv K ejv nq AvenvIqvgÐj GwU ˆZwi nq f~-c ôi Rjvavi hgb: mvmi, wngevn I jk, Ges GKBmv _ (A_ev ek aximwz Z) f~-mf gvwu I cv_ ii Í ii ga w` q cöevwnz RjcÖev ni gva g ciez x Z GB cvwb-b cybivq evqygð j cöz vez xz nq m~î: y06/dia.html f~-mf cvwb n jv cvwb mieiv n me vwak e eüz Drm, hv we ÍvwiZfv e Av jvwpz n q Q ciez x Aby Q ` G Aby Q ` Dc vwcz n q Q f~-c ô cvwb I cvwb mieiv n Gi e envi m ú K mswÿß Av jvpbv mv _ vb c q Q f~-c ô cvwbi cöwÿ ZB e wói cvwb wel q GKwU mswÿß Av jvpbv evsjv ` k f~-c ô I f~-mf cvwb ci úi-m úwk Z GLv b A bk b`xi RjcÖev ni AwaKvskB f~-mf cvwb _ K DrmwiZ Ab Î f~-mf cvwb Íi cybtfiv Ui cöavb DrmB n jv f~-c ô Rjaviv mvaviyz ï gšmy g f~-mf cvwb f~-c ô Dr mi w` K cöevwnz nq Ges el v gšmy g f~-c ô cvwb f~-m f mâvwiz nq f~-c ô cvwb evsjv ` ki b`x jv hb ` ki I ` ki gvby li Rxebv` k ib cöwz Qwe ` k gvu b`xi msl v cövq 700 Ges G jv mvaviyz `wÿy w` K cöevwnz eo b`x jv Pvlvev ` cvwb mieiv ni cöavb Drm Ges evwywr K

56 cwien bi cöavb bšc_ wn m e e eüz ` k Avwg li iæz c~y Drm wn m e grmm ú` GLvb _ KB AvnwiZ el v gšmy g b`x Z eb vi d j RbM Yi `y f vm ev o Ges Dbœqb Kg KvÐ K evavmö Í K i, wkš Gi d j RgvU bzzb cwjgvwu Z b`xi Zj `k AwZwi³ fivu n ji Rwgi De izv evovq b`x jv el vkv ji AwZwi³ e wói cvwb e ½vcmvM i cöevwnz n ZI mvnvh K i AZtci e nr b`xcöevn GKvav i ` ki cöavb m ú` I Su ywk m wókvixi e U PviwU cöavb b`x AeevwnKvi g a e-øxc GjvKvq evsjv ` ki Ae vb AeevwnKv jv n jv: M½v-cÙv, eª²cyî-hgybv, gnbv I wz Ív PviwU b`x AeevwnKvi GB kw³kvjx buiqvk wu cövq 1.5 wgwjqb em wk jvwguvi GjvKvwewkó evsjv ` ki mgzjxq wbpz GjvKv w` q cöevwnz (wpî 3.1) GB b`x I Zv `i kvlv b`x jv _ K fiv gimy g cöwz m K Û cövq 5 wgwjqb NbdzU cvwb e½ cvmvm i cöevwnz (discharge) nq b`x jv Z evwl K Zjvbx/cwj Rgvi cöv wjz cwigvy 1.5 _ K 2.4 wewjqb U bi g a evsjv ` k me gvu cövq 24,000 wk jvwguvi b`x, RjcÖevn (streams) I Lvj (canals) i q Q wpî 3.1: evsjv ` ki cöavb cöavb b`x I m jvi RjwbKvk GjvKv evsjv ` ki f~-c ô cvwb e e vi g a AšÍfy ³ n jv: eo eo b`xi buiqvk, el v FZz Z cvwb Z Zwj q hvq Ggb wekvj cøveb GjvKv, jk, K` g ˆewkó c~y AebwgZ wcwipvkvi wej-m` k GK nvrv iii ewk nviievii, ` ki `w Y-cwðgv ji giv b`xi Aewkó evukv bv kxy avivmg~n GmKj cövk wzk Rjvav ii cvkvcvwk ` ki cöwzwu MÖv gb wewfbœ AvKv ii cykzi i q Q AbywgZ cykz ii msl v cövq 1,288,222 (wewegm 2007) ` ki mgmö Rjvk qi AvqZb 12,000 em wk jvwguv iii ewk, hv evsjv ` ki f~wg GjvKvi gvu AvqZ bi cövq 8 kzvsk (mviwy 3.1) mviwy 3.1: evsjv ` ki e nëi Rjvkq Rjvk qi aiy cvwb GjvKv (em -wk jvwguvi) cöavb b`xmg~n (cùv, gnbv I hgybv) 2,174 Ab vb b`x I Lvjmg~n 2,626 g Z b`x I AebwgZ wcwipvkvi jkmg~n 225 wej/nvii/ab vb cövk wzk Rjvavi 1,540 b`x gvnbv (GmZzqvwi) 5,518 56

57 gvu t 12,082 m~î: úm wimvm G vû wigyf mwýs AM vbvb Rkb ( úvi mv wi cvu, 1984) evsjv `k cvwbi cövk wzk Avavif~wg wn m e cwiwpz el vkv j GLv b AZ wak cvwbi mgvnvi N U, wkš ï gšmy g cvwbi Afv e Livfve ˆZwi nq GB `ywu gvivz K Ae v ` ki mvwe K cvwbm ú` cwikíbv I e e vcbv K `viæyfv e cöfvwez K i wb œ AeevwnKvi GKwU `k wn m e evsjv ` ki f~-c ô cvwbm ú `i (cvwb mieivnmn) `ÿ e envi cwikíbvq A bk jv w wzgvc (parameters) we epbv Ki Z n e G jvi g a Av Q: 1) wewfbœ gšmy g AwZwi³ I AZ í cvwbi cövc Zv Ges Gi AwbqwgZ msnub (eratic occurance), 2) cvjwjk b`xmg~ ni GKwU RwUj buiqvk KZ K cöpzi cwigvy evwl K cwj Aegy³KiY I Zjvbx Rgv Ges hvi d j e vck b`xfv½b, 3) DRvb _ K cvwb cöz vnv ii Kvi Y Av_ -mvgvwrk cöe w, cwi ek, cöwz ek I grm Avevm ji Ici m ó gvivz K cöfve, 4) b`xfivu niqvi d j Af šíixy b`x cwienb e e vq m ó cöwzeükzv, 5) M n vjx Z e envh cvwbi Pvwn`v e w, Ges 6) DcK~jxq GjvKvq jeyv³zv e w mieiv ni Rb f~-c ô cvwbi e envi ` k 90 kzvs kii ewk Lvevi cvwbi Drm f~-mf cvwb f~-c ô cvwbi Rb hgb memgqb cwi kvab cö qvrb, AwaKvsk ÿ Î f~-mf cvwbi cwi kvab cö qvrb nq bv f~-c ô cvwb K wlkvr, wkíkvilvbv, M n vjx I cši Kg KvÐ _ K `~wlz nq el vkv j GB cvwb Z AwZ D P-gvÎvi Kv`vgvwUi Dcv`vb _v K ï gšmy g e Rjvkq hgb: cyky i D PgvÎvq RxevYyi (e vk Uwiqv-AvjwM) e w N U Dciš, cvwbi A ^v Ki e envi f~-c ô cvwbi gvb K gvivz Kfv e ÿwzmö Í K i A ^v Ki e env ii d j m ó `~l Yi GKwU wb ` kk n jv cvwb Z wdkvj Kwjd g i Dcw wz, hvi cwigvy AwaKvsk f~-c ô cvwb Z cöwz 100 wgwjwjuv i 500 _ K 1000 ch ší cviqv hvq f~-c ô cvwb K Lvevi cvwbi Dc hvmx Ki Z e vck I e qeûj cwi kvab cöwµqvi `ikvi nq XvKv I PÆMÖv gi gz e nr bmix Ges Puv`cyi I ev `iev bi gz wkqz wkqz gvsvix kn i f~-mf cvwbi cvkvcvwk b`xi cvwbi e eüz n Q, we kl K i hmg Í GjvKvq GKwUgvÎ Dr m GjvKvi gvu Pvwn`v c~iy Kiv m e nq bv G Kev ib Ab Kvb Dc hvmx Drm bv _vkvq MvcvjMÄ, mybvgmä I wc ivrcy ii gz kni jv Z ïaygvî b`xi cvwb-b e eüz nq ivovgvwu Z e eüz n Q KejgvÎ j Ki cvwb `ªæZ bmivqy I cvwbi Pvwn`v hz e w cv Q, ZZB e w cv Q f~-c ô cvwbi e envi D`vniY ^iƒc, ivrkvnx, wm ju I ewikv ji gz eo eo bmix Z we` gvb f~-mf cvwbi Drm e env ii AwZwi³ wn m e kni-msjmœ b`x _ K cvwb msmön I cwi kvab KiZ: mieivn Ki Z f~-c ô cvwb kvabvmvi ˆZwi Kiv n Q aviyv Kiv n Q, µgea gvb bmi RbmsL vi Kvi Y fwel Z f~-c ô cvwbi e envi AviI evo e MÖvgxY GjvKvi wkqz wkqz As k, hgb: DcK~jxq GjvKv, hlv b Dc hvmx cvwb Íi cviqv hvq bv, mlv b cykz ii cvwb cwi kvab Ki Z cû m vû wdëvi (PSF) e eüz n Q Avevi f~-mf cvwb Z Av m wbk msµgy _vkvq ` ki AviI A bk v b e envi Kiv n Q wcgmgd-gi gz wekí cöhyw³ bmi GjvKvq f~-c ô cvwb e env i i q Q A bk mxgve Zv ` ki A bk v b mviveqi f~-c ô cvwb cviqv hvq bv, hlvb _ K Zv Lvevi cvwb wn m e e envi Kiv hv e Avevi f~-c ô cvwb mieivn e e vi Rb cö qvrbxq wewb qvm Ges cwipvjbv I msiÿy e qi f~-mf cvwbwfwëk mieivn c wz _ K A bk ewk DcK~jxq Rjv jv Z jeyv³zv Av ikwu eo mgm v eo bmix jvi wfz i I Avkcv ki wkíkvilvbvi `~lyi GKwU eo D Ø Mi KviY (we ÍvwiZ `Lyb cwi ek welqk Aby Q` 3.10) MÖvgxY 57

58 GjvKvq Ggb cykzi cviqvb `y i h jv grm Pvl, Mvmj I avqv gvqvi gz `~lykvix Kg KvÐ _ K gy³ AwaKš, cyky ii cvwb Z Uw b 19 RvZxq Dcv`v bi Dcw wzi cöwz e` b cökvk cv Q e wói cvwb f~-c ô cvwbi Av ikwu Drm n jv e wó evsjv ` k e wócv Zi cöpzi ZviZg cwijw Z nq GB ZviZg KejgvÎ FZz _ K FZy ZB bq, eis AÂj f `I `Lv hvq ` ki evwl K Mo e wócvz cwðgvâ j 1,400 wgwjwguvi _ K DËi-c~e vâ ji cövq 5,000 wgwjwguv ii g a IVv-bvgv K i GQvovI e wócvz e vck gšmygx ZviZ g i ˆewkó enb K i evwl K gvu e wócv Zi cövq 90 fvmb N U Ryb _ K m Þ ^i gv mi g a Kvb Kvb MÖvgxY GjvKvq, hlv b KvbiKg f~-mf ev f~-c ô cvwbi Drm cviqv hvq bv, e wói cvwb msiÿy c wz Z (RHS) e wói cvwb e eüz n Q f~-mf cvwbi K wîg cybtfivu (e wói cvwbi mvnv h ) GKwU m vebvgq w`k Ges GwU Iqvmv KZ K cixÿvg~jkfv e (pilot) XvKv bmix Z ev Íevqb Kiv n Q f~-c ô cvwbi mgm v I mycvwik - K wl Z e envh cvwb-wbf izv f~-mf cvwb _ K f~-c ô cvwb Z mwi q biqvi PP v K GwM q biqv GwU K wl Z e envh cvwb K f~-c ô Drm _ K Ges Zrcwie Z Lvevi cvwb K AwaKZi f~-mf Mfxi Íi _ K msmö ni wbivc` PP v K kw³kvjx Ki e; - hlb `yb ev Z ZvwaK Av m wbk wbimb cöhyw³ KvwiMixfv e Dc hvmx we ewpz, ZLb f~-c ô cvwbi Drm K AMÖvwaKvi cö`vb G ÿ Î hmkj m ve Zv we epbv Ki Z n e, Zv n jv: (1) cvwbi ivmvqwbk I ˆRweK wbivcëv; (2) e q; (3) mvgvwrk MÖnY hvm Zv; Ges (4) cvwbi DrmwUi cvw_ e ev mgqvbym wbf i hvm Zv; - fwel Z f~-c ô cvwb e env ii ewa Z Pvwn`vi cöwÿ Z, mywbw` ófv e eo bmix jv Z, f~-c ô cvwb e env ii we` gvb Pvwn`v mveavbzvi mv _ we epbv Ki Z n e Kbbv gšmygx ZviZg, DRvb _ K m ve cvwb cöz vnvi I Rjevqy cwiez bi Kvi Y cvwb Z jeyv³zv e w i d j f~c ô cvwbi jf Zvq ni di n Z cv i; - XvKv bmix I e i `ªf~wgi gz v b hlv b cvwbi `y úövc Zv we` gvb, mmg Í GjvKvq f~-c ô cvwbi (ev e wói cvwbi) mvnv h f~-mf cvwbi K wîg cybtfivu (artificial recharge) we ewpz n Z cv i mv _ mv _ GwUI iæz c~y h, Avïwjqv I wgicy ii gz XvKv bmixi Avkcv ki wbpz vb I Ab vb kn ii KvQvKvwQ Rjvgq GjvKv jv K f~wg-fivu _ K myiwÿz ivl Z n e; Ges - grmpvl I M n vjxi D Ï k cöwz hvwmzvg~jk e env ii d j Lvevi cvwb mieiv ni Drm wn m e MÖvgxY GjvKvq cykz ii jf Zv GKwU eo mgm v cvwbi `y úövc GjvKvq wekí Drm wn m e e wói cvwb msiÿy c wzi e envi KI DrmvwnZ Ki Z n e 19 AKv iý Ae mvqv bv-e vk Uwiqvj Uw b (gvb µvwmmwubm&) Bb mvi dm IqvUvi Ae iæivj evsjv `k - cvbju mgxÿv cöwz e`b, g 2004 gvbwek cwi e ki Rb cvwb, m vwb Ukb I ^v myiÿv, wek ^v ms v, R bfv 58

59 3.3 f~-mf cvwbm ú` e e vcbv f~-mf cvwbm ú` welqk cöwÿz M elyv RvZxq cvwbm ú` cwikíbvi dr-1 cöyqbkv j AvenvIqv cwikíbv ms v ev MPO (ez gv b hwu cvwbm ú` cwikíbv ms v ev WARPO) KZ K f~-mf cvwbm ú `i cö_g GKwU c wzmz hvpvb m úbœ nq Ges 1990 m b dr-2 Z mwu Avc WU Kiv nq K wlrwg Z mpe e v (irrigation) Dbœq bi j ÿ f~- Mf cvwbi Íimg~ ni µgv¼ wby qi (calibrating) gva g f~-mf cvwbm ú `i cybthvpvb m úbœ nq RvZxq cvwb e e vcbv cwikíbv (NWMP) cöyq bi mgq Zrc i AvÂwjK ch v q Avi Kvb cwigvymz hvpvb m úbœ nqwb, wkš vbxq ch v q hgb Lyjbvq wkqz mgxÿv 20 m úbœ nq wewfbœ Dbœqb mn hvmx ms v hgb: WvwbWv 21 I RvBKv 22 mg_ b cšimfv ch v qi cvwb mieivn cök íi Aax b ekwkqy mgxÿv m úbœ I ev Íevqb Ki Q wwwcgbpb Dc iv³ Kg jvi gva g f~-mf cvwb e e vcbv m úwk Z RwUj mgm v wpwýzki Yi I m jv mgvav bi Rb h_vh_ KŠkj cöyq bi GKwU kw³kvjx we kølyx wfwë ˆZwi n q Q GmwWwc Z GmKj mgxÿvi ch v jvpbv I Zv _ K cövß djvd ji cöwzdjb N U Q m úªwz wwwcgbpb KZ K `ke vcx 148 cšimfvq g v_v gwuk vj g Wwjsmn mlvbkvi f~-mf cvwbm ú` wbiƒc Yi D ` vm M nxz n q Q, Ges cwjwm mv cvu BDwb Ui (PSU) mv _ hš_fv e GKwU RvZxq f~-mf cvwbi Z_ fvðvi (database) ˆZwii KvR Pj Q, hvi mv _ hy³ _vk Q cvwbi f~-zvwë K I ivmvqwbk we køl Yi mdu&iqvi evsjv ` ki f~-mf cvwb f~-mf cvwbi PZz_ Íi (KzqvUvibvwi) _ K m` Nbxf~Z cwj Íi (recent sediments) ch ší jf cvwbb evsjv ` ki M n vjx, wkíkvilvbv I m Pi cvwbi cöavb Drm AMfxi cvjwjk Íi jv e wócvz I eb vi gva g cybtfivu nq Ges XvKv bmixi gz GjvKv e wz i K cövq me ÎB cöwzeqi ïb vbc~iy m úbœ nq XvKv bmix I Gi Avkcv ki GjvKvq GwU bv niqvi KviY GKvav i ewa Znv i cvwb D Ëvjb I Gi d j avivevwnkfv e cvwb Íi wb P b g hv Q AwaKZi Mfxi cvwb Íi cybtfiv Ui welqwu hvpvb Kiv KwVb cvwb Íi c wzwu wzbfv M wef³: 1) GKwU Dcwi ev g~j Íi, hv cövq wguvi ch ší m úªmvwiz DrmwU K AÎ cöwz e` b AMfxi cvwbi Íi MY Kiv n q Q 20 ÓLyjbv bmixi wfz i I Avkcv k f~-mf cvwbm ú` I cvwb-f~-zvwë K AbymÜvb m úwk Z cši mev cökíó wk ivyv g cök íi Aaxb 2005 m b weaviwrgg, GGbwUBG I GAviGg Kvi mn hvwmzvq GjwRBwW KZ K m úvw`z mgxÿv 21 Ó PŠgynbx I jÿxcyi cšimfvq wwwcgbpb-wvwbwv cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb cökíógi Aax b GbG vûavi/avig vûgbp I G vk~qv Kbmvj U Um& Gi hš_ D ` v M 1992 m b m úvw`z mgxÿv (evsjv ` ki cuvpwu c _K DcK~jxq Rjvq ev ÍevwqZ ÓcuvP-kni cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb MÖæc (wwwcgbpb-wvwbwv, 2001)Ó cök íi WvwbWvi mnvqzv M nxz nq cuvp-kni cökíwu cuzqvlvjx, ei bv, bvqvlvjx, jÿxcyi I dyx Rjv Z ev ÍevwqZ nq cökíwui gva g ewy Z cuvpwu Rjvkni I G wji AvIZvq AviI cuvpwu cšimfvq Kfv ir m úbœ nq ) 22 RvBKv (2002) KZ K m úvw`z mgxÿv: Óevsjv ` ki cwðgvâjxq Av m wbk msµwgz GjvKvq wbivc` cvwb mieiv ni D Ï k Mfxi Íi jvi f~-mf cvwbm ú` DbœqbÓ mgxÿvi AšÍf y³ Rjv jv n jv: h kvi, PzqvWv½v I wsbvb`n wguvi cwigvywu GKwU cö qvrbxq wb ` kk, wkš Gi Kvb mywbw` ó e envi hvm Zv bb, hw`i GwU me kl Møwmqvm g vw gvg n Z cywäf~z AvbygvwbK Íimxgv Ges Av m wbk msµg Yi m ve MfxiZv mxgv we ewpz hv nvk, cyivzb I Av m wbkgy³ Íi mpivpi AMfxiZg Í ib n q _v K 59

60 2) GKwU Mfxi Íi, hv 150 wguvi _ K cövq 350 wguvi ch ší e vc Z; Ges 3) GKwU AwZ Mfxi ev wb œ Íi, hv 350 wguv iii ewk Mfx i e vc Z, hgb: 1,600 wguvi ch šíi h Z cv i ÍiwU m ú K Lye KgB Rvbv hvq e venvwik cwifvlvi P~ wz ev wfbœzvi Kvi Y A bk mgqb cvwb Íi I bjk~ ci msáv jv h _ó wøav-ø Øi D `ªK K i f~-mf cvwbi jf Zv AMfxi cvwbi Íi AMfxi cvwbi Í i m ve cybtfivu, wewfbœ ai Yi Pvwn`v (cvwb mieivn, cwi ek I K wl) Ges wewfbœ cvwbf~zvwë K A ji Rb Gi Aewkó m ú K 2025 mb ch ší cöv jb m úbœ n q Q m jvi mvi-ms ÿc wb Pi mviwy 3.2 Z Dc vwcz AÂj mviwy 3.2: e envi hvm cybtfivu I f~-mf cvwbi Pvwn`v mvwe K GjvKv ( KGBPG) e envi hvm (1) cybtfivu, BDGm, (wgwjqb- NbwgUvi) f~-mf cvwbi Pvwn`v, wrww (wgwjqb-nbwguvi) (2) cvwb cwi ek K wl gvu mieivn Aewkó: BDAviwRwW (wgwjqb- NbwgUvi, %) DËi-cwðgvÂj 3,016 12, , (6%) DËi-c~e vâj ,749 17,066 (74%) DËi- Kw `ªq AÂj 3,569 23, ,285 `wÿy-c~e vâj 3,007 9, ,584 8,216 (84%) `wÿy- Kw `ªq AÂj 1,426 3, ,581 (74%) `wÿy-cwðgvâj , , (9%) c~e vâjxq cvnvwo gvu (wgwjqb- NbwgUvi) 13,580 54,100 2,208 2,999 19,993 25,200 28,900 (%) (8.8%) (11.9%) (79.3%) (100%) (53%) UxKv: (1) RvZxq cvwb cwikíbv-2 KZ K m ú` hvpvb; (2) RvZxq cvwbm ú` e e vcbv (NWMP) KZ K f~-mf cvwbi Pvwn`v cöv jb Lvevi cvwb mieiv ni Rb gvî 9 kzvsk f~-mf cvwbi `ikvi nq, cwi e ki Rb 12 kzvsk Ges K wli Rb `ikvi nq 79 kzvsk cvwbm ú `i cövc Zv _ K eysv hvq, cvwbi YMZgvb we epbvq bv wb j Lvevi cvwb mieiv ni Rb f~-mf cvwbi cövc Zvi ÿ Î Zgb Kvb AvÂwjK mgm v _vkvi K_v bq Z`ycwi, Dc-AvÂwjK ch v q evsjv ` ki cwðgvâjxq mxgvší eivei Ges we kl K i DuPz e i `ªf~wg GjvKvq Íi cybtfivu GKwU mgm v wn m e `Lv w` Z cv i AwZwi³ D Ëvj bi d j f~-mf cvwb Íi wb P b g hviqv XvKv bmix I Gi Avkcv ki GjvKvi Rb GKwU mywbw` ó mgm v 60

61 Mfxi cvwbi Íi g~jz jeyv³zv Gov ZB DcK~jxq GjvKvq Mfxi ( wguvi MfxiZvq) bjk~ ci e envi Rwi c cövß djvdj Abyhvqx, gvî 1 kzvsk Mfxi bjk~ ci cvwb Z Av m wbk msµg Yi gvîv 50 wcwcweõi ewk Ges Ab vb ÿ Î GwU gvîvwzwi³ bq ZLb _ KB GjvKvwU Z D Pnv i Mfxi bjk~ ci e envi ïiæ evsjv ` ki DËivÂj I K `ªxq GjvKvi e nr GKwU Ask Ry o AMfxi bjk~ ci cvwb Z Av m wbk msµg Yi mgvavb wn m ei ewa Znv i Mfxi bjk~ ci e envi ïiæ n q Q GKvi YB Mfxi cvwb Íi µgvš^ q Lvevi cvwb mieiv ni Rb iæz c~y n q DV Q, we kl K i MÖvgxY GjvKvq Mfxi cvwb Íi (D Ëvjb) DbœqbI Av m wbk I jeyv³zv AbycÖ e ki AvksKvq evavmö Í ÍiwU Z vbxqfv e ev ivb, AvqiY I g v½vwb Ri gvîvwiw³ Dcw wz jÿyxq GgZve vq f~-mf cvwbi Mfxi Íi KZLvwb bevqb hvm Zv wbiƒcy Kiv GKwU ZK mva welq, wkš GwU wbwðz h ÍiwU _ K fvj gv bi cöpzi cwigvy cvwb AviI eûeqi a i mieivn Kiv m e welqwu Lyjbvi Mfxi K~c ÿî _ K cögvwyz (cö`wk Z), hlvb _ K MZ 45 eq iii ewk mgq a i wbiew Qbœfv e cvwb D Ëvjb Kiv n Q A_P ÍiwU Z jeyv³zvi AbycÖ ek wk ^v Av m wbk `~l Yi cögvb cviqv hvqwb (eÿ iv ww wimv m m wrijwrkz qm GU wgbv im, weaviwrgg, d«vý, 2005) Z e Mfxi Í ii AwbðqZvwU Av m f~-mf cvwbi gvb I cwigvy cwiexÿ Yi cöwµqv-c wzi m ú~y Abycw wzi Kvi Y weaviwrgg (2005) mgxÿvwu m ez Mfxi cvwb Íi wel q ` ki GKgvÎ DbœZ g Wwjs mgxÿv Gi gva g fwel ZevYx D PvwiZ n q Q h AvMvgx 25 eqi mgq gqv ` Lyjbvq myjf cwi Qbœ cvwbi cwigv Y GKwU eo ai Yi am bvg e hw`i cwiw wz cwiez bi GB AbywgZ mgqmxgvwu ZK vzxz bq, Z_vwcI g Wj w wzgvc wel q AbywgZ AwbðqZv I cö`ë cwiez bi w`k-wb ` kbv (declining) AeavwiZ bxwzgvjvwu ` ki cvwb mieivn e e vi cwikíbvq Aek B AšÍf y³ Kiv `ikvi KvRwU Ki Z n j GKwU cwiexÿy c wz _vkv AZ vek K, hwu cvwb Í ii h Kvb cwiez b wel q AvMvg ms KZ ` e AwaKš, wwwcgbpbp Z_ g Z wm ju, ewikvj I Lyjbvi gz v b cwic~y Í ii (artisan aquifer) wc q Rv gwuªk Pvc B Zvg a K g Q; hvi A_ n jv Íi cybtfiv Ui nvi K g hviqv GwUI D Ø Mi welq h, K wlrwg Z m Pi Rb GKwU Dchy³ Mfxi cvwbi Íi Avwe v ii D Ï k evsjv ` ki `wÿyvâ j GKwU AbymÜvb Kvh µg MÖnY Kiv n Q hw` f~- Mf Mfxi cvwbi Íi K wl Z m Pi Rb we ewpz nq, Z e Lvevi cvwbi Ag~j m ú` wbwðzfv eb `y úövc n e hlb ewmbvj j g Wj 24 (D`vniY ^iƒc, Lyjbv mgxÿv) GKwU Kvh Ki cöwÿz Dc vcb K i, m jv mvwe K mvaviyxkiy (gross generalization), hv GKKfv e Kvb kn i cvwb mieivn cwikíbvi Rb h _ó bq ^í gqv ` (aiv hvk, 5 eqi) GKwU hyw³hy³ ZvwË K g Wj (sound conceptual model) D veb Ges Gi wfwë Z ev Íevqb, cömwzkxj ms vi (progressively upgraded) I buiqvk gwbuwis AMÖvwaKvi c Z cv i GKwU hyw³hy³ g Wj wfbœ KejgvÎ msl vzvwë K (numerical) g Wj mvgvb B mydj I Av v e q Avb Z cv i hlb m ú` mgxÿv jv GwM q Pj Q, ZLb bmi GjvKvi Mfxi K~c ÿî _ K cvwb D Ëvjb e e vcbv Ges Drcv`b bjk~c I wbku jeyv³ ev Av m wbk msµwgz f~-mf Rjvav ii gvslv b ch eÿy K~c vcb I Zv cwiexÿ Yi GKwU mywbw` ó cš v Aej ^b Kiv `ikvi AMÖvwaKvi hvm Av ikwu AwZ iæz c~y welq n jv bmi cvwb mieivn c wz Z D PgvÎvq cvwb nviv bvi ÿwz (water losses) ` k Z hme v b f~-mf Mfxi cvwb Í ii Abevqb hvm Drm e eüz n Q, mlv b ÿwzwu b~ bzg ch v q ivl Z ^vfvwek Ae vi P q AwaKZi cö Póv wb Z n e XvKvi gz Ae v bv n j, 24 ZvwË K (conceptual) I msl vzvwë K (numerical) Dfq g Wj 61

62 hlv b cvbcjvb bi wq `ªi gva g cvwb D ËvwjZ Í i Kvh Kifv e dir hvq ( hwu `ÿzvi mgm v we ewpz), DcK~jxq kni jv Z mlv b wq `ªi gva g ewo q hviqv cvwb cök Zc ÿ wpiz ib nvwi q hvq cvwbi Íi Aebgb I MÖvgxY cvwb mieivn cöhyw³ gvî `yb `kk Av M, hlb K wlrwg Z m Pi Rb ZZUv D jøl hvm nv i f~-mf cvwb D Ëvjb n Zv bv, ZLb cövq mviv ` kb ( KejgvÎ cve Z PÆMÖvg e ZxZ) f~-mf cvwbi Íi mvkkb- gvw cv úi (<6 wguvi) D Ëvjb mvg _ i g a B wqj Gai Yi cv ú 6bs n ÍPvwjZ AMfxi bjk~c bv gb mvavi Y cwiwpz ZLb _ KB K wlrwg Z m Pi Rb f~-mf cvwb D Ëvj bi `ªæZ e w N U Ges dj ^iƒc f~-mf cvwbi Íi ch vqµ g wb P b g hvq Gi d j A bk AMfxi bjk~c n q c o AKvh Ki mgvavb ^iƒc cöewz Z nq dvm -wjdu& ai Yi n ÍPvwjZ bjk~c (cöv_wgk Ae vq Zviv bjk~c bv g cwiwpz) GiciI f~-mf cvwbi Íi µgvmz bvg Z _vk j AviI wewfbœ ai Yi bjk~ ci (mycvi Zviv I Zviv Wf nw) e envi ïiæ nq, h jv A cÿvk Z wb œ Íi (>20 wguvi) _ KI cvwb D Ëvj b mÿg bzzb ai Yi bjk~c jv 6bs AMfxi bjk~ ci P q A bk e qeûj wpî 3.2: wwwcgbpb KZ K wbiƒwcz (2009 mb) evsjv ` ki wb œzg cvwb Íi MfxiZv cvwbi Íi wb P hviqvi welqwu me P q ewk ÿwzkvik nq MÖvgxY cvwb mieivn e e vi Rb, hv g~jz eûw`b a ib n ÍPvwjZ bjk~c-wbf i cwiez xz cwiw wz Z Drcv`b bjk~c jv Ggbfv e wwrvbb Kiv n Q hv Z m jv wb œzg MfxiZv _ KI cvwb D Ëvjb Ki Z cv i Ges ZviciI `Lv hv Q h we` gvb mp bjk~ ci Kvi Y cvwbi Í ii wb œmvgxzv GmKj Drcv`b bjk~c K cöfvwez Ki Q XvKvi NUbvwU wfbœ; GLv b cvwb mieiv ni Rb AwZwi³ D Ëvj bi d j cvwb Í ii `ªæZ Aebgb (K~c jvi Avkcv kb cvwbi Íi wb œmvgx) NU Q 62

63 wwwcgbpb wbiƒwcz (2009) evsjv ` ki wb œzg f~-mf cvwbi Íimg~n wpî 3.2 Z cö`wk Z Av Q ez gv b ` ki GKwU e nr AskRy o AMfxi Ges GgbwK Zviv bjk~c jvi ch vß cvwb D Ëvjb Ki Z cvi Q bv we kl K i cwiw wzwu Lvivc n Q ï gšmy g bzzb ai Yi bjk~ c AviI wb œ-mfxizvi nvdwrs cvbc e envi ïiæ K i Q wwwcgbpb D Ïk n jv f~-mf cvwb Íimg~ ni cybtaebgb iva Kiv m Pi Rb D ËvwjZ cvwbi Kvi Y cvwb Íi b g hviqv e i `ªf~wgi gz eû GjvKvi Lvevi cvwb e envikvix `i Rb D Ø Mi welq fwel Z Gai Yi wezwk Z cvwb e env i gvivz K mgm v m wói m vebv i q Q f~-mf cvwbm ú `i mylg eèb wbwðz Ki Z GKwU wbqš K ms v cöwzôvi Rb GwU GKwU Ab Zg KviY cwigvymz jf Zvi cöfvekmg~n cvwb Íi e Zx i K cövk wzk M v mi Kvi YI cvwb D Ëvjb evavmö Í nq, hv mvkkb cv úi cvwb D Ëvj b cöwzeükzv m wó K i Ges wbg¾b hvm (submergible) cv úi Aeÿq K (corrotion) Z ovwš^z K i cvebv I bv Uvi (Pjbwej GjvKv), wm ju I h kvi Rjv, Ges hgybv b`xzxiez x GjvKvi ( hgb gvwbkmä) wbw` ó wkqz v b we` gvb evìvi I MÖv fj Íi MfxiZg K~c Lbb K evavmö Í K i Gai Yi mxgve Zv AwZµg Kivi GKwU Dcvq n Z cv i h_vh_ cviqvi wi Mi e envi bxwzgvjv I cöwzôvbmg~n bxwzgvjv f~-mf cvwb Dbœqb, Gi e envi I e e vcbvi mv _ evsjv ` ki wewfbœ ms v hy³ Dfq cvwbm ú` Ges wbivc` cvwb I m vwb Ukb wel q ch vß RvZxq bxwzgvjv _vkv m Ë I Gme iæz c~y cövk wzk m ú `i Kvh Ki e envi, myiÿv I vwqz kxjzvi wbwðqzvweav b Kvb mgwš^z KŠkj cöyxz nqwb G wel q AwR Z AMÖMwZi AwaKvskB GWnK I Pvwn`vwfwËK cöwzôvbmg~n f~-mf cvwbm ú` e e vcbvi mv _ hy³ cöavb ms v jvi GKwU ZvwjKv mviwy 3.3-G Dc vwcz n q Q ZvwjKvwUi mv _ emikvwi Lv Zi mn hvmx `i KI dvg vi I nvdr nvìvi wn m e hy³ Kiv `ikvi Giv f~- Mf cvwbi e nëg D ËvjK n ji cvwbm ú` e e vcbvq AvbyôvwbKfv e ^xk Z bq 63

64 mviwy 3.3: f~-mf cvwbm ú` e e vcbvq hy³ ms v/cöwzôvbmg~n gš Yvjq Awa`ßi gyl f~wgkv MŠY f~wgkv cvwbm ú` Iqvi cv, wewweødwwwe vbxq mikvi wwwcgbpb, Iqvmvmg~n GjwRAvB, GjwRBwW, AviwWG K wl wegwwwm, weggwwg K wl m úªmviy Awa`ßi (wwgb) cwi ek cwi ek Awa`ßi (wwib) weávb I cöhyw³ evsjv `k cigvyy kw³ Kwgkb (wegbwm) R vjvbx I LwbRm ú` wrijwrk vj mv f Ae evsjv `k (wrgmwe) emikvwi LvZ BÝwUwUDU Ae IqvUvi g Wwjs (AvBWweøDGg), m Uvi di Gbfvqib g Uvj G vû wrimövwdk Bbdi gkb mvwf mm) wmbwravbgm, Kbmvwës dvg m& wrgmwe: wrijwrk vj mv f Ae evsjv `k f~-mf cvwbm ú` e e vcbvi mv _ hy³ Kg KvÐ K cuvpwu köyx Z wef³ Kiv h Z cv i: 1) cwiexÿy; 2) hvpvb ev G v mm g U; 3) myiÿv I wbqš Y; 4) cvwbm ú` Dbœqb; Ges 5) M elyv I Dbœqb gyl ms v jvi m ve fwel Z f~wgkv wel q mycvwikmn hvpvbk Z ez gvb f~wgkv mviwy 3.4- Z ewy Z Av Q G jv cyyivq wb P Av jvwpz n q Q wemz `yb `k K wkqz wkqz ms vi f~wgkvq bvukxq cwiez b G m Q D jøl Kivi gz ms v n jv evsjv `k K wl Dbœqb K c v ikb (wegwwwm) Ges A cÿvk Z Kg cwiez bmn evsjv `k cvwb Dbœqb evw (wewweødwwwe), hv `i K wlrwg Z mpe e v vc b c~ e e nëi f~wgkv wqj wkš ez gv b Kvh Z Kvb f~wgkv-b bb AviI D jøl h, f~-mf cvwb D Ëvj b emikvwi Lv Zi Kg KvÐ A_ en Dcv q wbqš Y Kivi gz Kvb ms v 25 ez gv b bb 25 m ve A_ev AvswkK wbqš YKvix, XvKv Iqvmv e wz i K 64

65 mviwy 3.4: f~-mf cvwbm ú` e e vcbv ev Dbœq b m ú ³ mikvwi ms vi ez gvb I m ve fwel Z Kg KvÐ Kg KvÐ (functions) cwiexÿy (monitoring) Iqvi cv wewweødwwwe wwwcgbpb Iqvmvmg~n wegwwwm weggwwg wrgmwe GjwRAvB ez gvb fwel Z ez gvb fwel Z ez gvb fwel Z ez gvb fwel Z ez gvb fwel Z ez gvb fwel Z ez gvb fwel Z ez gvb fwel Z X X X X X X? X X X X X hvpvb (assessment) X X? X X X X?? X?Y X? X cvwbm ú` Dbœqb (development) myiÿv I wbqš Y (protection and regulation) M elyv I Dbœqb (R&D) f~-mf cvwb m úwk Z we klá Ávb Y X X X X X X? X X X X? X? X? X X X X X X X * *** ** *** * *** 0 * * ** * ** * ** * UxKv X : ez gvb A_ev fwel Z Kg KvÐ Y : HwZnvwmK Kg KvÐ? : wkqz A_ev m ve Kg KvÐ f~-mf cvwb m úwk Z we klá Ávb (ez gvb/fwel Z) *** - kw³kvjx; ** - gvsvwi mvg_ ; * - `ye j; 0 Amg_ ev Kvb mvg_ B bb 65

66 mviwy 3.4-G wewfbœ Awa`ß ii we klá Ávb m úwk Z GKwU hvpvbi hy³ Av Q Z`vbyhvqx, Kvb Awa`ßiB ez gv b kw³kvjx mvg _ i AwaKvix bq Ges AwaKvskB `ye j köyxfy³ hv nvk, kw³kvjx vi ev gvb Iqvi cv, wewweødwwwe I wwwcgbpbõi Rb cö qvrbxq we ewpz AwaKvsk ms vi wb œ- vi cövwßi cöavb KviY n jv vwds ev Kg x c`vqb gyl ms v jvi KvbUv ZB ch vß hvm Zvm úbœ f~-mf cvwbm ú` ckvrxex nq vqxfv e bv nq Pzw³ Z A_ev civgk K wn m ei bvb GwUB m ez Kvh Ki f~-mf cvwbm ú` e e vcbv AR bi me v cÿv eo evuav ez gv b Am úvw`z f~-mf cvwbm ú` e e vcbv Kvh µg ez gv b f~-mf cvwbm ú` e e vcbv msµvší A bk Kvh µg nq Am úvw`z A_ev m jv Kiv n ji Zv Ach vß ev h _vchy³ cö Póv M nxz n Q bv G jvi AšÍf y³ Av Q: - Mfxi cvwb Í ii AbymÜvb, hvpvb I cwiexÿy; - Av m wbk AbymÜvb, hvpvb, cwiexÿy I e e vcbv; - cvwbi D Ëvjb cwiexÿy; - f~-mf cvwbi YMZ gvb myiÿv Ges `~wlz gvwu I f~-mf cvwbi cwi kvab; - f~-c ô Rjvkq I cwi ekmzfv e ms e`bkxj Rjvf~wgi (ecologically sensitive wetlands) m úªmviy (augmentation); - f~-mf cvwb D Ëvj bi jvb mwýs c wz cöez b; - K~c Lb bi jvb mwýs e e v; - f~-mf cvwbi Íi b g hviqvi bwzevpk cöfve Kwg q Avb Z K wîg cybtfivu (artificial recharge); - mve-mvi dm W vg ˆZwii gva g f~-mf Rjvav ii (groundwater reservoirs) msl v e w ; - we` gvb I cwikwíz Af v mi vwqz kxjzv hvpvb; Ges - cö qvrbxq AvBwb Kg -KvVv gv (legislative framework) ˆZwi f~-mf cvwbm ú` e e vcbvi Rb mycvwikgvjv f~-mf cvwbi mxgve Dc hvwmzv I GKwU mgwš^z KŠk ji Abycw wzi d j f~-mf cvwbm ú` e e vcbvi mv _ hy³ cöwzôvb jvi mvg_ -msku `Lv w` Q Ges f~-mf cvwbm ú` e e vcbvi Rb cö qvrbxq A bk KvR Am úbœ _vk Q (wb P `Lyb) G _ K f~-mf cvwbm ú` e e vcbvq Riæwi Avg~j cövwzôvwbk cybm Vb I c wzmz DbœwZweav bi (upgradation) ZvwM` m wó n q Q Gi g a _vk Q: - Lmov cvwb AvB b f~-mf cvwbm ú` e e vcbvi mgm v jv AšÍf y³kiy Ges f~-mf cvwbm ú` e e vcbv I wbqš Y c wz (welqwu bxwzgvjv, KŠkj I cöwzôvb Aby Q ` we ÍvwiZ ewy Z Av Q) cöwzôv; Ges - m± ii cöwzôvb jvi mvg_ e w Gi g a _vk e Iqvi cv, wwwcgbpb, Iqvmv I wewweødwwweõi gz m±i ms v jv Z f~-mf cvwb ckvrxexi vqx I Pzw³wfwËK c` m wó (bxwzgvjv, KŠkj I cöwzôvb Aby Q ` we ÍvwiZ ey bv Kiv n q Q) 3.4 cvwbi YMZ gvb cvwbi Yv Y gvb`ð I wb ` wkkv (guideline) 66

67 Lvevi cvwb wel q wek ^v ms vi MvBWjvBb 1993 Gi wfwë Z cöyxz evsjv `k cwi ek msiÿy AvBb 1995 Gi Av jv K evsjv ` ki Lvevi cvwbi Yv Y gvb`ð wba vwiz I 1997 m b cökvwkz gvb` Ði ZvwjKvq 55 wu fšz (physical), ivmvqwbk (chemical) I AbyRxweK (microbiological) w wzgvc (parameter) mshy³ wkqz wkqz gvb`ð wek ^v ms vi MvBWjvB b cö`ë cwigvc (value) _ K wfbœ Ges Gi KviY memgq cwi vi bq hme evsjv `k gvb` Ði cwigvc wek ^v ms vi MvBWjvB b cö`ë w wzgvc _ K wfbœ, m jvi Zzjbv I gšíe mshyw³ 5-G Dc vwcz n q Q cvwbi Yv Y cwiw wz m b m úbœ RvZxq cvwb-ivmvqwbk Rwi c (hydro-chemical survey) f~-mf cvwbi Yv Y g~j vq bi Rb cve Z PÆMÖvg GjvKv e ZxZ mgmö ` ki Rb GKwU wfwëgvc (baseline) cöyxz n q Q AwZwi³ wn m e m úbœ n q Q cövk wzk cvwbi Yv Y I G vb _ªv cv RwbK `~ly wel q ek wkqz vbxq I AvÂwjK mgxÿv Rb ^v i Dci cöfve Ges bv `wbk (aesthetic) I fšmwjk we Ívi we epbvq cvwbi YMZ w wzgvc jv K wb œv³iƒ c wef³ Kiv h Z cv i (mviwy 3.5) mviwy 3.5: cvwbi YMZ gv bi w wzgvcmg~ ni aiy cvwbi YMZ gv bi w wzgvcmg~ ni aiy mswkøó cövk wzk w wzgvc Ges hv we Í Zfv e cö hvr cövk wzk w wzgvcmg~n, h jv vbxqfv e cö hvr A_ev Aíwe Í Z mgm v wn m e we ewpz G vb _ªv cv RwbK w wzgvcmg~n: GmKj w wzgv ci mv _ m úwk Z SuywKmg~n h_vh_ cwiexÿy I m ve mgm vi weiæ cöwzeükzv m wói gva g Kwg q Avbv hvq wek ^v ms v KZ K cöyxz ^v msµvší w wzgvcmg~n, wkš G jv evsjv ` k NUvi m vebv bb ej jb P j (cöwzwbwaz g~jk bgybv cixÿv I we køl Yi gva g wbwðz niqv cö qvrb) w wzgvcmg~n (parameter) Av m wbk, AvqiY, g v½vwbr I jeyv³zv e vwiqvg, ev ivb, BD iwbqvg, bvb UªU I G v gvwbqvg gvb µvev qvjwrk vj, G MÖv KwgK vj I wkíkvilvbvi `~ly gvikvwi, wub, iwwigkwuwfwu, i vwb I wmjfvi Av m wbk: ` ki jÿ jÿ gvby li Ici Av m wb Ki ^v MZ cöfve GZUvB gvivz K cöwzfvz h, Av m wbk wbim b m± ii Kvh µg K m e v P AMÖvwaKvi cö`vb AZ vek K Kvh µg jv cwi vifv e `yb ai Yi: 1) msµwgz cvwbi Drm _ K Su ywk AcmviY, Ges 2) Su ywkc~y GjvKvq we` gvb wbivc` I bzzb cvwbi Drm myiÿv Av m wbk wel q D P AMÖvwaKvig~jK g bv hvm cö`v bi we epbvq GwU ciez x Aby Q ` c _Kfv e Av jvwpz AvqiY I g v½vwbr: G jv wøzxq ch v qi AMÖvwaKvifz³ ÕfvjÕ cvwb cviqvi bv `wbk w`k (aesthetic aspects) I ^v wfwëk welq jvi hš_ cö qvrbxqzv _ K AMÖvwaKviwU wpwýz, mywbw` ófv e cvwb Z g v½vwb Ri Dcw wz wjuvicöwz 0.4 wgwjmöv gi ewk n j M n vjx Z e eüz bjk~ ci Zzjbvq bmi I cvbcevwnz MÖvgxY cvwb mieiv ni Rb GB jÿ wu AR bi GKwU Rvov jv Pvwn`v Abyf~Z n e, we kl K i hlv b cvwbi bv `wbk w`k jv MÖnY hvm mxgvi g a _vk e jeyv³zv: DcK~jxq GjvKvi we Í Z AMfxi cvwbi Íimg~n AvMv Mvov jeyv³ ` ki Af ší i we kl K i Kzwgjøv I Puv`cyi Rjvi c KU AÂj jvi cvwb ZI jeyv³zvi AbycÖ ek N U Q 67

68 AYyRxweK msµgy (microbiological contamination): GwU ` ki mkj cvwb mieivn c wzi Rb B GKwU eo `ywðšívi KviY AiwÿZ f~-c ô cvwbi Dr m Gai Yi msµgy N U gvbyl I Rxe-Rš i cqte R i gva g AMfxi f~-mf cvwbi MZ cvqlvbv I f~z j Mw QZ KwVb er _ K wbtmwiz gqjv cvwb Øviv msµwgz nq cvwb mieivn Kvh µg I M n vjx Z e envi, Dfq ch v qb ÎæwUc~Y cwipvjbv I msiÿy Ges cvwbi A ^v m Z e envi cybtmsµgy NUvq wewfbœ ai Yi cvwbi Drm (D`viniY ^iƒc bjk~c, K~qv I wcgmgd) e envikvix Rb Mvôx Z Gai Yi msµgy mvaviy NUbv welqwu cvwb-wbivcëv cwikíbv (water safety plan) welqk c ii Aby Q`wU Z c _Kfv e Av jvwpz mwvkfv e RvZxq Lvevi cvwbi gvb`ð wba viy AwZ iæz c~y gvb`ð mwvkfv e wba vwiz bv n j wbivc` Lvevi cvwb mieiv ni D Ïk cwic~y fv e AwR Z n e bv Ges G ÿ Î wewb qvm fzjfv e cwipvwjz I åvšífv e AMÖvwaKvifz³ n e cybivq, GmKj gvb`ð n jv `ÿzvi gvckvwv (performance criteria), hvi gva g mikvi Lvevi cvwb mieivnkvix `i K wbqš Y Ki e AZtci, RvZxqfv e GKwU cvwbi gvb cwiexÿy c wz cöwzôv Kiv Riæwi gvb`ð ch v jvpbvi Rb cwiexÿy AZ vek K, ch vß cwiexÿy e Zx i K gvb`ð cwiez xz n Z cv i bv cvwbi gvb cwiexÿy cvwbi gvb cwiexÿy Rb Mvôx Z wbivc` cvwb mieiv ni GKwU AZ vek K Dcv`vb cvwbi gvb mvwf jý Kv R evsjv ` ki mvg_ I mxwgz wwwcgbp, cwi ek Awa`ßi (DoE) I wegmwuavb cvwbi gvb mvwf j Ýi Rb `vqe ; hv nvk, MÖvgxY GjvKvq we` gvb wecyjmsl K cvwbi Drm cwiexÿy Kv Ri cö qvrbxqzvi Zzjbvq Rbkw³ I Ab vb DcKi Yi w`k _ K Zv `i mvg_ I ch vß bq wwwcgbpb GKwU ÕIqvUvi KvqvwjwU mvwf jý cö UvKjÕ ˆZwi K i Q, hlv b ewy Z Av Q cvwb cixÿvi w wzgvc I c wz Ges GKwU Av`k Ae vq bgybv msmö ni mgqvšíi (frequency) wkš jÿ jÿ cvwbi Drm cixÿvi cö qvrbxqzvi cöwÿ Z we` gvb cvwb cixÿv myweavi mxwgz mvg _ i ev Íe Ae v we epbv K i cö UvKjwU cybtch v jvwpz niqv Ges cixÿvi w wzgvc msl v I mgqvšíi Kwg q Avbv `ikvi AviI iæz c~y n jv, cvwb cixÿvi `vwqz hzuv m e we K `ªxKiY Kiv cö qvrb Av`k MZfv e, GKwU ` ki cvwbi gvb cwiexÿy wzbwu ch v q niqv `ikvi, hv mviwy 3.6-G Dc vwcz n q Q ez gv b 1g I 2q ch v q wkqz cwiexÿy n Q, Z e 3q ch v q cwiexÿ Yi Rb Zgb Kvb Kvh µg ev wbqš Ye e v bvb cwiexÿy ch vq-1 Abymv i cvwbi gvb wbwðzki Y mieivnkvix cöwzôvb jvi eva Zvg~jK f~wgkv wba viy LyeB iæz c~y, Kbbv GB ch v qi cvwbi gv bb MÖwnZv `i ^v Su ywk wbwnz cvwbi gvb welqk mycvwikgvjv Lvevi cvwbi gvbmsµvší mycvwikgvjv wb œiƒc: - evsjv ` ki Lvevi cvwbi gvb`ð, ev AšÍZc ÿ h gvb`ð jv wek ^v ms vi MvBWjvB b ewy Z gvb`ð _ K wfbœ Ges h jvi MvBWjvBb _vk ji gvb`ð D jøl bb, m jvi cybtch v jvpbv I ms kva bi Rvov jv mycvwik Kiv n Q cybtch v jvpbv I ms kva bi mgq wb œewy Z welq jvi cöwz we kl we epbv ivl Z n e: o gvbe ` n wjuvicöwz 50 gvb µvmövg (50 µg/l) Av m wb Ki ÿwzki cöfve m ú K GKwU M elyvi mg_ b GKwU ch vqfz³ mgq gqv ` (on a phased timescale) Av m wbk gvb`ð wjuvicöwz 10 gvb µvmöv g (10 µg/l) bvwg q Avbv; 68

69 o ^v MZ I bv `wbk we epbv jvi g a cv_ K KiY (differentiating), we kl K i g v½vwb Ri Rb ; o Lvevi cvwb ( ^v MZ) I cwi ekmz gvb` Ði (D`viniY ^iƒc, G v gvwbqv) g a cv_ K KiY - ez gvb cö UvKjwUi cybtch v jvpbvmv c ÿ GKwU e vckwfwëk (comprehensive) cvwbi gvb cixÿv (water quality testing protocol) cö UvKj cöyqb; - mvwf jýmn cvwbi gvb cwiexÿ Yi GKwU c wz cöwzôv Ges mlv b vbxq I K `ªxq mikvwi cöwzôvb jvi f~wgkv I `vq`vwq Z i wek` ey bv cö`vb GLv b cvwbi YMZ gvb cwiexÿ Y K `ªxq mikvi KZ K vbxq mikvi K wbqš Y I wbr wbr Awafz³ GjvKvq cvwbi gvb wbwðzki Y vbxq mikvi cöwzôvb K AšÍf y³ Kiv `ikvi GwU Ki Z n j vbxqfv e cvwbi gvb cwiexÿy K RvZxq Z_ e e vcbv c wzi (MIS) mv _ mgwš^z Ki Z n e; Ges - cvwbi gvb cixÿvi AeKvVv gvmz I cixÿvmvi myweavi m úªmviy mviwy 3.6: cvwbi gvb cwiexÿ Yi wewfbœ ch vq/ Íi cwiexÿy ch vq/ Íi Kg KvÐ ev Íevq bi `vwqz gšíe ch vq 1 GKwU wbw` ó Lvevi cvwb mieivn c wzi Rb cvwbi gvb cixÿvi w wzgvc LyeB iæz c~y, Ges Kg KvÐ cwiexÿ bi Ask wn m e cvwb mieivnkvixi Rb GwU GKwU wbqwgz KvR bmi GjvKvq mkj Iqvmv Ges cšimfv I wmwu K c v ik bi mswkøó cvwb mieivn kvlv ch vq 2 ch vq 3 mikvi KZ K Zvi wbqš Yg~jK ÿgzve j wewfbœ mieivnkvix/drcv`bkvix/kz cÿ/gvwj Ki gva g mieivnk Z cvwbi YMZ gvb cwiexÿy h Kvb cvwbi Dr m (f~-mf I f~-c ô ) mikvi KZ K Zvi wbqš Yg~jK KvR wn m e Kvb ÿgzvcövß RvZxq ms v/cöwzôv bi gva g cvwbi gvb wel q cwiexÿy cöeyzv/cwiez b ( hgb: wbw` ó Kvb GKwU w wzgv ci Kw `ªfe b n«vm ev e w Ges bzzb ÿwzkvik ˆRe, A Re I Ab vb e i hvm) MÖvgxY GjvKvq BDwbqb cwil`, Rb Mvôx I e w³mz Lvbvevwo G wj mvaviyz Lvevi cvwbi gvb wel q Z Zxq cÿ mvwf jý wn m e MY RwUj cöwÿ Z `vwqz wu Kvb we klvwqz mikvwi ev emikvwi ms v A_ev vbxq mikvi cöwzôvb K Ac b Kiv h Z cv i GiKg ivóªxq c ô cvlkzvfz³ cwiexÿy Kvh µg K RvZxq cvwbm ú `i YMZ gvb mvwf jý (water quality surveillance of national water resources) AwfwnZ Kiv hvq m~î: wek ^v ms v (2010) KZ K cö ZK Z cvwb wbivcëv cwikíbv wel q Af šíixy `wjj/bw_ mikvi, vbxq mikvi ev GbwRI cö`ë MÖvgxY cvwb mieivn c wz jvi cwipvjbv I msiÿy `vwqz Rb Mvôxi Dci Awc Z ev n ÍvšÍwiZ vbxq mikvi wefvm KZ K cövwzôvwbk Av qvrb wba vwiz n e, hvi gva g KvRwU m úvw`z n e mikvi cö qvrbxq cövwzôvwbk Av qvrb wbw` ó Ki e 69

70 3.5 Av m wbk wbimb msµgy cwiw wz wwwcgbpb KZ K M nxz evsjv `k Av m wbk wgwu Mkb IqvUvi mvcøvb cö R± (BAMWSP) Gi Aax b m b ` ki 272wU Dc Rjvi mkj bjk~c (cövq 5 wgwjqb) wpwýzki Yi gva g cöwzfvz nq h, ` ki cövq 29 kzvsk n ÍPvwjZ bjk~c evsjv `k gvb` Ði (50 wcwcwe) AwZwi³ gvîvq Av m wbk msµwgz wwwcgbpb/bdwb m di ciez x RwicwU (2003) 27 AwZwi³ 192 Dc Rjvi 0.16 wgwjqb bjk~ ci Rb m úbœ nq, hlv b `Lv hvq h 3 kzvsk bjk~c Av m wbk msµwgz Av m wbk msµwgz bq we ewpz euvkx Dc Rjv jvmn ` k me gvu Av m wbk msµwgz n ÍPvwjZ bjk~ ci cwigvy 19 kzvsk AMfxi Íi (150 wguv ii wb P) I Mfxi Í i (150 wguv ii Dc i) bjk~ c Av m wbk msµg Yi cöeyzv wpî 3.3-G cö`wk Z n q Q wwwcgbpb/evgiqvmc (2004) cöv jb Abyhvqx ` k 50 wcwcweõi ewk Av m wbk msµgyhy³ Lvevi cvwbi Su ~wk enbkvix RbmsL v cövq 20.2 wgwjqb G _ K AviI `Lv hvq h, Su ywkc~y Rb Mvôxi cövq A a K hmg Í A j emevm K i mlvbkvi kzkiv 80 fv MiI ewk cvwbi Drm Av m wbk msµwgz me kl ms kvwaz cöv jbwu cviqv hvq GgAvBwmGm 2009 kxl K Rwic (survey) _ K hlv b `Lv hvq, ` ki 12.6 kzvsk gvbyl GLbI 50 wcwcweõi ewk Av m wbk msµwgz cvwb cvb Ki Q GB msl vi 3.1 kzvsk Avevi 200 wcwcweõi ewk Av m wbk msµgwz cvwb cvb K i, hv ^v i Rb weivu ûgwk ^iƒc wek ^v ms vi MvBWjvBb Abyhvqx 10 wcwcwe K MÖnY hvm mxgv we epbvq wb j Sz uwkc~y Rb Mvôxi msl v e o `vuovq 23.1 kzvs k ^v mev Awa`ßi m úvw`z 2009 m bi Rwi ci gva g mbv³ ` k mikvwifv e ^xk Z Av m wbk (arsenicosis) ivmxi msl v cövq 37,000 wpî 3.3: 150 wguvi ch ší (evgw` Ki wpî) I 150 wguv ii AwaK (Wvbw` Ki wpî) MfxiZvq vwcz bjk~ c Av m wb Ki web vm/eèb 26 evsjv `k Av m wbk wgwu Mkb IqvUvi mvcøvb cö R± 27 MÖvgxY GjvKvq cvwb mieivn, cwi ekmz m vwb Ukb I nvbwrb 70

71 wekí Lvevi cvwbi Drm wn m e mikvi, GbwRI I GKK cwievi KZ K Av m wbkgy³ cvwbi Rb Mfxi bjk~c I Ab vb cöhyw³ e eüz n Q GKwU bxwz civgk g~jk UxKv (policy advisory note) 2007-G cöv wjz n q Q h, cövq 14 kzvsk Su ywkc~y Rb Mvôxi Kvb bv Kvb GKwU Av m wbk-wbivc` cöhyw³ Z AwfMg Zv Av Q ` ki 301wU Dc Rjvi 3,132wU Av m wbk msµwgz BDwbq bi wbimb cwiw wz we køly (GjwRwW/wWwcGBPB/RvBKv, 2009) _ K `Lv hvq h, B Zvg a vwcz wbivc` cvwbi Drm msl v I Riæwi wfwë Z wbivc` cvwbi Drm `ikvi Ggb GjvKv jvi g a we Íi NvUwZ ev ïb Zv (gap) i q Q Av m wbk msµgy I Av m wbk ivmxi msl v wel q mvi-ms ÿc h_vµ g mviwy 3.7 I 3.8 G Dc vwcz n q Q mviwy 3.7: wewfbœ Av m wbk msµwgz I wbivc` cvwb mieiv ni Kfv irfz³ GjvKvi Aaxb BDwbqb msl v mikvwi wbivc` Av m wbk msµwgz bjk~ ci kzkiv nvi cvwbi Kfv ir <20% 20-40% 40-60% 60-80% >80% gvu <20% % % % % >100% Kvb Z_ bb gvu 1, ,132 mviwy 3.8: wewfbœ Av m wbk msµwgz I wbivc` cvwb mieiv ni Kfv irfz³ GjvKvi Aaxb wpwýz Av m wb Kvwmm ivmxi msl v mikvwi wbivc` Av m wbk msµwgz bjk~ ci kzkiv nvi cvwbi Kfv ir <20% 20-40% 40-60% 60-80% >80% gvu <20% ,204 8, % ,034 8,888 11, % 1,885 1,890 1, ,708 7, % 1,682 1, , , % ,867 >100% ,967 Kvb Z_ bb gvu 5,390 5,000 3,780 4,197 18,672 37, Av m wbk wbimbg~jk Kvh µ gi mgm v I G _ K AwR Z wkÿv wemz `kkry o Av m wbk wpwýzkiy I wbim b mikvi, `vzv Mvôx I GbwRI KZ K A bk Kg m~wp ev ÍevwqZ n q Q Gi g a 272 BDwbq bi cövq 5 wgwjqb bjk~ c Av m wbk wpwýzki Yi KvRwU wqj m ez me P q ewk D jøl hvm AR b, wkš Av m wbk wbim bi welqwu we epbvq wb j AR bwu cöz vkvi P q A bk wcwq q GmKj Kg m~wp _ K A bk wkÿv I AwfÁZv AwR Z n q Q, hv wb œiƒc: - Õwbivc` cvwbõi aviyv I Su ywki wekí AbymÜv bi welqwu mg qi e wß Z D zz A bk SuywKc~Y e w³/cwievi B Zvg a KvQvKvwQ Kvb wbivc` K~c e envi ïiæ K i Q A_ev Zv `i msµwgz bjk~cwu A cÿvk Z wb œzg MfxiZvq cybt vcb K i Q, h DrmwU Zviv wbivc` g b K i _v K; 71

72 - cövq 80 kzvs kii ewk mikvwi I GbwRI cökí jvi Av m wbk wbimb Kg KvÐ cwipvwjz n Q KejgvÎ Mfxi bjk~c vc bi gva g cybtbevqb hvm Zv Ges jeyv³zv I Av m wbkrwbz `xn gqvw` `~ly Su ywki w`k _ K GmKj Mfxi Íi h_vh_fv e hvpvbk Z bq A` vewa mgvavb jv LyeB RbwcÖq I e q-kvh Ki (cost-effective), wkš G jvi Kvh µg cwiexÿ Yi Rb Zgb Kvb D ` vm M nxz nqwb Ges djvdj µgkt AewbZi w` K hviqvi Bw½Z w` Q GB Mfxi cvwbi ÍiwUi Rb AvBwb myiÿv `ikvi, hv Z Zvi jvfrbk e envi wbwðz Kiv hvq hv nvk, Av m wbk wbim bi cö qvrbxqzv we epbvq GLbI f~-mf cvwb AvBb cöyq b ev Lmov cvwb AvB bi ms kva b Kvb AMÖMwZ AwR Z nqwb; - K~qv I cykz ii cvwb mpivpi Av m wbk-`~wlz bq, wkš Giv AbyRxweK Su ywk 28 (microbiological risks) enb K i AZtci, GmKj cöhyw³ K m ve `~ly _ K h_vh_ myiÿv cö`vb I msiÿy Kiv `ikvi; - Av m wbk gy³kiy cöhyw³i evrvirvzkiy wbqwš Z n Q g~jz evsjv `k weávb I wkí M elyv cwil `i (BCSIR) gva g A` vewa, cöwzôvbwu QqwU cöhyw³ K (m bv, wiw-gd, G vjkvb, wmw Kv, bxwjgv I ^ `k) mvgwqk jvb mý ev QvocÎ cö`vb K i Q GmKj cöhyw³i GKwUi g~j vqb _ K ejv n q Q, cöhyw³ Z e eüz Av m wbk kvl Yi wgwwqv jv cöwz vc bi mgm vwu i qb M Q Ges G jvi wecyb ciez x Kvh Ki I vwqz kxj meve e v 29 we` gvb bb; - MÖvgxY cvbcevwnz cvwb mieivn e e vq GKwU wgkö mvdj AwR Z n q Q AwaKvsk c wz ZB Av m wbkgy³ f~-mf cvwb e eüz n Q Ges mvgvb wkqz c wz Z f~-dcwi cvwbi e envi `Lv hvq 120 cök íi 30 (w gi) GKwU ch v jvpbv _ K `Lv hvq, `ye j cwipvjbv I msiÿy Ges Ach vß cövwzôvwbk KvVv gvi Kvi Y Gi cövq A a KB Kvb KvR K i bv - wwwcgbpbõi cixÿvmvi myweavw` A bklvwb e o Q, wkš Gi e envwik mydj GLbI cviqv hvqwb cöwkwÿz Kg x bv _vkv G ÿ Î GKwU eo euvav wdì U wkum& mgm vi GKwU mgvavb cviqv M Q Ges G jv GLb vbxq mikvi cöwzôvb I Rb Mvôx wb RivB cvwb cixÿvi Rb e envi Ki Q vbxq ch v q e vckfv e wdì Uw s c wz Qwo q w` Z vbxqfv e Drcvw`Z Av m wbk cixÿvi wdì wku cö qvrb ez gv b wwwcgbpb I wek ^v ms v Gai Yi GKwU ^íe qx Av m wbk cixÿvi wku D ve Y KvR K i hv Q; Ges - hw`i wekvj Z_ fvðvi ˆZwi Kiv n q Q, G jvi (A_ vr Z _ i) e e vcbv I wewbgq c wz LyeB `ye j b vkbvj Av m wbk wgwu Mkb Bbdi gkb m Uvi (NAMIC) BAMWSP KZ K cixwÿz 5 wgwjqb bjk~ ci GKwU Z_ fvðvi cöwzôv K i Q, wkš mlv b Ab Kvb Z_ msm nxz nqwb Ges AeavwiZfv eb BAMWSP kl niqvi mv _ mv _B NAMIC Aa v qii cwimgvwß N U Q GB mgquv Z Av m wbk cwjwm mv cvu BDwbU (APSU) Z_ wewbg qi avivwu G `i cwimgvwßi mgqkvj 2006 mb ch ší Pvwj q M Q ez gv b wwwcgbpb I wcgmbd KZ K GKwU e vckwfwëk Z_ fvðvi cöwzôv I e e vcbvi D ` vm M nxz n q Q 28 AbyRxweK (microbial) SuywKi Rb Av m wbk wekívqb (substituting) Gi wec`mg~n Avcmy (APSU) I ITN-BUET, 2005 KZ K cöyxz Õwi G mm g U Ae Av m wbk wgwu Mkb Ackbm& (RAAMO)Ó Z wea Z Av Q 29 WfKbmvj U Um& wjwg UW KZ K (2009) cö ZK Z wwwcgbpb I I muvi Rb cöyxz ÓdvBbvj Bf vjy qkb Ae w` cvbju cö R± di w` IqvUvi mdwu cø vbm& di Av m wbk wigyfvj UK bvjwrm&ó 30 wwwcgbpb I RvBKv ( m Þ ^i 2008) KZ K m úvw`z ÓBf vjy qkb Ae w` cvidi gý, wf jr cvbcw& IqvUvi mvcøvb wm g (120 w gm&)ó 72

73 ^v Lv Z ivmx mbv³kiy I wpwkrmv cö`vb Ges ivmzë (epidemiological) M elyvi Rb e vck Kvh µg M nxz n q Q `ke vcx D jøl hvm Rbm PZbZv m wó n q Q Rb ^v i Dci Av m wb Ki ÿwzki cöfve m ú K K wl Lv Z Su ywki aviyvq weivu GKwU cwiez b G m Q G wel q m úvw`z n q Q GKwU iæz c~y M elyv, wkš K wl mgm v wbim b Zgb Kvb Kvh µg M nxz nqwb cvwbm ú `i ÿ ÎI GKB NUbvi cybive wë `Lv hvq Av m wbk wbim b mycvwikgvjv Av m wbk wbim bi mycvwikgvjv wb œiƒc: - me P q ^íe qx wbimb c wz wn m e bjk~ ci cixÿv (testing), wpwýzkiy (marking), I Ab cöhyw³ Z DËiY (switching) cömv i vbxq D ` v Mi cöwz mn hvwmzv cö`vb; - Av m wbk bxwzgvjv 2004 Gi Aax b cvwb mieiv ni Rb GKwU c _K ev Íevqb cwikíbv Zwi Ges mgš^q e w Z Kvh µg MÖnY welqwu Aa vq 5-G we ÍvwiZ ewy Z Av Q - mywbw` ó GjvKvi Rb Avjv`v-Avjv`v AMÖvwaKvi wba viy G jvi g a AšÍf y³ _vk e GjwRwW/wWwcGBPB/RvBKv (2010) KZ K wpwýz AwZ D PgvÎvi Av m wbk msµwgz I wbivc` cvwbi AwZ Aí Kfv irfz³ 187wU Ges D PgvÎvi Av m wbk msµwgz I wbivc` cvwbi ^í Kfv irfz³ 215wU BDwbqb; - AwZ D PgvÎvi Av m wbk msµwgz wkš wbivc` cvwbi ^í Kfv irfz³ GjvKvi mgm v mgvav bi Rb GmwWwcÕi cö_g ch v qb wb ew`z (dedicated) Av m wbk wbimb cökí ev Íevqb; - Mfxi cvwb Íi e e vcbv wel q M elyvi D ` vm MÖnY welqwu f~-mf cvwbm ú` e e vcbv m ú K 3.3 Aby Q ` Av jvwpz; - iæz c~y welqmg~n hgb: Av m wbk-m ^wjz cqte R i wbivc` AcmviY Ges mve-mvi dm (insitu) Av m wbk AcmviY (AviI `Lyb Aby Q` 3.11) wel q M elyv I Dbœqb (R&D) Kvh µg ev Íevqb; - GKwU wbw` ó v bi Rb Dc hvmx c wz wba vi Yi Rb cöv_wgk Rwic 31 m úbœ Kiv wewfbœ ai Yi gvv ch v qi Rwic (D`vniY ^iƒc U evwis, IqvUvi KvqvwjwU, IqvUvi j ej) I Z_ we køly cö Z KwU Avjv`v c wzi Rb LyeB cö qvrb; Ges - vbxq mikvi cöwzôvb jvi (LGIs) gva g Rb Mvôx Dbœqb 3.6 cvwb-wbivcëv cwikíbv (water safety plan) cvwb wbivcëvi cö qvrbxqzv evsjv ` ki cvwb mieivn I m vwb Uk bi D P Kfv ir Rb ^v I Rb Mvôxi mȳ -Rxebhvc b Lye GKUv cöwzdwjz n Q bv Awbivc` cvwbi e envi A_ev Ach vß wbivc` cvwb mieiv ni Kvi Y gvivz Kfv e evo Q ivm fv Mi evsv ` k GLbI Wvqvwiqv, Avgvkq I wbd gvwbqv wkïg Z yi cöavb KviY cöwznvrv i (jvbf ev_ ) cövq 62 Rb cvupeq ii Kg eqmx wkï cöwzeqi g Z yeiy Ki Q ( ^v I cwievi Kj vy gš Yvjq, 2006); wkïiv eq i M o wzb _ K Pvievi Wvqvwiqvq AvµvšÍ n Q Ges GKevi AvµvšÍ n j mwu M o `yb _ K wzbw`b I GgbwK KLbI mwu `yb mßv nii ewk vqx n Q Gi d j wkïiv gvivz K cvwbïb Zv I cywónxbzvq fv M Ges g Z yi gy L cwzz nq ` k M o cöwznvrv i 188 Rb wewfbœikg Amȳ Zvi wkkvi nq, hvi AwaKvskB Awbivc` cvwb I Ach vß m vwb Uk bi Kvi Y m ó cövq 20 wgwjqb gvbyl GjwRwW I RvBKv (b f ^i 2008) KZ K cöyxz P~ovšÍ cöwz e`b: Ómvm UB bej Av m wbk wgwu Mkb AvÛvi Bw Uª M UW jvkvj Mfvb g U wm g Bb h kvió 73

74 gvb µvmövg/wjuv ii AwaK Ges 50 wgwjqb gvbyl 0.01 gvb µvmövg/wjuv ii AwaK Av m wbk msµwgz cvwb cvb Ki Q f~-mf cvwb, hv ` ki bmi I MÖvgxY GjvKvi 90 kzvs kii ewk Lvevi cvwbi Drm wn m e e eüz, AbyRxweKfv e wbivc` we ewpz Ges hvi d j cvbcevwnz cvwb mieivn I n ÍPvwjZ bjk~c AbyRxweK w`k _ K wbivc` cvwb mieiv n mÿg f~-c ô cvwb e env ii ÿ Î cvwb K wbivc` Ki Z cwi kvab c wzi `ikvi nq Z_vwcI, A bk cvbcevwnz cvwb mieivn c wz I bjk~ ci bgybv cvwb cixÿv K i mlv b AbyRxweK msµgy cwijwÿz nq AvBwUGb I wwgdavbww cwipvwjz GKwU mgxÿvq `Lv hvq, ` ki gvu AMfxi bjk~ ci 29 kzvsk Ges Mfxi bjk~ ci 9 kzvsk e vk Uwiqv `~wlz Gai Yi `~l Yi g~j KviY n jv bjk~c I m jvi Avkcv ki Ach vß ev ÎæwUc~Y msiÿy Ges ^v m Z AvPi Yi envj `kv (wi G v mm g U Ae Av m wbk wgwu Mkb Ackb, 2005) AwaKš, bjk~c A_ev cvbcevwnz mieiv ni ejvq cvwbi ms hvm j _ K AvnwiZ wbivc` cvwb msmö ni, cwien bi I evwo Z msiÿ Yi mgq `~wlz n Z cv i Dchy ³ mgm v jv GKwU e vckwfwëk (holistic) cwikíbvi cö qvrbxqzv K Zz j a i, hvi gva g wbwðz niqv hvq h RbMY wbivc` cvwb cvb Ki Q Ges Zv _ K cöz vwkz ^v -mydj cviqv hv Q cvwb wbivcëv cwikíbvi aviyv I PP v cvwb-wbivcëv cwikíbv h Kvb cvwb mieivn e e vi cöpwjz cwipvjbv I msiÿy (O&M) e e v _ K wfbœ, Kbbv GwU GKwU e nëi ` wófw½ _ K DrmwiZ Ges Zv cvwbi Drm myiÿv _ K ïiæ K i M n vjx Z cvwbi e envi ch ší Pjgvb cwiexÿy I cöwz ivag~jk msiÿy e e v MÖn Yi gva g Lvevi cvwbi wbivcëv K cövavb `q Ges ^v m Z AvPiY cömv i iæz cö`vb K i cvwb-wbivcëv cwikíbv (water safety plan) cvwbi wbivcëvi wbðqzv weav bi GKwU e vckwfwëk (holistic) aviyv welqwu K GKwU e e vcbv cwikíbv wn m e msávwqz Kiv hvq, hvi gva g Lvevi cvwbi Drm _ K ïiæ K i e env ii ch vq ch ší wbivcëv wbwðz nq KvRwU Kiv nq cvwb mieivn c wzi Pjgvb cwiexÿy I cöwz ivag~jk msiÿ Yi gva g cvwb-wbivcëv cwikíbv cvwb mieiv ni wewfbœ ch v q wbivcëvg~jk c` ÿc MÖn Yi gva g ev ÍevwqZ nq, hgb: Lvevi cvwbi Dr m msµgy Kwg q Avbv, cvwb cwi kva bi ch v q msµgy cöwz iva ev Kwg q Avbv, cvwb msmön I eèb, h_vh_ cwienb I M n vjx Z e env ii mgq msµgy cöwz iva cvwb-wbivcëv cwikíbv GKwU KvVv gvi Aax b KvR K i, hv K ejv nq wbivc` Lvevi cvwbi KvVv gv (wek ^v ms v, 2004) GKwU ^v wfwëk jÿ gvîv cöwzôv, ^v wfwëk jÿ gvîv AR b cvwb-wbivcëv cwikíbvi ev Íevqb I GKwU mvwf jý c wzi mgš^ q KvVv gvwu MwVZ (e 3.2 `Lyb) 74

75 e 3.2: wbivc` Lvevi cvwbi Kg -KvVv gv ^v wfwëk Health-based jÿ gvîv ( nj_& Targets erw Uv M U) Rb ^v Public cöwÿz Health I Context ^v -msµvší and djvdj Health Outcomes cvwb wbivcëv cwikíbv WATER SAFETY PLAN c wz System hvpvb (wm g Assessment G v mm g U) Acv ikbvj Operational gwbuwis (Kvh µg Monitoring cwiexÿy) c wz System e e vcbv (wm g Management g v br g U) ^Zš Independent (BbwW cb W U) Surveillance mvwf jý 1. ^v wfwëk jÿ gvîv: ^v wfwëk jÿ gvîvmg~n Rb ^v i cöwÿ Z cöwzwôz GLv b wewfbœ ai Yi jÿ gvîv _vk Z cv i, hgb: ivm-msnu bi gvîv n«vm ( ^v djvdj jÿ gvîv) A_ev cwi kvab c wzi gva g AbyRxweK msµgy AcmviY (cvidi gý jÿ gvîv) 2. cvwb wbivcëv cwikíbv: cvwb wbivcëv cwikíbvi wzbwu g~j Dcv`vb wb œiƒc: c wz hvpvb: Lvevi cvwbi mieivn PµwU (Drm _ K e env ii ch vq ch ší) mvwe Kfv e ^v wfwëk jÿ gvîvi mv _ mvgäm c~y gv bi cvwb mieivn Ki Z cv i Kx bv, Zv wba viy Kiv; Acv ikbvj gwbuwis: GKwU Lvevi cvwbi c wz Z Av ivwcz wbqš Yg~jK Kvh vejx wpwýzkiy, h jv GK Î mieivn c wzi wpwýz SuywKmg~n wbqš Y mÿg Ges hvi gva g ^v wfwëk jÿ gvîv AR b wbwðz Kiv hvq wpwýz cöwzwu wbqš Yg~jK Kvh vejxi Rb h_vh_ cwiexÿy c wz wba viy Kiv Riæwi, hv Z cö qvrbxq wbqš Ye e vi Kvb ÎæwU `Lv `Iqvi mv _ mv _B Zv wpwýz Kiv I mgqgz ms kvabg~jk e e v MÖnY Kiv hvq; Ges e e vcbv cwikíbv: Gi gva g ^vfvwek cwipvjbvi mgq A_ev AbvKvw LZ cwiw wz Z M nxze Kvh µg ey bv Kiv nq Ges c wz hvpvb, cwiexÿy I hvmv hvm cwikíbv wjwce Kiv nq Ges mg_ bg~jk (supporting) Kg m~wp hgb, cöwkÿy BZ vw` AšÍf y³ Kiv nq 3. mvwf jý: GwU GKwU ^Zš mvwf jý, hvi gva g cvwb wbivcëv cwikíbvi h_vh_ I Kvh Ki ev Íevqb g~j vqb (varify) Kiv nq GZ` j wek ^v ms vi AvnŸv b mvov w` q 2004 m b cvwb wbivcëv cwikíbv ev Íevq b GwM q Avmv GKwU AMÖMvgx `k n jv evsjv `k evsjv ` k cvwb wbivcëv cwikíbvi AeZviYv nq cvwbi YMZ gvb e e vcbv wel q 2005 m b AbywôZ GKwU civgk g~jk Av jvpbv mfv I Kg kvjvq Dc vwcz aviyv I cš vi gva g ciez xkv j mkj mn hvmx ms vi g a GKwU wb ` kbvg~jk KvVv gv (guiding framework) wel q HKgZ cöwzwôz nq Ges MÖvgxb cvwb mieivn, bmi cvbcevwnz cvwb mieivn c wz (f~-mf cvwbi DrmwfwËK) I Av m wbk AcmviY cöhyw³mg~ ni Rb cö_g cvwb wbivcëv cwikíbv cöyxz nq GmKj g Wj Dbœq bi cicib 2005 _ K 2007 mb ch ší M nxz A bk jv cvbju cök íi gva g cvwb wbivcëv cwikíbvi gvv-ch v q cixÿvg~jk ev Íevqb (field testing) m úbœ nq evsjv ` ki MÖvgxY cöwÿz we epbvq MÖvgv ji gvby li e envh LyeB mvaviy wpîmsewjz DcKiY ˆZwi Kiv nq wewfbœ ai Yi mvwf jý 75

76 DcKiY (tools) hgb: m vwbuvwi cwi`k b I cvwbi gvb cwiexÿy c wz ˆZwi I G jvi cixÿvg~jk e envi Kiv nq G Z wwwcgbpb Ges Ab vb GbwRI KZ K 32wU MÖvgxY Rb Mvôx I 6wU bmi GjvKvi wfbœ wfbœ cwiw wz Z cvwb wbivcëv cwikíbvi ev Íe cö qvm hvm Zv cixwÿz nq cixÿvg~jk GmKj cök íi djvdj BwZevPK Ges Zv RvZxq ch v q e vckfv e ev Íevq bi (scaling-up) wfwë ipbv K i cvwb wbivcëv cwikíbv wel q GKwU c _K Kvh cîi (20 bs) cöyxz n q Q ez gv b cvwb wbivcëv Kg -KvVv gvi LmovwU vbxq mikvi wefvm-gi Aaxb wcgmbd KZ K cöyqbvaxb Av Q KvRwUi Aax b KvVv gv Dcv`vbmg~n hgb: ^v wfwëk jÿ gvîv, cvwb wbivcëv cwikíbv Ges mvwf jý cö UvKj RvZxq cöwÿ Zi Av jv K cöyxz n Q GLb ch ší ^v wfwëk jÿ gvîv I mvwf jý cö UvK ji Lmov Zwii KvR mswkøó m±i we klá `i mv _ civgk g~jk Av jvpbv mfvi gva g m úbœ n q Q GKwU mvaviy (generic) cvwb wbivcëv cwikíbv I cvwb wbivcëv cwikíbv ˆZwii wb ` wkkv (guideline) cöyq bi KvR P~ovšÍ niqvi c _ P~ovšÍKiY mv c ÿ cöyxz KvVv gvwu RvZxq dviv gi mfvq Dc vwcz n e mgm v I P v jämg~n RvZxq ch v q cvwb wbivcëv cwikíbv ev Íevq bi m ve mgm v I P v jä jv wb œiƒc: - e vck Kvh µg ` k cövq 10 wgwjqb bjk~c, hvi AwaKvskB e envikvix wb RivB vcb K i bmi GjvKvi 7wU g UªvcwjUvb wmwu I 308wU cšimfvqi GKB ikg P v jä we` gvb; - RvZxq ch v q cvwb wbivcëv cwikíbvi m úªmvi Y (scale-up) cövwzôvwbk mvg_ e w Avek K ez gv b e vckfv e ev Íevq bi Rb m±i K cöwkwÿz Ki Z mxwgz msl K cöwkÿk i q Q MÖvgxY GjvKvq h _ó msl K cixÿvg~jk cökí ev ÍevwqZ n q Q, hvi gva g e vck m úªmvi Yi Rvov jv wfwë iwpz n q Q wkš G ÿ Î bmi GjvKvi AwfÁZv GL bv mxwgz; - RvZxq ch v qi mn hvmx, mywbw` ófv e cši KZ c ÿi gv S cvwb wbivcëv cwikíbvi mydj Qwo q `Iqvi cö qvrbxqzvi i q Q; - AMfxi bjk~ ci cvwb Z Av m wbk msµgy iva Av ikwu P v jä Av m wbk wbim bi GKwU Dcvq wn m e ek wkqz wekí cöhyw³ e eüz n Q, h jv Avevi AbyRxweK msµg Yi Rb Su ywkc~y Gi A_ n jv SuywK jv ivmvqwbk _ K AbyRxweK w` K vbvšíwiz n Q wkš we gvwpz n Q bv; Ges - evsjv ` ki cöwÿ Z cvwb wbivcëv cwikíbvi mywbw` ó Ávb cö qv Mi cö qvrbxqzv i q Q hgb: GKwU cvqlvbv I cvwbi Dr mi gvslv b wbivc` `yiz ervq ivl Z cvqlvbvi vbvšíi cvwb wbivcëv cwikíbvi Kg -wb ` kbv e nëi ch v q cvwb wbivcëv cwikíbv ev Íevq bi P v jä gvkvwejvi Rb GKwU m úªmviy KŠkj (scaling strategy) `ikvi GiKg GKwU KŠkjc Îi Lmov 2009 m b cöyxz n qwqj wek ^v ms vi mn hvwmzvq KŠkjcÎwUi gyl ˆewkó n jv: - G vw fv Kwm I m PZbZv e w bxwz wba vik ch v q hyw³m½z m PZbZv weivr Ki ji Gi mydj ev Íevqb ch v q Qwo q `Iqv cö qvrb cšimfv gqi, Kg KZ v I MÖvgxY e envikvix `i Rb mvaviy Z_ -wkÿv- hvmv hvm (IEC) DcKiY, hgb: eyk ju ˆZwii mycvwik Kiv n q Q n ÍPvwjZ bjk~c we µzv `i K cvwb wbivcëv cwikíbv wel q ˆZwi wjd ju µzv `i gv S wezi Y DrmvwnZ Kiv h Z cv i GI mycvwik Kiv n q Q h, cvwb wbivcëv cwikíbv I cvwbi gvb wel q MwVZ 76

77 w_g vwuk MÖæcwU cvwb wbivcëv cwikíbvi cömv i I mswkøó ckvrxex `i wb q GKwU buiqvk cöwzôvq m Pó n e; - m±i cöwzôvbmg~ ni mvg_ e w AvBwUGb-ey qu KZ K Av qvwrz cvwb wbivcëv cwikíbv welqk cöwkÿy Kvm wu cybivq kw³kvjx/mg Kiv h Z cv i, hlvb _ K m± ii Rb cö qvrbxq cöwkÿk Ges wewfbœ mikvwi cöwzôvb, GbwRI, Dbœqb mn hvmx I wkÿvg~jk cöwzôv bi Rb gyl cöwkÿk cviqv hv e cwie Z GmKj cöwzôvb cvwb wbivcëv cwikíbvi aviyv I `ÿzv K µgvš^ q Z Yg~j ch ší Qwo q `Iqvi `vwqz b e mycvwik Kiv n q Q, gyl cöwkÿk `i wb q GwU cyj ˆZwi Kivi cvwb wbivcëv cwikíbvi Rb ˆZwi c wz I DcKiY, hgb: mvwf jý cö UvKj K AviI cwiï Kiv n e cvwb cixÿvmv ii mvg_ I AvIZv K Ges wdì Uw s myweavw` AviI evov bv n e MÖvgxY cvwb mieiv ni ejvq vbxq mikvi cöwzôvb Ges bmi GjvKvi Rb Rb Mvôx wb RivB m ú ³ n e; Ges - e vckzv m wó (scaling-up) I gyjavivq m ú ³KiY (mainstreaming) e vckzv m wói KŠk j AšÍf y³ _vk e cvwb wbivcëv cwikíbvi AwaKZi cö`k Yxi e e v, mywbw` ófv e kni GjvKvi Rb Ges Pjgvb I bzzb Dbœqbg~jK cökímg~ n cvwb wbivcëv cwikíbv AšÍf y³kiy hymcrfv e, RvZxq cwiexÿy c wz I cö ÍvweZ wbqš Y KvVv gvi (regulatory framework) mv _ cvwb wbivcëv cwikíbvi Kg KvÐmg~n mymgwš^z I mvgäm c~y n e 3.7 ^v m Z AvPiY cömvi ^v m Z AvPiY cömv ii iæz wemz `kkry o cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb mevmyweavi AwfMg Zvq D jøl hvm AMÖMwZ mvwaz n q Q Z e ^v -myd ji w`k _ K GmKj AMÖMwZi cöfve gvuvgywu ch v qb i q M Q hw`i wkïg Z yi (mortality) nvi wb œmvgx, GRb ab ev` w` Z nq cvwb I m vwb Ukb myweavq DbœZ AwfMg Zv K Ges Iivj winvb Wªkb _ivwci (ORT) gz Wvqvwiqvi DbœZ Af šíixy e e vcbv K, cvwbevwnz ivm msµg Yi cöeyzv GL bv A bk ewk evsjv ` k 2007 m b cvup eq ii Kg eqmx wkïg Z yi nvi wqj cöwz 1000 RxešÍ R b (live birth) 65 Rb MocoZv cöwz 1000-G 188 Rb bvbvikg Amy Zvq fv M, hvi AwaKvskB N U _v K Awbivc` cvwb I Lvivc m vwb Ukb e e vi Kvi Y GmKj NUbv _ K cwi vi eysv hvq h, cwiw wzi DbœwZ n ji RbMY, mywbw` ófv e wkïiv cvwb I m vwb Ukb msµvší iv Mi Su ywk enb K ib Pj Q Ab A _, ivm msµgy Kwg q Avbvi Rb KejgvÎ fšz myweavw`b h _ó Kvh Ki bq cvwb I m vwb Uk bi gva g ivm msµg Yi GB c_wu mvaviyfv e Õgj-gy Li c_ ev faecal-oral routesõ wn m e cwiwpz, hv e 3.3-G cö`wk Z n q Q 77

78 e 3.3: gj-gy Li gva g ivm msµg Yi Gd-WvqvMÖvg UvBd qw, K jiv Ges AwaKvsk Avwš K/Lv` bvjxi K wgmn (ûk K wg e ZxZ) mkj WvqvwiqvRwbZ ivm gj-gy Li iv Mi köyxfz³ WvqvwiqvRwbZ iv Mi me P q mvaviy KviY n jv c v _v Rb ( ivmm wói gvb µv-am vwbrg, hgb: e vk Uwiqv I fvbivm) GKRb e w³i gj _ K Gme c v _v Rb bvbvikg m ve mkj c _ cwimâvwjz (transmitted) nq Ges bzzb Av ikrb KZ K MjvatKiY nq Gd-WvqvMÖvgwU wb P cö`wk Z n jv Finger Faeces Flies Food New Host Fields Secondary Barrier Fluids Primary Barrier Secondary Barrier Dc ii WvqvMÖv g cöv_wgk cöwzeük n jv m vwb Ukb Ges gva wgk (secondary) cöwzeük n jv ^v gz AvPiY cömvi gj-gy Li msµgy c_wu ^v m Z cvqlvbv I nvz avqvi Af vm Øviv fv½v m e n j ^v m Z AvPiY cömv ii KvRwU Lye mnr n Z cvi Zv hv nvk, vbxq cwi e k c v _v R bi cö ek VKv bv LyeB KwVb Ges m Kvi YB e vk Uwiqv Rb v Z I evo Z cv i Ggb m ve vb jv Kwg q djv I ci úi-msµg Yi (cross-contamination) SuywK mxwgz ivlv LyeB iæz c~y, mywbw` ófv e hlv b c v _v Rb MjvatKi Yi SuywK AZ ší ewk nvz avqvi Af vm, mywbw` ófv e Lvevi ˆZwi I MÖn Yi Av M Ges cvqlvbv e env ii c i ev wkï `i kšpkvh m úv` bi c i, gj-gy Li gva g I Lv` ˆZwi, msiÿy, evmb Kvkb avqvi Af v mi gva g ivm msµgy mxwgz Ki Z LyeB iæz c~y m~î: Gd-WvqvMÖvgwU M nxz n q Q B.wR. IqvMbvi Ges R.Gb. j v bvb (1958) cöyxz MÖvgxY GjvKv I ÿz`ª Rb Mvôxi Rb cqter AcmviY _ K WweøDGBPI g bvmövd wmwir bs 39, û, R bfv ^v m Z AvPi Yi Awa ÿîmg~n (domains), hvi gva g ivm msµgy cöfvwez n Z cv i, Zv wb œiƒc: K) gbyl cqter AcmviY; L) cvwbi Drm wbe vpb, e envi I myiÿv; M) cvwb I e w³mz cwi QbœZv (personal hygiene); N) Lv` ˆZwi, MÖnY I cwi ekbv; Ges O) M n vjxi I cwi ekmz cwi QbœZv Kvh Ki ^v m Z AvPiY cömvi Kvh µg bvix, wkï I cyiæ li Rb Su ywkc~y ^v vf vm I cwiw wz n«vm K i ^v m Z AvPiY K e nëi Avw½ K GKwU e vckwfwëk Kvh µg wn m e msávwqz Kiv hvq, hv ivm msµg Yi Pµ K fvo Z mvnvh K i AZtci, ` ki cöavbzg Dbœqb P v jä n jv cvwb I m vwb Ukb-msµvšÍ ivm msµg Yi c_wu mskzwpz Ki Z ^v m Z AvPi Yi mv _ cvwb I m vwb Ukb myweavw`i cövc Zvi mw jb NUv bv (matching) 78

79 Handwashing ïaygvî nvz avqv only ïaygvî Water cvwbi quantity cwigvy only Water ïaygvî quality cvwbi only gvy Sanitation ïaygvî m vwb Ukb only 4wPÎ 3.4: WvqvwiqvRwbZ iv M wkïg Z yi 32 nvi Kgv Z nvw Iqvi I 5nvBwRb Kg Kv Ði Kvh KvwiZv Wvqvwiqv cöwz ivab mpivpi cvwb I m vwb Ukb Dbœq b wewb qv Mi gyl KviY hv nvk, GwU n jv DbœZ cvwb I m vwb Ukb myweav Ges fvj ^v vf v mi wgköy (combination), hv ` k Z gj-gyl msµg Yi c_ e Zx i K Ab fv e msnwuz WvqvwiqvRwbZ ivm Kgv Z me P q ewk Ae`vb iv L wpî 3.4-G Wvqvwiqv msµgy Kgv Z cvwb I m vwb Ukb nvw Iqvi I nvbwrb Kg Kv Ði Kvh KvwiZv cö`wk Z Av Q evsjv ` k ^v m Z AvPiY cömvi n«vmki Yi gva g (%) wbivc` cvwb mieivn Ges Wvqvwiqv iv Mi g a hvmm~î `xn w` bi ^xk Z GwUB wqj 1970 m bi w` K cvwb mieivn e e vq wewb qv Mi cöavb KviY Avwki `kk wqj cvwbi `kk, Gmg q cvwb mieivn c wz Z GKwU cwiez b jÿ Kiv hvq; Kbbv cöz vwkz ^v mydj KejgvÎ cvwb mieiv ni gva g AR b m e nw Qj bv m vwb Ukb Kg m~wp, hgb: wwwcgbpb KZ K m úbœ MÖvg m vwb Ukb Kg m~wpi cö qvrbxqzv ^v m Z AvPiY wkÿv Dcv`vbmn bzzbfv e Avwef yz nq iæz cö`vb Kiv nq ^v wkÿvi Ici; ivm msµg Yi c_ wel q RbMY K wkÿv `qv nq Ges Avkv Kiv nq h ^v Ki Rxebhvc bi Rb H Ávb w` qb Zviv Zv `i AvPiY cwiez b Ki e beÿbõi `k K `Lv hvq, m vwb Ukb I ^v m Z AvPiY wel q cybiæbœwz NU Q H `k Ki kl w` K cöavbz GbwRIÕi gva g cwipvwjz Õwb ` kbvg~jk wkÿvõ (instructive education) cš vq AskMÖnYg~jK c wzi e envi `Lv hvq e nr cwim i ev ÍevwqZ n Z _v K mvgvwrk mgv ekkiy (social mobilization) cökí Ócixÿvg~jK cvumövgó wkl K cök í GKwU Dc Rjvq kzfvm m vwb Ukb AwR Z nq mvd j i Ab Zg cöavb KviY n jv vbxq mikvi cöwzôvb jvi AskMÖnY Ges mswkøó Dc Rjv wbe vnx Awdmv ii (Dc Rjvi cökvmwbk cöavb) ` p/kw³kvjx bz Z ^v vf vm/cwi vi-cwi QbœZv (nvbwrb) ej Z mbme Af vm K eysvq hv Øviv Amȳ Zv ivak í ev ivm msµgy cöwz iva Ki Z GKRb e w³ Zvi wb R K Ges Zvi Avkcvk cwi vi-cwi Qbœ iv L ^v m Z AvPiY wkÿv (nvbwrb GWz Kkb) A_ n jv Ávbe w Z gvby li g a Z _ i Av`vb-cÖ`vb ^v m Z AvPiY cömvi (nvbwrb cö gvkb) n jv AvPiY cwiez bi GKwU cöwµqv A_ev e w³mz AvPi Yi ^v m Z ev BwZevPK cwiez bi GKwU mvgwmök cš v 32 IqvUvi mvcøvb, m vwb Ukb G vû nvbwrb cö gvkb - wwwrm K Uªvj cöviwiwum Bb W fjwcs Kvw Uªm, evb m vwû KqvY µm G vû wfwfqvb fvjgvwbm ( 79

80 wesk kzvãxi kl `k K m± ii Av jvkcvz (focus) cvwb mieivn _ K vbvšíwiz n q Q m vwb Uk b; GLv b ^v m Z AvPiY cömv ii ˆewPÎ G m Q Rb Mvôx- bz Z mvwe K m vwb Ukb (CLTS) cš vi D e N U Q, hvi gva g mgmö Rb Mvôxi m vwb Ukb e e v I ^v m Z AvPiY cömv ii welq jv we ewpz wmgjwugm g~jz GbwRI-D ` v M Avwe Z GbwRI jvi g a IqvUvi GBW, wf jr GWz Kkb wi mvm m Uvi (fvk ) I GbwRI dvivg Ab Zg mikv ii bz Z 2003 m b RvZxqfv e m vwb Ukb cöpvivwfhvb ïiæ nq Ges Gmg qi g a ` k m vwb Ukb Kfv i Ri ÿ Î GKwU e vck mvdj AwR Z nq evsjv ` ki gšwjk gvb`ð Abyhvqx 2003 m bi 33 kzvsk Kfv ir 2009 m b DbœxZ nq 80.5 kzvs k ( gšwjk gvb` Ði msáv wel q mviwy 2.3 `Lyb) wkqz wkqz `vzv-mnvqzvcyó cök í ( hgb: WvwbWv mgw_ Z HYSAWA cökí, BDwb md I wwgdavbww mgw_ Z SHEWA-B cökí) ^v m Z AvPiY cömvi K cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb Kvh µ gi giæ`ð we epbv Kiv nq Abyf~Z nq h, cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb Kvh µ gi Zzjbvq ^v m Z AvPiY cömvi Kvh µ g Zzjbvg~jK `xn mgq (cökí Pµ) `ikvi `k Ki klw` K cvwb wbivcëv cwikíbvi (WSP wel q we ÍvwiZ `Lyb Aby Q` 3.6-G) AeZviYv nq, Gi mv _ hy³ nq cvwb mieivn myweavw`i h_vh_ iÿyv eÿy I cvwbi e env ii wkÿvg~jk w`kmg~n K qkwu eo cök í hgb: eª vk IqvUvi, m vwb Ukb G vû nvbwrb (WASH) cövmöv g m vwb Ukb I ^v m Z AvPiY cömvi Kvh µ gi mv _ cvwb mieivn I cvwb wbivcëv cwikíbv K mgwš^z Kiv n q Q ^v m Z AvPiY cömv i zj m vwb Ukb LyeB Kvh Ki c wz wn m e MY, Kbbv wkïiv me P q Kvh Ki cwiez bkvix Ges zj n Z cv i Av`k hvmv hv Mi gva g evsjv `kmn `wÿy Gwkqvi cöwÿz we epbv K i wkï `i Rb ÕgxbvÕ bv g AZ ší mdj GKwU AvPiYMZ cwiez b cöpvivwfhvb cwipvjbv K i BDwb md (e 3.4 `Lyb) ^v I cwievi Kj vy gš YvjqI ^v m Z AvPiY cömv i mwµq BDwbqb cwil `i Aaxb cöwzwu Iqv W Zv `i GKRb K i AvevwmK Kg x KvR K i, hv `i K ejv nq Ó ^v mnkvixó Zviv evwo evwo Ny i ^v m Z AvPiY cömvi I ˆbwgwËK ^v welqk Z_ msmö ni KvRmn vbxq RbMY K cöv_wgk ^v -cwiph v mev w` q _v K hv nvk, cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb Kg m~wp Z Zv `i m ú ³Zv Lye ewk bq; Zviv gv Sg a bvbvwel q Av qvwrz cöwkÿy Kg m~wp Z AskMÖnY K i hgb, Av m wbk wbimb wemz cövq 30 _ K 40 eq ii GKwU `xn mgqe vcx ` k ^v m Z AvPiY wel q Dchy ³ AMÖMwZ mvwaz n q Q, Z`ycwi mkj mn hvmx KZ K AbymiY hvm ^v m Z AvPiY cömv ii GKwU mvaviy cš v-c wz AvRI Abycw Z e 3.4: gxbv ^v m Z AvPiY cwiez bi Rb e eüz `wÿy Gwkqvi GKwU Abycg hvmv hvm DcKi Yi cö`k Yx cövq GK `kk Av M `wÿy Gwkqvq cöpvwiz BDwb md cö hvwrz GKwU Av emgq Pjw PÎ avivevwn Ki gvnbxq bvwqkvpwi Îi bvg gxbv Pjw PÎwU GZ` j g q wkï `i gh v`v cömv ii D Ï k e eüz GKwU hvmv hvm DcKi Yi Abb c v KR Av emwu nvm i mi gva g wkï `i mv _ Kvh Ki Dcv q hvmv hv Mi wbwg Ë D vwez Pjw P Îi GKwU c e i bvg Ógxbvi wzbwu B QvÓ, mlv b GKwU hv`yi ˆ`Z K ^ cœ cvq gxbv, h Zvi wzbwu B Qv K c~iy K i, hv Z mk jb mȳ _v K Ges KLbB Zviv Lvivc m vwb Ukb I Awbivc` cvwbi Kvi Y Amȳ n q bv c o R M IVvi ci gxbv ^cœwu K m Z cwiyz Kivi msk í g Z I V Zvi fvb ivry, MÖv gi Ab mkj wkï I wgvz bv g Zvi wcöq wuqvcvwli mn hvwmzvq mkj K cvqlvbv vcb I Gi e envi, ivmrxevyyi we Ívi iva Ki Z wbivc` cvwbi e envi I nvz avqvi Af v m DØy K i gxbv evsjv ` k gxbv m ú K cövq mve RwbK m PZbZv cwijwÿz nq Ges 95 kzvsk gvbyl gxbv bv gi Uwjwfkb wmwirwu ` L 2004 m b m úvw`z GKwU Rwic _ K `Lv hvq, cövq mkj DËi`vZvB wkÿv K gxbv bv gi hvmv hvm 80

81 D ` vmwui me P q iæz c~y Aa vq e j gz `q GiciB Av m ˆkkeKvjxb cwiph v I RÐvi-m úwk Z welq jv QlwÆ kzvs kii ewk wkï I wk kvi wek vm K i h gxbv `Lvi cib Zv `i AwffveKiv Zv `i K z j cvvvq wek e vcx hviv KvU y bi mv _ cwiwpz bq Ges GgbwK hviv GKRb `wÿy Gkxq evwjkv K KvUz b `L Z Af Í bq, gxbv Zv `i gv S e vck mvov d j Zviv wew Z nq h gxbvi gz GKwU QvÆ evwjkv wk K i GZ` ji g q wkï `i Rb `y f vmm wókvix A bk eo eo mgm v gvkvwejv K i A b Ki R b B gxbv wqj GKwU ivj g Wj Ges GLbI ZgwbB Av Q, h wk bv c_ `Lv Z cv i jÿ jÿ cwiev i m cuš Q hvq gyû Z B, Ges A b Ki R b B m GKRb cök Z e w³ Z cwiyz nq, h wkïwu c w_ex Z Zvi wb Ri c_ Lyu R wb Z wbišíi msmöv g wjß QvÆ wkï `i A b KB BDwb md evsjv ` k dvb K i Ges wr Ám K i h, Zviv gxbvi mv _ K_v ej Z cv i Kx bv fvi Zi RivU I gnviv óªi zjwkÿkmy ^xkvi K ib h gxbv cöpvivwfhvb MÖv gi mbme g q wkï `i g a Af~Zc~e mvov d j, hviv gxbv KvUz bi M íi gva g g q wkï `i wkÿv`vb, nvz avqvi Rb mvevb e envi, Wvqvwiqv AvµvšÍ wkï `i K gy L Lvevi m vjvbb cö`v bi gz fvj ^v vf vm Abykxj b me `vb AbycÖvwYZ Zviv gxbvi GKwU M íi mv _I GKgZ cvly K ib h, Q j I g q Dfq wkïi Rb B GKBiKg I GKB ch v qi cywói cö qvrb m~î: BDwb md/bwðqv/2007; wpj Wªb GbRBs w` gxbv vwi ex-bs Gbv ±W evb `qvi K vm gu Bb Kvciv`v cövbgvix zj evb wi `I MŠwZ G vû we` v KzjKvwY evsjv ` k ^v m Z AvPiY cömv ii mgm v I Kvh KvwiZv evsjv ` k ^v m Z AvPiY cömv ii cöfve wel q M elyv AZ ší mxwgz cökí Kvh µg ïiæi cövq 15 gvm c i kiqv-we 33 (SHEWA-B) cök íi Z_ vbymüv b `Lv hvq, wkï `i g a Wvqvwiqvi cöeyzv mvgvb B K g Q, Ges Avðh RbKfv e `Lv hvq h Wvqvwiqv msnu bi gvîv (incidence) wbqwš Z GjvKv (control areas) I Kvh µgfz³ GjvKvq (intervention areas) GKB ikg we` gvb ( kl `yb w` b 12 kzvsk Ges kl 14 w` b 15 kzvsk) GI cwijwÿz nq h, nvz avqvi Af vm (5 kzvsk _ K 25 kzvsk ch ší IVvbvgv K i) wel q AvZ -cökvwkz (self-reported) djvdj memgqb KvVv gve ch eÿy (structured observation) djvd ji Zzjbvq wzb Y (45 kzvsk _ K 71 kzvsk ch ší IVvbvgv K i) A_ev GiI ewk eª v Ki Iqvk 34 Kg m~wpi wfwërwi c cövß Z _ i Zzjbvq Kvh µg MÖn Yi wzb eqi ci cvwb I m vwb UkbevwnZ ivm m ú K AvZ -cökvwkz NUbvi MocoZv Aebgb 30 kzvsk `Lv hvq, h_vh_ ^v m Z AvPiY wel q gvby li Ávb A bk ewk (cövq 97 kzvsk), wkš Kvh µg MÖn Yi wzb eqi cii h_vh_ ^v m Z AvPiY Abykxjb K i gvî 60 kzvsk gvbyl Dchy ³ `ywu mgxÿv AvšÍR vwzk AwfÁZv KB mg_ b K i h, ^v m Z AvPi Yi cwiez b e ZxZ ^v i Dci GKKfv e m vwb Uk bi (Dfq ÿ ÎB 90 kzvsk) cöfve mxwgz (wpî 1 `Lyb) cybivq, Dfq mgxÿvq `Lv hvq h Ávb I cök Z PP vi g a ek Zdvr i q Q, hvi gva g wb œzg ^v mydj-b cögvwyz nq AbygvbwU BDwb md I jûb zj Ae nvbwrb G vû UªwcK vj gwwwmb (LSHTP) KZ K Ryb 2010 m b m úvw`z M elyv (Formative Research) Øviv mgw_ Z M elyvq `Lv hvq h, Dbœqb mn hvmx `i Abymg_ b A bk cökí ^v m Z AvPiY cömv ii Kvh µg ev Íevqb Ki ji Zvi djvdj Lye wb œch v qb i q M Q gvbyl ivmrxevyy m úwk Z ^v evz v ïb Z cq ` K i bv; A_P evsjv ` k ^v m Z AvPiY cömvig~jk Kvh µg ivmrxevyy I eq wfwëk AwR Z Ávb cök Z AvPi Y iƒcvší ii welqwu GKwU Rxeb-`ÿZv (Life-Skill) cöwµqvi Ici wbf ikxj cöwµqvwui mgvwß N U Ávb, `ÿzv I ` wófw½ (KSA) cwiez bi c` ÿc MÖnY K i; e 3.5 G ewy Z 33 wwgdavbwwõi B Uvib vkbvj m Uvi di Wvqvwiqvj wwwrm KZ K cöyxz kiqv-we (SHEWA-B) nj_& Bgc v± vww wi cvu, eª vk Iqvk cövmövg, Z Zxq wgkb cöwz e`b, g

82 e 3.5: ^v m Z AvPiY wel q Rxeb-`ÿZv (Life-Skills) RbM Yi ^v m Z AvPiY cwiez bi jÿ wu we` gvb fvj AvPi Yi wekvk I ÿwzki AvPi Yi BwZevPK cwiez bi g a B wbwnz mȳ ^v I ^v m Z AvPiY cwiez b h welq jv Ae`vb iv L m jvi cybte envi I ev Íevqb m ú K wbwðz n Z ^v m Z AvPiY cömvi Kvh µg K wzbwu wel q Av jvkcvz Ki Z n e welq jv: Ávb (knowledge), `ÿzv (skills), I ` wófw½ (attitudes) A_ev ms ÿ c KSA ^v m Z AvPiY cömvi wel q KSA Gi Dbœqb KB cökvivší i ÓRxeb-`ÿZvÓi Dbœqb MY Kiv nq Ávb ej Z ^v vf vm m ú K ev Íe I ZvwË K Z_ MÖnY Kiv I m jv m ú K wb Ri evsvcov Abyhvqx AvPiY Kiv K eysvq D`vniY: mkj gv-evev-b Rv bb h Amȳ Zv hgb, Wvqvwiqv I K wgi msµgy N U _v K Ach vß ^v m Z AvPiY _ K hgb cvqlvbv e env ii ci mvevb w` q nvz bv avqv `ÿzv n jv Kvb mywbw` ó ^v m Z AvPiY PP vq ev Íe mvg_ ev mÿgzv D`vniY ^iƒc, wkïiv Rv b Amy Zv I msµgy Gov Z Kgb K i nvz cwi vi Ki Z nq A_ev, KwVb gqjv-er _ K msµgy Gov Z wkïiv m jv gvwu Z cy Z A_ev cywo q d j ` wófw½ ev g~j eva GKai Yi AšÍ` wóf½xq ev e vw³mz wek vm, hv ^v vf vm m ú K e w³mz cq `-AcQ `i Ges KLbI KLbI Ab Kv iv gzvg Zi Dci wbf i K i Ges G jv GKwU A ^v Ki cwi e k Ab KvD K wkqz GKUv Ki Z cöfvwez K i D`vniY ^iƒc, eq `i ` L A_ev Zv `i KvQ _ K wkqz cöiyv wb q wk kviwk kvixiv Zv `i wb R `i K cwi Qbœ I ^v evb ivl Z Pvq A_ev, ^v m Z AvPiY Abykxj b Ab `i K, we kl K i wkï-wk kvi `i K mn hvwmzv Ki Z `vwqz kxjzv I Av v eva K i eª vk Iqvk Kg m~wpi GKwU ch v jvpbv _ K `Lv hvq, Q mfvi (cluster meetings) gz we` gvb c wz jv ^v m Z AvPiY cwiez b Zgb Kvh Ki bq GmKj mfv g~jz ÓÁvbÓ I mvgvb wkqz ÿ Î Ó` wófw½ó cwiez bi Ici Av jvkcvz K i Av M _ KB Rv b Ggb Kvb wel qi Ici mfvq AskMÖnY Ki Z RbMY K DØy Kiv mwz KwVb KvR Ab w` K zj, ezvi I Uwjwfk b cöpvwiz RvZxq DØy KiY Kg m~wp, Le ii KvMR, AwffveK I eüz `i gva g mk jb B Zvg a ^v evz v c q M Q Ab vb cök íi AwfÁZvI cövq GKB ai Yi ^v m Z AvPiY cömvi cvwb I m vwb Uk bi mv _ ci úi-m úwk Z D`vniY ^iƒc, nvz avqvi Rb h Kv iv R b cvwb `ikvi ^v m Z AvPi Yi cömvi Kvh µ gi ^v MZ mydj me P q fvj cviqv hvq hw` mwu cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb Kvh µ gi mv _ GKxf~Z/ hš_fv e Kiv hvq wb Pi e 3.6- Z w wzkxj ^v mydj Kg -KvVv gv cö`wk Z n q Q, hlv b cvwb I m vwb Ukb nvw Iqvi DcKiY, ^v m Z AvPiY cwiez b I GKwU AbyKzj cwi ek m wói Rb GKwU msne cš vq (combined approach) Kvh µg MÖnY Kivi `ikvi evsjv ` k wkqz wkqz cök íi gva g Gai Yi cš vi Kej AvswkK ev Íevqb n q Q we` vj q cvwb mieivn, m vwb Ukb I ^v m Z AvPiY DbœZ m vwb Ukb e e v I nvz avqvi myweavw`i mv _ ^v wkÿv mgš^ q cö`ë z j cvwb, m vwb Ukb I ^v PP v (WASH) wkï `i ^v fvj ivl Z Ges Rb Mvôx Z BwZevPK cwiez bi cömvi NUv Z cv i 35 wkï `i K nvz avqvi iæz I Ab vb fvj ^v vf vm klv j Zv `i Ávbe w I BwZevPK AvPiYMZ cwiez b 35 j vb PU 2004 wwwjsnvg G vû qiv U PvBìûW vw Us: wgrvwis G vû w wgs w` vmvwis K Ae BbG vww Kv qu IqvUvi G vû m vwb Ukb w` j vb PU, fwjdg 363, Rvbyqvix 10,

83 N U, we kl K i zjwu Z hw` ch vß msl K wbivc` cvqlvbv Ges nvz avqvi Rb cö qvrbxq mvevb I cvwbi e e v _v K e 3.6: cvwb mieivn, m vwb Ukb I ^v m Z AvPi Yi w wzkxj ^v mydj Kg -KvVv gv cvwb Access I m vwb Ukb to Water nvw Iqvi and Sanitation DcKi Y Hardware AwfMg Zv and Products ^v m Z AvPiY cömvi Hygiene (nvbwrb Promotion cö gvkb) Sustained cvwb, m vwb Ukb Health Gains I nvbwrb from Water, _ K AwR Z Sanitation w wzkxj and ^v Hygiene Drmvne ÄK cwi ek (Gbvewjs Enabling Gbfvqib g U) Environment GB e vckwfwëk (comprehensive) cš vwu GKwU wbweo Av jvpbvg~jk cöwµqvi gva g K qkwu AvšÍR vwzk ms v KZ K cöyxz KvVv gvwu wzbwu gyl Dcv`vb K mgwš^z Kivi Dci Rvo `q: cvwb I m vwb Ukb nvw Iqvi DcKi Y AwfMg Zv: Gi mv _ AšÍf y³ Av Q cvwb mieivn cöhyw³, DbœZ m vwb Ukb myweavw` Ges emzevwo Z e envh cöhyw³, Ges DcKiYmg~n hgb: cvwb msiÿ Yi cvî/rjvavi, evwo Z cvwb cwi kvab c wz, nvz avqvi DcKiY, mvevb BZ vw` ^v m Z AvPiY cömvi: Kg KvÐ jvi mv vk e AvPiYMZ cwiez b hvmv hvm (BCC), mvgvwrk mgv ekkiy (social mobilization), mvgvwrk wecbb, Rb Mvôxi AskMÖnY I G vw fv Kwm Kvh µ gi gva g mvgvwrk cwiez b Drmvne ÄK cwi ek m wó: GwU wb œv³ Kvh µ gi GKwU A_ev ZviI ewk wb q m ó: bxwz Dbœqb, cövwzôvwbk mvg_ e w KiY, Rb Mvôxi AšÍf yw³, A_ vqb I e q-cybiæ vi Kvh µg Ges m±i-ci úi (cross-sector) I mikvwi- emikvwi Askx`vwiZ Z_ m~î: hš_ cökvkbv 8 w` nvbwrb BgcÖæf g U d«giqvk - G KgwcÖ nbwmf G v cövp di wcö fw Us PvBìûW Wvqvwiqv, wcö cqvw evb BGBPwc, BDwb md/wweødbgm, BDGmGAvBwW, w` Iqvì e vsk/wweødgmwc G vû WweøDGmGmwmwm, g 2004 ( Ges wjs Avc Iqvk di nj_& G vû W fjc g U evb gix I qb½vi Ae Gbfvqbi g U nj_& GU BDGmGAvBwW wek cvwb w`em 2010 Dcj ÿ cö ZK Z GKwU Dc vcbv Ów` wicj B d± Ae IqvUvi, m vwb Ukb G vû nvbwrb Ab Møvevj nj_& G vû W fjc g UÓ ( `ywu cöavb Kvi Y zj m vwb Ukb I ^v wkÿvq wewb qvm iæz c~y cö_gz, m vwb Ukb myweavw` Z AwfMg Zv n jv gšwjk AwaKvi, hv zj-wkï `i ^v I ghv `v K myiÿv `q wøzxqz, ^v vf vm m úwk Z mwvk AvPiY iß (develop) Kivi Rb cövk kke-b (early childhood) mwvk mgq z j Iqvk Kg Kv Ði mydj e 3.7-G ewy Z Av Q 83

84 e 3.7: we` vj q Iqvk Kvh µ gi mydj we` vj q Iqvk Kvh µg QvÎ-QvÎx `i K wb œv³ D Ï k Drmvn hvmvq: AwaKZi ^v evb ev mȳ ^v i AwaKvix n Z; y j m e v P ˆbc~Y cö`k Y; evwo Z I e nëi Rb Mvôx Z mk ji ^v m Z AvPiY cwiez b BwZevPKfv e cöfvwez Ki Z; Zv `i wb R `i, eüz `i I QvU fvb evb `i cwi vi-cwi QbœZv I AvPiY Abykxjb m ú K wkl Z, ch eÿ Y, hvmv hv M, mn hvwmzvq, ïb Z Ges wm vší MÖnY I ev Íevq b (G jv Ggb `ÿzv, hv Zv `i Rxe bi Ab vb ÿ ÎI cö qvm Ki Z mg_ K i Zv j); Zv `i ez gvb ^v m Z AvPiY cwiez b I fwel Z AviI fvj AvPiY iß Ki Z, hlb Zviv wb RivB n e AwffveK, wkÿk, ^v Kg x wk ^v Ab Kvb mgvrkg x; irt ªvemsµvšÍ cwi QbœZv (menstrual hygiene) Ges eqtmwükv ji kvixwik I gvbwmk cwiez bi mgq wb Ri hzœ wb Z, hv g q `i K irt ªveKvjxb mg qi z j Avm Z Ges irt ªv ei MÜ, A ^w Í, m ve gyîbvjxq I hšbv ½i msµgy-msµvší fxwz KvwU q DV Z DrmvwnZ K i; Ges ^v m Z AvPiY m úwk Z Kvh vejx mgvbfv e m úv` b (D`vniY ^iƒc: cvqlvbv cwi vi Kiv, cvwb D Ëvjb I msmön, cvwb dzuv bv Ges Amy gvby li mevhzœ Kiv) m~î: BDwb md (Kvh cî 12 _ K mskwjz) evsjv ` ki MÖvgxY I bmi GjvKvi zj jvi cwi QbœZv cövqk-b m šívlrbk bq G nb cwiw wz ^v Su ywk I Ab vb bwzevpk cöfve ˆZwi K i d j wkï `i Rb zj wbivc` _v K bv cvwb I m vwb Ukb mevmyweav K ^v m Z AvPiY I wkï `i mȳ ^v i c~e kz (ev gšwjk kz ) gvbv n ji, ev Íe Ae vq AwaKvsk z ji cwi QbœZvi cwiw wz G Kev ib Ach vß evsjv `k mikvi I BDwb md cökífz³ ( ) 4,333 wu z ji Ici m úvw`z GKwU mgxÿvq `Lv hvq h cöwzwu z j M o 246 Rb QvÎ I PviRb wkÿk Av Qb cövq 19 kzvsk z j Kvb cvwbi e e v bb; 28 kzvsk z ji cvwbi Drm jv APj, Ges 53 kzvsk z j m jv mpj Av Q cvqlvbv-b bvb cövq 6 kzvsk y j, 13 kzvsk y j APj Ges 25 kzvsk z j 1 wu cvqlvbv, 44 kzvs k `ywu cvqlvbv I 12 kzvsk z j wzb ev Z ZvwaK mpj cvqlvbv i q Q `Lv hvq, cövq 46 kzvsk y j g q `i Rb c _K cvqlvbvi e e v Av Q M o 152 Rb QvÎ-QvÎxi Rb GKwU cvqlvbv, hv nvk, GgbI zji Av Q hlvbkvi 479 Rb QvÎ- QvÎxi Rb gvî GKwU cvqlvbv! cöv_wgk wkÿv Awa`ßi (wwwcb) KZ K cökvwkz yj Rwic cöwz e`b 2007 AbyhvqxI `Lv hvq, cövq 43 kzvsk mikvwi cöv_wgk we` vjq I 65 kzvsk wbewüz emikvwi cöv_wgk we` vj q Q j I g q `i Rb Avjv`v Kvb cvqlvbv bvb GKB cöwz e` b ejv n q Q, 385wU zj i q Q, hv ` ki gvu z ji gvî 1 kzvsk K cöwzwbwaz K i, hlv b kvixwikfv e cöwzeüx wkï `i e env ivc hvmx cvqlvbvi e e v Av Q g~j bxwzgvjv I cöz vwkz cwiw wz evsjv ` ki zj jv Z Iqvk Kvh µ gi `yb `k KiI ewk mg qi AwfÁZv _ K wb œv³ g~j bxwzgvjv I cöz vwkz cwiw wz D zz: - m vwb Ukb, nvz avqv, cvwb mieivn, zjcöv½ b eov vcb (compound fencing) Ges KwVb er msmö ni Rb zj jv Z wkïevüe, RÐvi-ms e`bkxj, DbœZ gv bi I UKmB mevmyweav (facilities) cwikíbv (design) I wbg vy; - Rxeb-`ÿZvwfwËK cwi QbœZv wkÿv I wkï `i AskMÖn Yi gva g cwi QbœZv ev ^v m Z AvPiY wel q ch vß Ávb, ` wófw½ I `ÿzv e w AwfÁZvq `Lv hvq, KejgvÎ Iqvk AeKvVv gv wbg vy-b 84

85 ^v Dbœq b h _ó bq ^v m Z AvPiY cömvi G ÿ Î cvqlvbv ˆZwii gz-b GgbwK wbivc` cvwb mieivn cö`v bi P qi ewk Kvh Ki 36 ; - AwffveKMY ev c v i Um& (evev-gv) I Rb Mvôx K jwÿz `j wn m e AšÍf y³ Kiv, Kbbv A bk iæz c~y f~wgkv-b Zviv cvjb Ki Z cv ib; - RvZxq, vbxq I zj/rb Mvôx ch v qi GKwU e e vcbv g Wj ˆZwi Z cwikíbv cöwµqv ïiæ Kiv; - GKwU Pvwn`v-wbf i cš v (demand-responsive approach), Kvh µ gi e vckzv m wó (scaling up) Ges Kvh Ki `xn gqvw` Kg cwikíbv ˆZwii welqwu mvgvwrk Aby gv` bi Rb ivr bwzk gvwjkv eva ev GKvZ Zv (political ownership) m wó Kiv; Ges - wkïevüe yj cöwzôvq yjch v q ^v /cwi QbœZv A_ev Ab vb welq wb q KvR Ki Q Ggb mikvwi I emikvwi ms vi mv _ hš_fv e Ges Askx`vwi Z i wfwë Z KvR Kiv BDwb m di mn hvwmzvq hš_fv e z j Iqvk Kvh µg cwipvjbv wel q GKwU mg SvZv vik ^vÿi K i Q wwwcgbpb I cöv_wgk wkÿv Awa`ßi (DPE) ^v m Z AvPiY cömv i Kg -wb ` kbv Kvh Ki ^v m Z AvPiY cömv i wb œv³ mycvwikgvjv ev Íevqb Kiv n e: Dbœqb cš vq cwiez b ^v m Z AvPiY cömvimsµvší Ávb wemz K qk `k K D jøl hvm nv i e w cövß n q Q hv nvk, we` gvb ^v m Z AvPiY cömvi cš v jv gvby li Rvbv wel qi Ici Z_ cö`v b we kl Av jvkcvz K i GLb bzzb cš v Avwe v ii w` K ewk gbms hvm Ki Z n e, hv gvby li AwR Z Ávb K PP vq iƒcvší i Kvh Ki n e; Iqvk Kvh µg cömv i Z_ -wkÿv- hvmv hvm wb ` wkkvi (IEC Guideline) AšÍf yw³ ^v m Z AvPiY cömv i M nxz wewfbœ GbwRI Ges Dbœqb cök íi cš v jv GKxf~Z (combine) Kiv, Ges Rb Mvôxi Rb GKwU mgwš^z Z_ -wkÿv- hvmv hvm wb ` wkkv (IEC Guideline) cöyqb, hvi mv _ hy³ _vk e ^v m Z AvPiY cömvi, z j Iqvk (WASH) Kg KvÐ, cvwb I m vwb Ukb c wzi h_vh_ cwipvjbv I msiÿy (O&M), Ges cvwb wbivcëv cwikíbv; cvwb I m vwb Ukb Kvh µ gi mv _ ^v m Z AvPiY cömvi Kvh µg mgwš^zkiy ^v vf v mi m e v P mydj cviqv hvq hw` Zv cvwb I m vwb Ukb Kvh µ gi mv _ mgwš^z nq m Kvi Y cvwb ev m vwb Ukb msµvší mkj Kg m~wp cvwb, m vwb Ukb I ^v m Z AvPiY cömvi Dcv`vb jvi mgš^ q GKwU hš_ c v KR (combined package) AvKv i cöyqb Ki Z n e; RvZxq KŠkjcÎmg~ ni mv _ ` pfv e m ú ³KiY cö ÍvweZ RvZxq cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb KŠkjc Îi mv _ ^v m Z AvPiY cömvi K ` pfv e hy³ Ki Z n e; Ges m±i I AvšÍt m±i Askx`vi `i gv S mymgš^q RvZxq ch v q RvZxq cvwb I m vwb Ukb dvivg Ges vbxq ch v q IqvUmvb KwgwU jvi gva g GbwRI Ges emikvwi Lv Zi ms vi gz m±i Askx`vi `i mv _ Kvh Ki mgš^q mvab Kiv n e ^v I cwievi Kj vy gš Yvj qi Kvh µ gi, we kl K i IqvW ch v q Kg iz ^v mnkvix `i mg_ bg~jk f~wgkvi mv _ cvwb I m vwb Ukb m± ii ^v m Z AvPiY cömvi Kvh µ gi mgš^q mvab LyeB iæz c~y cöv_wgk I MYwkÿv gš Yvjq, wkÿv gš Yvjq I cwi ek gš Yvj qi Kvh µ gi 36 Gm. Bmv i, GU Avj (1990) Ó nj_& ewbwdum& d«g BgcÖæf g Um& Bb IqvUvi mvcøvb G vû m vwb Ukb: mv f G vû G vbvjvbwmm Ae w` wjuv ipvi Ab wm jk UW wwwr mmó, Iqvk UKwbK vj wi cvu bs 66 85

86 mv _I mgš^q `ikvi GmKj mycvwi ki Kvh Ki ev Íevq b cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb wel q cö ÍvweZ mwpe KwgwU wba vi Ki f~wgkv wb Z cv i 3.8 bvryk Rb Mvôx (vulnerable groups) f~wgkv wewfbœ RvZxq I AvšÍR vwzk mgxÿvi djvd j cözxqgvb nq h, wbivc` cvwb I m vwb Ukb mevmyweavq mnr (easy) I mgqgz (timely) AwfMg Zv (access) wbwðz Kiv M j bvryk Rb Mvôxi mvwe K Rxeb gv bi D jøl hvm AMÖMwZ mvwaz nq e nëi Avw½ K, bvryk Rb Mvôxi g a wb œv³ e w³ I Mvôx (`ªæZ RvZxq `vwi`ª we gvpb KŠkjcÎ - ch vq 2 Abymv i) 37 AšÍf y³: - bvix; - wkï; - kvixwikfv e Aÿg e w³; - `kr (Avw`evmx) Rb Mvôx; - myweavewâz I nz-`wi`ª e w³; Ges - fvmgvb Rb Mvôx evsjv ` ki cöwÿ Z, bvryk Rb Mvôxi cvwb I m vwb Ukb mevmyweavi cö qvrbxqzv K Abyaveb Ges Z`vbyhvqx mwvk bxwzgvjv, KŠkjvw` I cwikíbv cöyqb hvici bvb iæz c~y (of paramount importance) cöwÿzwu n jv, ` ki mgmö RbmsL vi 40 kzvs kii ewk gvbyl `vwi`ª -mxgvi wb P emevm K i, hv `i AwaKvskB bvryk Rb Mvôx Ges cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb mevmyweavq AwfMg Zv bvb `vwi `ª i `yópµ (vicious cycle of poverty) I bvryk Rb Mvôxi mv _ Gi m úk wb Pi wpî 3.5 G cö`wk Z n jv VULNERABLE bvryk Rb Mvôxmg~n GROUPS Vulnerability `vwi`ª I fmœto ^v i poverty Su ywk and ill-health mvgvwrk I mvs wzk wew QbœZv I j¾v eva Social and cultural exclusion and stigma wm vší MÖn Y AskMÖnY n«vm Ges bvmwik I ivr bwzk AwaKvi-eÂbv Reduced participation in decision-making and denial of civil and political rights A_ bwzk, mvgvwrk I gvbwek Dbœq bi my hvm _ K eâbv Denial of opportunities for economic, social and human development Deficits in economic social and cultural rights A_ bwzk, mvgvwrk I mvs wzk AwaKvi NvUwZ Poverty `vwi`ª wpî 3.5: `vwi`ª I bvryk Rb Mvôx - GKwU `yópµ IqvUvi, BwÄwbqvwis G vû W fjc g U m Uvi (WEDC), 2005 _ K mskwjz 37 bvryk Rb Mvôx wel q RvZxq `ªæZ `vwi`ª we gvpb KŠkjc Îi Aaxb ÓAskMÖnY, mvgvwrk AšÍf yw³ I ÿgzvqb wbwðzkiyó Aby Q ` wea Z Av Q 86

87 GB Aby Q `i cö_ gb bvryk Rb Mvôxi mkj m` m i gšwjk Pvwn`v c~i Yi j ÿ RvZxq Ges cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± ii bxwzgvjv, KŠkjvw`, cwikíbv I wb ` kbvmg~ ni GKwU mvi-ms ÿc, cöavb cöavb mgm v I mgm v mgvav bi m ve Kg -wb ` kbv Dc vwcz n q Q bvix M elyvq `Lv hvq, cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± ii Dbœqb Kvh µg I Gi d j `vwi`ª n«v mi m vebv mvaviyz D P, we kl K i hlb bvix I cyiæl Df qb Pvwn`v-cwiPvwjZ (demand-driven) Kg m~wp Z cy ivcywi m ú ³ (wek e vsk, 2007) cybivq, GB m± i RÐvi w`kmg~n AšÍf y³ Kiv M j Kej bvixivb bb, Gi mv _ mivmwi hy³ e envikvix, mev cö`vbkvix, cvwb mieivn e e vck, M n vjxi cwi QbœZv AwffveK I GgbwK cyiæ livi DcK Z nb (AÎ Aby Q ` e eüz RÐvi cwifvlvwui msáv e 3.8-G `Lyb) e 3.8: RÐvi cwifvlvi msáv RÐvi ej Z Kvb GKwU mgv Ri bvix I cyiæ li mywbw` ó f~wgkv I `vq-`vwqz K eysv bv n q Q GwU Avgiv hfv e eyws I wpšív Ki Z cq ` Kwi Ges bvix I cyiæl wn m e f~wgkv wb q _vwk Zvi mv _ m úwk Z, Kbbv mgvr MV bi cöwµqvwu KejgvÎ Avgv `i kvixwik cv_ K i (biological differences) Ici wbf i K i bv GKwU RÐvi-ms e`bkxj cš v bvix I cyiæ li iæz c~y we ewpz ` wófw½, f~wgkv I `vq-`vwqz K cökvk K i Gi gva g ^xkvi Kiv nq h, m ú `i Ici bvix I cyiæ li GKBiKg AwfMg Zv I wbqš Y _vk Z n e Ggb bq, Ges Gi Kvh vejx, mydj I cöfve wfbœ wfbœ n Z cv i Gi Rb `ikvi wb œv³ welq jv m ú K gy³ gb-gvbwmkzv: GgbwK cwiev ii g a I AvMÖ ni wfbœzv; cö_v (conventions) I c`vbyµg (hierarchies) hv Kvb GK wj½ K Ab wj½ _ K cövavb `q; eqm, cvw_ e m ú`, b ZvwË K ˆewkó (ethnicity) I Ab vb wel qi wfwë Z wfbœzv; Ges Av_ -mvgvwrk I KvwiMix Dbœq bi Kvi Y hfv e RÐvi f~wgkv I m úk e`jvq RÐvi K g~javivq m ú ³KiY (Gender mainstreaming) ej Z Kej bvix `i K eysvq bv GwU AvBb, bxwzgvjv A_ev Kg m~wp cöyqbmn mkj GjvKvq I mkj ch v q h Kvb cwikwíz Kg KvÐ hvpvb qi GKwU cöwµqv RÐvi GKwU KŠkj, hv mydj eè b bvix I cyiæ li (abx I `wi`ª) g a mgzv wbwðz I Amvg cwinvi Ki Z bvix I cyiæ li mv _ m úwk Z welqmg~n I AwfÁZv K iæ Z i mv _ we epbv K i m~î: I qj d v±kxu Ab RÐvi G vû cvfvwu : A_i: WB Wª K v mjv, Ryb 2004; KvqvwjwU G vmy iý: m vwû KqvY µm, wµw b wm ergv (WELL FACTSHEET Gender and Poverty: Author: Deirdre Casella, June 2004: Quality Assurance: Sandy Cairncross, Christine Sijbesma) RÐvi I Pvwn`v-ms e`bkxj cš v bvix `i gvbwek m ú` I Rb ^v Dbœqb, fvigy³ n Z bvix I g q wkï `i K wbivcëv I e w³mz MvcbxqZvi wbðqzv cö`vb Ges bvix I g q wkï KZ K cvwb msmö n e qk Z mgq n«vm Ki ZI mnvqzv K i Gi gva g Zv `i A bk mgq euv P, hv Zviv Avqea K Kg KvÐ I z ji nvwriv Z Kv R jvmv Z cv i mvik_v n jv, RÐvi Bm~ jv wvkgz we epbv Kiv n j mgv Ri mvgwmök Drcv`bkxjZv ev o RÐvi bxwzgvjv, KŠkjmg~n Ges cökí wb ` wkkv: mikvi KZ K ms kvwaz 2009 m bi RvZxq `ªæZ `vwi`ª we gvpb KŠkjcÎ -2 Z D jøl Av Q h `vwi `ª i A bkikg evsvb bvix I cyiæl K enb Ki Z nq, wkš bvix `i Ici Gi cöfve cyiæ li Ici cöfve _ K wfbœ KŠkjcÎwU Z ejv n q Q, bvixi AMÖMwZ I AwaKvi 87

88 wel q mikv ii jÿ (iƒckí) n jv Ggb GKwU mgvr cöwzôv Kiv hlv b bvix I cyiæ li Rb mgvb _vk e Ges Zviv Df qb mgzvi ev b vh Zvi wfwë Z Zv `i mkj gšwjk AwaKvi Dc fvm Ki e Avevi mikvi KZ K 2008 m b cöyxz RvZxq bvix bxwzi cöavb cöavb jÿ n jv: (K) A_ bwzk Kg KvÐ K g~javivq m ú ³ Ki Z bvixi AskMÖnY Rvi`vi Kiv; (L) mkj LvZwfwËK cwikíbv I Kg m~wp Z bvix `i Pvwn`v I mgm v jv K AšÍf y³ Kiv; Ges (M) AvÂwjK fvimvg ervq i L RÐvi-ms e`bkxj cöe w (gender sensitive growth) wbwðz Kiv evsjv ` ki cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± ii we` gvb bxwzgvjv I KŠkjcÎmg~ n RÐvi wel q RvZxq Ae vb K Zz j aivi cöqvm M nxz n q Q RvZxq wbivc` cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb bxwzgvjvi GKwU eo bxwz-av`k n jv M n vjx ch v q cvwb e e vcbv I ^v wkÿv cö`v b bvixi K `ªxq f~wgkv bmi I MÖvgxY cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb Kg m~wp ev Íevq bi Rb bxwzgvjvq cybivq Rvi `Iqv n q Q h, ÓKg m~wp cwikíbv, cwipvjbv I e e vcbv-msµvší wm vší MÖn Y bvixi AskMÖnY K DrmvwnZ I mg_ b Ki Z n eó, Ges GwU Ki Z n e Óe e vcbv cwil ` Zv `i ewa Z cöwzwbwa Z ió gva g bxwzgvjvq m vwb Ukb mevmyweavi cwikíbvq, wewb qv M I cömv i RÐvi-ms e`bkxj cš v MÖn Yi mycvwik Kiv n q Q mikv ii cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± ii Rb `wi`ª-mnvqk KŠkjcÎ 2005 G nz-`wi`ª cwievi wpwýzki Yi D Ï k e eüz PviwU hvm Zvi gvckvwvi GKwU n jv mikvwi fz ywkg~ j cvwb I m vwb Ukb mevcövwßi cövk hvm Zv AR b Ki e mb me cwievi, hv `i cöavb GKRb bvix RvZxq Av m wbk wbimb bxwzgvjv I ev Íevqb cwikíbv 2004 BDwbqb cwil `i bvix m`m `i K wbr wbr Awafz³ GjvKvq wbivc` cvwbi Drm vc bi Rb vb wbev Pb Kvh µg Z`viwKi KZ Z Ac b K i vb wbev P bi mgq, cybivq GwUI wbwðz Ki Z nq h vwcz cvwbi DrmwU hb bvix I `wi`ªiv mn RB e envi Ki Z cv i cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb DcLv Zi Rb RvZxq fwus MvBWjvBb 2009 G ewy Z wb ` kbv Abyhvqx cökí cö Ívebv evqvb ch v q mswkøó ms v I vbxq mikvi wefvm K wbwðz Ki Z n e h, cökí cö Ívebv jv c biwu wb ` kbvg~jk bxwzgvjv Abymv i cöyxz GmKj bxwzgvjvi Ab Zg GKwU n jv cökí cwikíbv cöyqy, ev Íevqb Ges mevc wz cwipvjbv I msiÿ Y bvixi m ú ³Zv wkï hlb ejv nq h evsjv ` k wkï AwaKvi I AMÖMwZ Z D jøl hvm mvdj AwR Z n q Q, ZLbB A bk wkïi eu P _vkv I Dbœq bi Rb B Av iv A bk wkqz Kivi ZvwM` m wó n e Kbbv, wkïiv GLbI wbivc` cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb mevmyweavq AwfMg Zv bv _vkvmn `vwi`ª, wbiÿizv, Acywó, wbh vzb I ivm fv Mi (abuse and diseases) gz A bkikg SuywKi gy L i q Q M elyvq cökvk, Wvqvwiqvq AvµvšÍ cuvp eq ii Kg eqmx wkïg Z yi GK-PZz_ vsk N U wbivc` cvwb I cwi ekmz m vwb Ukb mevmyweavq AwfMg Zv bv _vkvi Kvi Y GKB Kvi Y cvup eq ii Kg eqmx wkï `i g a eqicöwz 65 wgwjq bii ewkevi Wvqvwiqv msnwuz (episodes of diarrheal diseases) nq AwfMg Zvi welqwu ˆewk K cöwÿ Z `Lv n j, cöwzeqi 1.8 wgwjqb gvbyl KejgvÎ Wvqvwiqv iv M g Z yeiy Ki Q Gi 90 kzvs kii ewk cvup eq ii Kg eqmx wkï, Ges AwaKvskB N U Dbœqbkxj `k jv Z Avevi `Lv hv Q cöwzeqi 1.3 wgwjqb gvbyl g v jwiqvrwbk Kvi Y gviv hvq, hvi cövq 90 kzvsk n jv cvup eq ii Kg eqmx wkï 38 wkï-m úwk Z bxwzgvjv I KŠkjmg~n: RvZxq ch v q wcavivgmwc-2 Z wkï `i AwaKvi I AMÖMwZi welqwu `vwi`ª we gvpb MwZkxj Kiv I mvgvwrk AšÍf yw³ wbwðzki Y M nxze Abymg_ bg~jk KŠkjvw`i Ab Zg gyl

89 Dcv`vb wn m e we ewpz wkïi AwaKvi I AMÖMwZ AR b mikv ii cöavb jÿ n jv, mywbw` ófv e bmi I cöz ší MÖvgv j Ócwi Qbœ cvwb I m vwb Ukb, Ges GKwU ^v Ki cwi e kó wkï `i AwfMg Zv wbwðz Kiv hv nvk, KejgvÎ RvZxq m vwb Ukb KŠkjcÎ 2005 G-B ejv n q Q h, cö`ë m vwb Ukb mevmyweav wkï `i we kl Pvwn`v I AMÖvwaKvi K aviy K ib cö`vb Ki Z n e wfbœfv e mÿg e w³ (Persons with disability) wewfbœ ai Yi Aÿg e w³my, hgb: kvixwik cöwzeüx (physically challenged), ` wó cöwzeüx (visually impaired), köey cöwzeüx (hearing impaired) I gvbwmk cöwzeüx (mentally challenged) cöwzwu mgv Ri I Rb Mvôxi-B Ask Aÿg e w³, hviv `wi`ªzg Rb Mvôxi Ask, me P q ewk SuywKc~Y (most marginalized) I myweavewâz (disadvantaged) Ges cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukbmn Ab vb gšwjk mevmg~ n Zv `i AwfMg Zv bvb Gi d jb Zv `i ^v Ges `vwi `ª i Ae v AviI Lvivc AviI nq (wpî 3.5 `Lyb) RvwZms Ni cöv jb Abyhvqx, c w_ex Z 500 wgwjq bii ewk Aÿg e w³ Av Q, hvi AvbygvwbK 80 kzvsk emevm K i ^í-av qi `k jv Z cöv jbwu 4 _ K 10 kzvsk ZviZg n Z cv i, GKwU wfwërwic _ K `Lv hvq evsjv ` k cövq 14 kzvsk gvbyl Aÿg {IqvUvi, BwÄwbqvwis G vû W fjc g U (I q WK) 2005 Ges wcavigmwc 2} cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb mev cö`v bi Rb GKwU AšÍf yw³g~jk cš v Aej ^b Aÿg e w³ I Zv `i cwievi jvi Rb A bk mydj e q Avb Z cv i, hgb: ewa Z gh v`v I AvZ -wek vm; DbœZ ^v I cywó; Ges `vwi`ª n«vm I eu P hviqv mgq Avqea b I wkÿvg~jk Kg KvÐ MÖn Yi wfwë Z cvwievwik m ú`-mg w i Dbœqb (I q WK 2005) GKvi YB Aÿg e w³ `i AwaKvi welqk RvwZmsN Kb fbk b ewy Z AÿgZv-mswkøó welq jv g~javivq m ú ³Ki Yi Ici iæz v ivc Kiv n q Q Ges vwqz kxj Dbœqb KŠk ji Awe Q` Ask wn m e we ewpz n q Q Aÿg e w³-m úwk Z bxwzgvjv I KŠkjmg~n: mvwe Kfv e Aÿg e w³ `i AwaKvi ev Íevqb I AMÖMwZ mva Y wcavivgmwc-2 Z mikv ii ` p Aw½Kv ii K_v D jøl i q Q msweav b msiwÿz Aÿg e w³ `i AwaKv ii AwZwi³ wn m e evsjv `k Aÿg e w³ `i AwaKvi wel q RvwZmsN Kb fbkb Ges Gwkqv cökvšígnvmvmixq A j Aÿg e w³ `i cwic~y AskMÖnY I mgzv wel q ebwrs NvlYvq (Beijing Proclamation) ^vÿicö`vbkvix GKwU `k GQvovI, Aÿg e w³ `i AvBwb myiÿv cö`vb I GKwU RvZxq AÿgZv Kg cwikíbv (National Disability Action Plan) cöyq bi gyl D Ï k evsjv `k mikvi wwrg vwewjwu I qj dqvi G v± (2001) bv g GKwU AvBb cöyqb K i cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m±i ch v q Aÿg e w³ `i Pvwn`v I cö qvrbxqzv ev Íevq b cwi vi Kvb wb ` kbv (explicit references) cviqv hvq bv Gwel q KejgvÎ `wi`ª-mnvqk KŠkjcÎ 2005 G nz- `wi`ª cwiev ii GKwU msáv cö`vb Kiv n q Q, Ges Z`vbymv i, Ab vb `i g a Aÿg ev bvix ev e qve e w³ hmkj cwiev ii cöavb mmkj cwievi K AšÍf y³ Kiv n q Q `wi`ª-mnvqk KŠkjc Î cö`ë msávwu RvZxq m vwb Ukb KŠkjcÎ 2005 Gi gva g M nxz (endorsed) n q Q `kr/avw`evmx Rb Mvôx (indigenous communities) evsjv ` ki K qkwu A j emevmiz `kr ev Avw`evmx Rb Mvôxi msl v cövq 45, Gi AwaKvskB cve Z PÆMÖvg I e nëi gqgbwmsn, ivrkvnx, wm ju, cuyqvlvjx I ei bv Rjvi mgzj GjvKvq emevm K i Avw`evmx Rb Mvôxi g a AšÍf y³ Av Q muvizvj, gyki, IivI, gvðv, gvnv Zv, evm `v gvnv Zv bvgk msl vjny 89

90 Ges e ` (river gypsies) m cö`vq evsjv ` ki Avw`evmx RbmsL v cövq 2.0 wgwjqb, hvi mv _ mgzjf~wg Z emevmiz cövq 1.6 wgwjqb RbmsL vi m úà vq jvi AšÍf y³ cve Z PÆMÖv gi cöwÿz c _Kfv e Aby Q` 3.12 Z ewy Z Av Q ˆewk Kfv e, Abygvb Kiv nq h cövq 70wU ` k Qwo q wqwu q _vkv Avw`evmx RvwZ Mvôxi RbmsL v cövq 370 wgwjqb 39 mvaviyz wkÿv, ^v mev, Lv` I cywó, Ges cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb mevmyweavq Avw`evmx RvwZ Mvôx jvi AwfMg Zv LyeB Kg `kr/avw`evmx Rb Mvôx-m úwk Z bxwzgvjv I KŠkjmg~n: Avw`evmx RvwZ Mvôx wel q wcavigmwc-2 Z mikv ii iƒckí ms hvwrz i q Q, Ges mlv b Zv `i ÓmvgvwRK, ivr bwzk I A_ bwzk AwaKvi wbwðzkiy; wbivcëv I gšwjk gvbevwakv ii wbðqzv; Ges Zv `i wfbœ mvs wzk cwipq msiÿ YiÓ Aw½Kvi e ³ n q Q wcavigmwc-2 Z AviI ejv n q Q, cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb mevmn Ab vb mkj gšwjk mevmyweavq Avw`evmx Rb Mvôxi AwfMg Zv wbwðz Kiv n e cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m±i ch v q Avw`evmx Rb Mvôxi Pvwn`v I cö qvrbxqzv ev Íevq b cwi vi Kvb wb ` kbv (explicit references) cviqv hvq bv myweavewâz I AwZ-`wi`ª e w³ myweavewâz I AwZ-`wi`ª e w³ wcavigmwc-2 Z c _Kfv e Dc vwcz n q Q, Óhviv mvgvwrk b vqwepvi _ K ewâz (subject to social injustice) I cövwšík (Su ywkc~y ) Rb Mvôx Z cwiyz, Ges Zv `i Rb Pig ev ÍeZv (harsh realities) _ K DËi Yi my hvm LyeB KgÓ GmKj ` j Ab vb `i g a AšÍf y³ Av Q: wn `y m úà v qi wb œe Y i Rb Mvôx hgb mybcvi; DcK~jxq GjvKvi R j ev grmrxex; Ges Pv evmv b Kg iz köwgk I hšbkg x gvnv Ri (AevOvwj wenvix wn m e mycwiwpz), ivwn½v kiyv_ x (gvqvbgvi _ K AvMZ) Ges wewfbœ wqugnj I fvizxq mxgvší eivei Aeiæ evsjv `wk (cövq 12,290 GKi) GjvKvq emevmiz RbMY KI myweavewâz I AwZ-`wi`ª MY Kiv h Z cv i myweavewâz I AwZ-`wi`ª e w³/rb Mvôx m úwk Z bxwzgvjv I KŠkjmg~n: RvZxq ch v q, myweavewâz I AwZ-`wi`ª Rb Mvôxi Rb mikvwi jÿ n jv Zv `i K mgv Ri g~javivq m ú ³KiY (include them into the mainstream of the society) GwU Kiv n e mkj ch v qi mvgvwrk-a_ bwzk Kg Kv Ð Zv `i AskMÖnY wbwðzkiy I gšwjk gvbevwakvi myiÿv, Ges we` gvb `vwi `ª i ch vq Kwg q Avbvi gva g cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m±i ch v q, `wi`ª-mnvqk KŠkjcÎ 2005 I RvZxq m vwb Ukb KŠkjcÎ 2005 G myweavewâz I AwZ-`wi`ª Rb Mvôxi Rb mywbw` ó mycvwik AšÍf y³ Av Q hv nvk, Dfq `wj jb ckv I e Y I w`k _ K myweavewâz I AwZ-`wi`ª Rb Mvôxi Kvb msáv cö`vb Kiv nqwb e 3.9: kû i ew Íi SuywKc~Y Rb Mvôxi Rb D vebxg~jk KwgDwbwU j vwuª bi g Wj evsjv ` ki kni GjvKvi gvu RbmsL vi cövq GK-Z Zxqvsk emevm K i ew Í Z ew Í jv AZ ší NbemwZc~Y D`vniY ^iƒc, XvKv bmixi ew Í Z emevmkvix RbmsL vi NbZ cöwz em wk jvwguv i cövq 220,000 Rb, hv bmixi Ab vb GjvKvq emevmiz Rb Mvôxi cövq mvz Y mvaviyz, ew Íi GKwU cwievi LyeB QvÆ GKwU K ÿ (AvqZb 7 _ K 10 em wguvi) emevm K i ew Íevmxi AwaKvskB cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukbmn Ab vb gšwjk mevmyweav _ K ewâz GLvbKvi cövq me cvqlvbvb gvwui MZ wewkó, hv A bkmsl K e envikvix Ges h_vh_ I wbivc` cqter AcmviY e e vi Abycw wzi Kvi Y `ªæZB fivu n q c o cqter cövqktb wbku gy³ b` gv A_ev Rjvk q Aegy³ Kiv nq, d j gvivz K ^v SuywKi m wó nq wewegm-bdwb md m úvw`z eû wb ` kk Q Rwic 2009 Abyhvqx, gvî 12 kzvsk ew Íevmx DbœZ m vwb Ukb mevmyweavi AvIZvfz³

91 ew Íevmxi m vwb Ukb cö qvrbxqzv c~i Y Ab vb Askx`vi GbwRIÕi mn hvwmzvq ek K qkwu eo GbwRI hgb: IqvUvi GBW, `ȳ ^v K `ª I cø vb B Uvib vkbvj GmKj GjvKvq KwgDwbwU j vwuªb cö`vb Ki Q ew Íevmx `i mv _ civgk g~jk Av jvpbvi wfwë Z Zviv D vebxg~jk wkqz j vwuªb wwrvbb K i, hv Z ew Í Z emevmkvix bvix, wkï, e qve I wfbœfv e mÿg e w³mn mkj ch v qi RbM Yi Rb m jv e env ivc hvmx nq cvkvcvwk emevmiz ew Íevmx `i wb q MwVZ Rb MvôxwfwËK msmvb jv (wmwei) GmKj KwgDwbwU j vwuª bi iÿyv eÿy K i wmwei jv j vwuªb iÿybv eÿ Yi Kv R GKRb Kqvi UKvi I GKRb cwi QbœZv Kg x wb qvwrz K i _v K wb qvwrz Kqvi UKvi I cwi QbœZv Kg xiv j vwuªb iÿyv eÿ Yi wewbg q e envikvix `i KvQ _ K (cvi úwik Av jvpbvi wfwë Z wba vwiz cwigvy) GKwU wd Av`vq K i KwgDwbwU j vwuª bi DcwiKvVv gv BU w` q ˆZwi Ges Qv ` K iv M UW wub e envi Kiv nq ew Í Z RvqMvi ^ízvi Kvi Y, KwgDwbwU j vwuªb jv mvaviyz mcwuk U vs Ki IciB vcb Kiv nq j vwuª bi `qvj I Qv `i g a cövq Aa -wguv ii gz vb duvkv ivlv nq, hv Z j vwuª bi wfzi ch vß Av jv I evzvm XzK Z cv i wfz i AwZwi³ Av jvi e e v ivl Z j vwuª bi Qv ` e eüz K iv M UW wu bi wkqz As k Avav- ^ Q (semi-transparent) cøvw K kxu e envi Kiv nq j vwuªb K úvd Ûi wfz i A_ev LyeB Kv Q mvaviyz GKwU bjk~c A_ev cvwbi Kj vcb Kiv nq Gi mv _ hy³ _v K Mvm ji vbi GKwU KwgDwbwU j vwuª b mvaviyz Pvi _ K AvUwU P ^vi _v _ - hvi cöwzwu cövq 10 cwiev ii Rb e env ivc hvmx bvix I cyiæ li Rb _v K Avjv`v P ^vi I j vwuª b XvKvi c_ irt ªveRwbZ cwi QbœZvi e e v ivlvi Kvi Y bvix `i j vwuªb P ^vi Zzjbvg~jKfv e eo AvKv ii GKBfv e, wkï `i e env ii myweav ivlvi Kvi Y bvix `i Mvm ji vbi A cÿvk Z eo AšÍt ^Ë v bvix, e qve I kvixwikfv e Aÿg e w³ `i wbivc` e envi wbwðz Ki Z j vwuª bi c _ iwjs, wmuwo I wfz ii `qv ji mv _ msjmœ nvzj hy³ Kiv n q Q j vwuª bi wfz i I evb ii `qv j ^v m Z AvPiY wel q evz v hgb, cvqlvbv e env ii ci mvevb w` q nvz avqv wel q jlv A_ev Uvw½ q ivlv nq kû i ew Í Z vwcz KwgDwbwU j vwuª bi GKwU g~j vqb (DevCon, 2007) _ K cözxqgvb nq h, Ni _ K j vwuª bi `yiz wel q AwaKvsk e envikvix-b mšíó DËi`vZv `i AwaKvskB (cövq 78 kzvsk) j vwuª bi wfz ii RvqMv wb q mš wó cökvk K i evqywbm gy e e v wel qi AwaKvsk e envikvix (cövq 92 kzvsk) mš wó cökvk K i AviI Drmve ÄK djvdj cviqv hvq bvix `i e w³mz MvcbxqZv iÿv wel q (90 kzvsk) Ges cövq 91 kzvsk DËi`vZv g b K i h KwgDwbwU j vwuªb e env ii gva g Zv `i mvgvwrk gh v`v `viæyfv e e o Q hv nvk, me P q Kg mš wó `Lv hvq (cövq 55 kzvsk) wfz ii Av jvi e e v wel q KwgDwbwU j vwuª bi g WjwU GLb e cknv i mikvwi ms v I GbwRI KZ K e eüz n Q m~î: G v mm g U Ae dvskkbvwjwu G vû mvm UB bwewjwu Ae KwgDwbwU j vwuªbm& AvÛvi G v k Avievb cövmövg, IqvUvi GBW (2007 m b WfKb KZ K m úvw`z) Assessment of Functionality and Sustainability of Community Latrines under ASEH Urban Program by DevCon, fvmgvb Rb Mvôx evsjv `k D P NbemwZc~Y GKwU Dbœqbkxj `k GLvbKvi AwaKvsk Dbœqb Kg KvÐ bmi GjvKvq MwÐe MÖvgv ji `wi`ª gvbyl RxweKvi müv b kni GjvKvq Av m Ges emev mi Rb AbvbyôvwbK vb K-B e Q bq A b KB ij k b, dzucv Z, ew Ímn cv K i gz gy³ v b ivwîhvcb K i GQvovI, cöwzw`b nvrvi nvrvi gvbyl e emv A_ev Ab Kvb D Ï k kn i Av m Ges w` bi ev ivwî k l evwo d i GmKj gvbyl cvqlvbv I avqv gvqvi gvivz K mgm vq fv M Ab w` K, hviv wewfbœ v b ivwîhvcb K i ZvivI cvwb I m vwb Ukb myweavw`i mgm vq c o ch vß m vwb Ukb myweavw`i Afv e Gme fvmgvb Rb Mvôx dzucvz, iv Ív, evm I ij k bi gz Db y³ v b bvbvikg A ^w ÍKi cwi ek m wó K i 91

92 3.8.8 bvryk Rb Mvôxi mgm v I P v jämg~n mikvi bvbvikg mevmyweavq bvryk Rb Mvôxi AwfMg Zv e w I AwaKZi wekí Pvwn`v I my hvm cö`v b A½xKvive G jv mikv ii RvZxq I cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb msµvší wkqz wkqz bxwzgvjv I KŠkjc Î cöwzdwjz Zv m Ë I, GmKj mgm vi aiy I gvîv GZ ewk h G jv K AviI ewk mgwš^z, mgzvwfwëk I UKmB Kiv cö qvrb mgm v jv K `ywu fv M Av jvkcvz Kiv n q Q, GKwU mvaviy ev mvgwmök I Ab wu bvryk Rb Mvôx-wbw` ó: mvaviy: - RvZxq bxwzgvjv I KŠkjcÎmg~ n bvryk Rb Mvôx-msµvšÍ mgm v jv wek`fv e Av jvwpz, wkš cybivq G jv cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± ii bxwzgvjv I KŠkjcÎmg~ n we kl bri `Iqv cö hvrb; - bvryk Rb Mvôx-msµvšÍ mgm v jv eûgvwîk (multi-dimensional) I eû-lvz welqk (multisectoral) hv nvk, mkj ch v q GKwU Kvh Ki cwiexÿy I g~j vqb cöwµqv-c wzi Afve we` gvb Ges mswkøó mikvwi gš Yvjq, ms v I GbwRI `i g a Kvh Ki mgš^q e e vi Abycw ZI cwijwÿz; - cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± i bvryk Rb Mvôxi Pvwn`v c~i Y GbwRI KZ K M nxz Kvh µ gi ek wkqz fvj D`vniY i q Q (e 3.9 `Lyb), wkš G jv g~javivq GL bv m ú ³ Kiv m e nqwb mvgvwrk-a_ bwzk w`k jvi m ú~y iƒ c ey S IVv I we epbvq biqv hvqwb; - bvryk Rb Mvôx wel q c _KK Z Z _ i Afve (lack of disaggregated data) G `i Rb mwvk bxwzgvjv, KŠkjvw` I Kg cwikíbv cöyq b Av ikwu eo evuav; Ges - bvryk Rb Mvôx wpwýzkiy Ges A_ vqb cöwµqvmn cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb Kvh µ g Zv `i Pvwn`v ev cö qvrbxqzv K AšÍf y³ Kivi Kvh Ki cöwµqv-c wz bb ej jb P j bvryk Rb Mvôx-wbw` ó: - AÿgZv (Disability): evsjv `k AÿgZv Kj vy AvB b (The Bangladesh Disability Welfare Act) Aÿg e w³i cwi vi msáv ms hvwrz bvb Ges GwU AwaKviwfwËK cš vi (rightbased approach) wfwë Z cöyxz bq; Ges - wkï (Children): m vwb Ukb Kfv ir mvwe Kfv e e w c ji GL bv cövq 61 kzvsk wkïi ^v m Z cvqlvbvq AwfMg Zv bvb bvryk Rb Mvôx wel q Kg -wb ` kbv bvryk Rb Mvôxi Rb Kg -wb ` kbv jv wb œiƒc: - wewfbœ bvryk Rb Mvôxi Pvwn`v I cö qvrbxqzv, AMÖvwaKvi I mgm v wel q GKwU K `ªxq Z_ fvðvi (database) cöwzôvi Rb RvZxq ch v q Rwic m úbœ Kiv; - Õ KvbwU Kvh Ki ev KvR K iõ welq jv wpwýz Ki Z GKwU wklb cš v (a learning approach) Aej ^b Kiv Ges Gi wfwë Z wb ` wkkv cöyqb (prepare guidelines), DcKiY ˆZwi (design tools) I wewfbœ ai Yi bvryk Rb Mvôxi Rb mywbw` ó Kg cš v (specific approaches) Aej ^b Kiv; - m PZbZv m wó Ges Rb Mvôx ch v qi cwikíbvq bvryk Rb Mvôxi mgm v jvi mwvk mgvavb AšÍf y³ Kiv; 92

93 - KŠkjMZ vbmg~ n ch vß e e vcbv c wz hgb cwipvjbv I msiÿy (O&M) mev AvDU mvm Kivmn MY kšpvmvi wbgv Y; - cö ÍvweZ bmi cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb KŠkjcÎ Ges MÖvgxY cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb KŠkjc Î bvryk Rb Mvôxmg~ ni mywbw` ó mgm v jv K AšÍf y³ Kiv; - AwaKZi Kvh Ki Dcv q bvryk Rb Mvôxi Pvwn`v c~i Y mswkøó ms v jvi mvg_ e w Kiv; Ges - cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± ii cöwzwu ms v ch v q Kvh µg mgš^ q I KvwiMix wb ` kbv cö`v b bvryk Rb Mvôxi Rb GKRb K i gyl `vwqz cövß e w³ (focal persons) wb qvm Kiv 3.9 emikvwi Lv Zi AskMÖnY emikvwi Lv Zi AskMÖn Yi my hvm cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± i emikvwi Lv Zi AskMÖn Yi myweav A bk m jv n jv: (1) m± ii ewa Z wewb qvm Pvwn`v c~i Yi Rb emikvwi m ú` mgv ek; (2) AwaK msl K wewb qvmkvixi AvMg bi Kvi Y cöwz hvwmzvg~jk cwi ek m wó; (3) `ÿzv I D vebx ÿgzv evov bv; (4) AwaKZi Kg `vg; I (5) mve Rbxb Kfv ir AR b Dchy³ cwi e k cö qvm Kiv n j, mvaviyfv e emikvwi Lv Zi AskMÖnY mvgvwrkfv e cöz vwkz djvdj e q Avb Z cv i AviI mywbw` ófv e ejv hvq, emikvwi LvZ K Kv Ri my hvm w` Z gvwjkvbvi aiy (mikvwi _ K emikvwi gvwjkvbvq) cwiez bb h _ó bq eis mvdj AR bi Rb cöwz hvwmzvi ivk ai Z cv i Ggb Dc hvmx cwi ek ervq ivlv cö qvrb h e e vi Aax b emikvwi cvwb mieivnkvix AviI `ÿ n Z cv i Zvi g a i q Q cöwz hvwmzvi Rb D vebx aviyv cöez b, Kvh Ki wewa-weavb, mykvmb I Pzw³ ejerkiy Ges ch vß Kvh Ki Pvwn`v m wó cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb Lv Z h Kvb emikvwi Lv Zi AskMÖn Yi my hvm m wói c~ e Aek B wbwðz Ki Z n e h, Dbœqbkxj A_ bxwz Z Gme cö qvrbxq kz mg~n we` gvb 40 evsjv ` k cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± ii Dbœq b mikvwi I emikvwi, Dfq LvZB wewfbœ Dcv q m ú ³ 41 emikvwi Lv Zi AskMÖnY K wzbwu e nr evrvi köyx Z fvm Kiv hvq wb P G jvi e vl v I wpî 3.6-G Q Ki mvnv h `Lv bv n jv ÿz`ªvkvi nvw Iq vi evrvi: gy³ ev Zxeª cöwz hvwmzvg~jk evrv i we µzviv cöavbzt nvw Iq vi `vkv bi D ` v³v Zuviv bjk~ ci cvbc I cv ú wewµ Ges cvqlvbv Drcv`b K i MÖvgxY I bmi Dfq GjvKvi evrv i µzv `i Kv Q mivmwi cy wewµ Kiv n ji GwU cöavbzt MÖvgxY evrvi-b mlv b µzv I we µzvi g a mikvwi Lv Zi Kvb ga ZvKvix f~wgkv _v K bv ZviciI evrvi AvKv ii cöwÿ Z G AskB e nëg; ÿz`ªvkvi mev evrvi: G jv MÖvgxY cvbcevwnz cvwb mieivn I GbwRI KZ K ew Í Z cvwbi Drm cwipvjbvi gz ÿz`ª e emv cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb mev cö`v bi Rb Gme e emv cöwzôvb mikvwi ms v n Z mpivpi jvb mý ev Pzw³ wb q _v K; I 40 emikvwikiy cybiv jvpbv: Dbœqbkxj `kmg~ n cvwb mieivn I m vwb Uk b emikvwi Lv Zi AskMÖnY n Z wklb GwWwe BwWwe Kvh cî b ^i 11, g Aby Q` 2 I 5 G emikvwi Lv Zi AskMÖnY Lv Zi m ú K we ÍvwiZ Av jvpbv Kiv n q Q 93

94 ÿz`ªvkvi nvw Iq vi evrvi: - nvw Iq vi `vkvwb - j vwuªb Drcv`bKvix ÿz`ªvkvi mev cö`vbkvix: - MÖvgxY GjvKvq cvbcevwnz cvwb mieivn - bm i ^í-av qi Rb Mvôx Z cvwb mieivn bm i e nr cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb mev cöwzôvb: - mevi Pzw³mg~n - e e vcbv Pzw³mg~n emikvwi m ú ³Zv wpî 3.6 cvwb mieivn bi m vwb Ukb m± ii wzbwu cöavb evrv ii Ask bmi mev cöwzôv bi e n`vkvi evrvit GUv mikvwi mevi ÿ Î emikvwi Lv Zi MZvbyMwZK auv Pi AskMÖnY mev cöwzôvb KZ K cwipvwjz Kvh µg Ges KL bv KL bv wewb qvm I Avbylw½K SuywKmg~n mikvwi I emikvwi Lv Zi g a fvm n q hvq mikvwi ms v GKwU Pzw³g~jK mg SvZvi gva g emikvwi cwipvjbvkvixi mv _ Askx`vwiZ cöwzôv K i Pzw³i aiy mvaviy mev I e e vcbv Pzw³ _ K BRviv (leasing) ev we kl myweav (concesion) cö`vb Pzw³ ch ší n Z cv i Dchy ³ wzbwu kªyx Z emikvwi Lv Zi Dbœq b we` gvb mgm vmg~n Ges mycvwik jv wb P Av jvpbv Kiv n jv ÿz`ªvkvi nvw Iq vi evrvi mikvwi m ú ³Zv evsjv ` k MÖvgxY cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb myweav mieiv ni ÿ Î ÿz`ªvkvi nvw Iq vi evrvi (MªvgxY cvwb mieivn I m vwb Uk bi cövq 80 fvm) cövavb we Ívi K i Av Q Avkv Kiv hv Q, A`~i fwel Z G aviv AviI Zxeª n Z _vk e ez gv b emikvwi LvZ cöwzeqi cövq 3 jÿ n ÍPvwjZ bjk~c I 10 jÿ cvqlvbv vcb Ki Q we` gvb cvqlvbv jvi Dbœq b cvqlvbv wbg vzviv m ú ³ (e 3.10) bmi cvwb mieiv ni Rb e eüz cvbc I cv úi ewkifvmb ` k Drcvw`Z emikvwi LvZ GiB g a f~-mf wb œ cvwb Í i e env ii Rb wewfbœ ai Yi n ÍPvwjZ bjk~c Drcv`b I vc b D ~Z P v jä gvkvwejvq cvi½gzv cö`k b K i Q emikvwi LvZ nvz avqvi Rb ^íg~ j i mvevb Ges m vwbuvwi b vcwkb Drcv` bi gva g ^v m Z AvPiY cömv i mn hvwmzv w` Q A`~i fwel Z Av m wbk cixÿvi KxUm& (cöwzeqi nvrvi KxUm&-Gi fwel Z Pvwn`v) I cvwbi wguvi (cöwzeqi cövq nvrvi wguvi) Drcv` bi ÿgzvi i q Q emikvwi Lv Zi ÿz`ªvkvi nvw Iq vi evrvi weµ qvëi mev cö`v bi mÿg G evrv ii gva g n ÍPvwjZ bjk~c I guipvwjz cv ú givg Zi KvR Pj Z cv i bmi cvwb mieiv ni ÿ Î ˆ`bw `b givgz I msiÿy Kv R cøv ^vii mn R cviqv hvq MÖvgxY cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m±i cwiw wzi `ªæZ cwiez bkxjzv ez gv b GKwU D`xqgvb mgm v gvby li Avq Íi evo Q, D PZi mevmyweavi Rb wekvk NU Q m PZbZvi mv _ mv _ mvaviy n ÍPvwjZ bjk~c I D P Í ii iæwpm Z cöhyw³i Rjve (water seal) MZ cvqlvbvi Pvwn`v evo Q G Pvwn`v c~i Y emikvwi Lv Zi KvwiMwi I e emvwqk ˆbc~Y Av iv evov bv cö qvrb 94

95 e 3.10 m vwb Ukb mvcv b Av ivny - emikvwi Lv Zi Ae`vb MÖvgv j vwcz cövq GK-PZz_ vsk cvqlvbvi Rj ivak (water seal) bb A_ev m jv fv½v hv nvk, Rj ivakwenxb cvqlvbv m vwb Ukb mvcv b Av ivn Yi cö_g avc Dbœq bi ciez x avc n jv Rj ivakhy³ j vwuªb, hv K mvaviyfv e m vwb Ukb mvcv bi ciez x av c Av ivny ejv n q _v K (e 2.3 `Lyb) MÖvg GjvKvq A bk cvqlvbv Drcv`bKvix we` gvb cvqlvbv jv Z Rj ivak hy³ Kivi Rb GbwRI, we kl K i eª vk I IqvUvi GBW-Gi KvQ _ K cöwkÿy c q Q GKB mg q GbwRIiv Rb Mvôx K cvqlvbvq Rj ivak vc bi Rb DØy K i Q MÖvgxY RbmvaviY GLb Gi mydj m ú K m PZb gvj-gmjvmn gvî UvKv LiP K i Zuv `i we` gvb cvqlvbvmg~ n Rj ivak jvmv bvi Rb mev µ qi Ggb A bk NUbv Av Q wemz `yõeq ii g a eª vk Kg m~wp (eª vk Iqvk Kg m~wp ch v jvpbv cöwz e`b, g 2010) GKvB 80 jÿ DcKvi fvmxi g a 17 jÿ cvqlvbvq Rj ivak vcb K i Q Kg -wb ` kbv G mkj LÐ LÐ evrvi K mnvqzvi Rb Kg -wb ` kbvi g a AšÍfz ³ welq jv n jv: - Rb-cÖZ vkv c~i Yi Rb MÖvgxY cvwb mieivn I m vwb Uk b cöavb f~wgkv cvjb Ki Z emikvwi LvZ K Ae vnzfv e DrmvwnZ Kiv; - cwiewz Z cwiw wzi P v jämg~n gvkvwejv Ki Z emikvwi LvZ K mg_ b Kiv mg_ bi ÿî jv n Z cv i D ` v³v I mieivn PBb Dbœqb, cv ú ˆZwi Z KvwiMwi cöwkÿy Ges bzzb ai Yi bjk~ ci mevi YMZ gvb`ð c~i Y wwªwjs KŠkj iß Kiv emikvwi LvZ K wewfbœ Ae vq cöhyw³i h_v_ Zv wel q KvwiMwi Z _ i cvkvcvwk GjvKvq cvwbi cö qvrbxq MfxiZv I bjk~ ci m ve cvwb Drcv`b msµvší Z_ I `qv h Z cv i Gme mnvqk Kvh µg Pj Z cv i Rb ^v cö KŠkj Awa`ßi (wwwcgbpb)-gi gva g; - m PZbZv I ^v m Z AvPiY cömvig~jk Kvh µ gi gva g fv³v `i K D PZi gv bi cvwb I m vwb Ukb mev e env i DØy Kiv GUv Kiv h Z cv i we klfv e cvwb, m vwb Ukb I nvbwrb (Iqvk- WASH)-Gi Rb GKwU mgwš^z Z_ -wkÿv- hvmv hvm (IEC) welqk Kvh µ gi c v KR cöez bi gva g GbwRI `i mn hvwmzvq vbxq mikvi cöwzôvb jv G RvZxq Kvh µg MÖnY Ki Z cv i; Ges - M n vjx ch v q (D`vniY ^iƒc, bjk~ ci ^v m Z msiÿy I Rj ivakmn cvqlvbv) cö`ë cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb mevi gvb cwiexÿy I wbwðz Ki Z vbxq mikvi cöwzôvbmg~ ni mvgvwrk mev I AvBwb `wjjcîmg~n Kv R jvmv bv h nzz MÖvgxY cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± i eûmsl K Drcv`bKvixmn GKwU c~y cöwz hvwmzvg~jk evrvi we` gvb, m nzz GLbB Kvb A_ bwzk (g~j ) wbqš Yi cö qvrb bb ÿz`ªvkvi mev evrvi G evrviwu AvswkKfv e DbœxZ I ez gv b Lye mvgvb cwigv Y (1 fv MiI Kg) cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb mev w` q _v K wkš Avkv Kiv hvq h, fwel Z Zv h _ó cömvwiz n e evrv ii G As k mikvwi n Í ÿ ci cwigvy Zzjbvg~jKfv e Kg emikvwi LvZ, Rb Mvôx I vbxq mikvi cöwzôv bi wewfbœ gvîvi m ú ³Zvi gva g evrviwu Z eûmsl K MÖvgxY cvbcevwnz cvwb mieivn g Wj, hgb: wwwcgbpb KZ K ev ÍevwqZ wewfbœ cökí, e i `ª eûgylx Dbœqb KZ cÿ (BMDA), cjøx Dbœqb GKv Wwg (RDA) I mvgvwrk Dbœqb Znwej (SDF) cöpjb Kiv n q Q djvdj wgkö cök wzi n ji Gi Pvwn`v ea bkxj ÿz`ªvkvi 95

96 mev`vbkvixiv mcwuk U vs Ki er Aegy³KiY I Acmvi Yi KvRI K i _v K bmivâ j wkqz GbwRI mcwuk U vsk cwi vi Ki Z mvkkvb gwkb e env ii A bk ` óvší i L Q Z_vwcI wbivc` I cwi ekevüe Dcv q er Aegy³Ki Yi KvRwU m úbœ Kivi ÿ Î AviI e vck DbœwZ `ikvi bmi ew Í Z GbwRI A_ev Rb MvôxwfwËK msmvb (CBOs) KZ K cvwbi Drm cwipvjbvi wkqz mvdj Mv_vI i q Q Giv mev`vbkvix `i KvQ _ K cvwb K b I e envikvix `i Kv Q wewµ K i (e 3.11) fwel Z mev`vbkvix cöwzôvbmg~ ni AvIZv-ewnf ~Z GjvKvq cvbcevwnz mve- buiqvk cwipvjbvi Kv R ÿz`ªvkvi mev`vbkvix `i hy³ Kiv h Z cv i Zv `i K Pzw³e Kiv h Z cv i mnr I we K `ªxK Z er cvwb cwi kvab cøv U-Gi Kv RI ÿz`ªvkvi mev`vbkvix `i Ae vi AviI DbœwZi Rb mvg_ -e w g~jk mnvqzv cö qvrb GQvovI cwi ekmz msiÿy I gvb wbwðzki Yi weavb cöez b KivI Riæwi e 3.11 evsjv `k: mevmyweavi ÿ Î XvKvi ew Íevmx `i AwfMg Zvi Dbœqb evsjv ` ki AvbygvwbK 25 kzvsk gvbyl kni GjvKvq emevm K i mv úªwzkkvj ch ší ewkifvm bm i cwievinmg~ ni Rwgi AvBbm Z AwaKvi e ZxZ cvwb mieivn myweav fv Mi AbygwZ wqj bv XvKvq 148 jÿ RbmsL vi 35 fv Mi evm bm ii ew Í I A eafv e `LjK Z emwz Z A_ vr Awaevmxiv h Rwg Z emevm K i Zvi gvwjkvbv cö`k b Zuviv Aÿg XvKv Iqvmv KZ K cö`ë mevmyweav cvevi AwaKvi Zuv `i wqj bv 1992 mv j IqvUviGBW evsjv ` ki mn hvmx ms v `ȳ ^v K `ª (DSK) bv gi XvKvwfwËK GbwRI ew Íevmx I XvKv Iqvmvi g a ga ZvKvixi f~wgkv cvjb ïiæ K i DSK Rwgi gvwjkvbv _ K cvwb myweavi AwfMg Zv K c _K Kivi hyw³ `Lvq msmvbwu Rb Mvôx KZ K wej cwi kv ai wbðqzv ^iæc wbivcëv Rvgvb ZiI e e v K i Giæc e e vi d j XvKv Iqvmv 1992 I 1994 mv j XvKvi `wi`ª-cöey GjvKvq `ywu cvwb Drm vc bi AbygwZ `q kn ii Mixe gvbyl `i UKmB cvwb mieiv ni Rb ciez x Z DSK G AwfÁZv K GKwU g W j DbœxZ K i GQvovI 12wU ew Íi Rb Mvôx Z g WjwUi wfwë Z GKwU cixÿvg~jk cökí (cvbju cö R±) MÖn Yi Rb XvKv Iqvmvi mv _ mg SvZvq DcbxZ nq DSK cvwbi Drm e e vcbvi ÿ Î Rb Mvôxi mÿgzv Dbœq b KvR K i ZvQvovI wbqwgz wej cwi kva I cy iv g~jab e q cybiæ vi wbwðz Kiv nq wbqwgz wej cwi kv ai 16 eqi ci 2008 m b, XvKv Iqvmvi mv _ myiwÿz Pzw³ ^vÿi GKwU hymvšíkvix NUbv Pzw³ Abyhvqx Kvb ga ZvKvix e wz i KB cvwb ms hvm bqvi Av e`b Kivi Rb CBO `i AbygwZ `qv nq AvR GmKj Rb Mvôx XvKv Iqvmvi MÖvnK ev µzv wn m e m vwbz Ges cökíwu GLb mviv ` k cöewz Z n Z hv Q AZx Z hviv mev _ K ev` c owqj GLb Zuviv cvwbi Drm cwikíbv I e env i Ges cwi kva x g mwµqfv e RwoZ Drmt bmi `wi`ª `i ` k gvbzv I gzvgz `qvi AwaKvi Dbœq b bmi cvwb I m vwb Ukb ms v i mykxj mgv Ri m ú ³Zv Ñ IqvUviGBW Kvw Uª cövmöv gi AwfÁZv IqvUviGBW cöwz e`b, gvp 2010 Kg -wb ` kbv ÿz`ªvkvi mev`vbkvix `i Dbœq bi Rb Kg -wb ` kbv jvq AšÍf y³ welqmg~n wb œiƒc: - h_vh_ g Wj Dbœq bi j ÿ MÖvgxY cvwb mieiv ni mkj g Wj cy Lvbycy Lfv e cixÿv Ae vnz ivlv; - vbxq mikvi cöwzôv bi m ú ³Zvmn mevi gvb I cwi ekmz msiÿy welqk wewa-weavb cöyqb Kiv Gi g a jvb mý cö`v bi welqi AšÍf y³ n Z cv i D`vniY ^iƒc: cøvw ^s, er AcmviY Ges Av m wbk I cvwbi Ab vb Yv Y cixÿvi jvb mý cö`vb; 96

97 - we` gvb e emv kw³kvjxkiy I bzzb e emv cöez b (Dbœq b) KvwiMix I e e vcbvmz mnvqzv cö`vb Kiv GUv wwwcgbpbõi gva g n Z cv i; - cvwb mieivn I ^v m Z AvPiY cömv i ÿz`ªvkvi mev`vbkvix `i m ú ³Zv K DrmvwnZ Kiv hgb: n ÍPvwjZ cv ú wewµi mgq cvwb wbivcëv cwikíbvi I cvqlvbv mvgmöx wewµkv j ^v m Z AvPiY cömvi m úwk Z cöpvicî wewj Kiv; - gkvwbk, cöiyv`vbkvix I cvwb Yv Y cixÿk `i cöwkÿy cö`vb wwwcgbpb GUv Ki Z cv i; I - hv Z K i ÿz`ªvkvi evrvi Pvwn`v wbiæcy I Zv c~i Y wb R `i cö Z ivl Z cv i mrb RvZxq Kg m~wpmg~n I qe mvb U `qv e n`vkvi bmi mev cöwzôv bi evrvi ez gv b bmi GjvKvq cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb mev e e vcbvi ÿ Î e n`vkvi emikvwi Lv Zi Lye ewk AskMÖnY bb XvKv Iqvmv KZ K XvKv bmixi wkqz GjvKvi Rb emikvwi cöwzôvb K wej Kiv I Av`v qi Rb m úvw`z Pzw³ wewfbœ gvîvi mdjzv ` L Q XvKv IqvmvI www ª± wguvihy³ GjvKvi cwipvjbv I msiÿ Yi Rb e e vcbv-pzw³i m ve Zv cixÿv Ki Q 2005 m b dwi`cyi cšimfvq wej Kiv I Av`v qi Rb vbxq GKwU emikvwi ms vi mv _ 3 eqi gqvw` mevpzw³ m úv`b K iwqj G Z ivr ^ Av`vq evo ji cšimfv wewfbœ Kvi Y Pzw³i gqv` Avi evovqwb bmi mev cöwzôvbmg~ ni Rb emikvwi Lv Zi AskMÖnY g WjwU mvaviy mev I e e vcbv Pzw³ _ K AviI AMÖeZ x ai Yi n Z cv i hgbt wbg vy, cwipvjbv I n ÍvšÍi ev weì Acv iu UªvÝdvi (BOT) I we kl myweav cö`vb ev Kb& mkb Pzw³ RvZxq wbivc` cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb bxwzgvjv, 1998-G wbg vy, cwipvjbv I gvwjk ev weì, Acv iu I Ib (BOO) I BOT x gi gva g bmi cvwb mieiv n emikvwi Lv Zi AskMÖnY K DrmvwnZ Kiv n q Q mikvwi I emikvwi Askx`vwiZ ev PPP (mivmwi ˆe `wkk wewb qvm ev FDI mn) evsjv `k emikvwi LvZ AeKvVv gv wb ` wkkv (BPSIG) 2004 Øviv wbqwš Z G Z cvwb I m vwb Ukb Dchy³ GKwU LvZ emikvwi AeKvVv gv KwgwU (PICOM) PPP cök íi ZvwjKv, cöwµqvkiy I cwiexÿy K i mikvi PPP Dbœq b D P AMÖvwaKvi w` Q Ryb 2009-G A_ wefvm GKwU Ae vbcî cökvk K i Q Gi wk ivbvg wqj, ÓmiKvwi emikvwi Askx`vwi Z i gva g DÏxß wewb qvm D ` vm (Invigorating Investment Initiative through Public Private Partnership) Ó GLv bi cvwb I m vwb Ukb K AMÖvwaKvifz³ m±i wn m e iæz cö`vb Kiv n q Q mgxÿvq `Lv bv n q Q h, evsjv ` k cvwb I m vwb Ukb m±i PPPÕi Rb ek m vebvgq 42 hv nvk, AwZgvÎvq AMÖmi PPPÕi Rb `kxq wewb qvm cwi ek Lye mnvqk bq wewb qvmkvix `i úó wbðqzv `Iqv bv n j Ges AvšÍR vwzk A_ vqbkvix `i KvQ _ K Avw_ K mnvqzv cviqv bv M j FDIÕi m vebv Kg-B _ K hv e ïiæ Z vbxq emikvwi LvZ g W ji ( vbxq PPP g Wj) wfwë Z PPP niqv DwPZ ch vqµ g AwfÁZv evovi mv _ mv _ emikvwi cu ywr AvKl Ymn D Pai Yi PPP ev Íevqb m e GUvI g b ivlv cö qvrb h, wîcvwÿk Askx`vwi Z i (TPP) wfwë ZI PPP ev Íevqb n Z cv i (e 3.12) PPPÕi Ab Zg c~e kz n jv, mev cö`vbkvix cöwzôvb jv fvjfv e wekwkz Ges wm všímön Yi Rb Zv `i c~y ^vqz kvmb Av Q hv nvk, cšimfvi ÿ Î cvwb mieivn kvlvwu cšimfvi cökvmwbk wbqš Yi Aaxb A_P Zv `i wb R `ib ch vß ^vqz kvm bi Afve i q Q ewkifvm ÿ Î cšimfv cvwb mieivn kvlvi (PWSS) wnmve c _Kfv e ivlv nq bv Ab w` K gš Yvj qi Aby gv`b Qvov cšimfv bzzb Kg x wb qvm Ki Z cv i bv AZGe PPP e e vi gva g wewb qvmmn emikvwi Lv Zi ewa Z m ú ³Zvi Rb GKwU úó c_ 42 evsjv ` k cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb mev cö`v bi Rb emikvwi LvZ K RwoZ Kivi m ve ÿîmg~ ni ZvwjKv, ivrkxq b`vij vû `~Zvevm, XvKv, GwcÖj

98 ˆZwi Kiv cö qvrb G cöwµqvq hlb emikvwi Lv Zi Rb ewa Z f~wgkv _vk e, ZLb mikvwi LvZ ch v q cöpzi cö wzg~jk KvR Kivi gz _vk e e 3.12 AwaKZi fvimvg c~y I UKmB mgvav bi Rb wîcÿxq Askx`vwiZ emikvwi LvZ mvaviy ^v_ mikvwi LvZ mykxj mgvr/rb Mvôx cvwb mieivn Lv Z PPP mme gvbyl `i mzk Ki Z cv i, hviv wek vm K i h, cvwb mvaviy GKwU MYcY Zuviv f e fq cvq h, G mevi ÿ Î emikvwi LvZ K Rov bv gv bb cvwbi ïée w, wb œgv bi mev I Aïf AvuZvZ hw` wm vší MÖnY I cwikíbvq GbwRI/mykxj mgvr K m ú ³ Kiv hvq, Z e e envikvix `i Pvwn`v Abyhvqx mev cö`vb Kiv h Z cv i NUbv Ggb n j GUv m ezt cy iv mev Kvh µg K AwaKZi UKmB Ki e d j Zv emikvwi cwipvjbvkvix `i Kv Q AwaKZi AvKl Yxq n e PPP cök í mykxj mgv Ri cöwzwbwa `i mwµq m ú ³Zvi djvdj n Z cv i TPP Z DËiY bzzb wkqz PPP D ` v M GbwRImg~n I Rb MvôxwfwËK msmvb jv µgea gvb nv i mwµq Askx`vi n Q Zviv cökí cöyqb I ev Íevqb cöwµqvq mvaviy gvbyl, we klfv e `wi`ª `i cöwzwbwaz K i Bsj vû I I qjm& (BD K), ey q bm& AvBwim (Av R w Ubv), g vwbjv (wdwjwdbm&) I RvKvZ vq (B `v bwkqv) TPP Kvh Ki wn m e cögvwyz G jv meb AvšÍR vwzk ch v qi PPP (IRC-Jo Smet) Kg -wb ` kbv bmi mev evrvi Dcv`vbmg~ ni Dbœq b mycvwikgvjv: - PPP g Wj cöyqbkv j TPPÕi aviyv K AšÍf y³ Kiv Gi gva g mvgvwrk Yvejx ` pfv e cövw_z n e Ges `wi`ª gvby li gzvg Zi cöwzdjb NU e; - cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m±i K cö Z Kivi gva g mikvwi- emikvix Askx`vwi Z i (PPP) c _ DËiY (e 3.13) Gi AšÍwb wnz bxwz n jv cö_ g mnrai Yi, hgb: mev ev e e vcbv Pzw³ w` q kyiæ Kiv; - RvZxq wbivc` cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb bxwzgvjvi mycvwik Abymv i cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± ii Rb PPP wb ` wkkv cöyqb Kiv G wb ` wkkvq mikv ii Drmvne ÄK AwfcÖvqmg~n úófv e e ³ Ki Z n e PPP wel q wkqz AwfÁZv AR bi ci wb ` wkkvwu cöyqb Kiv h Z cv i; Ges - ch vqµ g PPP cöpj bi Rb GKwU mnvqzvkvix ms v ( hgb: Infrastructure Investment Facilitation Center IIFC) wb qvm Kiv GQvov mgš^q I bxwzmz wm všímg~n mgš^q I mg_ bi Rb GKwU mikvwi cöwziæc-cÿ (counterpart) cöwzôv cö qvrb (D`vniY ^iƒc, cwjwm mv cvu BDwbU ev PSU) 98

99 cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m±i K cö Z Kiv: e 3.13 evsjv ` k PPPÕi DËiY ch vq Ñ cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb mev cöwzôvbmg~n K AwaKZi ^vqë kvmb cö`vb; Ñ cö qvrbxq Kg x wb qvm; Ñ cvwb ïé KvVv gv K hšw³k Kiv; Ñ Rbm PZbZv m wó; Ñ GKwU ^vaxb wbqš K ms v cöwzôv Kiv (c _K WKz g U `Lyb...) mev`vbkvix cöwzôvb jv K cö Z Kiv: Ñ GKwU mycöwzwôz cökvmwbk I wnmveiÿy c wz ev Íevqb; Ñ wej Kiv I Av`vq e e vi Dbœqb; Ñ hlv b m e wguvi e e v Pvjy Kiv: Ñ m ú `i DbœZ iwr vi Zwi Kiv; Ñ MIS ev Íevqb; I Ñ msl v I `ÿzvi mswgkö Y Kg xweb vm hšw³k Kiv evsjv ` k cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb mev cö`v bi Rb emikvwi LvZ K RwoZ Kivi m ve ÿîmg~ ni ZvwjKv, ivrkxq b`vij vûm& `~Zvevm, XvKv, GwcÖj 2006 _ K bqv 3.10 cwi ek, Rjevqy cwiez b I `y h vm e e vcbv cwi ek, Dbœqb, `y h vm, Rjevqy cwiez b I RxweKvi g a hvmm~î f~wg, cvwb I evqy wb q MwVZ cövk wzk cwi ek Dbœqb Kg KvÐ, `y h vm, Rjevqy cwiez b I cwi ekmz AebwZi ga w` q mg q mg q cwiewz Z nq Dbœqb n Q `vjvb KvVv I fšz AeKvVv gvi Dbœqbmn cövk wzk I gbyl -m ó cwiez bmg~n ^v, wkÿv I `vwi`ª we gvp bi gz welq jv gvbwek Kj vyg~jk Dbœq bi AšÍf y³ Ab w` K `y h v Mi AšÍf y³ n jv Pig cövk wzk NUbvmg~n, hgbt f~wgk ú, eb v, Liv I MÖx gûjxq NywY S oi `xn gvîvi cöfve Rjevqy cwiez b n jv cövk wzk I gbyl -m ó ˆewk K DÂvqb cöfvwez Rjevqy mswkøó Pig `y h v Mi evisevi msnvb I MfxiZv Gi g a Av Q eb v, Liv I MÖx gûjxq NywY So Aejw ^Z e e vi Ici wbf i K i cwi ek, Dbœqb, `y h vm I Rjevqyi cwiez b mvaviy gvby li Rxeb-RxweKv K BwZevPK A_ev bwzevpkfv e cöfvwez K i `y h v Mi cöwÿ Zi w`k _ K Rjevqy cwiez bmn Gme Dbœqb I cwi ekmz welq jvi cöwz ` wó wbe Ki j Avgiv GKwU ` p cvi úwik-wbf ikxjzv `L Z cvb G jvi cö Z KwU Aci K cöfvwez K i A_ev A b i Øviv cöfvwez nq Gme wg_w Œqvi K `ª i q Q ÓSu ywk cökgb I wbivcëv e w Ói (e 3.14) D Ïk e Zt GB D Ïk _ KB gvbwek wbivcëvi mvwe K cwigðjwu MwVZ gvbwek wbivcëv gvby li ^vaxbzvi mv _ m úwk Z 2000 m b AbywôZ RvwZmsN mn ªvã kxl m j b gvbwek wbivcëv K cö_gev ii gz GKwU Dbœqb aviyv wn m e AwfwnZ Kiv nq aviyvwu mvaviy gvbyl KZ K fvmk Z Õ ^vaxbzvi gvîvõi mv _ m úwk Z evsjv `k mikvi `y h vm e e vcbv msµvší RvZxq cwikíbvq (NPDM) (P~ovšÍ Lmov, gvp 2010) UKmB Dbœqb AR bi j ÿ GKwU ^ Q bxwz I KŠk ji cö qvrbxqzvi welqwu ^xkvi K i Q GUv cwi ekmz e e vcbv I Kvh Ki `y h vm cökg bi mv _ hy³ 99

100 e 3.14 cwi ek, Dbœqb, `y h vm I Rjevqy cwiez bi g a hvmm~î `y h vm - cövk wzk `y h vm - Ø `-weev` (Kbwd ±) RxweKv I gvbwek wbivcëv SuywK cökgb I wbivcëv e w cwi ek - gbyl -m ó - evqy, f~wg, mgy`ª Dbœqb - cvwb I ^v - wkÿv - `vwi`ª Rjevqy cwiez b ivrxe k, wk qv Uv wek we` vjq KZ K cwi ek I `y h vm e e vcbv kxl K Dc vcbv n Z M nxz ( cwi ek cwi e ki g a f~wg, cvwb, evqy I fšzm ú` Ges Zv `i g a Kvi we` gvb AvšÍtm úk AšÍf z³ n Z cv i GQvovI i q Q gvbe më v, Ab vb RxemË v, Ab vb cövyxk~j, Dw ` I AbyRxemg~n (evsjv `k cwi ek msiÿy AvBb, 1995-Gi Aby Q` 2N) cwi e ki PviwU e nëi ÿî, hv cöavbzt evsjv ` ki cöwÿ Z Av jvkcvz Kiv n q Q m jv n jvt fšz cwi ek, Rxe cwi ek, A_ bwzk I mvgvwrk-mvs wzk cwi ek (e 3.15) fšz cwi ek f~-ms vb I gvwu evqygûj (evqyi Yv Y I Rjevqy) f~-we` v I f~-k úwe` v cvwb m ú` (cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukbmn) e 3.15 cwi e ki e nëi ÿî Rxe cwi ek grm I eb cövyx Dw ` RMZ I eb weij I wecbœ cörvwz msiwÿz GjvKv cvwb m ú` (cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukbmn) A_ bwzk cwi ek ^vfvwek e wëg~jk KvVv gv f~wg e envi wkí I K wl AeKvVv gv cwieny mvgvwrk I mvs wzk m ú` RbmsL v ZË Av_ -mvgvwrk Ae v ^v I wkÿv myweav BwZnvm, ms wz I ch Ub cvwb I m vwb Uk bi mv _ m úwk Z cwi ekmz mgm v cwi e ki GKwU iæz c~y Dcv`vb n jv cvwb, gvbe Rxe b hvi Ae`vb Zvrch c~y wkš cvwbi Drm jv hgb: b`x, jk I cykzi gvby li AcwiKwíZ Kg Kv Ði Kvi Y `~wlz n Q 100

101 cvwbi cöavb `ywu Drm n jv f~-c ô I f~-mf cvwb `ywu DrmB ci úi m úk hy³ (e 3.1 `Lyb) f~-c ô cvwb `~wlz nqt 1) kni, K wl I wkí e e vi mv _ mwbœku cwi e ki cvi úwik wµqv; I 2) cwi kvwaz ev Acwi kvwaz wkíkvilvbvi ZijeR, mvi I Ab vb K wlr ivmvqwb Ki wbtmiy Øviv evsjv ` k `~l Yi cöwÿ Z Gme e e v mivmwi f~-mf cvwbi mv _ cvi úwik wµqv bv Ki ji f~-c ô `~wlz cvwb PzB q gvwui Af ší i mâvwiz nq djköæwz Z f~-mf cvwb `~wlz nq cövk wzk Kvi YI f~-mf cvwb `~wlz n Z cv i, hgb Av m wbk f~-mf cvwbi Yv Y Aby Q` 3.3-G Av jvwpz Ges G Aby Q ` cwi e ki Rb Pig D Ø Mi KviY wn m e wpwýz f~-c ô cvwb `~ly wel q Av jvkcvz Kiv n q Q cvwbi Dr mi Pig `~ly evsjv ` ki Rb GKwU Riæwi welq h_vh_fv e cwipvwjz bv n j m vwb Ukb e e vi cvwbm ú` K `~wlz K i G Z cvwbi Yv Y I gvby li ^v cöfve c o 2006 m b wek e vsk cökvwkz Õevsjv `k f~l Ð cwi ek we kølyõ evsjv ` ki Rb cuvpwu AMÖvwaKvi wpwýz K i m jv n jvt 1) cwi ekmz ^v (cvwb, m vwb Ukb I evqy `~l Yi cöfvemn); 2) XvKvi f~-c ô cvwbi Y; 3) Ave grm ÿî; 4) gvwui Yv Y; I 5) cwi ekmz e e vcbv cöwzôvbmg~n Gme wel q cwi ekmz cöfve K GK Î wn m e bqv n j gvu Avw_ K ÿwzi cwigvy `uvovq wrwwwcõi 4.2 kzvs k G ÿwzi 37 fvm cvwb, m vwb Ukb I nvbwr bi Rb, 23 fvm bmi GjvKvi evqyi Yv Y, 21 fvm M nga evqy `~l Yi, 17.5 fvm XvKvi f~-c ô cvwbi Yi Rb I 2.5 fvm grmpv li Kvi Y n q _v K f~-c ô cvwb `~ly f~-c ô cvwb `~ly h_vµ g cöevngvb cvwb (b`x, Lvj, BZ vw`) I gy³ cvwbi (AcÖevngvb) Avavi K (cykzi, nvio, evio I Ab vb ) wb ` k K i b`x I Lv ji cvwb `~wlz nq cöavbzt wkíkvilvbv I bmi _ K b`x Z Acwi kvwaz er Acmvi Yi Kvi Y Ab w` K cykzi, nvio I evi oi cvwb`~ly N U AZ wak KxUbvkK e envi I f~wg ÿ qi d j eo eo kn ii wfzi I Pvicv k cvwbi `~ly gvivz K XvKv, PUªMÖvg I Lyjbv kn ii cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb mgm vmn f~-c ô cvwb `~l Yi mgm vmg~n e 3.16-G `Lv bv n q Q f~-c ô cvwb`~ly `wi`ª gvby li ^v K cöfvevwš^z K i KviY Zuviv msµwgz I AmsµwgZ Drm _ K cq `iwu e Q wb Z cv i bv MÖvgxY I bmi GjvKvq emevmkvix `wi`ª gvby li `y f v Mi cöavb KviY cvwbevwnz ivm GUv MÖvgxY I bmi Dfq GjvKvi gvby li (we kl K i `wi`ª cwievimg~ ni Rb ) Mvm ji cvwb mgm vi mv _ wg k evsjv ` ki Rb cöavb ^v mgm vi m wó K i Q aviyv Kiv n Q `ªæZ ea bkxj bmivqb I wkívq bi Kvi Y cvwb `~ly fqvenfv e e o hv e cwi e ki Ici Pvc, `~l Yi ch vq I Rxe bi Ici cöfve Ges cövk wzk cwi e ki g a Kvi AvšÍt hvmm~î e 3.17 Gi Q K `Lv bv n jv f~-c ô cvwb `~l Yi Ab Zg cöavb cö`vqk n jv gjrwbz e cvwbi Yv Yi ÿ Î g~j mgm v n jv bm ii er cvwb cwi kva bi Ach vß myweav mviv ` k GKwU gvî Zij er cwi kvab cøv U Av Q GUv XvKvi GKwU gvî Ask K mev w` Z cv i Ab GjvKvq mcwuk U vsk I MZ cvqlvbv e eüz nq MÖvgv j eûj e eüz MZ cvqlvbv jv el vkv j mvaviyzt cvwb Z wbgw¾z n q hvq G Z Avkcv ki f~wg I Rjvk q e vcknv i cqt`~ly Qwo q c o 101

102 e 3.16 evsjv ` ki cöavb wzbwu bmix Ñ XvKv, PÆMÖvg I Lyjbvq f~-c ô cvwb `~ly XvKv kni I Gi Pvicv k f~-c ô cvwbi Ae v we kl K i MÖx gimy g LyeB Lvivc _v K grm ÿ Îi, MZvbyMwZK cwi kva bi (weiww 6 wgwj MÖvg/wj.) ci Lvevi cvwbi Drm I grm Pv li (G v gvwbqv 1.2 wgwj MÖv/wj.) Rb e envh cvwbi Y wb ` kk Zzjbv Kiv n j GKwU wpî cviqv hvq G Z `Lv hvq, ï gimy g XvKvi Pvicv ki 95 kzvsk b`xi cvwbi Y Íi 200 kzvsk AwZµg K i 500 kzvsk ch ší nq (evsjv `k f~l Û cwi ekmz we køly, wek e vsk, m Þ ^i 2006) cvwbi Yi Gme mgm v eûj msl K wkíkvilvbvi gva g cöwzdwjz nq we kl K i Pvgov wkí, hv b`x Z Acwi kvwaz er wbm Z K i e Zt Gme b`xe e v Rxe cwi ekmzfv e g Z `Lv hv Q, b`xmg~ n Kvb gvq ev RjR cövyx A_ev Dw ` bb ï gimy g we kl D Ø Mi Ab Zg n jv mvq`vev` cwi kvab cøv U e eüz AiæcvšÍwiZ cvwb Z D PgvÎvi G v gvwbqv GLb G cvwb K Lvevi cvwbi YMZ gv b wb q h Z cøv Ui cwi kvab ÿgzv ûgwki m ylxb G vjywgwbqvg, jxw, K vwwgqvg, gvk vix I µvgmn fvix avzzi Nbxfe bi AZ wak cwigv Y Dcw wz ivmvqwbk msµgy K evwo q Zz j Q G Z cvwb cwi kva b bzzb gvîvi RwUjZv hy³ n q Q (cwi e ki Ae v, XvKv wmwu, 2005Ñ BDGbBwc) PÆMÖvg kni KY dzjx b`xi Zx i Aew Z mlv b i q Q ` ki cöavb mgỳ ªe `i G b`x Z wkí, cši I nvmcvzvj er Ges wecyj cwigv Y K wl-ivmvqwbk-gi Dw Qó ev Aewkóvsk djv nq D`vniY ^iƒct nvunvrvix iv W euzjx evrv i Aew Z Pvgov wkí, KvjyiNv Ui ÿwzki wkívâj, nvbw I xb e emv Rvb AvZzivi ww cv _ K cöwzw`b 150,000 wjuvi Zij ivmvqwbk er wbm Z nq G e R i g a µvwgqvg hšmi AšÍf y³ DRv b Aew Z KY dzjx KvMR Kj cöwzw`b 0.35 Ub Pvqbv K I Ab vb ivmvqwbk AcmviY K i (PÆMÖvg e `i evwyr m úªmviy cökí, fwjdg 2, GwWwe, g 2004) b`x `~l Yi Kvi Y cvwb Z `ªexf~Z Aw R bi cwigvy Ggb Íi ch ší n«vm cvq, hv gvqmn RjR m ú `i eu P _vkvi Rb AcÖZzj RvnvR ev bškv n Z `yn Ubvµ g Dc P cov ZjI `~ly NUvq weávbxiv e jb h, cvwbi Dci Z ji cvzjv AveiY Av jvi AbycÖ e k wenœ NUvq GQvovI cvwb I evqyi B Uvi d m Aw Rb I Kve b-wvb-a vb Wi wewbgq K wewnœz K i G Z mv jvkms køly cöwµqv evavmö Í nq Ges `ªexf~Z Aw Rb µgvš^ q n«vm cvq grmrxex `i g a Kg iz GbwRI KwgDwbwU Dbœqb K `ª (CODEC) Avfvm w` q Q h, AZx Z KY dzjx b`xi Ici wbf ikxj ivdrvb, iv½ywbqv I Av bvqviv Dc Rjvi cövq 20,000 R ji A b K grm wkkvi ckv Q o w` q Q KviY Zuviv GLb h _ó gvq cvqbv ˆfie I iæcmv b`xzx i Lyjbv bmix Aew Z bm i ev mwbœk U cöavb `~lykvix wkí n Q Lyjbv wbdrwcö U wgj Ges cvu, e I grm cöwµqvki Yi gz Ab vb wkí Gme wkí cöwzw`b b`x jv Z cövq 1 KvwU M vjb Zij er wbm Z K i Lyjbv wbdrwcö U wgj GKvB wbtmiy K i 46 jÿ M vjb (Lyjbv bm ii Rb cwi ekmz gvbwpî I IqvK eyk, AvMó 1999) Rvbv M Q h, Lyjbv bmix eivei cöevngvb ˆfie b`xi we Í Z aviv wemz `yõ`kk hvez grmïb Lye m e G Ae v n q Q wkíer Øviv `~l Yi Kvi Y Gme `~lykvik my `iebmn GZ`v ji wgvv cvwb I mvgyw`ªk ev -ms vb Df qib gvivzœk ÿwzi KviY AvBwb KvVv gv 1995 m bi cwi ek msiÿy AvBb evsjv ` ki cwi ek e e vcbvi wfwë G AvBb Abyhvqx ev Íevq bi c~ e mkj wkícöwzôvb ev cök íi Rb cwi ek Awa`ßi (DOE) _ K cwi ek QvocÎ (Environment Clearance Certificate) biqv eva Zvg~jK AvB bi Aax b 1997 m b cwi ek msiÿy wewagvjv cöyxz nq wewfbœ cök íi QvocÎ MÖn Yi Rb Abym Z cöwµqv I cö qvrbxq `wjjvw` cö`k bi welq G Z D jøl 102

103 i q Q wewagvjvi Zdwmj 3 cvwb I m vwb Ukb mswkøó G Zdwk j wba vwiz Av Q cvwicvwk K cvwbi I Lvevi cvwbi YMZ gvb`ð Zdwkj 10-G ewy Z Av Q wkícöwzôvb I cökí _ K wbtmwiz Zij e R i gvb`ð e 3.17 cwi e ki Ici Pvc, `~ly ch vq Ges Rxeb I cövk wzk cwi e ki Ici cöfv ei g a Kvi AvšÍtm úk cwi e ki Ici Pvc `~ly Ae v Rxeb I cövk wzk cwi e ki Ici cöfve wk íi Zij er K wl-ivmvqwbk gjrwbz `~ly mgỳ ª I b`x e ` i Rvnv R ^vfvwek widz qwjs-gi mgq Zj I jy Dc P cov ï gimy g b`x e e vq Kg cvwb cöevn ï gimy g mgz ji (Af šíixy) cvwbi Ygvb K g hviqv DcK jxq cvwbi Ygvb n«vm cviqv f -c ô I f -Mf cvwb Z jeyv³zvi AbycÖ ek gvwui jeyv³zv e w bmi cvwb Dr mi Ici Pvc cvwbevwnz ivm n Z SuywK e w grm Avev mi AebwZ Drcv`b n«vm (gvwui De izv n«vm) mvgyw`ªk I RjR Rxeb K cöfvwez Kiv cwi ek msiÿy wewagvjv, Z er, er cwi kvab, Mv`/ øvr e e vcbv I ZijeR cwi kvab wbqš Yi Kvb mywbw` ó weavb ivlv nqwb ZvB wewagvjvwu Z wb œewy Z ms kvab Avbvi cö Íve Kiv n Q f~-c ô cvwb: - bmi Rjvkq jvi ivmvqwbk `~l Yi wbwi L Zdwmj 3-G AwaK w wzgvcmn (c vivwguvi) f~-c ô cvwbi YMZ gvb`ð Av iv we ÍvwiZ D jøl Kiv; I - Lvevi cvwbi YMZ gvb`ð ms kvab Kiv (Aby Q` 3.4-G Av jvwpz) cvwb `~ly: - bmi Rjvk q cvwb`~l Yi cwiez bkxj ˆewk ó i Av jv K Av iv w wzgvcmn DrmwfwËK cvwb wbm gb gvb`ð ms kvab (Zdwmj 9 I 10) Zij er /wmd qr wbm gb e e vcbv: - wkíkvilvbvi wbm gb gvb` Ð Zij er cwi kvab cøv U AšÍfz ³KiY (Zdwmj 11) cwi ekmz e e vcbv cöwzôvbmg~n cwi ekmz e e vcbvi cöv_wgk cöwzôvb n Q eb I cwi ek gš Yvjq-Gi Aaxb cwi ek Awa`ßi (DOE) cvwbm ú `i `~ly wb ivamn cwi ekmz e e vcbv wbqš Y I mswkøó AvBb ejer Kivi ÿ Î DOEÕi KZ Z I `vwqz i q Q Avkv Kiv n Q wewfbœ m± ii, hgb: f~wg e envi, cvwb I welv³ ivmvqwbk, cwi ekmz ^v I m vwb Ukb msµvší bxwz I AvBb-Kvbyb DOEÕi Kv R mnvqk n e vbxq mikvi cöwzôvb mswkøó mev cö`vbkvix KZ K cwi ekmz gvb` Ði wecix Z DOEÕi weavb cöwzcvjb wbwðzki Yi gva g RwUjZv Kwg q Avbv h Z cv i GUvI iæz c~y h, `~l Yi KviY I djvdj m ú K m PZbZv m wó Z MY Z_ e e v Ges cö qvrbxq wewb qvm I wbqš Yg~jK e e v cöez b mnvqzv evov bvi my hvm i q Q 103

104 cvwb Lv Z m ú ³ cöavb ms v jv, hgbt evsjv `k cvwb Dbœqb evw (BWDB), vbxq mikvi cö KŠkj Awa`ßi (LGED) I Iqvmv jvi wbr ^ cökí cöyqb I ev Íevq bi cwi ekmz wb ` wkkv i q Q LGED GKwU cwi ek Kvl cöwzôv K i Q hv nvk, Gme ms vq ch vß msl K `ÿ Kg xi Afve we` gvb DPHE GLbI GKwU wb ew`z cwi ekmz BDwbU cöwzôvi A cÿvq cwi ekmz m PZbZv I ÿgzvqb wel q m±i ms v jvi mswkøó Kg x `i cöwkÿy cö`vb cwi ekmz gvb Dbœq b wecyjfv e mnvqk n e Rjevqy cwiez b f~wgkv ˆewk K ch v q Rjevqy cwiez bi welqwu GLb ZK vzxz Rjevqy cwiez b Dbœqb P v jämg~n K Av iv RwUj K i Zzj Q Ges mywbw` ófv e Dbœqbkxj `k jv K gvivz Kfv e cöfvwez Ki Q AwaKZi Liv, AwZgvÎvq eb v, AwZ D P ZxeªZvi So I AwaKZi Zvc cöev ni gva g Gi cöfve B Zvg a B ˆewk Kfv e Abyf~Z n Q G Z e w³ I mikv ii Ici K ii evsv evo Q Ges Dbœqb _ K m ú` Ab Î mwi q bqv n Q Rjevqy cwiez bi d j G kzvãxi k l ZvcgvÎv 5 0 wwmöx mw U MÖW ch ší evo Z ev cövk-wkíhy Mi Zzjbvq ewki n Z cv i GgbwK AvR hgb Av Q Zv e` j wfbœ GKUv aiyx M o w` Z cv i Avgv `i m e v P Póv m Ë I, ZvcgvÎv 2 0 wwmöx ch ší e w c ji Nb Nb I Pig AvenvIqvRwbZ NUbv NU Z cv i Gme NUbv jv n Z cv i ZvccÖevn, A bk A j cvwbi Ici KwVb Pvc e w, Lv` Drcv`b K g hviqv, ÿwzmö Í ev -ms vb I AviI A bk wkqz m ve cöfvemg~n GKwU úó c~f vfvm w` Q h, ch vß Awf hvrb e e v MÖnY Avï cö qvrb ÓRjevqy e e vi Ø _ nxb c~e vfvmó Ñ Rjevqy cwiez b msµvší AvšÍtmiKvwi c v bj-gi PZz_ g~j vqb cöwz e`b (AvBwcwmwm) 2007 Rjevqy cwiez b msµvší AvšÍtmiKvwi c v bj-gi PZz_ g~j vqb cöwz e`b (IPCC), 2007 Lye wbluyz I ` p cöz qi mv _ c w_exi wewfbœ A j Rjevqy cwiez bi cöfve ey bv K i Q cöwz e` b evsjv `k Rjevqy cwiez bi Ab Zg wbg g wkkvi wn m e wpwýz `kwui fšmwjk Ae vb, mgỳ ªc ô _ K wb œ D PZv, RbmsL vi D P NbZ, `ye j AeKvVv gv, D PgvÎvi `vwi`ª I cövk wzk m ú `i Ici AwZ-wbf ikxjzvi 43 Kvi Y evsjv ` ki 70 wgwjq bii ewk gvbyl Rjevqy cwiez b Øviv cöfvwez n Z cv i Rjevqy cwiez bi `ytmn cwiw wz Z, mgỳ ªc ôi D PZv e w ` ki 18 kzvsk GjvKv K RjgMœ Ki e (I cy iv gvjøxc GjvKv) 44 A_ bwzk mn hvwmzv I Dbœqb welqk ms v (OECD) Ges wek e vsk-gi wnmve g Z evsjv ` ki ˆe `wkk Dbœqb mnvqzvi 40 kzvsk-b n Z cv i Rjevqy ms e`bkxj ev SuywKgyLx evsjv `k 1994 m b K vb gu Kb fbkb I 2001 m b wk qv Uv cö UvKj Aby gv`b K i Q kw³kvjx Ae vb wb q Q Rjevqy cwiez b mswkøó P v jämg~n gvkvwejvi Rb AvÂwjKfv e Dbœq bi ÿ Î Rjevqy cwiez bi D Ø Mi wel q Rviv jv f~wgkv wb q Q `kwu GUv AvÂwjK mn hvwmzvi Rb `wÿy-gkxq ms v (SAARC) K 2007 m bi ww m ^ i Rjevqy cwiez b kxl K NvlYv MÖn Y DØy K i GKwU mgwš^z RvZxq KvVv gv ˆZwi I Rjevqy cwiez bi cöfve gvkvwejvi Rb mikv ii KŠkj ey bvi j ÿ evsjv `k Rjevqy cwiez b KŠkj I Kg cwikíbv (BCCSAP) cöyxz nq cwikíbvwu 2009 m b nvjbvmv` Kiv nq GUv M o D V Q 2005 m b cökvwkz Awf hvr bi Rb RvZxq Kg m~wp K (NAPA) wfwë K i RvZxq `ªæZ `vwi`ª we gvpb 43 RvwZmsN gvbwek Dbœqb cöwz e`b 2007/08 44 wek Dbœqb cöwz e`b 2010, wek e vsk 104

105 KŠkjcÎ, (NSAPR II)- Z Rjevqy cwiez bi welq jvi Rviv jv cöwzdjb N U Q Rjevqy cwiez b Uªv dvð bv g GKwU Znwej (700 KvwU evsjv `wk UvKv, hv 100 wgwjqb BDGm Wjv ii mgvb) MVb K i mikvi G Znwej _ K Rjevqy cwiez bi cöfve gvkvwejvg~jk cök í mikvwi ms v, GbwRI Ges emikvwi Lv Zi gva g A_ vqb Kiv nq mikvi 2004 m b eb I cwi ek gš Yvjq-Gi Aax b Rjevqy cwiez b mj cöwzôv K i Gi D Ïk wqj RvZxq cwikíbvi Awe Q` Ask wn m e `xn gqvw` Rjevqy SuywK I AwbðqZv e e vcbvi ÿ Î mÿgzv AR b m PZbZv m wó, mÿgzv e w I Dbœqb cöwµqvq Rjevqy cwiez b K g~javivq Avb Z vbxq mikvi wefvm, KvwiMix ms v, wkÿv cöwzôvb I M elyv cöwzôvbmn wewfbœ gš Yvj q gvu 61wU dvkvj c q U vcb Kiv n q Q cvwb mieivn I m vwb Uk bi Ici cöfve GUv Am e bq h µgvmz cwiez bi welq jv, hgb: ZvcgvÎv e w, mgỳ ªc ôi D PZv e w I AwaKZi Abby gq AvenvIqvi aiy cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m±i K cöfvevwš^z Ki e Gi g a A_ bwzk, cwi ekmz I ^v MZ cöfve _vk e Ab Zg (wpî 3.7 `Lyb) Rjevqy cwiez b msµvší NUbv jv, we klfv e N~wY So I So m ó mvgyw`ªk R jv Qvm we kl K i DcK~jxq GjvKvq cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb AeKvVv gv ÿwzmö Í Ki e (e 3.18) e 3.18 Rjevqy cwiez b wewfbœ Dcv q jeyv³zvi AbycÖ ek evov e D PZi mgỳ ªZ ji gva g b`xmg~ n jeyv³zvi/weï IqvUvid«U Gi mivmwi AbycÖ ek; DRvb _ K b`xi wb œ cöevn, mgy`ª _ K AbycÖ e ki cöfve e w ; f~-mf cvwb Í i jeyv³zv/weï cvwbi B Uvi d m DaŸ gylx Pvc (w wzkw³ Pvc fvimv g i Kvi Y mgỳ ªZj 1 mw UwgUvi evo j B Uvi dm 40 Y evo e); f~-c ô ewa Z jeyv³ cvwb _ K f~-mf e e vq AbycÖ ek; kxzkv j ea gvb ev úxfeb nvi ewa Z ˆKwkK (K vwcjvix) wµqv ïiæ Ki e; I ciez x Z DcK~jxq gvwu Z jeyvqy MÖx Kvjxb ZvcgvÎv e w bmi GjvKvq Lvevi I Mvm ji cvwbi Pvwn`v evov e GKBm ½ kxzjxkiy e e vi Rb wkíkvilvbvq cvwbi Pvwn`vI e o hv e cöwz hvwmzvg~jk Pvwn`vi Kvi Y bmi GjvKvq M n vjx I wkíkvilvbvq cvwb mieiv ni g a Kvi Pjgvb UvbvUvwb/Ø Øi cö Kvc AviI evo Z cv i MÖvg GjvKvi Ae v wfbœ n e mlv b ï gimy g b`x, Av U Rxq K~c I cykz ii cvwbi jf Zv Ges Ygv bi AebwZ NU e ZvcgvÎv e w i Kvi Y K wl ÿî I Dw `i D PZi ev úxfeb nvi m Pi cvwbi Pvwn`v evov e dj ^iƒc, f~- Mf cvwb Íi b g hviqvi cwigvy A bk ewk n Z cv i Rjevqy cwiez bi Kvi Y we kl K i DcK~jxq I ` ki DËi-cwðgvÂjxq Liv-cÖeY GjvKvq wbivc` Lvevi cvwb NvUwZi welq Rviv jvfv e D PvwiZ n Q jeyv³ cvwbi mxgv ilv V j ` ki AviI Af ší i m úªmvwiz niqvi m vebv `Lv w` q Q d j we Í Z GjvKvq fwel Z `ytmn cvwbmsku `Lv ` e ez gv b hme gvbyl wbivc` cvwb cv Q, Zuviv myweavwu Avi ewk w`b fvm Ki Z cvi e bv Av iv Nb Nb N~wY So I So-m ó mvgyw`ªk R jv Q v mi Kvi Y Af šíixy f~l Ð cöpzi cwigv Y jeyv³ cvwbi AbycÖ ek NU e Ges weï cvwbi cykzi jv K `~wlz Ki e Gme we` gvb Lvevi cvwbi Drm jv K gvivzœkfv e ÿwzmö Í Ki e 105

106 D`vniY ^iƒc: cykzi I K~qv jeyv³ cvwb Z cøvwez n Z cv i GUv `ywlz Ki Z cv i n ÍPvwjZ bjk~c I cvwbi Ab vb Drm KI Rjevqy cwiez bi wb ` kkmg~n djvdj cvwb I m vwb Uk bi cwiyvg m ó cöfve ZvcgvÎv e w ev úxfeb e w ce Zgvjvq eid Mjv ewa Z cvwbi Pvwn`v Awf hvrb cwiwa ev vc f~mf cvwbi Dci Pvc e w A_ bwzk I gvbwek ÿwz mgỳ ªc ôi D PZv e w AwaKZi Abby gq AvenvIqv PwiÎ ï gšmyg I ï GjvKvq Kg e wócvz AwaZ Nb Nb N~wY So I R jv Q vm el vkv j I DcK~jxq GjvKvq AwZe wó Liv (LyeB Aí e wó ev b`xcöevn) eb v, Rjve Zv I RjgMœZv (Rjvk qi cwigvy/mgỳ ª c ôi D PZv/ mgy `ªi XD qi D PZv e w ) jeyv³zvi AbycÖ ek cvwbi Drm `~ly Av m wbk msµgy ivmevjvb (cvwb I cvqlvbvrwbz) cvwb I m vwb Ukb AeKvVv gv aÿsm AeÿqcÖvß cwi ek/cvwbm ú` ( YMZ I cwigvymz) µq/msmön ÿgzv ^v MZ `ỳ kvi gvîve w wpî 3.7 Rjevqy cwiez bi Kvh KviY WvqvMÖvg: wb ` kk, cvwb I m vwb Uk bi cwiyvg Ges gvbe Rxe bi Ici cöfve m~î: evsjv ` k cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± ii Rb Rjevqy cwiez b e e vcbv cwikíbv, wcgmbd, RyjvB 2009 Giƒc m vebvi Av Q h, `y úövc Zv I wb œgvb ï gimy g Lvevi cvwbi we` gvb msku K AviI Rviv jv Ki e GUv wbr wbr cwiev ii Lvevi cvwb msmö ni `vwqz cövß bvix I wkï `i Kó evov e ewa Zfv e jeyv³ Lvevi cvwbi d j we kl K i Mf ezx bvix `i ^v -SuywK `Lv w` Z cv i cözxqgvb n Q h, Rjevqy cwiez bi weiƒc cöfve cyiæ li P q bvix `i Ici ewk co e mgm v I P v jämg~n evsjv ` k 2009 m b cvwb I m vwb Ukb m± ii Rb GKwU Rjevqy e e vcbv cwikíbv cöyxz nq WvwbWvi mnvqzvq vbxq mikvi wefvm-gi Aaxb wcgmbd KZ K GwU cöyxz n qwqj G Z bxwz I KŠkjmg~n, DbœZ c wz ( hgb: Su ywk wpwýzkiy WvqvMÖvg ev bkkv) I nvwzqvimg~ ni ( hgb: evqvb ev Œxwbs I SuywK g~j vqb g vwuª ) e vck g~j vqb Kiv nq Rjevqy cwiez bi cöfv ei Kvi Y m± ii mymse evqvb qi Rb GUv Kiv nq G Z wewfbœ cökí KZ K M nxz I fwel Z M nxze Kvh µgi we køwlz n q Q wb œewy Z mgm v I mycvwik jvi ewkifvmb Rjevqy e e vcbv cwikíbv _ K bqv: - ez gv b Rjevqy cwiez b m ú K Lye mxwgz mvov wgj Q D`vniY ^iƒc, eb vi Kej _ K iÿvi Rb bjk~c I cvqlvbvi cøvudg DuPzKiY; 106

107 - cvwb I m vwb Ukb cök íi Rb cöyxz fwus wb ` wkkvi (wcgmbd, 2010) e wzµg Qvov cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m úwk Z Kvb bxwz, KŠkj ev wb ` wkkvq Rjevqy cwiez bi welq DwjøwLZ ev AšÍf y³ nqwb GUv GKvi YB we qrvmvwbqv bq h, AwaKvsk `wjjb cöyxz n q Q cövq GK `kk c~ e ZLb cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb mswkøó Rjevqy cwiez b wel q Ávb I m PZbZv Zzjbvg~jKfv e AcÖZzj wqj AwaKš, ZLb Rjevqy cwiez b welqmg~n RvZxq Kg m~wp ZI ch vßfv e AšÍf y³ wqj bv; - h nzz f~-c ô I Mf, Dfq cvwbi DrmB Rjevqy cwiez brwbz Su ywk enb K i, m nzz cvwb wbqš Y I Zrm úwk Z weavbmg~n ejer Kiv Riæwi KejgvÎ wbivc` cvwbi Dc hvmx Drm jv msiwÿz I wbqš Y e e v ejer n jb fwel Z mswkøó ms v jv wbivc` Lvevi cvwb mieiv n mÿg n e; - Awf hvrb I `y h vm Su ywk cökg bi A bk Kvh µg M nxz n q Q, wkš m jv wqj wew Qbœ m± i Z_ I DcvË msmön Ges AwfÁZv I fv jv wklbmg~n wewbgq Ki Z cv i Ggb GKwU K `ªxq cöwzôvb _vkv `ikvi hw`i GUv AbywgZ h, Rjevqy cwiez b Kvl Pvjy n e I GwUB GmKj Kvh µg mgš^q Ki e A_P cvwb I m vwb Ukb m±i wel q Gi f~wgkv mxwgz; I - cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb vcbvi wec`vcbœzv ev bvrykzvi A_ vr, h gvîvq ez gv b vcbvi cömvi n Q cök Zc ÿ mmy jvi Dc hvwmzv ev vwqz kxjzv m ú K Lye KgB ˆeÁvwbK M elyv n q Q AwaKZi Rjevqy mnbkxj n Z cv i Ggb bzzb I DbœZ cöhyw³i cixÿvi Riæwi `y h vm e e vcbv fšmwjk Ae vb, f~wgi ˆewkó, b`xi eûgvwîkzv I gšmygx Rjevqyi Kvi Y evsjv `k cövk wzk `y h v Mi Rb LyeB SuywKc~Y evsjv ` ki DcK~jxq A½ms vbwe` v (coastal morphology) GZ` ji cövk wzk wecq qi djvdj K cöfvwez K i we klfv e `wÿy-cwðgvâ j cövk wzk SuywK DcK~jxq Rb Mvôxi SuywK K evwo q Ges mvgvwrk I A_ bwzk Dbœq bi cöwµqv K gš i K i `q cövk wzk I gbyl m ó `y h vm - eb v, N~wY So, Liv, R jv Q vm, U b Wv, f~wgk ú, b`xfv½b, AwMœKvÐ, AeKvVv gv aÿm, f~-mf cvwb Z D PgvÎvi Av m wbk msµgy, Rjve Zv, gvwu I cvwb Z jeyv³zv, gnvgvix I wewfbœ ai Yi `~ly - GmeB cybt cšwbk NUbv (frequent occurrance) `y h v Mi msáv `y h vm Ggb GKwU NUbv, hv cövk wzk ev gbyl m ó n Z cv i, AvKw K ev µgwekvkgvbfv e NU Z cv i GUv mgv Ri mpjzv K gvivzœkfv e wewnœz K i Ges Ggb e vckgvîvq gvbwek, e MZ I cwi ekmz ÿwzmvab K i h, ÿwzmö Í Rb Mvôx K Zv gvkvwejvq e wzµgx c` ÿc MÖnY Ki Z nq wenœzvi ch vq Ggb nq h, KejgvÎ wbr ^ m ú` e envi K i cwiw wz mvg j IVv ÿwzmö Í Rb Mvôxi c ÿ m e nqbv RvZxq `y h vm e e vcbv cwikíbv (NPDM) 2010-G GK Q e vck-wfwëk KŠk ji (a group of broad-based strategy) Ici iæz v ivc Kiv n q Q, hv wb œiƒc: - `y h vm e e vcbvi mv _ SuywK I `y h v Mi djvdj e e vcbv DfqB AšÍf z³ _vk e Gi mv _ AviI hy³ _vk e cöwz ivag~jk e e v, Riæwi Kvh µg I `y h vm ciez x D vi ZrciZv; - Rxeb I m ú` myiÿvi cö wzg~jk Kvh µ gi cöavb K `ªwe `y n e Rb Mvôxi m ú ³Zv vbxq mikvi cöwzôv bi m ú ³Zv n e `y h vm gvkvwejv KŠk ji Acwinvh Ask `y h vm cö wz, Riæwi Kvh µg I D v ii g~j PvweKvwV n e ^wbf izv; Ges - A-KvVv gvmz cökgb Kvh µg, hgb: Rb Mvôxi `y h vm cö wz, cöwkÿy, cöpviyv ev GW fv Kmx I Rbm PZbZv K Aek B D P AMÖvwaKvi w` Z n e GRb KvVv gvmz cökg bi mv _ I A-KvVv gvmz cökgb Kvh µg K mgwš^z ev GKxf~Z Kiv cö qvrb 107

108 djvdj e e vcbv SuywK e e vcbv `y h vm ciez x (ÎvY, Avï D vi I c~be vmb) cö wzg~jk (cwikíbv, wbeviy I DØy KiY) Riæix mvov c~e vfvm (mzk I mwµqkiy ch vq) `y h v Mi m~îcvz wpî 3.8: `y h vm e e vcbv Pµ wpî 3.8- Z `y h vm e e vcbv Pµ cö`wk Z n q Q G P µ i q Q: `y h vm cö wz, c~e vfvm, Riæwi mvov ev Kvh µg I `y h vm ciez x D vi ZrcoZv `y h vm _ K AwR Z wklb `y h vm-cö wzi Kvh KvwiZv e w Z mnvqk nq RvZxq `y h vm e e vcbv KvVv gv Lv` I `y h vm e e vcbv gš Yvjq (MoFDM) KZ K RvwiK Z `y h vm msµvší vqx wb ` kvejx (SOD) 2010 RvZxq `y h vm e e vcbvi AvBbMZ wfwë `y h vm e e vcbvi Kvh Ki cwikíbv I mgš^q Ges Riæwi Kvh µgmg~n wbwðz Ki Z RvZxq I AvÂwjK ch v q KZK jv ci úi-m úwk Z cöwzôvb ˆZwi Kiv n q Q eèb Kiv n q Q wewfbœ mikvwi ms v I KwgwUi f~wgkv I `vq-`vwqz evsjv ` k `y h vm e e vcbvi Rb RvZxq dvkvj c q U n jv Lv` I `y h vm e e vcbv gš Yvjq gš Yvj qi wzbwu ms vi gva g `y h vm e e vcbvi Kvh µg m úvw`z nq, hgb: `y h vm e e vcbv e y iv (DMB), ÎvY I cybe vmb cwi`ßi (DRR) I Lv` gnvcwipvjk vbxq mikvi wefvm, wwwcgbpb I Iqvmvmn mikv ii wewfbœ gš Yvjq I ms vmg~n G K cö qvrbxq mnvqzv cö`vb K i RvZxq ch v qi iæz c~y KwgwUmg~n n jv: RvZxq `y h vm e e vcbv KvDwÝj (NDMC) I AvšÍtgš Yvjq `y h vm e e vcbv mgš^q KwgwU (IMDMCC) cöavbgš xi bz Z KvDwÝj `y h vm e e vcbv-msµvší bxwzgvjv cöyqb I ch v jvpbv Ges mswkøó `i w`k-wb ` kbv cö`vb K i Ab w` K AvšÍtgš Yvjq KwgwU MoFDM-Gi `vwqz cövß gš xi bz Z MwVZ KwgwUi `vwqz n Q `y hvm e e vcbv bxwzgvjv Ges NDMCÕi I mikvwi wm vší ev Íevqb B Zvg a vqx wb ` kvejx ms kvab I Lmov `y h vm e e vcbv cwikíbv cöyqb Kiv n q Q GLb `y h vm e e vcbv AvBb cöyq bi KvR Pj Q AvÂwjK ch v q Rjvmn vbxq mikv ii wewfbœ Í i, hgb: Dc Rjv, BDwbqb, wmwu K c v ikb I cšimfvq `y h vm e e vcbv KwgwU Kvh Ki i q Q Gme KwgwUi bz Z i q Qb mswkøó cöwzôv bi cökvmwbk cöavbmy cvwb mieivn I m vwb Uk bi ÿ Î `y h vm e e vcbvi mgm v I P v jämg~n cöwzeqi ` ki e vck AÂj Kg- ewk ZxeªZvq eb vcøvwez n q _v K bjk~c I Ab vb cvwbi Drm jv eb vi cvwb Z Wz e hvq Ges `~wlz nq cvqlvbv jv cvwbi Zv o cövqb f m hvq wbivc` cvwb, ^v m Z cvqlvbv I cqter Acmvi Yi v bi Afv e ^v m Z AvPiY Abykxjb evavmö Í nq N~wY So I SoRwbZ 108

109 R jv Q vm cvwb I m vwb Ukb vcbvi GKBiKg ÿwzmvab K i _v K mv úªwzk N~wY So ÕwmWiÕ I ÕAvBjvÕ cövk wzk `y h v Mi d j m ó e vck ÿqÿwzi cök ó D`vniY `y h v Mi Su ywki (vulnerability) w`k _ K I e w³mz MvcbxqZv (privacy) ervq ivl Z wm q me P q ewk `y f v Mi m ylxb nq bvix I wkïiv `y h vm ciez xkv j, vbxq mikvi cöwzôv bi mn hvwmzvq wwwcgbpb bjk~c, vbvšíi hvm (mobile) cvwb cwi kvab cøv U I m vwb Ukb myweavmg~n vc bi Riæwi c` ÿc MÖnY K i evzjrvz cvwb I cvwb weï KiY ewoi (U ve ju) weziy Kiv nq RjgMœZv cöwz iv a GK UzK iv cvbc jvwm q DuPz Kiv nq n ÍPvwjZ bjk~ ci gv_v wwwcgbpb, GbwRI I Ab vb mikvwi ms v wewfbœ m PZbZvg~jK I cöwkÿy Kg m~wp MÖnY K i _v K wkš Gme Kg m~wpi cwiwa mxwgz bmivâ j Iqvmv, wmwu K c v ikb I cšimfvmg~n cvwb mieivn vcbv iÿvi e e v bq I U vskv ii gva g cvwb weziy K i KLbI KLbI Zxeª eb v iv Ív-cvk f~wgÿ qi KviY nq d j cvbcjvbb I mnvqk KvVv gv Abve Z n q c o Gi Kvi Y cvbcjvbb f ½ hvq GgbwK cv únvdr jv RjgMœ n q c o I Drcv`b bjk~c eü n q hvq 2002 m b eb vi mgq A bk cšimfvq Giæc cwiw wzi D e n qwqj me P q eo P v jä n jv `y h v Mi gvîv e w, hlb kz-mn ª gvbyl ÿwzmö Í nq Av ikwu mgm v n jv AwaKvsk Kvh µgb bqv nq Riæwi Ae vq I `y h vm-ciez x D vikv j d j mvov w` Z wej ^ N U Ges vcbv givgz I ÎvY Kvh µ gi Rb `ikvwi LyPiv hš vsk I Ab vb mieivn AcÖZzj _v K cwi ek, Rjevqy cwiez b I `y h vm e e vcbv wel q Kg -wb ` kbv Dch y³ wzbwu wel qi Rb cö hvr mvaviy Kg -wb ` kbv cö_ g Ges Zrc i welq-mswkøó Kg -wb ` kbvmg~n wb œ D jøl Kiv n jv: mvaviy - cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± ii Rb Dc hvmx wbqš Ywewa cöyqb I m jv ejer Kivi c wz cöwzôv cvwblv Zi wbqš Ywewa hš_fv e Ab vb DcLvZ hgb: cvwbm ú` I K wli mv _ ev ÍevwqZ n e; - m±i cöwzôvbmg~ ni mvg_ e w I Zv `i g a mgš^qmvab cöwkÿy I mswkøó GKwU Z_ wewbgq K `ª AMÖvwaKviwfwË Z cöwzôv Ki Z n e cöwkÿy, Z_ mgv ek I DrK ó Abykxjb (best practice) wewbg qi Rb we` gvb GKwU cöwzôvb, hgb ITN-BUET- K bz Z cö`v bi `vwqz `qv h Z cv i; - m±i ms vmg~n, hgb Iqvmv I wwwcgbpbõi Af ší i we klvwqz BDwbU cöwzôv BDwb Ui KvR n e cwi ek, Rjevqy cwiez b I `y h vm e e vcbvi welq jv `Lv I Hme wel q cöwkÿy cö`vb Kiv; - cöwkÿy I m PZbZv e w i gva g Rb Mvôxi mvg_ I mnbkxjzv e w ; Ges - Rjevqy cwiez b I Rjevqy mnbkxj cvwb I m vwb Ukb cöhyw³i Ici M elyv I Dbœqb Kvh µg Ges cixÿvg~jk cökí (pilot project) MÖnY Gme Kvh µg MÖnYKv j ÿwzmö Í GjvKvi gvbylrb, we kl K i bvix, wkï I kvixwik cöwzeüx `i Pvwn`vi welqwu we epbvq ivl Z n e cwi ek welqk - cwi ek msiÿy wewagvjv ms kva bi D ` vm MÖnY Gi D Ïk n e: Lvevi cvwbi gvb`ð cybtch v jvpbv, f~-c ô cvwbi we ÍvwiZ gvb`ð AšÍf yw³, DrmwfwËK cvwb wbm gb gvb`ð ms kvab I wkíe R i wbtmiy gvb` Ð ZijeR cwi kvab cøv U AšÍf y³ Kiv vbxq mikvi wefvm D ` vmx n q cö ÍvewU MoFE- Z cöiy Ki Z cv i; Ges 109

110 - we klfv e e nr bmix jvi Avkcv k cvwb`~ly wbqš Y Kvh µg MÖnY I mgš^qmvay Avkv Kiv n Q, cvwb I m vwb Ukb msµvší cö ÍvweZ mwpe KwgwU G Z bz Z i f~wgkv b e (Aa vq 7 `Lyb) Rjevqy cwiez b welqk Rjevqy cwiez b msµvší mycvwikmg~n wb œiƒc: - ms kvwaz (updated) RvZxq bxwzgvjv I KŠkjmg~n Ges cybtch v jvwpz (revised) Dbœqb cökímg~ n Rjevqy cwiezb Awf hvr bi welq AšÍf y³ Kiv; - m± ii cwikwíz wewb qvm hvpvb I Rjevqy cwiez b Awf hvrb Kvh µ g A_ vqb wbwðzki Y GKwU Kg -KvVv gv cöyqb Kiv cwi e ki mv _ Rjevqy cwiez bi A bk jv w wzgv ci AvšÍtm ú K i Kvi Y Kg -KvVv gvwu ^vfvwek cwi ekmz g~j vq bi (D`vniY ^iƒc, cwi ekmz cöfve hvpvb) g a B wbwnz _vk Z cv i; Ges - mgỳ ªc ôi D PZv e w, jeyv³ cvwbi AbycÖ ek, f~-mf cvwb Íi µgvš^ q b g hviqv, b`xi cvwbcöevn K g hviqv I e wócv Zi ai Y cwiez b K wbqwgz cwiexÿ Yi Rb GKwU c wz cöez b Kiv D Ïk n e, cvwb mieivn I m vwb Uk b mevmyweavq M nxze m ve Awf hvrb cš v wel q fwel ØvYx Ki Z mvnvh Kiv `y h vm e e vcbv welqk - m±i cöwzôvbmg~ ni (mikvi I GbwRI) fz ib `y h vm e e vcbvi Rb GKwU we kl Znwej MVb Kiv wwwcgbpb, Iqvmvmg~n I GjwRBwWÕi gz mikvwi ms v jv ivr ^ ev RU _ K GKwU c _K ev RUjvBb ˆZwi A_ev Dbœqb ev RU _ K cökí MÖnY Ki Z cv i; - h_vh_ cwikíbv MÖnY Ges `y h vmkvjxb GKwU vðvw Acv iwus cöwmwwdi (SOP) hgb: `ªæZ hvpvb I Kvh µg MÖnY Ges KŠkjMZ Ae v b LyPiv hš vsk grỳ ivlvi gva g gva g `y h vm-cö wz kw³kvjx Kiv Iqvk Bgvi RwÝ K v vi K 45 mwµq I `y h vm e e vcbvq mkj K nvìv ii Rb GKwU AvKw K NUbv gvkvwejvi cwikíbv (contingency plan) cöyqb Ki Z n e; - `y h vmcöey GjvKvq `y h vm-cöwz iva I Riæwi Ae vq vbxq gvby li e env ivc hvmx AšÍZtc ÿ wkqz cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb vcbv wbg vy Kiv fwel Z zj I G RvZxq mkj Rb MvôxwfwËK vcbv K `y h vm mnbkxj K i wbg vy Ki Z n e G jv wbivc` cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb myweavmn `y h vmkvjxb AvkÖq K `ª wn m e e eüz n Z cv i; - vbxq Kg x `i K AwaKZi KZ Z Ac Yi gva g mzk xkiy I Riæwi Ae vq cökvmwbk c wz mnrzi Kiv Riæwi Ae v gvkvwejvq µqwewa bgbxq Kiv mzk xkiykv j Kg x, hvbevnb I mieivn DcKi Yi mgv ek wbwðz Ki Z Avï e e v MÖnY Kiv; - Kvh Kifv e mvov`vb Kvh µg MÖn Yi Rb mywbw` ófv e `y h vm e e vcbv KwgwUmg~ ni gva g vbxq cökvmb, GbwRI Ges Ab vb ms vmg~ ni mv _ mgš^q Kiv mzk xkiykv j wbwðz Ki Z n e h, N~wY So AvkÖq K `ªi gz KŠkjMZ Ae v b cvwb I m vwb Ukb myweavmg~n mpj Av Q; Ges - `y h vmkvjxb I `y h vm-ciez x ^v m Z AvPiY cömvi Ges bvix I wkï `i we kl Pvwn`v we epbvq ivlv 45 GbwRI `i GKwU buiqvk ; hv `i cvwb, m vwb Ukb I nvbwrb (WASH) msµvší `y h vm e e vcbvi Kg cwikíbv Av Q wwwcgbpb I BDwb md Iqvk Riæwi K v v ii Kv- Pqvi RvZxq I vbxq `y h vm e e vcbv D ` vm K mnvqzv w` Z Iqvk K v vi m`m iv SOD 2010 Abyhvqx wb R `i cö Z iv L 110

111 3.11 M elyv I Dbœqb f~wgkv cövk wzk m ú` LvZmg~ ni mylg I UKmB Dbœq b M elyv I Dbœqb Kvh µg (R&D) GKwU iæz c~y nvwzqvi cvwb I m vwb Ukb m± i GUv Zvi P qi ewk iæz c~y, Kbbv Lvevi cvwb ms v bi gva g Rxe bi Rb Ag~j Ae`vb i L P j Q m±iwu GQvovI cvwb I m vwb Ukb Kvh µ gi Ici h_vh_ I mg qvwpz M elyv I Dbœqb eûwea LvZ hgb: K wl I wkílvz _ K mxwgz cvwb mieivn (finite supply of water) Ges cöwz hvmx Pvwn`vi (competing demand) g a GKwU fvimvg i ˆZwii Dcvq n Z cv i m vwb Ukb wel q M elyv I Dbœqb (R&D) wbivc` cvwbi UKmB mieiv ni Ici wbf ikxj GUv RbKj v Y, we klfv e A ^v Ki AvPiY _ K D zz ivm-ms e`bkxj wkï I e qvt R ô `i Rb mgvbfv e iæz c~y RvZxq wbivc` Lvevi cwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb bxwzgvjvõi mycvwik n jv, Ówe` gvb cöhyw³i Dbœqb Ges bzzb cöhyw³ D ve b avivevwnk M elyv I Dbœqb Kvh µg cwipvjbv Kiv Ó welqwu Z AZ wak iæz `qv n q Q RvZxq Av m wbk wbimb bxwzgvjv I ev Íevqb cwikíbvq (NAMIP) I RvZxq m vwb Ukb KŠkjc Î (NSS) AvÂwjK ch v qi GwU (R&D) D P AMÖvwaKvicÖvß 2009 m bi AvMó gv m bqvw`jøx Z AbywôZ m v Kvmvb 46 msµvší AvšÍt `kxq IqvwK s MÖæc-Gi mfvq evsjv `kmn m`m `k jv K e q-kvh Ki (cost effective) I UKmB m vwb Ukb cöhyw³i M elyv I Dbœq bi bzzb ÿî wpwýz Ki Z Avnevb Rvbv bv n q Q AwaKš, Rjevqy cwiez bi m ve cöfve, mywbw` ófv e mgỳ ªc ói D PZv e w i d j DcK~jxq GjvKvq jeyv³ cvwbi AbycÖ ek, jf cvwbm ú `i Ici ewa Z Pvc I AwaK Nb Nb cövk wzk `y h vm msnub gvkvwejvq Awf hvrb cöhyw³ I wbimbg~jk c wz D ve b AviI ewk ewk M elyv I Dbœqb Kg Kv Ði `vwe iv L msmvb I Kvh µg wb Pi Aby Q ` mikvwi, ^vqz kvwmz, emikvwi I GbwRI m± ii M elyv I Dbœqb (R&D) welqk `vwqz I Kvh µg ms ÿ c Zz j aiv n jv wwwcgbpb Z ez gv b M elyv I Dbœq bi `vwqz R&D wefvm-gi Ici b Í wefvmwu wekí cöhyw³mg~n, hgb: cû m vû wdëvi, e wói cvwb msiÿy, AvqiY I g v½vwbr AcmviY cøv U Ges f~-mf wb œ cvwb Íi GjvKvq wwc mu cv úi Kvh KvwiZv (cvidi gý) Dbœq bi KvR Pvwj q hv Q GjwRBwWÕiI GKwU R&D AbywefvM Av Q GwU cvwb mieivn I m vwb Uk b mev cö`v b emikvwi Lv Zi Dbœqb, e q-cybiæ vi cöwµqv I bmivâ j ew Íevmx `i mev cö`vb K K `ª K i M elyv I Dbœq bi KvR Ki Q weávb I cöhyw³ gš Yvjq- Gi Aaxb evsjv `k weávb I wkí M elyv K `ª (BCSIR) Av m wbk wbimb cöhyw³i cöwzcv`b (verification) I cöz qb (certification) wel q M elyvi KvR K i Iqvmvmg~ n M elyv I Dbœqb wel q `vwqz cövß Kvb kvlv ev wefvm bb wmwu K c v ikb I Ab vb vbxq mikvi cöwzôv bi GKwU ZI GRvZxq wkqz bb mywbw` ó mgxÿv I œvz KvËi M elyvi AvKv i A bk mikvwi I emikvwi wek we` vjq Zv `i cwi ekmz weávb I cö KŠkj wefv Mi gva g cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb wel q KvwiMwi M elyvi KvR Ki Q 46 mvd_-gwkqvb Kbdv iý Ab m vwb Ukb 111

112 AvšÍR vwzk cöwkÿy buiqvk (ITN) 47 cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± i `ÿzve w i KvR Ki Q Ges M elyv I Dbœqb cöwzôvbwui Ab Zg iæz c~y KvR GwU mvgvwrk (D`vniY ^iƒc: Rb Mvôxi AskMÖnY, RÐvi I hvmv hvm) I cöhyw³mz Dbœqb, Dfq ÿ ÎB M elyv Pvjv Q AvBwUGb-Gi mv úªwzk wkqz iæz c~y KvR n jv m±i Askx`vi `i mn hvwmzvq cvwb msiÿy I cvwbi gvb mvwf j Ýi Ici M elyv eª vk, IqvUvi GBW, GbwRI dvivg I `ȳ ^v K `ªÕi gz Aí wkqz GbwRI cöavbzt hvmv hvm I AvPiYMZ cwiez b Ges Rb MvôxwfwËK c wz Dbœq bi Ici mgxÿv cwipvjbv K i Zviv bvmwik wµqvkjvc, Rb Mvôx- PvwjZ cvwb I m vwb Ukb c wz Ges wm všímöny cöwµqvq `wi`ª `i AskMÖnY wbwðz Kivi cöwµqv-c wz wel q M elyv Kvh µg Pvjvq mgm v I AšÍivqmg~n cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± i wkqz vqx (persistent) mgm v mgvav bi Rb M elyv I Dbœqb Kvh µ gi AZxe cö qvrb 1990-Gi Mvovi w` K bjk~ ci cvwb Z e vckgvîvq Av m wbk msµgy mbv³ nq A_P GLbI Zvi ev Íe Kvb mgvavb cviqv hvqwb A bk bjk~ ci cvwb Z AwZwi³ gvîvq jšn I g v½vwb Ri ÿwzki Dcw wz cvwbi gvb msµvší Av ikwu mgm v muvi mgvav bi e e v MÖnY Kiv cö qvrb DcK~jxq ej qi gz wkqz wkqz GjvKvq, hlv b f~-mf ev f~-c ô cvwbi Dc hvmx Kvb DrmB bb, mlv b GLbI cvwb mieivn Kfv ir NvUwZ we` gvb bmivâ j jvmmb m vwb Ukb cöhyw³i Abycw wz Av ikwu e vck Av jvwpz mgm v Ab w` K, AwaKZi Kvh Ki jwÿz (targeted) ^v m Z AvPiY cömvi Kvh µg cwikíbvi Rb AvPiYMZ cwiez bi welq jv Av iv fvjfv e AvZ Kiv `ikvi G QvovI ` ki we Í Z A j f~- Mf cvwbi Íi wb P b g hvevi gz D ~Z mgm v gvkvwejvi Rb bzzb bzzb cöhyw³ ( hgb: wwc mu cv ú cöhyw³) ev mši we`ÿ Z PvwjZ mvegvwr ej cv ú cö qvrb B Zvg a Awb úbœ mgm v jvi mgvav b A bk D ` vm M nxz n q Q wkš, djvdj wgkª cök wzi AvšÍR vwzk I RvZxq ch v q wek we` vjq Ges M elyv cöwzôvb jv Av m wbk wbimb cöhyw³ Dbœq bi Rb eû M elyv Kvh µg Pvwj q Q j ve iuix ch v q cixÿvi AvkvcÖ` djvdj `Lv M ji gv V cö qv Mi ÿ Î m jv Lye mdj nqwb GKBfv e, cö`k Yx (demonstration) ch v q AvqiY AcmviY cøv U (IRPs) mdj cögvwyz n ji MÖvgxY Rb Mvwôi Kv Q m jv GLbI e vckfv e MÖnY hvm nqwb Avevi cixÿvg~jk I cö`k Yx ch v q e wói cvwb msiÿy c wz e vck e env ii Rb m vebvgq g b n ji GmKj c wzi evrvirvzkiy GLbI m e nqwb wpivpwizfv e wek vm Kiv nq h, M elyv I Dbœqb cö`k Yx I cixÿvg~jk ev Íevq bi c_ a i P j Ges Gici Zv evrvi Dbœq bi w` K PvwjZ K i Z e muv memgq N U bv D veb GKwU RwUj cöwµqv, hvi Rb mnvqk mikvwi bxwzmn AbyK~j Dc hvmx cwi ek cö qvrb (e 3.19 `Lyb) evsjv ` ki cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± ii M elyv Kvh µg wew Qbœfv e m úvw`z I KejgvÎ wkqz ms vi g a B mxgve M elyv KŠkj I c wz Z `ÿ Kg xii h _ó Afve i q Q GmKj Kv R cövwzôvwbk mnvqzvi Afve I hš cvwzi `y úövc ZvI Ab Zg mxgve Zv AwaKš, Kvh Ki mgš^q I h_vh_ cöpvi-cöpviyv memgq Kiv nq bv m±i K GwM q wb Z M elyv I Dbœqb h _vwpz iæz cvqbv A_ev ckvmz Dcv q m jv cwipvjbv Kiv hvq bv mgm vwu cöwzdwjz nq mikvwi ms vi bmy ev RU ms vb (negligible budget provision) Ges M elyv I Dbœq bi cöwz wb œ AMÖvwaKv ii ga w` q G RvZxq GKwU D`vniY n jv h, wwwcgbpbõi bzzb mvsmvwbk KvVv gv Z R&D wefvm K ev`-b `qv n q Q 47 B Uvib vkbvj Uªwbs buiqvk (AvBwUGb) evsjv `k cö KŠkj I cöhyw³ wek we` vjq (ey qu) Gi GKwU cökí I Gi `ßi ey q UB Aew Z 112

113 e 3.19 D veb GKwU KŠkjx cöwµqv hv RwUj e e v wb q KvR K i Ggb bxwzmg~n Øviv Dbœqb Kiv hvq Dc hvmx cwi ek: mvgwók A_ bwzk w wzkxjzv, wkÿv, eyw e wëk m ú` msiÿy, evwyr mgwš^zkiy, wbqš Y... mikvi evrvi A_ vqb, cöhyw³ I aviyvmg~n cökí msl v M elyv I Dbœqb cö`k Yx cixÿvg~jk ev Íevqb evrvi Dbœqb cöwzevz v/ wdwe vk MZvbyMwZKfv e, D veb K ˆiwLK cöwµqv wn m e we epbv Kiv nq G Z g b Kiv nq D veb PviwU avivevwnk Í i N U _v K: R&D, wbw` ó KvwiMwi mgm vi mgvavb LuvRv I m jv bzzb cöhyw³ Z cö qvm Kiv; cöwzcv`b cökí, cybivq cöhyw³ K Awf hvwrz Ges e nëi ÿ Î Gi Kvh KvwiZv cöwzcv`b I ev Íe RM Z cö qvm Kiv; we Ívi, GKevi gšwjk KvwiMwi cöwzeükzv `yi n j Kvb cöhyw³i evwywr K m vebv ` wó MvPi nq; cöpvi, hlb cöhyw³ evrv i cöwz hvwmzvg~jk n q D V we Í wz ch v q Drcv`K `i A_ev cöpvikv j LyPiv we µzv I fv³vi KvQ _ K cöwzevz v PzB q cy e i Ae vq wd i hvq GUv D ve bi MwZ K m ú~y cv ë bzzb, AcÖZ vwkz aviyv I c Y Ges KL bv KL bv AfvweZ e qi w` K PvwjZ K i hv nvk, AwfÁZvq `Lv hvq D veb cöwµqv A bk ewk RwUj Kvb GKwU ev Ab h Kvb ch v q D veb cö Póv e _ Zvq ch ewmz n Z cv i D`vniY ^iƒc, evsjv ` k wkqz msl K Av m wbk wbimb cöhyw³ j ve iuix Z cixÿv n q Q G jv mikvi KZ K cöz wqz I cök íi gva g gvv ch v q cöwzcvw`z Avkv Kiv n qwqj Av m wbk wbimb cöhyw³i cöej Pvwn`vi Kvi Y m wji e vck e envi ev cöpv ii Rb evrvi ^Ztù~Z fv e DaŸ gylx n e m hvb nvk, ev Í e A bk jv Kvi Y Giƒc N Uwb Zvi g a cöwz GK eqi ci ci wdëvi wgwwqv e`jv bvi cö qvr b Kvb wbf i hvm mieivn e e vi Afve Ab Zg m jvi wbqwgz cwipvjb I msiÿy msµvší mgm vi wqj cixÿv I Dbœqb ch v q cövß g~j vqb I cixÿvi djvdj cöpvi Kiv nqwb A_P GUv Zv `i cy Dbœq b mnvqk n Z cvi Zv (Av m wbk AcmviY cöhyw³i Rb cvwb wbivcëv cwikíbv msµvší cixÿvg~jk cök íi g~j vqb cöwz e`b, WfKb 2009 wwwcgbpb I KvbvwWqvb AvšÍR vwzk Dbœqb ms vi Ñ CIDA Ñ Rb cö ZK Z) Ab w` K, m vwb Ukb Drcv`K `i KvQ _ K µqk Z jÿ jÿ cvqlvbv vc bi gva g `ªæZ m vwb Ukb Kfv ir e w R&DÕi mdjzvi GKwU cök ó D`vniY wewfbœ Dbœqb cök íi AvIZvq fz ywk `qvi gva g wwwcgbpb cvqlvbvi R&D, cöwzcv`b I we Í wzi Kvh µg Pvwj q Q wwwcgbpb I wkqz GbwRI cvqlvbv wbg v Y vbxq wg x I `vkvbx `i cöwkÿy w` q Q mikv ii AbyK~j bxwzmg~ ni mnvqzvq m vwb Ukb Drcv`Kiv wwwcgbpbõi Dbœqb cök íi mgvšíiv j cvqlvbvi wwwcgbpbõi g W ji cöwziƒc ev Íevqb ïiæ K iwqj Zviv mvaviy gvby li eûgylx Pvwn`v guv bvi Rb Ab wekíi evrv i G bwqj Gfv e, emikvwi m vwb Ukb Drcv`Kiv mÿg n qwqj mikvi cwipvwjz m vwb Ukb cöpviyvi Øviv m ó e nr evrv ii Pvwn`vi mv _ mvov w` Z d j bxwzgvjvmg~n m gz Dc hvmx cwi ek, D ve bi cö Z KwU Íi K cöfvwez K i me `v G ikg N U bv h, KejgvÎ ewk ewk M elyv DcKiY (Technology push) mieivn I evrvi Pvwn`v (Market pull) m wói Øviv D veb cwipvwjz n Z cv i hlb Dfq ai Yi bxwzgvjvmg~n LyeB iæz c~y, ZLb D ve bi wewfbœ ch v q RwoZ Kzkxje (Actor) Ñ dvg, fv³v, mikvi, wek w` vjqmg~n I Ab vb `i Ñ g a Kvi eû msl K wg_w Œqvi Ae`vb K ^xk wz `qv cö qvrb Kvh Ki bxwzmg~n Aek B D veb K cy iv e e vi Ask wn m e MY K i GKBm ½ D veb cöwµqvi mkj mgm vi w`kmg~n K DÏxwcZ Kivi DcvqI Luv R, we kl K i hlv b evrvi NvUwZ weivrgvb wek Dbœqb cöwz e`b, 2010, wek e vsk _ K mskwjz 113

114 M elyv I Dbœ&qb wel q Kg -wb ` kbv M elyv I Dbœqb Kvh µgmg~n h_vh_fv e m úv`b I m jvi djvdj _ K jvf cviqvi j ÿ wb œewy Z KvR jv Ki Z n e: - R&D Ges ZrcieZ x cö`k Yx, cixÿvg~jk ev Íevqb I evrvi m wói ch vq jv K wekwkz Ki Z bxwzgvjv I KŠkjmg~ ni Kvh Ki ev Íevqbmn GKwU Drmvne ÄK cwi ek (enabling environment) m wó Kiv; - cvwb I m vwb Ukb msµvší mkj M elyv `wjj msmön Ges m jvi djvdj I mycvwikgvjv m± ii mkj mn hvmx `i g a wewbgq ev Qwo q (dissemination) `qv; - M elyvi cwiwa evov bv (e 3.20) ewk ewk Kg KvÐ I D PZi ev RU eivïmn R&D Kvh µg KvwiMix mnvqzv I Dbœqb cök íi mv _ AšÍf y³ Kiv h Z cv i; - R&D Kg Kv Ð A_ vqb e w I Drmvnx `i Rb my hvm m wó Ki Z GKwU wb ew`z R&D Znwej cöwzôv Kiv mikvi, Dbœqb mn hvmx I emikvwi LvZ G Znwe j A_ vqb Ki Z cv i G Znwej n Z mywbw` ó ev D y³ cö ÍveI Avnevb Kiv hv e GwU M elyvq cövß djvdj mn hvmx `i gv S Qwo q `qvi e e v Ki e ZnwejwU cwipvwjz n e GKwU ^vaxb cl ` Øviv AwaKZi cq `vbyµwgkfv e GwU BCSIR ev Kvb wek we` vj qi gz GKwU Dchy³ cöwzôv b cöwzwôz n Z cv i; - M elyv e e vcbvi mijxkiy M elyvi welq wpwýzkiy I AMÖvwaKviµg ˆZwi, Kvh KvwiZvi g~j vqb I djvdj cöpvi G jvi AšÍf y³ G QvovI Av Q gšwjk M elyvi Pvwn`v hvpvb, cöv qvwmk I m úªmviy M elyv; - AvšÍR vwzk cöwzôvb jvi mv _ Askx`vwiZ Ges `kxq I AvšÍR vwzk ckvrxex `i mgš^ q GKwU buiqvk M o Zvjv M elyvi DbœZZi djvdj c Z RvZxq wek we` vjq jvi œvz KvËi wwmöxi Askiƒ c cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb welqk R&D- K AšÍf y³ Kiv; - M elyvi ÿ Î gvbem ú` I cövwzôvwbk mÿgzv e w Gi g a cöwkÿy I wb ` kbv Kg m~wp, DcKiY e e v I h_vh_ Uw s myweav Ges cövwzôvwbk mnvqzv I mgš^q AšÍf y³; - wwwcgbpbõi c~ e i R&D wefvm envj ivlv Ges AwaKmsL K Kg x I D PZi ev RU eivïmn Gi Kg KvÐ AviI kw³kvjx Kiv; - emikvwi Lv Zi m ½ M elyv djvd ji hvmm~î cöwzôv; Ges - wb œ-daÿ Avbyf~wgK (bottom-up horizontal learning) wklb cöwµqvi wekvkmvab, hv vbxq D vebx Abykxj bi cöwziƒc (replication) ev Íevq bi wfwë Z ZvwË K aviyv D ve b mnvqzv K i 114

115 e 3.20 Ae vnz Ges bzzb M elyv I Dbœq bi cöavb wkqz welqmg~n cvwb mieivn - mwvk v b (BbwmUz) Av m wbk AcmviY I vbxqfv e Drcvw`Z Av m wbk U KxUm& Dbœqbmn Av m wbk AcmviY cöhyw³mg~n; - f~-mf cvwbi K wîg cybtfivu, we kl K i XvKvi Avkcv k Ges DcK~jxq A ji cö_g G vkz qvdv i (k v jv kªvd WW wudei q ji Rb ); - Rb MvôxwfwËK AvqiY, g v½vwbr I jeyv³zv AcmviY cöhyw³mg~n Ges Lye wb œ cvwb Í ii Rb n ÍPvwjZ bjk~c, f~ñc ô cvwb cwi kvab cöhyw³mg~n I e wói cvwb msiÿy; - hlv b f~-mf cvwb Íi AwZgvÎvq b g hv Q Ges n ÍPvwjZ ev g vbyqvj wwc mu cv ú cwipvjbv KwVb n q co Q, mlv b we` yz PvwjZ mvegvwr ej ( Wvev bv) cv ú e envi; - MÖvgxY cvbcevwnz cvwb mieivn xg I cvwbi ms hvrk e envi m vwb Ukb - evsjv ` ki bmi I knimg~ ni Rb jvmmb m~ qv ir e e v; - eb vcªey, cvwbi D P Íi I cvnvwo AÂj, D P NbemwZc~Y bmi ew Í Z h_vh_ m vwb Ukb Ges MÖvgv j D PZi ch v qi cöhyw³i Rb m vwb Ukb wekí I we K `ªxK Z er cvwb cwi kvab; - AbmvBU m vwb Ukb, Av m wbk I Ab vb `~l Ki Kvi Y f~-mf cvwbi `~ly; ci úi-m úwk Z (cross-cutting) - cöwzeüx gvbyl `i Rb Dc hvmx cvwb I m vwb Ukb cöhyw³; - BDwbqb cwil `i AeKvVv gv cwikíbv I A_ vqb e e vi gz cwikíbv I e e vcbvi `vwqz n ÍvšÍi; - Rb Mvôxi AskMÖnY, RÐvi mgzv I A_ vqb e e vi gz ci úi-m úwk Z (cross-cutting) welqmg~n; - Rjevqy cwiez bi cöfve I Awf hvrb cöhyw³mg~n; - ^v f vm (nvbwrb), wbivc` cvwb, cwi ekmz m vwb Ukb, h_vh_ cwipvjb I msiÿ Y Rb Mvôxi mÿgzv e w Ges bzzb c Y i MÖnY hvm Zv wel q evrvi M elyvi Rb IEC DcKi Yi GKwU mgwš^z c v KR 3.12 cve Z PÆMÖvg f~wgkv iv½vgvwu, LvMovQwo I ev `ievb G wzbwu Rjv wb q cve Z PÆMÖvg AÂj (CHT) MwVZ BwZnvm-HwZn, cövk wzk ˆewkó, b ZvwË K MVb, mvgvwrk msmvb, ag xq I RxebvPv ii w`k w` q cve Z PÆMÖvg evsjv ` ki Ab vb GjvKv _ K wfbœ gvu AvqZb 13,295 em -wk jvwguvi, hvi cwigvy evsjv ` ki gvu f~l Ði cövq 10 kzvs ki mgvb cve Z PÆMÖv g 11.6 j ÿi gz gvby li emevm, hvi cövq A a K msl vjny b - Mvôx GivI Avevi 13wU cöavb ÿz`ª RvwZmË vq wef³ G jv n jv: PvKgv, gvigv, wîcyiv, Z ½v, ªv, gyis, jymvb, Lygx, PvK, L vqvo, e vg, cvslyqv I iqvo GLv b 112wU BDwbqb I 7wU cšimfv Av Q CHT GjvKvi fšmwjk I cvwb f~-zvwë K Ae v LyeB KwVb G AÂj K 2wU e nëi ev -ms vb Rv b wef³ Kiv hvq hgb: K) cvnvwo GjvKv; I 2) K wlr mgzjf~wg cöwzôvwbk KvVv gv evsjv ` ki Aewkó GjvKvi Zzjbvq cve Z PÆMÖvg GjvKvi cövwzôvwbk KvVv gv m ú~y wfbœ mlv b GKwU HwZn evnx DcRvZxq cökvmwbk KvVv gv (PvKgv, evgvs I gs ivr ev mv K j) we` gvb 1997 m b m úvw`z 115

116 kvwšípzw³i wfwë Z RvZxq mikvwi KvVv gv ( Rjvq Rjv cökvmk, Dc Rjv ch v q Dc Rjv wbe vnx Kg KZ v) QvovI cökvmwbk I Dbœqb wel qi Rb cve Z PÆMÖvg AvÂwjK cwil` (RC) I 3wU cve Z Rjv cwil` (HDCs) cöwzwôz n q Q cve Z kvwšípzw³i weavb Abyhvqx cöwzôv Kiv n q Q c _K cve Z PÆMÖvg welqk gš Yvjq CHT RC I HDCs GB gš Yvj qi Aax b KvR K i HDCs cöwzôvi ci n ÍvšÍwiZ welq (transferred subjects) wn m e wwwcgbpbmn 18wU mikvwi wefvm I ms v Gi Aax b b Í Kiv n q Q cve Z PÆMÖvg A ji ez gvb cövwzôvwbk e e vi aiy, we kl K i cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ub mev cö`v bi Rb ek RwUj vbxq mikvi wefvm m±i cwikíbv, ev RU cöyqb I eivï msµvší `vwqz cvjb K i Ab w` K wwwcgbpb vbxq ch v q ev Íevqb KvR K i _v K CHTÕi Rjv ch v qi wwwcgbpbõi wbe vnx cö KŠkjx HDCsÕi mivmwi ZË veav b KvR K ib A_P Zuv `i Kg KvÐ I Kg m~wp mgš^q K ib CHT mv K j-gi ZË veavqk cö KŠkjx (PÆMÖv g Aew Z) GKwU welq cövqb DÌvwcZ nq h, K `ªxq mikv ii cwikíbv I ev R U we kl K i vbxq RvwZ Mvôxi gzvgz cöwzdwjz nq bv CHT Z cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb Kg m~wp cwikíbv I e e vcbvq cve Z PÆMÖvg welqk gš Yvj qi f~wgkv wb qi Ø _ KZv i q Q cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb Ae v cvwb mieivn ` ki Ab vb GjvKvi Zzjbvq cve Z PÆMÖv g cvwb mieivn Kfv ir A bk Kg ( RGgwc msáv Abyhvqx - MICS cöwz e`b, RvZxq Kfv ir 85.5 fv Mi Zzjbvq mlvbkvi gvî 59 fvm cwiev ii DbœZ Lvevi cvwbi Dr m AwfMg Zv i q Q) LvMovQwo Z G nvi m e v P (76 fvm), Zvic ib Av Q ev `ievb (48 fvm) I iv½vgvwu (47 fvm) gvu cwiev ii cövq 46 fv Mi i q Q cöv_wgk/wbr ^ gvwjkvbvi Lvevi cvwbi Drm 13 fvm cwievi wekí/ hš_ Drm n Z msm nxz Lvevi cvwb e envi K i ï gimy g cvwb `y úövc nq, ZLb Lvevi cvwbi Rb Qov (cvwb cöev ni vbxq bvg) cöavb Drm wn m e e eüz nq hv nvk, cwi ekmz AebwZ I ea gvb emwzi Kvi Y A bk Qovi cvwbi gvb cöwzwbqz Lvivc n Q m úªwz IqvUvi GBW evsjv `k, cve Z PÆMÖv g 48 cvwb I m vwb Ukb myweav wel q GKwU ïgvwi (census) cwipvjbv K i Q ïgvwi g Z, gvbyl K A bk `~i n Z cvwb msmön Ki Z nq GUv GKUv evowz Sv gjv cvnvwo GjvKvi we kl cövk wzk ˆewk ó i cöwÿ Z `ym g c_ e q cvwb msmön, we kl K i gwnjv `i Rb AmywavRbK cvwbi Drm I cwievi jvi 49 g a Kvi 50 wguv ii `~i Z i wby vqk K we epbvq bqv n j `Lv hvq, gvu cwiev ii cövq 66 fvm K `~iez x Drm _ K cvwb msmön Ki Z nq ev `ievb Rjvq cövq 74 fvm cwievi Lvevi cvwbi Drm n Z 50 wguv iii ewk `~i Z emevm K i cve Z PÆMÖv gi cvwb-f~zvwë K Ae v AviI RwUj mlv b mviveqie vcx e envi Kiv hv e Ggb f~-mf cvwb Íi ev wbku RjcÖevn Luy R cviqv memgq m e nqbv GjvKvwU Z wewfbœ ai Yi cvwb mieivn cöhyw³ e eüz n q _v K, m jvi g a bjk~c cöhyw³b cöavb n ÍPvwjZ bjk~c e ZxZ Ab vb wekí cöhyw³, hgb: cvz-kzqv (ring wells), K~qv (dug-wells), MÖvwfwU d v wm g, Bbwd ëªkb M vjvwi I e wói cvwb msiÿy cöhyw³ jv mlv b e vckfv e e eüz nq wb Pi mviwy 3.9-G wzb cve Z Rjvq e eüz wewfbœ ai Yi cöhyw³ cö`k b Kiv n jv wzb Rjvi g a LvMovQwo Z cövq 86 fvm AMfxi bjk~c i q Q Ab `ywu Rjvq cövqkt AwaKZi wekí cöhyw³ e eüz nq 48 U Ae IqvUvi G vû m vwb Ukb Bb wpuvmvs wnj Uª v±m: G mývm wi cvu evb IqvUvi GBW, gvp evsjv `k mikv ii `wi`ª-mnvqk m vwb Ukb KŠkjcÎ 2005 Abyhvqx, evwo _ K cvwbi Dr mi 50 wguvi `yiz K mycvwikk Z b~ bzg `yiz we epbv Kiv nq, hwu IqvUvi GBWI AbymiY K i 116

117 mviwy 3.9 cve Z PÆMÖv g e eüz wewfbœ ai Yi cvwb mieivn cöhyw³ (kzkiv) cöhyw³i aiy ev `ievb LvMovQwo iv½vgvwu gvu Mfxi bjk~c AMfxi bjk~c wis I qj (cvz K~qv) cvbcevwnz cvwb mieivn Zviv Wf WvM I qj (K~qv) MÖvwfwU d v wm g MÖvwfwU d v wm g/e wói cvwb msiÿy e wói cvwb msiÿy c wz Bbwd ëªkb M vjvwi Bbwd ëªkb I qj IqvUvi dj ev SiYv Ab vb gvu m vwb Ukb IqvUvi GBW evsjv ` ki ïgvwi (census) 2010 g Z, cve Z PÆMÖvg GjvKvq cövq 74 kzvsk cwiev ii wbr ^ cvqlvbv Av Q Ab w` K 1.3 kzvsk cwievi hš_ Ges 0.02 kzvsk cwievi KwgDwbwU cvqlvbv e envi K i evkx 25 kzvsk cwievi Db y³ ev Lvjv RvqMvq gjz vm K i JMP cö`ë msáv g Z, cvqlvbv jv K DbœZ I AbybœZ G `yõ köyx Z wef³ Kiv hvq Zr cöwÿ Z mviwy 3.10-G cvqlvbvi Ae v Dc vcb Kiv n q Q cvwb mieiv ni gz cve Z PUªMÖv g m vwb Ukb Kfv iri Kg IqvUvi GBW m úvw`z ïgvwi Abyhvqx, gvî 28.6 kzvsk cwievi DbœZ cvqlvbv e envi K i A_P MICS 2009-Gi Rwi c `Lv hvq, cve Z PÆMÖv g cvqlvbvi Kfv ir 33 _ K 48 kzvsk n Z cv i (ev `iev b 33 kzvsk, LvMovQwo Z 43 kzvsk I iv½vgvwu Z 48 kzvsk) mviwy 3.10 cwievimg~n KZ K e eüz DbœZ cvqlvbvi ch vq (kzkiv nvi) Ae v/ch vq cvqlvbvi aiy ev `ievb LvMovQwo iv½vgvwu gvu DbœZ wjwmn MZ cvqlvbv m vwb Ukb ø ve I cvwb ivakmn MZ cvqlvbv ø vemn I cvwb ivak e ZxZ/fv½v MZ cvqlvbv f U cvbc I cvwb/ eû ivakmn Ad mu MZ cvqlvbv f U cvbcmn I cvwb/ eû ivak e ZxZ Ad mu MZ cvqlvbv f UcvBc e ZxZ I cvwb ivakmn Ad mu MZ cvqlvbv f UcvBc e ZxZ I eû ivakmn Ad mu MZ cvqlvbv f UcvBc I cvwb/ eû ivak e ZxZ Ad mu MZ cvqlvbv

118 mcwuk U vskmn cvqlvbv Dc- gvu AbybœZ wjw e ZxZ MZ cvqlvbv, SzjšÍ/Db y³ m vwb Ukb cvqlvbv, Db y³ gjz vm, hš_ cvqlvbv, KwgDwbwU cvqlvbv I Ab vb gvu cve Z PÆMÖv g m vwb Ukb e e vi AwaKvskB M o D V Q vbxq/ `kxq c wzi wfwë Z, hgb: gvps (SzjšÍ ai Yi cvqlvbvi vbxq cwifvlv) GLbI cve Z PÆMÖv gi ewkifvm GjvKvq Db y³ v b gjz v Mi Af vm e vck `ym g hvmv hvm e e v I mvgvwrk Af v mi Kvi Y GLv b cöpwjz m vwb Ukb cöhyw³ vcb LyeB RwUj Ryg Pvl (cvnv oi Xv j Pvlvev`) Ki Z eq ii D jøl hvm mgq cvnv oi weivu-msl K gvbyl wb R `i MÖvg Z vm K i A vqx G Awfevmxiv h_vh_ m vwb Ukb myweav ˆZwi K i bv Avkcv ki RbemwZ Z cvwbevwnz ivm Qov bvi SuywKi GUv eo KviY n q `uvovq ^v m Z (hygienic) AvPiY cve Z PÆMÖvg GjvKvi RbM Yi g a ^v m Z Af vm cvjb G Kev ib Kg AwaKvsk gvbylb `wi`ª Ges K wl I ebr m ú` K wfwë K i Zuv `i Rxeb-RxweKv M o D V Q A bk b - Mvwô Z, we klfv e ev `ievb Rjvq mpivpi gvby yl I cövyx (cï-cvwl) Lye Nwbôfv e emevm K i `Lv hvq, cövyx `i gj-g~î mwbœkuez x cöwz e k Qwo q wqwu q _v K GLv b gjz v Mi Rb cvqlvbvi e env i e vck ZviZg cwijwÿz nq ZiæY wkïiv cvqlvbv e envi Ki e - GUv AvkvB Kiv hvq bv Zv `i gj-g~î `~l Yi KviY n Z cv i - Zv fvevb nq bv MICS 2009-Gi mgxÿv wb ` k K i h, cövq 60 kzvsk cövßeq gjz v Mi Rb Kvb bv Kvb ai Yi cvqlvbv e envi K i cuvp eq ii Kg eqmx cövq 97 kzvsk wkï gjz vm K i Lvjv RvqMvq wbivc` ^v m Z Af vm Abykxjb K i, we klfv e gj Z v Mi ci cvwb I mvevb w` q nvz avq - Ggb gvby li msl v iv½vgvwu Z cövq 64 kzvsk G msl v LvMovQwo I ev `iev b h_vµ g cövq 55 I 57 kzvsk cve Z PÆMÖv g mvaviy ai Yi me vwak cvqlvbv euvk ev LvMovi DcwiKvVv gvmn RgvUevav gvwui cvuvzb ev KswµU ø ve (cvwb ivak e ZxZ) w` q ˆZwi nq evz v hvmv hv Mi ÿ Î GLv b fvlvi A bk mgq evav n q `vuovq KviY, wkqz b -Rb Mvôx evsjv fvlv Rv b bv d j ezvi ev Uwjwfk bi gva g cöpvwiz RvZxq m vwb Ukb cöpvivwfhvb Kvh µg _ K Zviv Kvh Z wew QbœB _ K hvq mgm v I Kg -wb ` kbv cve Z PÆMÖv gi Rb mywbw` ófv e GKwU Kvh cî (b ^i 2) cöyxz n q Q SDP cöyqbkv j civgk g~jk cöwµqvq Z Yg~j ch v qi DcKvi fvmx, cve Z AvÂwjK cwil`, cve Z Rjv cwil`, wwwcgbpbmn wewfbœ cöwzôvbmg~n I Kvievwii gz vbxq HwZn evnx bz e ` K AšÍfz ³ Kiv nq CHT mn hvmx `i mgš^ q Av qvwrz nq GKwU AvÂwjK Kg kvjv Kg kvjvi D Ïk wqj cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb msµvší Ggb me mgm v I P v jämg~n Av jvpbv Kiv, cöwzwbqz h jvi gy LvgywL n Z nq cve Z PÆMÖv gi Rb Mvôx K SDPÕi Rb vbxq RbM Yi gzvgz I cöwzevz v msmön KivI wqj Kg kvjvi Ab Zg D Ïk civg k i wfwë Z wpwýz cve Z PÆMÖv gi mgm v I GZ`msµvšÍ Kg -wb ` kbvmg~n wb P ey bv Kiv n jv: 1. ˆewP Î i ^xk wz: Dbœqb Kg m~wp cwikíbv I ev Íevq bi mgq cve Z PÆMÖvg A ji Av_ mvgvwrk, mvs wzk, fvlvmz I hvmv hv Mi ˆewPÎ K we klfv e we epbvq wb Z n e RvZxq bxwzgvjv I KŠkjcÎmg~ n cve Z PÆMÖvg wel q c _K Aby Q` ivlv n e; 118

119 2. ev Íevqb e e v: cve Z AvÂwjK cwil`, Rjv cwil`, HwZn evnx cöwzôvb I wwwcgbpbmn vbxq mikvi wefvm, cve Z PÆMÖvg welqk gš Yvjq-Gi f~wgkv I `vq-`vwqz mywbw` ófv e eèb Kiv cö qvrb bxwzmzfv e AvÂwjK cwil `i `vwqz n e Kg m~wp/cökí cwikíbv I ev Íevqb Kiv hv nvk, n ÍvšÍwiZ welq wn m e wwwcgbpbõi mnvqzv wb q Kg m~wp I cökí ev Íevq bi mÿgzv ez gv b AvÂwjK cwil `i Av Q ZvB AvÂwjK cwil `i mÿgzv evovi mv _ mv _ vbxq mikvi wefvm I wwwcgbpb KZ K cökí cwikíbv I ev Íevq bi Pjgvb `vwqz µgvš^ q cwil `i Kv Q n ÍvšÍi Ki e vbxq mikvi wefvm (PSUÕi KvwiMix mnvqzv wb q) cve Z AvÂwjK cwil `i mv _ wbweo civg k i gva g n ÍvšÍ ii cöwµqv-c wz wba viy Ki e; 3. vbxq cwikíbv I mgš^q: vbxq Rb MvôxwfwËK cöwzôvb, hgb: cvov Dbœqb KwgwU, IqvUmvb KwgwU I HwZn evnx bzv `i mv _ civgk K i Ae vb-wbw` ó cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb cwikíbv I Dbœq bi c wz MÖnY Kiv n e vbxq ch v q Kvh µg mgš^q Rvi`vi Ki Z n e ez gv b wwwcgbpb GKwU m ve Zv mgxÿv cwipvjbv Ges cve Z PÆMÖv g fwel Z cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb mevi gv vi cø vb cöyqb Ki Q emwzi cwiewz Z Ae v I GjvKvi Dbœq bi mv _ gvbvbmb Kivi Rb cöwz cuvp eqi AšÍi gv vi cø vbwu ch v jvpbv Kivi cö qvrb n e; 4. cöhyw³ wbe vpb: cvwb mieiv ni (D`vniY ^iƒc, SiYv Dbœqb I MÖvwfwU d v wm g) wekí KvwiMix mgvav bi cö qvrbxqzvi welq we epbv Ki Z n e GKBmv _ Ym úbœ nvw Iq vi miäv gi (cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb, Df qib Rb ) mnrjf Zv wbwðz Ki Z n e cvnvwo cövk wzk ˆewkó I cvwb msmö n Amyweavmg~n we` gvb _vkv Ae vq h_vh_ m vwb Ukb cöhyw³ MÖnY Ki Z n e, hv Z cvwb Kg jv M I vbxq m ú` (cvqlvbvi M Z euv ki eov) e envi Kiv hvq h_vh_ cöhyw³ wbe vp bi mgq vbxq mvs wzk Pvwn`v, hvmv hvm Amyweav I Ab vb Av_ -mvgvwrk ˆewPÎ mg~n we epbv Ki Z n e; 5. mevi gvb: cve Z PÆMÖv gi Rb cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb mevi h_vh_ gvb`ð cöyqb Kiv hgb: Qwo q wqwu q _vkv emwzi aiy I cvnvwo cövk wzk ˆewk ó cvwb msmö ni Amyweav we epbvq wb q cvwb cöhyw³-cöwz RbmsL v D`vniY ^iƒc, cve Z PÆMÖv g cvwbi Drm-cÖwZ e envikvixi msl v 25 n Z cv i A_ vr, RvZxq ch v q mycvwikk Z e envikvixi msl vi A a K; 6. ^v m Z AvPiY cömvi: ev `ievb Rjvi LyeB wb œ ^v vf v mi cuf~wg Z ^v m Z AvPiY cömvi cwikíbv I ev Íevq bi Ici iæz cö`vb AvPiY cwiez b hvmv hvm Kg m~wp vbxq cöwÿz we epbvq MÖnY Ki Z n e; 7. M elyv I Dbœqb: cve Z PÆMÖvg GjvKvi Av_ -mvgvwrk I mvs wzk ˆewPÎ Ges hvmv hvm Amyweav KvwU q DV Z jvmmb cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb cöhyw³ Dbœq b M elyv I Dbœqb Kvh µg Ae vnz ivlv; 8. `~ly wbqš Y: Rjvkq, we kl K i iv½vgvwui KvßvB jk-gi cwi ekmz `~ly wbqš Yi c` ÿc MÖnY; Ges 9. eû-lvz Dbœqb c wz: cvwbi Dr mi Rb cwikíbvkv j eû-lvz Dbœqb c wz ev Íevqb Kiv hgb: LvMovQwo I Ab vb Dc hvmx v b ÿz`ªvkvi euva wbg vy cvwb mieiv ni cvkvcvwk ch Ub, grm ÿî I m Pi Rb e eüz n Z cv i 119

120 Aa vq 4 AvBb, bxwzgvjv I KŠkjcÎmg~n cö_g Aa v q cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± ii we` gvb AvBwb KvVv gv, bxwzgvjv I KŠkjcÎmg~n ms ÿ c Av jvwpz n q Q G Aa v q cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± ii Kvh Ki cwipvjbvq, we kl K i GmwWwcÕi jÿ AR b Gme welq jv K Zv `i h_v_ Zvi ` wó KvY _ K AviI we køly Kiv n q Q bzzb AvBb, bxwzgvjv I KŠkjcÎmg~n cöyqb Ges we` gvb jvi ms kva bi ÿîi wpwýz Kiv n q Q Z`vbyhvqx mme cöwzdwjz n q Q m±i Dbœqb Kg - KvVv gv Z 4.1 cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± ii Rb AvBwb KvVv gv AvBb, Aa v `k I Ab vb AvBwb `wjjmg~n evsjv ` ki cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± ii we` gvb AvBwb KvVv gvi AšÍf y³ G jv Z wewfbœ m±i cöwzôv bi KvR I `vq-`vwqz mywbw` ó Av Q cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m±i m úwk Z iæz c~y AvBb I Aa v `kmg~ ni GKwU ZvwjKv mviwy 4.1-G Dc vwcz n q Q mswkøó gš Yvjq I ms vmg~n AvBb I Aa v ` ki weavb Abyhvqx wewfbœ wewa, cöweavb, evb-jr I wbe vnx Av `k cöyqb K i XvKv Iqvmv KZ K mg q mg q RvwiK Z wewfbœ wewa I cöweavbgvjv Ges cšimfv cvwb mieivn g Wj evb-jõr 1996 Gi D`vniY we` gvb AvBwb KvVv gvi 50 ch v jvpbvq úó nq h: - m±i ms vmg~ ni f~wgkv I `vq-`vwq Z i ÿ Î Awaµgb (overlapping) i q Q D`vniY ^iƒc: wwwcgbpb I vbxq mikvi cöwzôv bi (A_ vr, BDwbqb cwil` I cšimfv) g a ZvB GjwRwW KZ K wewa I cöweavb ms kvab Ges wbe vnx Av `k Rvwii gva g úózv I Kvh KvixZv cöwzôv Avek K; - GjwRwWÕi Aaxb `yõwu jvbb G RwÝ wwwcgbpb I GjwRBwWÕi g a Kvi cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m úwk Z f~wgkv I `vq-`vwqz mg~ ni AwaKZi e vl v cö`vb I mnrxkiy Kiv `ikvi; Ges - we` gvb vbxq mikvi AvBb, 2009 h_vh_ ejer Kivi Ges G Z vbxq mikvi cöwzôvb jv K AviI KZ Z Ac Yi weavb ivlvi Pvwn`v Av Q ` óvší ^iƒc, GjwRwWÕi c~e vby gv`b cö qvrb niqvq wmwu K c v ikb I cšimfv jv wb Riv Kg x wb qvm Ki Z cv i bv ZvQvovI cvwb mieiv ni Rb Rjvkq jvi mxgv ilv wpwýzkiy, msiÿy I iÿyv eÿ Yi j ÿ GjwRwW KZ K wmwu K c v ikb I cšimfv jv K AviI KZ Z cö`vb Riæwi GKBm ½ vbxq Rjvkq jv Z ch vß cvwb msmö ni wbwg Ë c _K Rjvkq e e vcbv c wz cöwzôvmn cvwb mieivn I cwi ek myiÿvi Rb h_vh_ KZ Z Ac Y cö qvrb 50 UPI (ez gv b PSU) cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb Lv Zi cövwzôvwbk ch v jvpbv, 1994 Ges XvKv Iqvmv I cšimfv cvwb mieivn kvlv msµvší P~ovšÍ cöwz e`b, 2009 (GwWweÕi XvKv Iqvmvi Rb e e vcbv mnvqzv) 120

121 mviwy 4.1 cvwb I m vwb Ukb m±i wbqš Yi Rb AvBb, Aa v `k I Ab vb AvBwb `wjjcî AvBb, Aa v `k I Ab vb AvBwb `wjjcî mikvwi Kvh wewagvjv vbxq mikvi AvBbmg~n: - vbxq mikvi ( cšimfv) AvBb, vbxq mikvi (wmwu K c v ikb) AvBb, Dc Rjv cwil` AvBb, BDwbqb cwil` AvBb, 2009 Iqvmv AvBb, 1996 cwi ek msiÿy AvBb 1995 cwi ek msiÿy wewagvjv 1997 Rb ^v I nvbwrb m úwk Z AvBb I Aa v `kmg~n: - `Ûwewa, Rb ^v (Riæwi weavb) Aa v `k, weï Lv` Aa v `k, KviLvbv AvBb, 1965 mswÿß weeiy G Z wewfbœ gš Yvjq I mikvwi wefv Mi g a `vwqz eèb Kiv n q Q GwU wwwcgbpb K MÖvgxY I cšimfv NvwlZ nqwb Ggb bmivâ j cvwb I m vwb Ukb mevcö`v bi `vwqz w` q Q AvBb jv wewfbœ ch v qi vbxq mikv ii cvwb I m vwb Ukb mevmn Ab vb `vq-`vwqz mywbw` ó K i Q cvwb I m vwb Uk bi ÿ Î AšÍf y³ `vwqz mg~n n jv: cvwb mieivn I msiÿy, m vwb Ukb I er wb vkb Ges cvwbi Dr mi `~ly cöwz iva G Z evsjv ` ki h Kvb RvqMvq Iqvmv cöwzôvi ÿgzv mikvi K `qv n q Q AvB b Iqvmv K cvwb mieivn m úwk Z KvR, Zij er e e vcbv, KwVb er msmön I cvwb wb vkb BZ vw` m úv` bi AbygwZ `qv nq Q Iqvmv ev W i MVb Ges evw I e e vcbv cwipvj Ki g a `vwq Z i eèbi AvB b wek`fv e D jøl Av Q ez gv b XvKv, PUªMÖvg, Lyjbv I ivrkvnx Z Iqvmv cöwzwôz n q Q cwi ek AvB bi Abye wëµ g cöyxz n q Q cwi ek msiÿy wewagvjv, 1997 wewagvjvq cwi ek e e vcbv KvVv gv cöwzôvi Ges cvwbi Y gvbmn cwi e ki YMZ gvb wba vi Yi e e v i q Q wewfbœ AvBwb `wj j Rb ^v RwbZ D Ø Mi welq jv Z Av jvkcvz Kiv n q Q Ges vbxqfv e m jv vbxq mikvi më vmg~ ni gva g wbqwš Z wkqz AvBb I `wjj ez gvb mg qi Pvwn`v c~i Yi Rb ms kvab cö qvrb D`vniY wn m e Iqvmv AvBb, 1996 g Z Iqvmvmg~n K Kvb A_ eq i ev W i Aby gv`bµ g cvwbi ïé evwl K 5 kzvsk ch ší e w i ÿgzv `qv n q Q Gi ewk ïé evov Z vbxq mikvi wefv Mi Aby gv`b wb Z n e ewa Z e q guv bv I Kg KvÐ Avw_ Kfv e UKmB Ki Z Iqvmv jv cvwbi ïé 10 kzvsk ch ší evov bvi ÿgzv `qvi cö Íve K i Q Abyiƒcfv e 1996 mv ji g Wj evb-jõwu cšimfv Aa v `k, 1977-Gi Aax b cöyxz wkš, bzzb vbxq mikvi ( cšimfv) AvBb, 2009-G cvwb mieivn wel q evb-jõ Kivi Kvb my hvm bb Gi e` j AvB b cöweavbgvjv cöyq bi e e v Av Q m±i P v jämg~n gvkvwejvi Rb úóztb bzzb AvBb, cöweavb I Ab vb AvBwb `wjj cöyq bi Avek KZv i q Q Ab _vq we` gvb jv ms kvab Ki Z n e cvwb mieivn m± ii Kg KvÐ e nëi cvwbm ú` e e vcbv Z_v f~-mf cvwb e e vcbvi AvIZvi g a I Zvi mv _ Mfxifv e m úwk Z f~-mf cvwb e e vcbvi ms vi I kw³kvjxki Yi cö qvrbxqzv Aby Q` 3.3-G wek`fv e Av jvwpz cvwb m ú` e e vcbvi j ÿ cöyqbvaxb AvBb I cöweavbmg~n cö_ g cvwbm ú` e e vcbv, we kl K i wecyj cwigvy cvwb mieiv ni Drm wn m e f~-mf cvwb-mswkøó AvBb I cöweavbmg~n Ges Zrc i cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb msµvší cöweavb jv wb œ Av jvpbv Kiv n jv 121

122 evsjv `k cvwb AvBb Iqvmv AvBb, 1996 Abyhvqx XvKv, PÆMÖvg, Lyjbv I ivrkvnx bmixmg~ n f~-mf cvwb D Ëvjb wbqš Y e ZxZ ez gv b cvwbm ú` e e vcbvi Kvb mym ^ AvBwb KvVv gv bb evsjv `k cvwb Dbœqb evw (BWDB) AvBb, 2000 f~-c ô I f~-mf cvwbm ú` wbqš YKvix ms v wn m e cvwb Dbœqb evw K `vwqz cö`vb K i Q cvwbm ú` Dbœq bi Rb bz vbxq f~wgkv cvj bi `vwqz cvwbm ú` Dbœqb AvBb, 1992 Abyhvqx cvwbm ú` cwikíbv ms vi (WARPO) f~wg gš Yvjq b`xi gvwjk Ges b`x Z Kvb KvVv gv hgb, bškv AeZiY RwU wbg v Yi AbygwZ w` q _v K hv nvk, f~-c ô cvwb D Ëvj b Kvb Kvh Ki cöweavb ez gv b bb cvwbm ú` gš Yvjq (MoWR) RvZxq cvwb bxwz, 1998 Abyhvqx cöweavbgvjv Zwii Rb Óevsjv `k cvwb AvBbÓ-Gi Lmov ˆZwi K i Q Lmov AvB bi (2009) ez gvb ms iy g Z GUv, Ócvwbm ú `i mgwš^z, b vh I UKmB e e vcbv, Dbœqb I e envi Ges Gi msiÿy ev myiÿv mnr I wbwðz Kivi j ÿ evsjv ` ki cvwbm ú` K wbqš Y Ki eó Ab vb wel qi g a Lmov AvBbwU gvwjkvbv, cvwbi Rei `Lj Ges M n vjx I cši e envimn cvwb e envi AwaKvi ey bv K i Q hv nvk, Lmov AvB b f~-c ô cvwbi wel qi Av jvkcvz Kiv n q Q Z e f~-mf cvwb e e vcbv wel q wek` iæz cö`vb Kiv Avek K cvwb AvB b wb Pi welq jv AšÍf y³ Kiv cö qvrb: - f~-mf cvwbi Yv Y I cwigvy, Dfq wel qi Rb cö hvr Õcvwb Pvc GjvKvÕi aviyvwu we ÍvwiZ e vl v `qv G Z: 1) cši ev m Pi cvwb D Ëvj bi d j cvwb Íi b g hviqv; 2) jeyv³ cvwbi AbycÖ ek ev Av m wbk msµgy; I 3) wkí I K wl-ivmvqwbk `~ly wel q Av jvkcvz Kiv; - cvwb D Ëvj b jvb mwýs e e v c«wzôv Kiv wkqz mywbw` ó ai Yi cvwb D Ëvjb (D`vniY ^iƒc, `kxq n ÍPvwjZ bjk~c) K iqvz w` q GUv mgq-wbw` ó jvb mý cö`v bi AbygwZ ` e; - K~c Lb bi jvb mwýs e e v cöwzôv Kiv wkqz mywbw` ó ai Yi Lbb cöhyw³ ev AvKv ii K~c K iqvz w` q GUv mgq-wbw` ó jvb mý cö`v bi AbygwZ ` e; - cvwb mieiv n `~ly cöwz iv a ez gvb I fwel Z f~wg e envi wbqš Yi Dcvq wn m e Drm myiÿv- AÂj cöwzôv Kiv; - f~-m f cövk wzk ev K wîgfv e cvwb cybtfiv Ui (recharge) Rb el vkv j cvwb Z ficyi e nr Rjvkq jv iÿv Kiv; I - `~lykvix KZ K e qenb bxwzi wfwë Z f~-mf `~wlz cvwb K weï Ki Z AvBb-Kvbyb cöwzôv Kiv `ikvi f~-mf cvwbm ú` wbqš Y Lmov cvwb AvB b f~-c ô cvwb-msµvší cöweavb AšÍf y³ i q Q Ges ^í cwim i G m Q f~-mf cvwbi welqwu wkš cvwb mieiv n DrmwUi e envi Mfxifv e m úwk Z niqvq G Aby Q ` f~-mf cvwbm ú `i wbqš Y wek`fv e ey bv Kiv n q Q AwaKš, K wl Ges cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m±i KZ K f~-mf cvwbi cöwz hvwmzvg~jk e envi wbqš Yi iæz K Av iv Rviv jv K i Q we ep cvwb AvB bi gva g f~-mf cvwbi wbqwš Z niqv `ikvi wpî 4.1 Abyhvqx f~-mf cvwbi e e vcbv I wbqš Y K `yõwu e nr Kg Kv Ð wef³ Kiv h Z cv i: m ú` wbqš Y - f~-mf cvwb D Ëvjb I myiÿvq cöweavbgvjv cöyqb I ejerkiy Ges cöweavb cöwzcvj bi welq jv mve ÿwykfv e cwiexÿy; 122

123 cvwb D Ëvjb e e vcbv - cvwb D Ëvj bi jvb mý cö`vb, cök Z cvwb D Ëvjb wbqš Y, cvwb D Ëvj bi cwigvy, cvwb Íi I cvwbi YMZ gvb cwiexÿy Ges m ve `~ly _ K cvwbi Drm iÿv G `yõwu wbqš Yg~jK Kg KvÐ m úv` bi Rb wewfbœ ms vmg~ ni f~wgkv I `vq-`vwqz wb Pi wp Î D jøl Kiv n jv: BANGLADESH evsjv `k cvwb WATER AvBb ACT GROUNDWATER f~-mf cvwbm ú` e e vcbv RESOURCES MANAGEMENT f~-c ô SURFACE cvwbm ú` WATER e e vcbv RESOURCES (cvwb AvB bi MANAGEMENT Aax b Lmov (drafted under cöyxz) Water Act) REGULATION AvBwb wbqš Y ( i jkb) cvwb ABSTRACTION D Ëvjb (cvwb mieivn, (water supply, mp, wkíkvilvbv) irrigation, industry) WARPO Iqvi cv (Groundwater (f~-mf cvwbm ú` Management e e vcbv Agency) ms v) Iqvmv, wwwcgbpb, vbxq WASAs, DPHE, LGIs mikvi cöwzôvb (for water supply) (cvwb mieiv ni Rb ) cwiexÿy Monitor hvpvb Assess (G v mm) wbqš Y Regulate I myiÿv and Protect Advise civgk cö`vb R&D M elyv I Dbœqb Dbœqb Development (D Ëvjb) cwiexÿy (abstraction) (D Ëvjb, cvwb Íi, Monitor cvwbi (abstraction, YMZ gvb) water level, water quality) wpî 4.1 evsjv `k cvwb AvBb, 2009 Gi AvIZvq f~-mf cvwb e e vcbvi Rb cö ÍvweZ Kvh µg, f~wgkv I `vq-`vwqz wefvrb m ú` wbqš Y: GKwU gšwjk bxwz n jv, m ú` wbqš Y K cvwb D Ëvjb e e vcbv _ K Avjv`v ivl Z n e GUv cvwbm ú` gš Yvj qi (MoWR) `vwq Z, wkš Zv cvwb D Ëvj bi wbe vnx KZ Z m úbœ ms v _ K c _K _vk e ez gv b, m ú` wbqš Yi `vwqz cvjbkvix wbkuzg cöwzôvbwu n jv cvwbm ú` cwikíbv ms v (WARPO) cwikíbv I Kg x ms v bi g a B Gi `vwqz mxgve wbqš Yg~jK Kg KvÐ cwipvjbvi Rb Gi m ú` G Kev ib Ach vß evsjv `k cvwb Dbœqb ev W i cvwbwe` v AbywefvM I f~-mf cvwb mv K j, Ab vb wel qi g a f~-mf cvwb cwiexÿ Yi `vwqz cövß wefvmwu ek kw³kvjx, wkš cvwb D Ëvjb _ K Gi wbqš Y e e vi c _KxKiY bxwzi Kvi Y Gi cövwzôvwbk Ae vb egvbvb m ú` wbqš Yi Rb Av ikwu wekí e e v n jv GKwU c _K f~-mf cvwb e e vcbv wbqš Y KZ cÿ MVb Kiv bzzb msmvb cöwzôv I G K Kvh Ki Kiv ek RwUj Zv m Ë I, Iqvi cv K cwikíbv Kv Ri AwZwi³ m ú`-wbqš K wn m e kw³kvjx Kiv GKwU ev Íe mgvavb n Z cv i GRb Iqvi cvõi bzzb Rbej, cöwkÿy, KZ e I `vwqz Ges AvBb cöyq bi gva g ÿgzvc Y cö qvrb n e cö ÍvweZ cvwb AvB b Iqvi cvõi AwZwi³ `vwq Z i welq AšÍf y³ Ki Z n e 123

124 D Ëvjb e e vcbv: wewfbœ ms v, hgb: wwwcgbpb, mkj Iqvmv, wmwu K c v ikb, cšimfv I MÖvgxY cvbcevwnz cvwb mieivn mev cö`vbkvix cöwzôvb M n vjx Z cvwb mieiv ni Rb cvwb D Ëvj b wb qvwrz Zviv Iqvi cv wba vwiz wb ` wkkvi AvIZvq cwipvwjz n q _v K ms v jv cvwb D Ëvj bi cwigvy, cvwb Íi I YMZ gvb Ges `~ly _ K cvwbi Drm myiÿv Kvh µ gi cwiexÿ Yi e e vi MÖnY Ki e eûj Awf cöz RvZxq f~-mf cvwb e e vcbv KŠkjc Î emikvwi mp I cvwb mieivnmn wewfbœ msmv bi f~wgkv I `vq- `vwqz mg~n wek`fv e D jøl _vk e RvZxq f~-mf cvwb e e vcbv KŠkjcÎ GKwU iæz c~y AvšÍt m±i welq n Q f~-mf cvwb e e vcbv GwU K wl, cvwbm ú` Ges cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m±img~ ni mv _ ci úi-m úwk Z (cross-cutting) welq ZvB, cvwbm ú` gš Yvj qi DwPZ RvZxq f~-mf cvwb e e vcbv KŠkjcÎ cöyqb Kiv KŠkjcÎwU Av`k Ae vq ms kvwaz cvwb AvB bi KvVv gvi AvIZvaxb _vk e Avkv Kiv hvq, G Z f~-mf cvwb e e vcbvi mgm v jv AšÍfz ³ _vk e Avï wbqš Y cöwzôvi ^v _ cvwb AvBb ms kvab I wewae Ki Yi mv _ mv _B f~-mf cvwb e e vcbv KŠkjc Îi Lmov cöyxz n e e j aviyv Kiv n Q cöwµqvwu ïiæ n j wkqz Avewk K wbqš Yg~jK Dcv`vb cöyq bi Kvh µg `ªæZ ïiæi Rb mnvqk n e f~-mf cvwb e e vcbv KŠkjc Îi D Ïk n e DrmwUi h_vh_ e envi, wewfbœ e envikvixi g a cvwbi mylg eèb wbwðz I f~-mf cvwb e e vcbv msµvší Dbœqb Kvh µg mnrzi Kiv G Z mgwš^z cvwbm ú` e e vcbv I cvwb wbivcëv KvVv gvi Ici iæz v ivc Kiv n e GQvovI AwZgvÎvq cvwb D Ëvjb I `~l Yi weiæ cö qvrbxq cöweavb I Ab vb e e v MÖnY wbwðz Ki e PgrKvi GKwU cövwzôvwbk Dbœqb gvp v (institutional development platform) cöwzôvi gva g GwU Ggb Dc hvmx cwi ek m wó Ki e, hlv b mn hvmx cöwzôvb jvi f~wgkv I `vq-`vwqz úófv e D jøl _vk e Ges hymcrfv e Ávb I `ÿzvi Dbœqb NU e cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± ii Rb cö ÍvweZ bzzb AvBb I cöweavbgvjv cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± ii P v jä gvkvwejvi Rb wb œv³ `yõwu ÿ Î Avï ms vi cö qvrb: - mev cö`vbkvix ms v jvi ( hgb: Iqvmv, wwwcgbpb, cšimfv cvwb mieivn kvlv, emikvwi mev cö`vbkvix) cövwzôvwbk I mvsmvwbk Dbœqb; 51 I - wbqš Yg~jK Kg -KvVv gv (regulatory framework) cöwzôv Kiv Dch y³ `yõwu welq e vckfv e ci úi-werwoz (inter-winned) mev cöwzôvb jvi cövwzôvwbk Dbœqb e Zx i K wbqš Yg~jK KvVv gv KLbI mdj n Z cv i bv cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± ii Rb wbqš Yg~jK KvVv gv cöwzôvi cöv_wgk D Ïk n jv `ÿzv, ^ QZv I b vh Zvi wfwë Z cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb meve e v wbwðz Kiv m jv emikvwi ev mikvwi h Lv ZiB nvk bv Kb wbqš Yg~jK KvVv gvi cöavb bxwz n Q, mswkøó cöwzôvb jvi bxwzgvjv, cöweavb I mev-weziy Kvh µ gi mȳ úó c _KxKiY wewfbœ ` ki AwfÁZvq `Lv M Q h, G bxwzi cöwz cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m±i ms v jvi ` p AvbyMZ ev Íe ÿ Î dj`vqk cöfve e q Avb Z cv i ` óvší ^iƒc: GwU ïé e w i ÿ Î ivr bwzk n Í ÿ ci weiƒc cöfve _ K mikvwi Lv Zi mev cö`vbkvix `i iÿv Ki Z cv i d j Zv Avw_ Kfv e Zv `i K UKmB n Z mnvqzv K i Ab w` K, GKwU ^vaxb wbqš K ms v ïé-ˆelg g~jk ev 51 Aa vq 5-G we ÍvwiZ Av jvpbv Kiv n q Q 124

125 wb lavávg~jk bq, eis Zv fv³v `i ^v_ myiÿv A_ev fz ywk mnvqzv e e vi Øviv `wi`ª gvbyl K/Rb Mvôx K iÿv Ki Z cv i cvwb mev (Water Services) AvBb wbqš K Kg -KvVv gv ˆZwi Kivi D Ïk c~i Yi Rb cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± i cvwb mev AvBb cöyqb Kiv cö qvrb vbxq mikvi wefvm AvBbwUi Lmov ˆZwi Ki Z cv i AvBbwU cvwb mieivn wbqš Y Kwgkb (c i e vl v `qv n q Q) MV bi KvR KI mnr Ki e cö_g cvwb mev AvBbwU Zzjbvg~jKfv e mnr ivlv iæz c~y e e vwu GKevi Pvjy n q M j wbwðzfv eb eûeq ii AwfÁZvq Zv AvaywbKvqb Kivi cö qvrb n e Z`ycwi, cö_g AvBbwU Z mikvwi mev cö`vbkvix `i (Iqvmv, cšimfv cvwb mieivn kvlv, wmwu K c v ikb) wel q Av jvkcvz Kiv n e KviY, wbku fwel Z AMÖMvgx emikvwi Lv Zi AskMÖn Yi ( hgb: c~y Kb mk b) m vebv ek Kg cvwb mev AvB b AšÍf y³ n Z cv i Ggb welqmg~ ni iƒc ilv wb P `qv n jv: - cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb mevmyweavi Rb GKwU mvwe K Kg -KvVv gv; - wewfbœ më v ev cöwzôv bi (entities) `vq-`vwqz mg~n: bxwz-wba vik, wbqš K Ges cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb mev cö`vbkvix; - mevi gvb I cvwb mieiv ni ïé wba viy; - fv³v B Uvi dm I Z_ ; - emikvwi Lv Zi AskMÖnY; - Acivamg~n, AvBb ejerkiy, we iva wbimb, Avcxj cöwµqv-c wz Ges KvwiMwi I Avw_ K gvb`ð cvwb mev wbqš Y wbqš Yi g~j D Ïk n jv mn hvmx `i g a b vh Zvi jÿ AR b Kiv, cöavbzt fv³v I mev`vbkvix `i g a (e 4.1 `Lyb) e 4.1 wzbwu cöavb mn hvmx: bxwz wba vik, mev cö`vbkvix I fv³vi g a Kvi Revew`wnZvi m úk bxwz wba vik gzvgz/ fv³vké µzv/ fv³vi ÿgzv ˆbc~Y /`ÿzv Pzw³ wbqš K wbqš Yi g~j D Ïk n jv mn hvmx `i g a b vh Zvi jÿ AR b Kiv, cöavbzt fv³v I mev `vbkvix `i g a MÖnxZv/ µzv mev m~î: wek Dbœqb cöwz e`b 2004, wek e vsk n Z MÖwš Z mev cö`vbkvix (Iqvmv, wmwu K c v ikb, cšimfv) 125

126 bxwz-wba vik (gš Yvjq, wmwm I cšimfv) m±i bxwz wba viy m±i cwikíbv wewb qvm I fz ywk wbqš K ( ^Zš / ^vaxb) mev-cö`vbkvix ( hgb, Iqvmv I Š µzv/ fv³v ïé, mev, gvb, µzv-m úk wel q wewagvjv I cöweavb cöweavb I gvb`ð ejerkiy µzv ev fv³vi Rb mevmyweavi aiy wewb qvm cwikíbv I ev Íevqb wewaweavb cöwzcvjb fv³v AwaKvi I `vq-`vwqz mn Pzw³i kz vejx cöwzcvjb ïé cwi kva µzv/ fv³v dviv g AskMÖnY cvwbm ú` msiÿy bxwz wba vik, mev cö`vbkvix, fv³v I wbqš Ki f~wgkv I `vq- `vwqz mg~n mȳ úó niqv cö qvrb mywbw` ófv e wb œewy Z D Ï k wbqš Yg~jK e e vi AwfcÖvq e ³ Kiv n q Q: - MÖnY hvm mevi gvb cöwzcvjb wbwðz Kiv; - mevi gvb AR b ïé wba viy Kiv, hv mev cö`vbkvix `i h _ó ivr ^ w` Z cv i; - Kvh µg cwiexÿy, mev`vbkvixiv mevi gvb cöwzcvjb Ki Q Kx bv Zv `Lv, Ab _vq h_vh_ e e v MÖnY; - cwi ek I cövk wzk m ú` iÿv Kiv; I - emikvwi Lv Zi AskMÖn Yi wbðqzv weavb GmwWwc cöyqb cöwµqvi Ask wn m e GwWweÕi A_ vq b cwipvwjz GKwU mgxÿvq (2009) evsjv ` k cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± i wbqš Y Kg -KvVv gv cöwzôvi m ve Zv hvpvb Kiv nq mgxÿvwu Ab v b i g a evsjv ` k R vjvbx I Uwj hvmv hvm m± i we` gvb wbqš Y KvVv gv Ges AvšÍR vwzk, mywbw` ófv e AvÂwjK `k jvi AwfÁZv ch v jvpbv K i (e 4.2 `Lyb) e 4.2 Kvh Ki wbqš Yi Rb c~e kz mg~n wel q AvšÍR vwzk AwfÁZv 1. A bk jv wbqwš Z cöwzôv bi Nb Nb Kg -m úv`b ˆeaZvi cö qvrb bb A bk ` k ^í msl K wbqwš Z cöwzôvbmn wbqvgk ms v i q Q bcvj, _vbj vû, köxj¼v, gvj qwkqv, A óªwjqv, hy³ivr I Av gwikvi hy³iv óª wbqš Y Kivi Rb Kvb wbqvg Ki Aax b 30wUi ewk mev cöwzôvb bb 2. wbqvgk ms vi Aek B wkqz ÓKvh KiÓ ^vaxbzv _vk Z n e ^vaxb wbqvgk cöwzôvb m wói cöavb hyw³ n Q m±i K ivr bwzk n Í ÿcrwbz weiƒc cöfve _ K iÿv Kiv hw` G me wbqvgk ms v me mgq ivr bwzk wm v šíi AvÁvbyeZ x _v K, ZLb Gi wu K _vkvi g~j mvgvb B nq 3. Aek B wbr ^ wbqg-kvbyb/wm vší ev Íevq bi KZ Z _vk Z n e Gi wbqš Y Kivi ÿgzv, mev Kvh Ki Kivi Dcvq I cövwzôvwbk Kg -m úv`b gvb`ð _vk Z n e ÿgzvi g a Aek B AbygwZcÎ evwzj I Rwigvbv `Ð Av iv ci welqi _vk Z n e hw` Gi nv Z Giƒc Kvb weavb bv _v K, Zv n j KD G K AbymiY Ki e bv 4. Aek B cöwkwÿz I AwfÁ Rbej _vk Z n e m~î: ADBÕi i juix we klá civgk K, Antonio R. De Vera KZ K evsjv ` ki Rb GKwU wbqš Y KvVv gvi mycvwik, b f ^i

127 mgxÿvwu Giƒc wm v ší DcbxZ n q Q h, GKwU c~y v½ wbqš K ms v cöwzôv ez gvb ch v q AKvwjK (premature) n e wbqš K ms vi cöwzôv ch vqµ g I `yõwu av c msmwvz n e: 1. cö_g ch v q GjwRwW Z cvwb mieivn Kvl (we` yz Kv li Abyiƒc) vcb Kiv n e Gi `vwqz n e mevg~jk cöwzôvbmg~ ni ms vi Kvh µ g bz Z cö`vb Ges cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb wbqš Y Kwgkb cöwzôvi Rb m± i Dc hvmx cwi ek ˆZwi Kiv cöwzôvi mgq Kwg q Avb Z Ges cwjwm mv cvu BDwb Ui (PSU) Kv Ri mv _ mgš^q I mvgäm weavbk í cvwb Kvl K PSU- Z AšÍf y³ Kiv h Z cv i, KviY GwU bxwzgvjv ev Íevq b m ú ³; Ges 2. wøzxq ch v q AšÍf y³ n e GKwU ^vaxb cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb wbqš Y Kwgkb cöwzôvi KvR wøzxq ch v qi KvR wzb ev cuvp eqi ci ïiæ n Z cv i KviY, ZZw` b Kwgkb cöwzôvi hšw³kzv cögv Y m± ii Ae v ek mnvqk n e wb œewy Z cöwÿ Z cvwb Kv li Kg KvÐ n e: Dchy³ m±i cwi ek ˆZwi Kiv: (1) cövwzôvwbk I Kvh Kifv e wewfbœ mev`vbkvix cöwzôv bi Dbœq bi Rb cövwzôvwbk I mvsmvwbk ms v ii cš v AbymiY Kiv gvbm Z evwywr K Abykxjb, wewjs I Av`vq e e v wba viy G ms v ii AšÍf y³ n e; (2) mkj Iqvmvi I cšimfvi cvwb mieivn kvlvi Kvh Ki ^vqë kvmb e w i Rb AvBbMZ ms v ii cš v Aej ^b; (3) mgxÿv cwipvjbv Kiv, hgb: mev cöwzôv bi fz ywk mnvqzv Ges m jv K Avw_ Kfv e Dc hvmx Ki Z AvÂwjK ch v q mev cöwzôvb vc bi hšw³kxkiy; I (4) cvwb mev AvB bi Lmov ˆZwi I wewae Ki Y mnvqzv cö`vb wbqš Y-msµvšÍ f~wgkv cvjb: (1) eqiwfwë Z cvwb wbivcëv Kg -KvVv gv (water safety framework) wewagvjvmn mev I Kg -m úv`b gvb`ð cöyqb (GKwU Ómgq cwi jl ev UvBg cövdvbjó); (2) cöwz e`b, Kg cwikíbv Ges Kg m úv` bi jvmmb cöavb cöavb wb ` kk wba vi Yi Rb QK cöyqb; I (3) cwiexÿy e e v, mev cöwzôvbmg~ ni Kvh µg cwiexÿy I ˆeaZv cö`vb/cöwzcv`b (validate) Kiv, Z_ fvðvi cöwzôv I mev cöwzôv bi b~ bzg hvm Zv (benchmark) wba viy Kiv bmivâ j mkj cvbcevwnz cvwb mieivn cökí wbqš Y Kwgk bi AvIZvq _vk e wbqš Y ïiæ Kivi Rb mkj Iqvmv, wmwu K c v ikb I eo eo cšimfv K AMÖvwaKvi `qv n e wwwcgbpb Kwgk bi wb ` kbvq bmiwfwëk ewa Âz K `ª jv Z (growth centres) I MÖvgv j cvbcevwnz cvwb mieivn cökí ev Íevq b wbqš K wn m e KvR Ki e GKBfv e KvR Ki e hlv b ms vwu mivmwi mev cö`v bi mv _ RwoZ bq, mlv b Ab vb MÖvgxY cvwb mieivn cök í 4.2 cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± ii Rb RvZxq bxwzgvjv I KŠkjcÎmg~n cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m±i cwipvjbvi bxwzgvjv I KŠkjcÎmg~n cö_g Aa v q Dc vwcz n q Q bzzb bxwzgvjv I KŠkjc Îi Pvwn`v hvpvb ev we` gvb jvi ms kvab wel q AviI we køly wb P D jøl Kiv n jv RvZxq bxwzgvjvmg~n cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± i ez gv b `yõwu bxwzgvjv we` gvb: - RvZxq wbivc` cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb bxwzgvjv (NPSWSS) 1998; I 127

128 - RvZxq Av m wbk wbimb bxwzgvjv I ev Íevqb cwikíbv (NAMIP) 2004 wb P ez gvb I fwel Zi P v jämg~n gvkvwejvq bxwzgvjv `yõwui h_v_ Zv wel q Av jvpbv Kiv n jv RvZxq wbivc` cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb bxwzgvjv (NPSWSS), GwU bjk~c-cöwz e envikvixi Mo Kfv i Ri cöwÿ Z MÖvgxY cvwb mieivn Kfv ir jÿ gvîv Ges bmi GjvKvq kzkiv nv i mvwe K Kfv ir wba viy K i Q Z e mevi Yi w`k _ K MÖvgxY I bmi, Dfq GjvKvi Kfv ir Íi we epbv Kiv nqwb; - G Z Kfv ir Í ii jÿ gvîv `qv n q Q wkš G Z Kvb mgqmxgv ev m ú`-jf Zvi wel q wkqzb D jøl bb; - bxwzgvjvq vbxq mikvi cöwzôv bi Kv Q cökvmwbk I Avw_ K ÿgzv we K `ªxKi Yi D jøl Av Q wkš we K `ªxKi Yi cök Z cöwµqv m ú K wkqz ejv nqwb; - GwU we klzt cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± ii Rb wbqš YKvix KZ c ÿi cö qvrbxqzvi wel q Av jvkcvz K iwb Z e RvZxq cvwb e e vcbv cwikíbvq (NWMP) f~ñmf cvwb D Ëvj bi ( m Pi Rb ) Rb wbqš Y KvVv gvi mvaviy cö qvrbxqzvi wel q cö Íve ivlv n q Q; - bxwzgvjvq mikvwi ms v, emikvwi LvZ I GbwRIÕi f~wgkv I `vq-`vwqz wek`fv e ewy Z Av Q GUv wwwcgbpb K bz vbxq m±i ms v wn m e ^xkvi K i wb q cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb A½/wefvM Av Q `vzv-mnvqzvq ev ÍevwqZ Ggb cök í GjwRBwWÕi f~wgkv ivlvi cö Íve K i Q hv nvk, mikvwi ms v (wwwcgbpb, GjwRBwW) I vbxq mikvi cöwzôvb (BDwbqb cwil`, cšimfv I wmwu K c v ikb)-gi g a Kvi cövwzôvwbk e e vwu bxwzgvjvq KejgvÎ cö Íveg~jK ciez x Z RvwiK Z KŠkjcÎ ev mikvwi wb ` kbvmg~ n G `i f~wgkv I `vq-`vwqz mg~n cwi vfv e wba vwiz nqwb; - G Z Rb Mvôx _ K K `ªxq ch vq ch ší wewfbœ mn hvmxi g a mywba vwiz mgš^ qi e e v ivlv nqwb; Ges - cövq GK `k KiI ewk Av M G bxwzgvjv cöyxz ciez x Z Rjevqy cwiez b, cvwb wbivcëv cwikíbvi gz D zz wkqz iæz c~y mgm v Ges ^v m Z AvPvi cömv i ewa Z Rvi `qvi welq G Z AšÍf z³ Kivi cö qvrb `Lv w` q Q RvZxq Av m wbk wbimb bxwzgvjv I ev Íevqb cwikíbv (NAMIP) 2004 GwU Av m wbk mgm v wel q ZrKvjxb Áv bi wfwë Z cöyxz hv nvk, ez gv b G mgm v m ú K A bk ewk Ávb I úózv we` gvb, hv bxwzgvjvq GKxf~Z Kiv Avek K Av m wbk mgm v c _Kfv e Av jvwpz n q Q (cvwbi gvb msµvší Aby Q` 3.4 `ªóe ) RvZxq Lvevi cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb bxwzgvjv (NDWSSP), 1998 bxwzgvjvwui (NPSWSS) ev Íevq b AwaKZi AMÖMwZ AR b m e wqj, hw` Gwel q mywbw` ó mgqkvvv gv, Avw_ K eivï I mikvwi wb ` kbv G Z ms hvwrz _vk Zv AwaKš, GK `k KiI ewk Av M bxwzgvjvwu cöyxz Rjevqy cwiez b I cvwb wbivcëv cwikíbvi gz m± ii bzzb mgm v G Z cöwzdwjz nqwb ZeyI, jÿyxq h bxwzgvjvwu Z mvaviyfv e m± ii Awb úbœ wkqz mgm v we ewpz n q Q Zv m Ë I, bxwzgvjvwu bgbxq Ges Awb úbœ I bzzb mgm v mgvav b e e v MÖnY K AbyrmvwnZ K iwb 128

129 ev Íe Kvi YB G gyû Z bzzb bxwzgvjv cöyqb ev we` gvbwui ms kvab `ikvi bb ZvB NPSWSS AcwiewZ Z _vk Z cv i wkš, m± ii we` gvb I D zz P v jämg~n (wb P Av jvwpz) gvkvwejvi Rb Gi AvIZvq wkqz bzzb KŠkj cöyqb cö qvrb RvZxq Av m wbk wbimb bxwzgvjv I ev Íevqb cwikíbv (NPAMIP) 2004 Lvevi cvwb Z Av m wbk mgm v K m e v P AMÖvwaKvi w` q evsjv `k mikvi RvZxq Av m wbk wbimb bxwzgvjv (NPAM), 2004 I evsjv ` k Av m wbk wbimb ev Íevqb cwikíbv (IPAM), 2004 MÖnY K i bxwzgvjvq cvbxq Rj, ^v I K wl Lv Z Av m wbk wbimb wb ` wkkv cö`vb Kiv n q Q 2004 _ K G ch ší eû M elyv I wewb qvm cökí ev Íevq bi ci D jøl hvm fv e DbœZ n q Q Av m wbk msµgy, Gi Su ywk I wbimb e e v m ú K Ávb-Mwigv NPAMIP, 2004 wel q (WSP, 2009) GKwU ch v jvpbvq mycvwik Kiv n q Q h, RvZxq Av m wbk wbimb bxwzgvjv 2004 AÿZ _vk Z cv i Z e, Gi Abyl½x ev Íevqb cwikíbvwu c _K I cyb ivbœqb Kiv DwPZ 52 wpî 4.2 g Z cöwzwu cöavb gš Yvjq - K wl, ^v, vbxq mikvi (cvwb mieiv ni Rb ) I cvwb m ú` - Av m wbk wbim b c _K ev Íevqb cwikíbv cöyqb Ki e G mycvwi k bxwzmzfv e m Z n q Q cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb msµvší RvZxq dvivg ciez x c` ÿc wn m e GwU Aby gv` bi Rb gwš cwil` wefvm-g cöiy Kiv `ikvi wek e vs Ki cvwb I m vwb Ukb Kg m~wp (WSP) Zv `i ch v jvpbvkv j cvwb mieiv ni Rb Av m wbk wbimb Kvh µg ev Íevqb cwikíbvi (IPAM-WS) GKwU Lmov cöyqb K i m±i mn hvmxe ` KZ K LmovwU ch v jvpbv Ges GjwRwW KZ K Av m wbk msµvší mwpe KwgwU ev gwš cwil` wefv Mi Aby gv` bi Rb cöiy Kiv `ikvi ev Íevqb cwikíbvwu niqv `ikvi m úªwz RvBKv cwipvwjz mgxÿvi (2009) mycvwik Abyhvqx WSP ch v jvpbvi mycvwik g Z m±img~ ni g a Av m wbk mgm vi mgš^q Av m wbk welqk mwpe KwgwUi gva g niqv DwPZ wewfbœ gš Yvjq KZ K cöyxz Av m wbk ev Íevqb cwikíbv A_ vq bi Ges H mkj cwikíbv ev Íevq b DbœZ mgš^ qi Rb GKwU Av m wbk wbimb ZnwejI MVb Kiv h Z cv i GI mycvwik Kiv n Q h, cvwbm ú` e e vcbv welq K AšÍf y³ Ki Z KwgwUi Kg cwiwa evov bv Ges Ócvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb msµvší mwpe KwgwUÓ wn m e KwgwUi cybtbvgkiy Kiv h Z cv i 52 evsjv ` k Av m wbk wbimb ev Íevqb cwikíbv (IPAM): Av m wbk wbimb ev Íevqb cwikíbv ms kva bi Rb mycvwik (IPAM 2009), Peter Ravenscroft I KvRx gwzb Avn g`, WSP,

130 RvZxq Av m wbk wbimb bxwzgvjv evsjv ` k Av m wbk wbimb ev Íevqb cwikíbv cvwb mieivn ^v K wl cvwbm ú` IPAM-WS IPAM-H IPAM-A IPAM-WR vbxq mikvi, cjøx Dbœqb I mgevq gš Yvjq ^v I cwievi Kj vy gš Yvjq K wl gš Yvjq cvwbm ú` gš Yvjq wpî 4.2 Av m wbk wbim bi Rb bxwzgvjv I cwikíbvmg~ ni msmvb RvZxq cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb KŠkjcÎ Dch y³ bxwzgvjv KvVv gvi Aax b m± ii mywbw` ó mgm v ev welqmg~n gvkvwejvi Rb wkqz bzzb KŠkjcÎ cöyqb cöwµqvaxb Av Q Ab w` K `yõwu we` gvb KŠkjc Îi ms kvab I nvjbvmv` Kiv cö qvrb KŠkjcÎ jv RvZxq, m±i I mve- m±i ch v qi h `yõwu KŠkjcÎ ms kvab I nvjbvmv` Kiv `ikvi m jv n jv: K) RvZxq m vwb Ukb KŠkjcÎ (NSS), 2005; I L) cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb welqk `wi`ª-mnvqk KŠkjcÎ (PPSWSS), 2005 cöyqbvaxb RvZxq KŠkjcÎmg~n: M) RvZxq cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb e q-eèb KŠkjcÎ; N) RvZxq `ym g GjvKv I Rb Mvôxi Rb KŠkjcÎ; O) cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb welqk RvZxq ^v wkÿv cömvi KŠkjcÎ Zrm Ë I, m± ii mkj mgm v ev welq we` gvb ev cwikwíz KŠkjc Îi AvIZvi g a Av mwb D`vniY ^iƒc, m vwb Uk bi Rb KŠkjcÎ Av Q, wkš cvwb mieiv ni Rb bb cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± i A bk jv KŠkjc Îi Dcw wz cövqktb MÖvgxY I bmi GjvKvq Dbœqb Kg KvÐ ev ÍevqbKv j wøav-ø Øi m wó K i Abyiƒcfv e GUv Kg x `i Rb I evowz Sv gjv KviY, Zuv `i K A bk jv KŠkjcÎ ch v jvpbv I AbymiY Kivi cö qvrb nq ZvB we` gvb I cöyqbvaxb KŠkjcÎmg~n mnrzi Ges `yõwu mve- m± ii Rb wb Pi `yõwu mywbw` ó KŠkjc Î cybm Vb Kiv Avek K: - RvZxq bmi cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb KŠkjcÎ; I - RvZxq MÖvgxY cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb KŠkjcÎ 130

131 hw`i D`xqgvb mgm vi Dc hvmx Ki Z KŠkjcÎ jv ek bgbxq niqv DwPZ, Z`ycwi m jv cöwz cuvpeqi AšÍi b~ bzg GKevi ch v jvwpz I nvjbvmv`k Z niqv evãbxq KŠkjcÎ jv mikvwi ms v, GbwRI I emikvwi LvZmn mkj mn hvmx KZ K Abym Z n e Dc i ewy Z KŠkjc Îi cö qvrbxqzvi wel q GjwRwW, wwwcgbpb, mkj Iqvmv, wmwu K c v ikb I cšimfv K wb q Av qvwrz cuvpwu GKvšÍ Kg kvjvq cöavb cöavb mn hvmx `i mv _ Av jvpbv n q Q I Zuviv GKwU HKg Z DcYxZ n q Q (cwiwkó 6 `Lyb) RvZxq bmi cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb KŠkjcÎ cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± ii Dbœq b KŠkjcÎwU GjwRwW, wwwcgbpb, GjwRBwW, mkj Iqvmv, wmwu K c v ikb I cšimfvi f~wgkv I `vq-`vwqz cwi vifv e ey bv Ki e GwU gvbjdjkmn ms vi I mÿgzv e w Kg m~wpi iƒc ilv ˆZwi Ki e KŠkjc Îi wkqz Dcv`vb mvaviy cök wzi I bmivâ ji Rb cö hvr Ab Dcv`vb jv Iqvmv, wmwu K c v ikb I cšimfv-wbw` ó cökvmwbk I mvgvwrk-mvs wzk w`k _ K cve Z PÆMÖvg Abb ˆewk ó i n ji GjvKvwUi Rb I mywbw` ó Dcv`v bii Avek KZv Av Q G jv wb P D jøl Kiv n jv mvaviy: 1. cwipvjbvmz I e e vcbv `ÿzv Dbœq bi Rb Awej ^ c` ÿc MÖnY: K) 2015 I 2020 m bi g a wnmve-ewnf yz cvwbi (UfW) cwigvy h_vµ g Kgc ÿ 25 I 20 kzvs k bvwg q Avbv; L) A ea ms hvm I jvb b wq`ª wpwýzkiy I Gi weiæ e e v MÖnY Ges AcPq wbqš Y; M) cy iv bv I ÎæwUc~Y cvbcjvbb cöwz vcb; I N) Drm I Rv b evé wguvi vcbmn weziy Rvb e e vcbv cöez b; 2. cvwb wbivcëv cwikíbvmn Kg m~wp cwikíbv Ges cwipvjbv I msiÿ Y Rb Mvôx K m ú ³ Kiv; 3. wb œ Av qi Rb Mvôxi Pvwn`v c~i Y we kl ` wó cö`vb; 4. mkj fv³vi Rb cvwbi wguvi vcb I mevi cök Z e q cöwzdwjz Ki Z cömwzkxj cvwb ïée e v (progressive tariff structure) cöwzôv Kiv hw`i `wi`ª `i Rb wbivcëv eóbx cö`vb Kiv n e; 5. mkj m±i mn hvmx KZ K WASH cömv ii Rb IEC wb ` wkkvi cö qvm wbwðz Kiv; 6. eûgylx Pvwn`v c~i Y UKmB cöhyw³ D ve bi Rb M elyv I Dbœqb Kvh µg (R&D) cwipvjbv; 7. Rb Mvôx, vbxq mikvi I K `ªxq ch v q cwiexÿy I mgš^q c wz cöwzôv; 8. cwi ek myiÿv, Rjevqy cwiez bi mv _ Lvc-LvB q bqv I `y h vm mwnòyzv e w i Rb m±i cöwzôvb I Rb Mvôxi mÿgzv e w ; I 9. fwel Z e vck f~wgkv MÖn Yi Rb emikvwi LvZ K Drmvn I mnvqzv cö`vb Kiv Iqvmv wbw` ó: 1. cwipvjbv I mvsmvwbk KvVv gv kw³kvjx Ki Z Askx`vwiZ g~jk KvVv gv Pzw³ ev Íevqb, Avw_ K e e vcbv mÿgzv Dbœqb I mevcö`vb e e v ervq ivlv wmwu K c v ikb I cšimfv wbw` ó: 1. ebrjvbb Rwic cwipvjbv I wbqwgz nvjbvmv` K i GKwU Z_ fvðvi M o Zvjv; 2. cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb mevi gv bvbœq b GKwU wb ew`z Znwej cöwzôv Kiv mev`vbkvix `i Kg m úv`b n e Znwe j AwfMg Zvi wfwë; 3. wb œewy Z ÿ Î wmwu K c v ikb I cšimfvmg~n K wwwcgbpbõi mnvqzv cö`vb: K) f~wge envi cwikíbvmn GKwU gv vi cwikíbv cöyqb; L) cwipvjbv I Avw_ K e e vcbv mvg_ e w ; M) cvwbi 131

132 wguvi vcb; N) cvbcjvbb givgz, AcPq I wj KR wbqš Y Ges cvwb mieivne e v DbœZKiY; O) fv³vi mev cö`vb (customer care service) I MÖvnK m úk Dbœqb; I P) mcwuk U vsk I MZ cvqlvbv n Z Mv`/eR AcmviY (sludge disposal) e e vcbvi Dbœqb; 4. ms hvm wew QbœKiY ÿgzv cö`vbmn AMÖvwaKvi wfwë Z cvwb I m vwb Ukb ïé Av`v q AvDU mvwm s e e v cöez b cve Z PÆMÖvg wbw` ó: 1. cve Z PÆMÖvg-wbw` ó KŠkjMZ w`k jv Aby Q` G ewy Z Ges G jv KŠkjcÎ cöyq bi mgq we epbv Ki Z n e RvZxq MÖvgxY cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb KŠkjcÎ bmi DcLv Zi gz MÖvgxY DcLv ZI e vck I mywbw` ó (focused) Dbœq bi Rb GKwU Dc hvmx KŠkjcÎ cö qvrb MÖvgxY KŠkjc Îi wb œ cö`ë Dcv`vb jv mvaviy cök wzi Dc ii ey bvbyhvqx MÖvgxY KŠkjc Îi Rb cve Z PÆMÖvgwfwËK Dcv`vb jvi we epbv Kiv n e Dcv`vb jv wb œiƒc: 1. wwwcgbpb-rvbkv cwipvwjz mgxÿv 2010-Gi gva g wpwýz D P Av m wbk msµwgz GjvKvq Awej ^ wbimbg~jk Kvh µg MÖnY; 2. MÖvgxY cvwb mieivn I m vwb Uk b cöavb f~wgkv-cvjbkvix wn m e emikvwi LvZ K Drmvn cö`vb Ae vnz ivlv; 3. BDwbqb cwil `i Rb Dbœqb cwikíbv cöyqb; 4. cöavbzt `yõai Yi cvwb I m vwb Ukb Pvwn`v c~i Y wfbœ wfbœ cš v Aej ^b: K) hme mgm v fšmwjkfv e e vck we Í Z ( hgb, Av m wbk I f~-mf cvwb Íi b g hviqv), I L) wewfbœ mgm vwfwëk ( hgb, `ym g GjvKv I bvryk Rb Mvôx); 5. mkj m±i mn hvmx KZ K WASH cömv ii Rb IEC wb ` wkkvi cö qvm wbwðzkiy; 6. MÖvgxY GjvKvq wwwcgbpb KZ K mivmwi cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb cökí ev Íevqb 2015 m bi g a cöz vnvi wbwðzkiy wkš, KejgvÎ MÖvgxY cvbcevwnz cvwb mieivn GjvKv, Av m wbk msµwgz GjvKv I `ym g GjvKvi gz KŠkjMZ mskuvcbœ GjvKvq m ú ³Zv Ae vnz ivlvi AbygwZ cö`vb; 7. mikvwi ms v, GbwRI ev emikvwi Lv Zi gva g BDwbqb GjvKvq ev ÍevwqZ mkj cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb cökí BDwbqb IqvUmvb KwgwU/BDwbqb cwil` KZ K Aby gv`b wbwðzkiy GQvovI cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m úwk Z mkj Dbœqb Kg KvÐ mgš^q I cwiexÿy Dc Rjv ch v q cwikíbvmg~n Dc Rjv IqvUmvb KwgwU/Dc Rjv cwil` KZ K cixwÿz I g~j vwqz n e; 8. eûgylx Pvwn`v c~i Y UKmB cöhyw³ D ve bi Rb M elyv I Dbœqb (R&D) cwipvjbv; 9. Rb Mvôx, vbxq mikvi I K `ªxq ch v q cwiexÿy I mgš^q c wz cöwzôv; I 10. cwi ek myiÿv, Rjevqy cwiez bi mv _ Lvc-LvB q bqv I `y h vm mwnòyzv e w i Rb m±i cöwzôvb I Rb Mvôxi mÿgzv e w 4.3 bzzb m±i Dbœqb Kg -KvVv gv wpî 1.2-G we` gvb AvBb, bxwzgvjv, KŠkjcÎ I cwikíbvmg~n mgš^ q cöyxz ez gvb m±i Dbœqb Kg - KvVv gv Dc vwcz n q Q GmwWwcÕi mv _ mvgäm c~y Ggb bzzb ev ms kvwaz AvBb, bxwzgvjv, KŠkjcÎ I cwikíbvmn Awf cöz m±i Dbœqb Kg -KvVv gv wpî 4.3-G `Lv bv n jv cvi úwik Zzjbvi D Ï k I we` gvb jv Dc vcb Kiv n q Q 132

133 we` gvb AvBwb `wjj, bxwzgvjv, KŠkjcÎ I cwikíbvm~n SDP Ges Gi mv _ mvgäm c~y AvBwb `wjj, bxwzgvjv, KŠkjcÎ I cwikíbvmg~n WSS m±i wfwëk: Iqvmv AvBb, 1996 WSS LvZ m úwk Z: - cwi ek msiÿy AvBb, 1995 I cwi ek msiÿy wewagvjv, 1997 WSS m±i cövdvbj: cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb bxwzgvjv 1998 Av m wbk bxwzgvjv I ev Íevqb cwikíbv 2004 WSS m±i m úwk Z: RvZxq cvwb bxwzgvjv, 1998 AvBwb `wjj (AvBb, wewagvjv I cöweavbgvjvmg~n) bxwzgvjvmg~n WSS LvZ wfwëk: cvwb mev AvBb (bzzb) Iqvmv AvBb, 1996 WSS m±i m úwk Z: cvwb AvBb (bzzb) cwi ek msiÿy AvBb, 1995 I cwi ek msiÿy wewagvjv, 1997 (ms kvwaz) WSS LvZ wfwëk: cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb bxwzgvjv, 1998 Av m wbk bxwzgvjv I cwikíbv 2004 (cwikíbv ms kvwaz) WSS LvZ m úwk Z: RvZxq cvwb bxwzgvjv 1998 WSS LvZ wfwëk: m vwb Ukb KŠkjcÎ, 2005 `wi`ª-mnvqk KŠkjcÎ, 2005 WSS LvZ wfwëk: m±i Dbœqb cwikíbv 2005 KŠkjmg~n cwikíbvmg~n WSS LvZ wfwëk: RvZxq bmi WSS KŠkjcÎ (bzzb) RvZxq MÖvgxY WSS KŠkjcÎ (bzzb) WSS LvZ wfwëk: m±i Dbœqb cwikíbv, A_ eqi : ^í, ga I `xn gqvw` wpî 4.3 Awf cöz m±i Dbœqb Kg -KvVv gv 133

134 Aa vq 5 m± ii mvg_ e w mÿgzv e w cwi ek, msmvb I e w³ G wzbwu ch v q n Í ÿc ev ga ewë Zvi mv _ m úwk Z G Aa v q mvg_ e w i msáv I wzb ch v qi n Í ÿ ci e vl v cö`vb Ges GjwRwW I Gi Aaxb ms v jvi mvg_ e w wel q ` wó wbe Kiv n q Q Lye ms ÿ c Aa vqwu wewfbœ ms vi mvsmvwbk KvVv gv ey bv, ez gvb I fwel Z Kvh µ gi weeiy cö`vb Ges msmvb I e w³i mÿgzv e w i Rb cö hvr Kg KvÐ Dc vcb K i Q Avkv Kiv hv Q h, GbwRI I emikvwi Lv Zi gz m± ii Ab vb ms v jvi GmwWwc Z Zv `i Rb mycvwikk Z `vq-`vwq Z i mv _ m½wzc~y K i wb R `i mvg_ e w i D ` vm MÖnY Ki e 5.1 msáv I mvg_ e w i Íi RvwZmsN Dbœqb Kg m~wpõi (UNDP 2007) msáv Abyhvqx, mvg_ n jv Ó vwqz kxj c wz Z Kg m úv`b, mgm v mgvavb Ges D Ïk wba viy I AR bi Rb e w³, cöwzôvb I mgv Ri mÿgzv Ó 53 G msávbymv i cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± ii mvg_ e w Z wzb-ch v qi Kvh µg we ewpz n e: - cwi ek; - msmvb; I - e w³ cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± i cwi ek ch v q cö qvrbxq Kvh µg, hgb: AvBbMZ I bxwzmz KvVv gvmg~n PZz_ Aa v q we ÍvwiZ ewy Z Av Q cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m±i ewnf ~Z Ab vb cwi ek ch v qi we ep welqmg~n, hgb: A_ bwzk, mvgvwrk, mvs wzk, ivr bwzk, cökvmwbk I AvBwb Dcv`vb jvi m± ii mvd j i Rb mgvb iæz c~y mvg_ e w Kg m~wp cwikíbv I ev Íevq bi mgq G jv we epbv Ki Z n e cwi ek-msµvší Dcv`vb jvi g a mykvmb iæz c~y f~wgkv cvjb K i ^ QZv, Revew`wnZv, ms e`bkxjzv I `ÿzvi bxwzi wfwë Z AviI fvj Dbœqb djvdj AR bi Rb mykvm bi cömvi K mikvi AMÖvwaKvi w` Q mywbw` ófv e NSAPR-II (A_ eqi ) g Z, mykvmb cömv i Avek K Ggb 10wU ÿ Îi ZvwjKv mikvi wpwýz K i Q m jv n jv: (1) mikvwi Avw_ K e e vcbvmn mikv ii Revew`wnZv wbwðz Ki Z msm`xq c wz DbœZ Kiv; (2) vbxq mikvi e e v kw³kvjxkiy; (3) wmwfj mvwf m ms v ii gva g Rb mev c wzmg~n cybm Vb I kw³kvjxkiy; (4) we klzt `wi`ª, bvix I Ab vb bvryk Rb Mvôxi Rb AvBwb I wepvwik e e vi ms vimvab; (5) Z_ cöhyw³wbf i (e-governance) kvmbe e vi cömvi; (6) `yb xwz `gb; (7) gvbevwakvi wbwðzkiy; (8) m úªwz cöyxz Z_ AwaKvi AvBb, 2009-Gi wfwë Z Z _ MY- AwfMg Zv wbwðzkiy; (9) cökí ev Íevqb mvg_ e w ; I (10) m±ivj mykvmb 54 DbœZ Kiv 53 mvg_ hvpvb c wz e envikvix wb ` wkkv, RvwZmsN Dbœqb Kg m~wp (BDGbwWwc), g c UzqvW m PÄ ev cwiez bgylx c` ÿc: RvZxq `ªæZ `vwi`ª we gvpb KŠkjcÎ-2 (ms kvwaz), A_ eqi , MYcÖRvZš x evsjv `k mikvi, ww m ^i 2009 Ges evsjv `k Kvw Uª mnvqzv KŠkjcÎ , wek e vsk, AvMó

135 e 5.1 mvg_ e w i Íimg~n Environment cwi ek msmvb Organization Individual e w³ (BD b v-mvg_ e w i Rb AvšÍR vwzk Bbw wudu, Avwd«Kv 2006 KZ K cöyxz mvg_ e w KvVv gv _ K bqv ) mÿgzvi Íi cwi ek msmvb e w³ (ev gvbem ú` Dbœqb) mvg _ i msáv I Dcv`vbmg~n h jvi wfwë Z mvg_ e w N U e w³ I msmvb ch v q mvg _ i ewntcökv ki Rb cö qvrbxq cwi ek I Ae v Kvb GKwU cöwzôv bi evb i bxwz I KŠkjcÎmg~n ˆZwi/ev Íevq bi Rb cö qvrbxq c wz I KvVv gv Gi AšÍf y³ G Z cwi e ki A bk jv w`k _v K hgb: wewfbœ cöwzôvb, cökvmwbk, AvBbMZ, cöhyw³mz, ivr bwzk, A_ bwzk, mvgvwrk I mvs wzk ÿ Î `vwqz eèb G jv mvg_ e w i cö Póvi Kvh KvwiZv I vwqz kxjzv K jÿyxqfv e cöfvwez K i msmv bi Kg KvÐ K cöfvwez Ki e Ggb h Kvb wkqz K evsvq Gi g a Av Q: gvbem ú` (msmv b e w³i mvg_ ); fšzm ú` (myweavw`, mvr-miävg I e ) I cuywr; eyw e wëk m ú`, e e vcbv, c wz e e vcbv ( hgb: mgm v mgvavb `ÿzv, wm vší MÖnY cöwµqv I hvmv hvm); AvšÍtcÖvwZôvwbK ms hvm (D`vniY ^iƒc, buiqvk I Askx`vwiZ ); Avw_ K Drmvn I cyi vi e e v; msmvbmz ms wz I bz Z Kvb GKRb e w³i wbr ^ Ávb I `ÿzv e envi K i D Ïk wba viy I Zv AR b Kivi B Qv I ÿgzv e w³mz mvg_ e w ej Z gvbem ú` Dbœqb K eysvq Gi g a Ávb, `ÿzv, g~j eva, ` wófw½, ^v I m PZbZv AšÍf z³ wewfbœ Dcv q, hgb: AvbyôvwbK, AbvbyôvwbK I/ev DcvbyôvwbK wkÿv, cöwkÿy I Kv Ri g a cöwkÿ Yi gva g Gi Dbœqb n Z cv i c ii Aby Q` jv Z GjwRwW Ges Gi Aaxb ms v (mikvwi I vbxq mikvi) I e w³m Yi mvg_ e w we køly Kiv n q Q m± ii Ab vb ms v, hgb: GbwRImg~n I emikvwi Lv Zi ÿ Î Avkv Kiv hvq h, Zviv GmwWwc Z cö`ë wb ` kbv ev mycvwik Abyhvqx wb R `i mvg_ e w i D ` vm MÖnY Ki e 5.2 msmvb I e w³i mvg_ e w GmwWwc cöyqbkv j mvg_ e w i `yõwu cöavb bxwz we ewpz nq, h_v: (K) msmvbmg~n KZ K gvwjkvbvi iæz K Rviv jv Kiv; I L) mvg_ e w K `xn gqvw` cöwµqv 55 wn m e ^xk wz `qv Z`vbyhvqx, m± ii cöavb ms v jvi mv _ wbweo civgk g~jk Av jvpbv Kiv n q Q mlv b Ab vb wel qi g a ez gvb I fwel Z f~wgkv, `vq-`vwqz Ges mvg_ e w i Pvwn`v m ú K mg SvZv nq (cwiwkó 6-G m±i ms v jvi mg SvZv wee wz Z we ÍvwiZ `Lyb) c ii Aby Q` jv Z vbxq mikvi wefvm (GjwRwW) Ges Gi Aaxb ms vmg~n (mikvwi I vbxq mikvi) I e w³m Yi mvg_ e w we ÍvwiZfv e we køly Kiv n q Q 55 BD b v-mÿgzv e w i Rb AvšÍR vwzk Bbw wudu, Avwd«Kv

136 5.2.1 mikvwi ms v jvi mvsmvwbk KvVv gv m±i K bxwz-wb ` kbv `qvi Rb vbxq mikvi wefvm (GjwRwW) mvwe Kfv e ÿgzvcövß GjwRwW Zvi Aaxb ms v jvi gva g bxwzgvjv, cwikíbv I Dbœqb Kg m~wpmg~ ni ev ÍevqbI cwiexÿy K i _v K vbxq mikvi wefvm Local Government Division Awa`ßivaxb ms vmg~n Avav- ^vqz kvwmz ms vmg~n vbxq mikvi cöwzôvbmg~n Line agencies Semi-autonomous agencies Local Government Institutions bmi URBAN MÖvgxY RURAL wwwcgbpb GjwRBwW Iqvmvmg~n - XvKv Iqvmv - PÆMÖvg Iqvmv - Lyjbv Iqvmv DPHE LGED WASAs Dhaka WASA Chittagong WASA Khulna WASA 6 x City Corporations 308 x Paurashavas - 7wU wmwu K c v ikb - 308wU cšimfv 64x Zila Parishad 482x Upazila Parishad 4,466 x Union Parishad - 64wU Rjv cwil` - 482wU Dc Rjv cwil` - 4,466 BDwbqb cwil` wpî 5.1: vbxq mikvi wefvm-gi Aaxb ms v jvi mvsmvwbk KvVv gv GjwRwWÕi Aax b wzb ai Yi ms v Av Q, h_v: (1) wwwcgbpb I GjwRBwW mgš^ q Awa`ßivaxb ms vmg~n (line agencies); (2) Avav- ^vqz kvwmz ms vmg~n, hgb: wzbwu Iqvmv; Ges (3) MÖvgxY I bmivâ ji vbxq mikvi cöwzôvbmg~n cvwb I m vwb Uk b RvZxq dvkvj c q U wn m e wwwcgbpb bmi I MÖvgv j m ú ³ Iqvmvmg~n, bmi vbxq mikvi cöwzôvbmg~ n (wmwu K c v ikb I cšimfvmg~n) I GjwRBwW bmivâ j KvR K i 7wU wmwu K c v ik bi g a XvKv, PUªMÖvg, Lyjbv wmwu K c v ikb jv cvwb I m vwb Uk bi KvR ` L bv KviY Gme bmix Z Iqvmv Av Q m úªwz ivrkvnx bmix ZI Iqvmv cöwzôv Kiv n q Q vbxq mikvi cöwzôvb jv MÖvg GjvKvq mnvqzv hvmvb `q (g~jz: Dc Rjv cwil` I BDwbqb cwil`, ez gv b Rjv cwil` Kvh Ki bb) vbxq mikvi wefvm (LGD) KvVv gv I Kg KvÐ wm vší MÖnY, cwikíbv cöyqb, Avw_ K mgv ek I eivïmn A bk jv KvR K i _v K GjwRwW ms v I cöwzôvb jvi Rb Kvh Ki wewagvjv, cöweavbgvjv, wb ` wkkvmg~n I Kvh wewa cöyq bi cvkvcvwk m jvi ev Íevqb ZË veavb, cwiexÿy I g~j vqb GjwRwWÕi iæz c~y KvR AwaKš, GjwRwW bxwzmz wm vší, m±i eivï I Znwej ms v bi KvR jv Z cwikíbv Kwgk bi mv _ gzwewbgq K i GQvovI gzwewbgq nq cökí cövk-g~j vqb (appraisal), Aby gv`b, cwiexÿy I g~j vq b GwU cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m±i Kg m~wpi Rb m ú` mgv e k A_ gš Yvj qi A_ bwzk m úk wefv Mi (ERD) gva g Dbœqb mn hvmx `i mv _ hvmv hvm iÿv I mg SvZv K i GKRb mwp ei bz Z PviwU Abywefv Mi gva g GjwRwW cwipvwjz nq cöwzwu Abywefv Mi cöavb wn m e `vwqz cvjb K ib GKRb hym -mwpe AbywefvM jvi Aaxb ms v I cöwzôvbmg~n wb œiƒc: 136

137 - cökvmwbk AbywefvM: cökvmb I AwWU Ges Rjv cwil`, Dc Rjv cwil` I BDwbqb cwil`; - Dbœqb AbywefvM: wmwu K c v ikbmg~n, cšimfvmg~n I GjwRBwW; - cwiexÿy, g~j vqb I cwi`k b AbywefvM; Ges - cvwb mieivn AbywefvM: wwwcgbpb, XvKv, PUªMÖvg, Lyjbv I ivrkvnx Iqvmvmg~n GKRb cökí cwipvj Ki bz Z PSU cvwb mieivn Abywefv Mi Aax b b Í GwU ez gv b cökí wn m e cwipvwjz (WvwbWvÕi Avw_ K mnvqzvq) n Q GjwRwW 2014 m bi g a PSU K vqx BDwbUiƒ c A½xf~Z K i wb Z bxwzmzfv e m Z n q Q nvbmviqvõi b vq D vebxg~jk cökíi ev Íevqb Ki Q GjwRwW nvbmviqv dvð evsjv `k Kv úvwb AvBb, 1994-Gi AvIZvq cöwzwôz Ges GKwU wb ew`z Znwe ji gva g cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb Kg m~wp ev Íevq b A_ vqb K i _v K cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb msµvší GjwRwWÕi ez gvb I fwel Z Kvh µg wb P D jøl Kiv n jv: ez gvb Kg KvÐ bxwzgvjv I KŠkjmg~n cöyqb Ges m±i mgš^q I cwiexÿymn m± ii mvwe K cwipvjbv; Aaxb ms v/g RwÝ I cöwzôvbmg~n K cökvmwbk I bxwzmz mnvqzv cö`vb fwel Z Kg KvÐ GbwRI I emikvwi LvZmn m±i mn hvmx `i Kvh µ gi AwaKZi mgš^q I mnvqzvi gva g mvwe K cwipvjbv Ae vnz ivlv; Aaxb G RwÝ I cöwzôvbmg~n K cökvmwbk I bxwzmz mnvqzv cö`vb Ae vnz ivlv; SDP ev Íevq bi gva g cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± ii KvVv gvmz Dbœqb cwipvjbv I mnvqzv Kiv GjwRwWÕi mvg_ e w cwikíbv Dch y³ Kvh µg m úv` bi j ÿ wb œewy Z e e vmg~n MÖnY Kiv cö qvrb: - mg SvZv Abyhvqx 2014 m bi g a PSU K GjwRwWÕi vqx mvsmvwbk KvVv gvfz³ Kiv; - SDP ev Íevqb I cwiexÿy K kw³kvjxkiy; - m±i G RwÝmg~ ni (wwwcgbpb, GjwRBwW I Iqvmvmg~n) Kv Q hzuzkz m e cökvmwbk I Avw_ K ÿgzv we K `ªxKiY; - ez gvb I fwel Z P v jä gvkvwejvi Rb m±i G RwÝmg~n, we kl K i wwwcgbpbõi cybm Vb I Kg x ms v b mnvqzv cö`vb; I - m±i IqvBW G v cövp (SWAp) ïiæi gva g A_ vqb, ev Íevqb, cöwz e`b I cwiexÿy e e vi cybwe b vmkiy Rb ^v cö KŠkj Awa`ßi (DPHE) KvVv gv I Kg KvÐ NPSDWSS Abyhvqx wwwcgbpb cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± i RvZxq dvkvj G RwÝ GwU Iqvmvi AvIZvaxb GjvKv e ZxZ MÖvgxY I bmi GjvKvq cvwb I m vwb Ukb myweavw`i cwikíbv I ev Íevq b RwoZ wwwcgbpb wmwu K c v ikb, cšimfv I BDwbqb cwil`mg~ ni mn hvwmzvq ev Íevqb KvR m úbœ K i Rjv ch v q wbe vnx cö KŠkjx I Dc Rjv ch v q Dc-mnKvix cö KŠkjxi gva g Z Yg~ ji mv _ hvmv hvm ervq iv L 137

138 wwwcgbpb cö Z K Dc Rjvq Gi PviRb K i bjk~c wgw I (g vkvwbk) Av Q b f ^i 2009-Gi bzzb mvsmvwbk KvVv gv Abyhvqx, wwwcgbpbõi gäywik Z Rbej n Q 7,052 Rb Gi g a 444 Rb cö_g köyxi cö KŠkjx, 652 Rb wøzxq köyxi cö KŠkjx (Dc-mnKvix cö KŠkjx) gäywik Z c `i g a 242 Rb cö_g kªyxi cö KŠkjxmn (mnkvix cö KŠkjx) m úªwz Aby gvw`z (bzzb AM v bvmövg) 363 Rb bzzb Kg xi Av Q GKRb mnkvix cö KŠkjx `yõwu ev wzbwu Dc Rjvi `vwq Z _vk eb bzzb Kg x wb qvm GL bv cöwµqvaxb n ji, mv úªwzk Rbej e w wwwcgbpbõi gvv ch v qi kw³ K Rvi`vi Ki Z mÿg n e wwwcgbpbõi ez gvb I fwel Z cöavb cöavb Kg KvÐmg~n: ez gvb Kg KvÐ RvZxq wbivc` cvwbi Dr mi Rb cvwb f~-zvwë K AbymÜvb I cövk wzk `y h v Mi mgq Riæwi e e v MÖnY; GwU mxwgzfv e cvwbi gvb cwiexÿy Ges Dc hvmx cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb cöhyw³i Rb R&D Kvh µg cwipvjbv K i bmi vbxq mikvi cöwzôvbmg~ ni mv _ hš_fv e cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb cökí cwikíbv Ges ev Íevqb MÖvgxY BDwbqb cwil `i civgk µ g cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb cökí ev Íevqb fwel Z Kg KvÐ RvZxq wbivc` cvwbi Dr mi Rb cvwb f~-zvwë K AbymÜvb I cövk wzk `y h v Mi mgq Riæwi e e v MÖnY Ae vnz ivlv; f~-mf cvwb Íi, cvwbi gvb cwiexÿy I cvwb wbivcëv cwikíbvmn RvZxq cvwbi gvb cwiexÿy I mvwf jý Kiv, R&D Kvh µg kw³kvjx Kiv Ges Rbm PZbZvg~jK cöpvi KvR Pvjv bv; vbxq mikvi cöwzôvbmg~ ni mv _ civgk µ g KŠkjMZfv e `ym g GjvKvq cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb cökí ev Íevqb; RvZxq cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb Z_ fvûvi nvjbvmv`kiy I msiÿy; GjwRwWÕi c ÿ f~-c ô I f~-mf Dr mi cvwb e env i civgk cö`vb I cwiexÿy bmi cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb cökí cwikíbv I ev Íevq b Ges cvwb wbivcëv cwikíbvmn e e vw` `ÿfv e cwipvjbvq vbxq mikvi cöwzôvbmg~n K KvwiMwi mnvqzv cö`vb; mevi gvb wba vi Y I mevi Íi cwiexÿ Y GjwRwW/wbqvgK ms v K mnvqzv Kiv MÖvgxY BDwbqb cwil `i civgk µ g KejgvÎ `ym g GjvKvq cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb cökí ev Íevqb; Rb Mvôxi mv _ civgk µ g xg cöyqb I G v cöbwrs-gi gz cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb msµvší KvR jv Z BDwbqb cwil` I Dc Rjv cwil` K KvwiMwi mn hvwmzv cö`vb; DbœZ m vwb Ukb I cvwb wbivcëv cwikíbvi gz mevmg~ ni gvb Dbœq b mnvqzv `qv; e emv Dbœqb I cöhyw³ wbe vp b KvwiMwi mn hvwmzv cö`v bi gva g emikvwi LvZ I e w³my K mnvqzv Kiv bz vbxq m±i G RwÝ wn m e, m± ii UKmB Dbœq b wwwcgbpbõi mvsmvwbk kw³ gyl welq 2009 m b Aby gvw`z wwwcgbpbõi mvsmvwbk KvVv gv ch v jvpbvq wb œwjwlz ÿîmg~ n cyb ivbœq bi cö qvrbxqzv Zz j a i: 138

139 - bzyb KvVv gvwu cyivzbwuib AwaKZi ewa Z ms iy gvî wemz Pvi `kk a i e vck MÖvgxY cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb Kg m~wp K mnvqzv cö`v bi Rb GwU ch vqµ g M o Zvjv n qwqj bzzb KvVv gvwu bmi cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb Kg m~wpi ( hgb, bmi mev e e vcbv) we` gvb I fwel Z P v jämg~n gvkvwejvq cö qvrbxq Kg x ms vb I `ÿzvi wel q ch vß ` wó `q wb; - AwZwi³ cöavb cö KŠkjx (cvwbm ú`) I ZË veavqk cö KŠkjx (m ve Zv mgxÿv I bkkv)-gi bzzb c ` wb qv Mi mv _ mv _ m`i `ß ii cwikíbv I AbymÜvb mvg_ e o Q wkš, bzzb AM v bvmöv g R&D wefvm K kw³kvjx bv K i eis ev` `qvuv GKwU iæzi ÎæwU; - cyiv bvwui gz bzzb KvVv gv Ówmwfj BwÄwbqviÓ AvwaK wbf i Ab welqávb _ K (discipline) LyeB mxwgz msl K Kg KZ v AšÍf z³ Kiv n q Q ( hgb: ZË veavqk cö KŠkjx, cwikíbv mv K ji Aax b GKwU DaŸ Zb mvgvwrk Dbœqb Kg KZ v, wzbwu mvgvwrk Dbœqb Kg KZ v I `yõwu mnkvix (?) gwnjv Dbœqb Kg KZ v) Kv Ri cwiwa I c wz wel q bzzb P v jä gvkvwejvi Rb A_ bxwzwe` I nvbwrb we kl Ái gz c` jv mgš^ q eûgylx welqwfwëk `j MV bi D Ïk wu Kvh Z nvwi q M Q; Ges - gvbem ú` Dbœqb I cvwbi gvb we køly KvVv gv Ges c` jv AviI kw³kvjx Kiv cö qvrb wwwcgbpb I Gi Kg x `i mvg_ e w cwikíbv Dch y³ Kg KvÐ m úv` bi Rb wb œewy Z welq jvi cöwz bri `qv cö qvrb: - vbxq mikvi cöwzôvbmg~n, we klzt wmwu K c v ikb I cšimfv K mnvqzv w` Z DØy Kivi Rb wwwcgbpbõi mvsmvwbk KvVv gv cybm Vb Kiv bzzbfv e Aby gvw`z mswkøó Kg x `i bmi cvwb I m vwb Ukb wel q cöwkÿy Ges wmwu K c v ikb I cšimfvq `vwqz `qv h Z cv i; - we ewpz bzzb KŠk ji mv _ mvgäm c~y ivlvi ^v _ we` gvb Kg x `i ch vqµwgkfv e cybwb qvm `vb gvv ch v qi Kg x `i AwaKZi cöpviyvg~jk Kv R m ú ³ Ki Z Zuv `i `vwqz mb` (charter) ms kvab Kiv hgb: gkvwbk `i c`ex I `vwqz cwiez b K i WweøDGmGm gvwu fui ivlv h Z cv i; - KŠkjcÎ g Z, 2015 mb _ K cöz ÿfv e MÖvgxY cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb cökí ev Íevqb _ K wb R `i wu q bqv wkš, 2020 mb ch ší MÖvgxY cvbcevwnz cvwb, Av m wbk `~ly, cvwb `y úövc I eb v cöey Ges KŠkjMZ `ym g GjvKvq m vwb Ukb, BZ vw` Kvh µg Ae vnz ivlv; - `ÿzvi mv _ `vwqz m úv` bi Rb cö qvrbxq wb ` wkkv, c wz I Kvh wewa cöyqb Kiv; Ges - m± ii Kvh µg ev Íevq bi Rb wbr ^ mvg_ Dbœq b GKwU mgwš^z gvbem ú` Dbœqb Kg m~wp MÖnY Gi g a vbxq mikvi cöwzôvbmg~n K mnvqzv cö`vb I mvg_ e w I AšÍf z³ G Zv`y Ï k bem ó gvbem ú` Dbœqb mv K jwu Kvh Ki n Z cv i cvwb mieivn I cqter wb vkb KZ cÿ (WASAs) KvVv gv I Kg KvÐ e nr bmix jvi cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb mevmyweavi Pvwn`v guv Z ZrKvjxb c~e cvwk Ívb Aa v `k, 1963 e j XvKv I PÆMÖvg bmix Z cö_g Iqvmv cöwzwôz nq D Ïk wqj ms v jv wfbœ AvB b cwipvwjz Kiv KviY, evwywr K Abykxjb Abymvix mev`vb cöwzôvb jv cwipvjbvi Rb mikvwi AvBb bgbxq we ewpz nqwb hv nvk, G jvi e e vcbvq wqj mikvi wbhy³ Kg KZ vmy Giv cöavbzt mikvwi wewa I cöweavbgvjv Abyhvqx KvR Ki Zv d j cöwzôvb jv Z cöz vwkz evwywr K `ÿzv AwR Z nqwb µgea gvb Pvwn`v guv bvi j ÿ wewfbœ mn hvmx ms vi cöwbwaz Kvix m`m mgš^ q MwVZ ev W i gva g Iqvmv K cwipvjbvq AwaKZi ^vqë kvmb w` Z Iqvmv AvBb, 1996 cvm Kiv nq GLb ch ší DaŸ Zb e e vcbv, 139

140 A_ vr e e vcbv cwipvjk I Dc-e e vcbv cwipvjkmy evwywr K wb ` kbv I kz vejxi wfwë Z ms vi evb i _ K wb qvmcövß nb mikvwi Kg x `i ezb KvVv gv Abyhvqx wba vwiz nq Ab vb Í ii Kg x `i ezb I myweavw` G Z fv jv Kv Ri Rb Kvb cökvi Avw_ K Drmvng~jK cö Yv`bv bb 2008 m b Lyjbv Iqvmv cöwzwôz n q Q mikvi 2010 m b ivrkvnx ZI GKwU Iqvmv MV bi wm vší NvlYv K i Q wkš, GwU GLb Kvh Ki nevi A cÿvq Iqvmvmg~ ni ez gvb I fwel Z cöavb cöavb `vq-`vwqz wb œiƒc: ez gvb Kg KvÐ Iqvmvmg~n cwipvjbv Kiv, hlv b KvwiMwi I Avw_ K welq jvi Dbœqb cö qvrb fwel Z Kg KvÐ GjwRwW/cvwb mieivn wbqš Y Kwgkb KZ K wba vwiz Ges wmwu K c v ikb KZ K cwiexwÿz mevi Y I gvb`ð Abyhvqx cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb mev cö`vb; MÖvnK mev (customer care) I myweavewâz Rb Mvôxi Rb mev wbwðz Kiv; DËg KvwiMwi I evwywr K Abykxjb AbymiY K i cvwb mieivn kvlv (KbRvi fwý kvlvi) cwipvjbv Kiv; I wkqz mev cö`v b emikvwi LvZ I GbwRI `i mn hvmx Kiv Iqvmvmg~n I Zv `i Kg x `i Rb mvg_ -e w cwikíbv evsjv `k mikvi I wkqz Dbœqb mn hvmx B Zvg a m Z wewb qvm cwikíbv I Kg -cwikíbvmn GKwU Askx`vwiZ g~jk Kg -KvVv gv cªyqb K i Q GQvovI Kg -cwikíbvq Iqvmv jvi mvsmvwbk KvVv gv, KvwiMix I Avw_ K e e vcbv Dbœqb AšÍf z³ m Z Kg KvÐmg~n ev Íevqb I cwiexÿ Y mgq-kvvv gvmn GKwU bxwz KvVv gvi (policy matrix) ˆZwi Kiv n q Q GZ` cöwÿ Z m Z Askx`vwiZ g~jk Kg - KvVv gv ev Íevq bi (ev Abymi Yi) mycvwik Kiv n Q wmwu K c v ikb I cšimfv KvVv gv I Kg KvÐ cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb mev wmwu K c v ikb I cšimfvi Ab Zg eva Zvg~jK `vwqz AZx Z, cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb cökí GKKfv e wwwcgbpb KZ K ev ÍevwqZ n Zv wkš, ch vqµ g ewk ewk `vwqz mg~n n ÍvšÍ ii Kvi Y cš vi cwiez b n q Q Ges cökí jv hš_fv e ev ÍevwqZ n Q wwwcgbpb cwi kvab cøv U, Drcv`b bjk~c I mâvjb jvb bi gz Zzjbvg~jKfv e AwaKZi D Pgv M i (sophisticated) KvwiMix Kvh µg ev Íevqb K i Ab w` K, wmwu K c v ikb I cšimfvmg~n cvbcw& buiqvk ev Íevqb K i GjwRBwWI `vzv mnvqzvcyó wkqz bmi Dbœqb cök íi AvIZvq wwwcgbpbõi gz cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb AeKvVv gv cökí ev Íevqb K i c wz cwipvjbv I iÿyv eÿy (O&M) wmwu K c v ikb I cšimfv jvi `vwqz wmwu K c v ikb I cšimfvi cvwb mieivn kvlv KZ K cvwb mieivn Ges KbRvi fwý kvlv KZ K m vwb Ukb Kvh µg cwipvwjz nq Dfq kvlvb cö KŠkj wefv Mi Aax b KvR K i 140

141 wmwu K c v ikb I cšimfv msµvší vbxq mikvi AvBb Zv `i K Kg x wb qvm I cvwbi ïé wba vi Yi ÿgzv w` q Q (Aby Q` 4.1 `ªóe ) A_P nq GjwRwWÕi Aby gv` bi cö qvr b A_ev wb R `i D`vmxbZvi Kvi Y G ÿgzv cy ivcywi cö qvm nq bv Kvh Ki mev cö`vb I Gi vwqz kxjzvi ÿ Î cöavb D Ø Mi welq n jv cvwb kvlvmg~ ni Kv R ^vqë kvm bi Abycw wz I Zv `i wb œmvg_ (Aby Q` 2.5 `Lyb) AvKv i h hz ewk QvU, Zvi ZZ ewk mvg_ e w i mnvqzv cö qvrb wmwu K c v ikb I cšimfvmg~ ni we` gvb I fwel Z cöavb cöavb `vq-`vwqz wb œiƒc: ez gvb Kg KvÐ wwwcgbpbõi mv _ hš_fv e cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb cökí ev Íevqb; I c wz cwipvjbv I iÿyv eÿy fwel Z Kg KvÐ GjwRwW/cvwb mieivn wbqš Y Kwgkb KZ K wba vwiz mevi Y I gvb`ð Abyhvqx cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb mev cö`vb; MÖvnK mev (customer care) I myweavewâz Rb Mvôxi Rb mev wbwðz Kiv; DËg KvwiMwi I evwywr K PP v AbymiY K i cvwb mieivn kvlv cwipvjbv Kiv; wkqz mev cö`v b emikvwi LvZ I GbwRI `i mv _ Askx`vwiZ M o Zvjv wmwu K c v ikb I cšimfv Ges Zv `i Kg x `i mvg_ -e w cwikíbv Dch y³ Kg KvÐmg~n m úv` bi j ÿ wb œewy Z e e v MÖnY cö qvrb: - cvwb mieivn kvlvi Kv R wbw` ó cwigv Y ^vaxbzv wbwðz Kiv wmwu K c v ikb I cšimfvq nq GKwU ^vqë kvwmz cvwb kvlv A_ev kvlvwui cwipvjbv ZË veavb Ki Z evb ii cöwzwbwa mgš^ q AšÍZtc ÿ GKwU ZË veavqk evw cöwzôvi gva g GUv Kiv h Z cv i GB cvwb mieivn kvlvi Kvh vejx h Kvb ai Yi Ygv bi mevpzw³i gva g cwiexÿy Kiv DwPZ; - cöwzwu wmwu K c v ikb I cšimfvi cvwb I m vwb Ukb kvlvi Kg x c`vqb I wb qvm`vb m úwk Z cöweavbgvjv ( vbxq mikvi AvBb, 2009-Gi AvIZvq) Aby gv`b Kiv; - Kg x `i cöwkÿy Ges DbœZ c wz I wbqgkvbyb cöez bi gva g Kvh cöyvjx I wnmve e e vcbv DbœZ Kiv; - TLCC I IqvW ch v q mgš^q KwgwU cöwzôv Kiv Ges Zv `i K cwikíbv, ev Íevqb I cwiexÿy Kv R m ú ³ Kiv; - KvwiMix mnvqzv, cvwbi Yv Y I mevi gvb`ð wba viy Ges cwiexÿ Yi Rb wwwcgbpb I Ab vb ms vi mv _ mn hvwmzv Kiv; Ges - mfv Av qvrb, Kg -cwikíbv cöyqb I cwiexÿ Y mnvqzv cö`v bi gva g mswkøó cöwzôvb ch v q IqvUmvb KwgwU jv K Kvh Ki Kiv BDwbqb cwil` KvVv gv I Kg KvÐ 141

142 RbM Yi Øvi Mvovq mev cuš Q `qvi A½xKv ii wfwë Z mikvi vbxq mikvi jv, we kl K i BDwbqb cwil` K ÿgzvqb I kw³kvjx Kivi cwikíbv wb q Q mikvi wewfbœ Dcv q ÿgzvi we K `ªxKiY K GwM q wb Q G jvi g a D jøl hvm n jv: (K) vbxq mikvi jvi mvg_ e w Ges vbxq ch v q m ú` mgv e ki Rb ch vß Avw_ K KZ Z I Drmvn cö`vb; (L) vbxq ch v q cwikíbv I ev RU cöyqb Ges ev Íevqb wbwðz Kiv; I (M) vbxq ch v qi GbwRI/Rb MvôxwfwËK msmvb jvi mv _ Askx`vwiZ M o Zvjv Ges vbxq RbM Yi Kv Q Zv `i Revew`wnZv wbwðz Kiv 56 vbxq mikv ii me wb œ Íi BDwbqb cwil` MÖvgv j `xn mgqe vcx mwµq GKgvÎ vbxq mikvi cöwzôvb A_P, Ab vb Íi jv KLbI KLbI wejyß wqj A_ev cy ivcywi Kvh Ki wqj bv d j wewfbœ RvZxq I Dbœqb mn hvmx `i mnvqzvcyó cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m±i cök íi AvIZvq vbxq mikv ii mvg_ e w cö Póvi ÿ Î mevi ` wó GLb BDwbqb cwil `i w` K G RvZxq wkqz fv jv D ` v Mi g a Ab Zg n jv: (K) nvbmviqv dvû, we K `ªxK Z MÖvgxY cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb mev cö`v bi bzzb GKwU aviyv K (e 5.2 `Lyb) mnvqzv K i; (L) eª vk-gi Iqvk Kg m~wp, Ab vb wel qi g a GwU BDwbqb cwil`, MÖvg Iqvk KwgwU I vbxq D ` v³v `i K mÿgzv e w i mnvqzv cö`vb K i; (M) evsjv ` k cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb mev DbœZ Ki Z vbxq mikvi cöwzôv bi mÿgzv e w i Rb GjwRwWÕi AvIZvq cöwzwôz Avbyf~wgK wklb Kg m~wp (nivbr Uvj jvwb s cövmövg ev HLP) GwU RywU Z wklb c wz, hv BDwbqb cwil` ch v q (e 5.3 `Lyb) köô Abykxjb I cwipvjbvmz Dbœqb wel q Av jvkcvz K i; I (N) mvgvwrk Dbœqb dvd Ûkb (GmwWGd)-Gi mvgvwrk wewb qvm Kg m~wp Ab vb wel qi g a GwU cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb Pvwn`vi AMÖvwaKviKiY, m ú` e e vcbv I Dc-cÖKí ev Íevq b BDwbqb cwil` I Rb Mvôx K mvg_ e w g~jk mnvqzv cö`vb K i Gme cök íi evb ii Av Q GjwRwWÕi jvkvj Mfv b Ý mv cvu cö R± (LGSP) BDwbqb cwil `i cwikíbv, ev RwUs I mikvwi Avw_ K e e vcbvq mvwe K mvg_ e w g~jk cökíwu iæz c q Q AwaKš, mikvi I `vzv Mvôx Df qib A_ vq b wewfbœ Kg m~wp I cök íi AvIZvq GjwRwWÕi Aaxb RvZxq vbxq mikvi Bbw wudu (NILG) vbxq mikvi cöwzôvb jv K mvg_ e w mnvqzv w` q _v K vbxq kvm bi wfbœ e e v _vkvq cve Z PÆMÖv g cvwb mieivn I m vwb Uk b (e 5.4 `Lyb) Rb Mvôx jv mwµqfv e m ú ³ 56 c UzqvW m PÄ ev cwiez bi c` ÿc: RvZxq `ªæZ `vwi`ª we gvpb KŠkjcÎ 2 (ms kvwaz), A_ eqi , MYcÖRvZš x evsjv `k mikvi, ww m ^i

143 e 5.2: nvbmviqv dvû: we K `ªxK Z MÖvgxY cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb mev cö`v bi GKwU bzzb aviyv MÖvgxY cvwb mieivn I m vwb Uk b BDwbqb cwil` gyl vbxq mikvi cöwzôvb wn m e ^xk Z wkš, MÖvgxY cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb mev cö`v bi cwikíbv I ev Íevq b G jvi bz Z I mÿgzv cy ivcywi wekwkz nqwb vbxq mikvi cöwzôvb jv K mÿgzv e w i mnvqzv w` Z WvwbWvÕi mn hvwmzvq evsjv `k mikvi nvbmviqv dvû cöwzôv K i Q GKBmv _ MÖvgv j cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb Kfv ir Dbœq b BDwbqb cwil` I vbxq Rb Mvôx K Znwej mnvqzvi `qv n Q nvbmviqv dvû nvbmviqv dvû 1994 mv ji Kv úvwb AvB b wbewüz GKwU Kv úvwbi gva g cwipvwjz n Q DaŸ Zb mikvwi Kg KZ v, vbxq RbcÖwZwbwa, GbwRI I mykxj mgv Ri cöwzwbwa mgš^ q MwVZ GKwU cl ` ZnwejwU cwipvjbv K i GKRb e e vcbv cwipvj Ki bz Z cöwzwôz dvû e e vcbv Awdm Znwe ji cökvmb I ˆ`bw `b e e vcbv wbe vn K i GwU GKwU ev U dvû, hv Z evsjv `k mikvi I `vzv ms vmg~ ni KvQ _ K Znwej msmön Kiv nq ez gv b Znwe j evsjv `k mikvi, WvwbWv I A ªjxq mikvi A_ vqb Ki Q GKwU ^vaxb Avw_ K cöwzôvb wn m e nvbmviqv dvû cöwzôv Kiv wqj LyeB P v jwäs KvR ez gv b `yõwu P v jä gvkvwejv Ki Z n Q Gi GKwU n jv A_ vqb cöwµqvq Zvrch c~y cwiez b Ges Ab wu Ó ^vfvwek e emvó _ K vbxq ch v q cökí cwikíbv I ev Íevq b cöz ÿ Pvwn`v-ZvwoZ aviyvi ÿ Î Paradigm shift we K `ªxKiY c wz we K `ªxKiY c wzi Ab Zg cöavb D Ïk n jv nvbwrb, m vwb Ukb I cvwb mieiv n wm vší MÖnY I Avw_ K e e vcbvi ÿgzv vbxq mikvi cöwzôvb jvi Kv Q n ÍvšÍi Kiv vbxq mikv ii ÿgzvq bi PvweKvwV n jv Znwe ji mv _ mivmwi hvmm~î vcb mÿgzv e w i Dcv`v bi mv _ G hvmm~î vbxq mikv ii Kv Q e vck cökvmwbk I Avw_ K ÿgzv n ÍvšÍi K GwM q b e bzzb G c wzi gva g wb œ-daÿ (bottom-up) cwikíbv cš v ev ÍevwqZ n Q MÖvgxY Rb Mvôx wb R `i Pvwn`v I Avw_ K m½wz Abyhvqx nvbwrb, m vwb Ukb I cvwb mieivn Kvh µ g wb RivB cökí cwikíbv Ki Q m jv ev Íevq bi Rb Zviv BDwbqb cwil ` cvvvq nvbmviqv cökí mikvwi cöwzôvb jv Z cö qvrbxq cövwzôvwbk e e v cöwzôvq mnvqzv w` q _v K BDwbqb cwil `i mÿgzv e w Z mnvqzvi Rb emikvwi Lv Zi e e vcbv/cö KŠkj cöwzôvb I GbwRI wb qvm `qv nq gvbevwakvi, RÐvi, ms wz, Dbœqb I ^ QZvi gz ci úi-m úwk Z (crosscutting) welqmg~n cökí cöyqb I m ú` mgv ekkiy cöwµqvib Ask G jv ev Íevqb I e e vcbvi mkj ch v q g~javivq AšÍf y³ cökí Kvh µ gi ïiæ _ K kl ch ší cy iv cöwµqvq bz Z MÖn Yi Rb Rb Mvôx K Drmvn I mnvqzv `qv nq djvdj hw`i nvbmviqv cökíwu cixÿvg~jkfv e wkqz wba vwiz GjvKvq ev ÍevwqZ n Q, mviv ` k Qwo q `evi Rb Gi djvdj Avkve ÄK 2010 m bi g a cök íi AvIZvq cövq 20,000 bjk~c vwcz n q Q G Z cövq 13 jÿ gvby li wbivc` cvwbi AwaKvi wbwðz n e G `i g a D jøl hvm msl K gvbylb n Q `wi`ª I nz`wi`ª köyxi GQvovI cökí GjvKvq cöpviyv Kvh µ gi cöfv e cövq 3,50,000wU cwievi ^v m Z cvqlvbv vc b DØy n q Q nvbmviqv dvû BDwbqb cwil` K cöz ÿ I Kvh Ki mnvqzv cö`v b Gi iæz cögvy K i Q mvaviy AwfÁZvq `Lv M Q BDwbqb cwil` K e e vcbv I ev Íevq bi f~wgkv Ges `vwqz cvj bi my hvm `qv n j Zv LyeB cöwzköæwzkxj n q _v K mikvwi µqwewa e envi K i ewkifvm BDwbqbB GLb emikvwi mev`vbkvix (GbwRI I wvkv`vi) wb qvm Ki Z mÿg Avkv Kiv hvq, aviyvwu fwel Z Dbœq bi Ab vb ÿ Î GKwU g Wj wn m e cöwzwôz n e m~î: nvbmviqv cökí WKz g U I cwiexÿy cöwz e`b 143

144 hw`i cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb Dbœq b Dc Rjv cwil `i f~wgkv m e ïiæ n Z P j Q m± ii D zz P v jämg~n _vkv m Ë I, we kl K i mkj Dbœqb Kg KvÐ e vckfv e we K `ªxKi Yi mikvwi cö Póvq aviyv Kiv hvq h, A`~i fwel Z Dc Rjv cwil `i GKwU K `ªxq f~wgkv _vk e Rjv cwil `i ÿ Î GKwU cybm wvz I Kvh Ki KvVv gv wbwðz Ki Z mikvi mvwe K e e vwu wzb _ K Pvi eq ii g a ch v jvpbv Kivi gb K i Q e 5.3 Avbyf~wgK wklb Kg m~wp (nivbr Uvj jvwb s cövmövg - HLP) evsjv `k mikvi-gi mâvj b I Dbœqb mn hvmx `i mnvqzvq RywU Z wkl bi GKwU D ` vm n jv- BDwbqb cwil` cwipvwjz Avbyf~wgK wklb Kg m~wp ev HLP G Kg m~wpi gva g vbxq mikvi jv ci ú ii mv _ ms hvm vcb K i D Ïk - Zv `i RywUi fv jv KvR jv wpwýz, wewbgq I cöwziƒc (replication) ev Íevqb Kiv HLPÕi djvdj 2010 A_ eq i AskMÖnYKvix BDwbqb cwil`mg~n 17wU fv jv Kv Ri cöwziƒc ev Íevq bi Rb 1.9 wgwjqb gvwk b Wjvi eivï K iwqj G A _ i 90 fvm cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb msµvší fv jv Kv Ri cöwziƒc cö qv M e q Kiv nq (Av m wbk Œxwbs, bjk~c msiÿy, kzfvm m vwb Ukb I cöwz ek-evüe MÖvg cöwzôv) HLP bxwzmg~n 1. cöksmv Kiv: Avgv `i mnrvz g~j eva, kw³ I mxgve Zv AwZµg Kivi m vebv K Dcjw Kiv mxgve Zv K cövqkt Avgiv A PZbfv e wb R `i Ici Av ivc Kwi 2. Abykxjb: h jv B Zvg a B wµqvkxj m jv wb q ïiæ Kiv Ges vbxq cöwÿ Z fv jv KvR K cökvk Kivi gva g wkl b mg_ niqv 3. ms hvm vcb: Avgv `i RywUi më v _ K Avgv `i K Avjv`v K i Ges Avgv `i mw wjz Kj vy _ K mwi q `q - Ggb cö f` NywP q `qv HLP cöwµqv BDwbqb cwil` K cö_ g Zv `i fv jv KvRmg~n (wb ` kk mn) wpwýz Ki Z DrmvwnZ Kiv nq m jv c i mn hvmx ms v I BDwbqb cwil` ˆeaZv cö`vb K i m`m BDwbqb cwil` jv cwi`k b Ki Z Pvq Ggb fv jv KvR jv wbe vpb K i Ges c i Zv `i mnkg x `i KvQ _ K cöksmvg~jk AbymÜv bi gva g m jv m ú K Rv b Gic i BDwbqb cwil` jv Gme fv jv Kv Ri AMÖvwaKviµg ˆZwi, bvmwik `i mv _ Av jvpbv I wb R `i evwl K cwikíbv I ev R U m jv AšÍf y³ K i buiqv K i gva g wb R `i RywUi mnvqzvq fv jv Kv Ri cöwziƒc ev Íevq bi Rb BDwbqb cwil` jv Zv `i wbr ^ m ú` e envi K i m~î: cvwb I m vwb Ukb Kg m~wp, wek e vsk, XvKv BDwbqb cwil `i mvwe K g v ÛU cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb meve e vi GKwU iæz c~y Ask, hw`i vbxq mikv ii Kg KvÐ A bk we Í Z A_P mkj D Ïk mva b BDwbqb cwil ` GKRb gvî mwpe wbhy³ Av Qb BDwbqb cwil` evwl K _vk eivï cvq Dc Rjv cwil `i gva g Ki I dxm Av`v qi gva gi Zviv ^í cwigvy ivr ^ Avq K i, hgb: f~wg n ÍvšÍi Ki I iwr ªkb wd Ges nvu-evrvi, Rjvkq I dixnvu BRviv, BZ vw` vbxq mikvi (BDwbqb cwil`) AvBb, 2009-Gi AvIZvq RbKj vy I Dbœq bi Rb BDwbqb cwil ` 13wU vqx KwgwU MV bi e e v Av Q wwwcgbpbõi wewfbœ cök í cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb mevmyweavi Kv R BDwbqb cwil` K RwoZ Kivi j ÿ 1994 m b IqvUmvb KwgwU MwVZ n q Q GQvovI 1998 m b MwVZ n q bjk~ ci vb wbe vpb KwgwU I 2000 m b MwVZ nq BDwbqb Av m wbk KwgwU 144

145 BDwbqb cwil` GKwU `ye j cöwzôvb wn m e KvR Kivi KviY n Q Gi Kg x- ^ízv, ^-kvm bi Afve, Ach vß A_ -m ú` I h_vh_ cökvmwbk mnvqzvi Abycw wz Zviv MÖvgxY gvby li KvQvKvwQ GKwU cöwzôvb Ges Zv `i mvgvwrk I ivr bwzk cöfve Av Q A_P, Zv `i m vebv K cwic~y fv e RvMwiZ Kiv nqwb e 5.4 cve Î PÆMÖv g Rb Mvôx e e vcbvq cvbcevwnz cvwb mieivn xg: Ab Î Dbœq bi Rb GKwU fv jv g Wj ev `ievb m`i Dc Rjvi jvbwgcvov MÖv gi gvby liv 2007 mv j Iqvì wfkb-gi mn hvwmzvq GKwU cvov (Neighborhood) KwgwU MVb K i Zuviv g~jzt e vg b - Mvôxfz³ 72wU cwievi mgš^ q 12 m` m i KwgwU MwVZ nq KwgwU MV bi D Ïk wqj AeKvVv gv Dbœqb, wkÿv, cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukbmn mgvr Dbœqb Kg KvÐ ev Íevq bi Rb Znwej msmön Kiv wbivc` I ch vß Lvevi cvwbi ÿ Î AwfMg Zv wbwðz Ki Z cvov KwgwUi Aax b GKwU mve-kwgwu MwVZ n qwqj vbxq Kvievwi (cvov/iqvw ch v qi me wb œ Íi - cve Z PUªMÖv gi ivrz š i DËivwaKvi), whwb cvov KwgwUiI Pqvicvm b e jb, ÓAvgv `i mw wjz Pvwn`vi wfwë Z KwgDwbwUi mkj gvbyl K m ú ³ K i wb R `i Kj vyg~jk Kg Kv Ði Rb Avgiv GKwU evwl K ev RU cöyqb Kwi Avgv `i Kg m~wp ev Íevq b cöwz eqi wzbkz UvKv Puv`v w` Z KwgDwbwUi mkj cwievi wm vší bq wnmve msiÿy I ikw ivlvi Rb B Zvg a Avgiv GKRb wnmveiÿk wb qvm K iwq Avgv `i KwgDwbwU Z wzbwu AwZ-`wi`ª cwievi wqj, Zuviv evwl K Puv`v w` Z cviwqj bv wkš ZuvivI Kg m~wpi mydj cv e Ó cvnv oi cv` ` k cvovq Zv `i gvî GKwU ev `yõwu bjk~c _vkvq we` gvb Lvevi cvwbmsku wbim b KwgDwbwU Z GKwU cvbcevwnz cvwb mieivn e e v M o Zvjvi D ` vm bqv nq bjk~c _ K cvwb msmönö Kivi Rb Zviv A bk K ói m ylxb n Zv KwgDwbwU bzviv GbwRIÕi (Iqvì wfkb) mv _ Av jvpbv K i Ges GKwU cvbcevwnz cvwb mieivn e e v vc b Pzw³ Z DcbxZ nq Zr cöwÿ Z, GbwRI wbg vy mvgmöx (cvbc, wdwusm I BU) hvmvb `q Ges KwgwU cvbcjvbb vcb, cö qvrb Abyhvqx Rjvavi I P ^vi wbg vy K i GUv Ki Z, Pqvicvm b Av iv Rvbvq, Ócvwb mieivn e e v wbg v Y 2-3 gvm j M Q Ges cöwz cwievi _ K GKRb AveZ bµ g gv m 3-4 w`b KvR K i Q Ó cvwbi Drm wqj GKwU cvnvwo SiYv/dvD Ub, hv MÖvwfwU d või gva g cvbcjvb b mieivn Kiv nq cvnv oi P~ovq A bk RvqMvq Rjvavi wbg vy Kiv n q Q Ges mlvb _ K ^Zš cwiev i cvwb hvq Zviv Iqvì wfk bi DcKiY mnvqzvq mkj cwiev i cvqlvbv ˆZwi K i Q Zviv GLb cvqlvbvq cvwb mieivn Kivi welq fve Q KwgDwbwU hš_fv e D ËvwjZ Znwej n Z c wz cwipvjbv I msiÿy e qi cy ivuvb enb K i Pqvicvm b wm vší Uv bb, ÓMZ 3 eqi hvez Avgv `i cvwb mieivn e e v Ae vnz Av Q GLb Avgiv myweavw` wb q ek mylx GUv Avgv `i mvgvwrk Kj v Y mkj m ú` mgv ek Kivi I GKBfv e Avgv `i HK ervq ivlvi c_ `wl q Q Ó m~î: 21 gvp 2010 Zvwi Li cwi`k b (Rbve Ievq`yj Kexi I Rbve gv: RvKvwiqv KZ K cöyxz wdì bvu _ K Rbve Aveyj Kv kg KZ K m úvw`z) BDwbqb cwil `i ez gvb I fwel Z Kg KvÐ wb P D jøl Kiv n jv: ez gvb Kg KvÐ bjk~ ci vb wbe vpb, _vk eivï _ K `wi`ª cwievimg~ ni Rb cvqlvbv mvgmöx msmön I weziy Kiv; IqvUmvb KwgwU K m ú ³ K i m vwb Ukb cöpviyvq I Ab vb DØy KiY Kg m~wp Z AskMÖnY Kiv fwel Z Kg KvÐ BDwbq bi mk ji Rb cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb mev wbwðz Kiv; bkkv I Ygvbmn cvwb mieivn e e v vcb; Av m wbk cixÿv cwipvjbv; mkj ÿ Î wwwcgbpbõi KvwiMix mnvqzvq mkj 145

146 BDwbqb cwil` I Zv `i Kg x `i Rb mvg_ -e w cwikíbv cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb cökí mgš^q; nvbwrb cömvi, cvwbi YMZ gvb cwiexÿy I mvwf jý, cvwb wbivcëv cwikíbvq AskMÖnY, BZ vw` BDwbqb cwil `i mvg_ e w A bkuvb mikv ii we K `ªxKiY D ` v Mi Ici wbf ikxj, hgb: Avw_ K I KvwiMix Rbej `qvi welqwu `xn w`be vcx we epbvaxb Av Q BDwbqb cwil` KZUzKz `vwqz enb Ki Z cvi e muv wbf i K i Gi fwel Z KvVv gv I Zv `i K cö`ë KZ Z i Ici hv nvk, Zv `i ewa Z f~wgkv I `vq-`vwqz cvjb ïiæ Kivi Rb wb Pi e e v jv MÖn Yi mycvwik Kiv n jv: - wb R `i D ` v M ev GbwRIÕi mnvqzvq MÖvg ch v qi KwgwU MVb Ges AvbyôvwbK KwgwUmg~ ni mv _ m jvi hvmm~î vcb ( hgb: IqvUmvb KwgwU) GKBmv _ vbxq wkÿk I BgvgMY K cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m±i Dbœqb cöwµqvi mv _ m ú ³ Kiv Gme KwgwU I vbxq e w³my cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb cökí cöyq b I ev Íevq b mnvqzv cö`v b Kvh Ki n e; - vbxq Askx`vwiZ g~jk gv vi cø vb (gyl cwikíbv) Abyhvqx BDwbq b mikvwi G RwÝ, GbwRI ev emikvwi LvZ KZ K M nxz mkj cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb wewb qvm cwikíbv Aby gv`b GQvovI, Zv `i Awa ÿ Îi g a mkj cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb Dbœqb Kg KvÐ mgš^q, cwiexÿy I QvocÎ Rvwi Kiv; Ges - Kvh c wz DbœZ Kiv Ges wwwcgbpb I Ab vb ms v KZ K Av qvwrz cöwkÿy Kg m~wp Z AskMÖnY K i wewfbœ ÿî, hgb: wnmveiÿy, Avw_ K e e vcbv, ïé msmön I mykvm b mvg_ e w 146

147 Aa vq 6 m±i wewb qvm cwikíbv G Aa v q m±i wewb qvm cwikíbv (SIP) Dc vwcz n q Q GmwWwc Z AšÍfz ³ bxwzgvjv I KŠkjmg~n Abyhvqx GwU ev Íevq bi Rb cö qvrbxq wewb qvm cöv jb Kiv n q Q ^í, ga I `xn gqv `i Rb wewb qvm cwigvy wnmve I Dc vc bi D Ï k MÖvgxY I bmi DcLvZ jv K web Í Kiv n q Q wewfbœ fšmwjk I cvwb f~-zvwë K cwikíbv GjvKvq cöv jb cö Zi Rb we ep cöfvek jvi GKBmv _ Dc vwcz n jv cwikíbvq wfwëg~j, ga gvb I D P G wzbwu wfbœ wfbœ Dbœqb ` k Kí we ewpz Ges cöwzwu ` k K íi Rb cö qvrbxq wewb qvm cwigvy wba viy Kiv n q Q wewfbœ ` k K íi Rb wewfbœ DcLv Z cö qvrbxq wewb qvm cwigv Yi mswÿßmvimn mviwyi Dc vcb Kiv n q Q Aa vqwu Z m± ii wewfbœ mn hvmx, hgb: mikvwi LvZ (Dbœqb mn hvmxmn), cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb Rb mev ms vmg~n, Rb Mvôx KZ K e qfvm enb, e w³mz e envikvix cwievi, emikvwi G UvicÖvBR I GbwRImg~n _ K Znwej cövwßi Drm D jøl Kiv n q Q cwi k l, ^í gqv ` ( ) mikvwi Lv Z wewb qvm Pvwn`v K Zzjbv Kiv n q Q cvwb mieivn I m vwb Uk bi Rb m ve ev RU jf Zvi mv _ 6.1 f~wgkv GmwWwc Z AšÍf y³ bxwzgvjv I KŠkjmg~ ni wbwi L Gi D Ïk mg~n AR bi Rb m± ii wewb qvm cö qvrbxqzv wba vwiz n q Q wewb qvm cö qvrbxqzv ^í (A_ eqi ), ga (A_ eqi ) Ges `xn (A_ eqi ) gqv ` cöv jb Kiv n q Q cwikíbvi ÿîmg~n bmi DcLvZ I MÖvgxY DcLv Zi Rb Avjv`v Avjv`vfv e wewb qvm Pvwn`v wbiƒwcz AwaKš, wewfbœ fšmwjk I cvwb f~-zvwë K ˆewkó I e q cöwzdwjz Kivi j ÿ DcLvZmg~n K mviwy 6.1-G cö`ë gvu 19wU cwikíbv GjvKvq wef³ Kiv n q Q bmi DcLv Z cvwb mieivn I m vwb Uk bi Rb cwikíbv GjvKv GKB wkš, MÖvgxY DcLv Z cvwb mieivn I m vwb Uk bi Rb cwikíbv GjvKv wfbœ wfbœ mviwy 6.1: wewb qvm cwikíbvi we ep cwikíbv ÿîmg~n DcLvZmg~n bmi DcLvZ: Iqvmvmn bmimg~n cwikíbv ÿîmg~n cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb 1. XvKv bmix 2. PÆMÖvg bmix 3. Lyjbv bmix 147

148 wmwu K c v ikb, cšimfvmg~n I cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb 4. ivrkvnx bmix ewa Âz K `ªmg~n ( MÖv_ 5. ewikvj bmix m Uvi) 6. wm ju bmix 7. e nr cšimfvmg~n 8. gvsvix I ÿz`ª cšimfvmg~n 9. cve Z PÆMÖvg A ji cšimfvmg~n 10. Ab vb GjvKvi MÖv_ m Uvimg~n 11. cve Z PUªMÖvg GjvKvi MÖv_ m Uvimg MÖvgxY DcLvZ: cvwb mieivn m vwb Ukb 12. mgzjf~wg 13. DcK~jxq AÂj 14. Av m wbk mgm vhy³ GjvKv 15. `ym g GjvKv (cvwb) 16. cve Z PÆMÖvg A ji MÖvgxY GjvKv 17. mvaviy GjvKv 18. `ym g GjvKv (m vwb Ukb) 19. cve Z PÆMÖvg A ji MÖvgxY GjvKv c wz, gšwjk Z_, Abygvb I cöv jbmn m±i wewb qvm cwikíbvi (SIP) we ÍvwiZ c _K WKz g U Dc vcb Kiv n q Q (Kvh cî ev IqvwK s WKz g U b ^i 19) 6.2 wewb qvm cöv j bi Rb we ewpz cöfvekmg~n wewfbœ cwikíbv GjvKvi Rb wewb qvm Pvwn`v cöv j b wb œv³ welq jv we epbvq bqv n q Q RbmsL vi cö ÿcy bmi I MÖvgxY GjvKvq RbmsL v cö ÿcy wpî 2.2-G `Lv bv n q Q 19wU cwikíbv GjvKvi cö Z KwUi Rb AveviI c _K Kiv n q Q bmi I MÖgxY RbmsL v K cöhyw³ wekí wekí cöhyw³ wbe vpb avivevwnk gqv`mg~ n D PZi Í ii cömwzkxj mev Ges cvwb Íi wb P b g hviqv I Rjevqy cwiez brwbz mgm v wel q Av jvkcvz Ki Z m ve c` ÿcmg~n we epbv K i Q GLb ch ší, m± i MZvbyMwZK cöhyw³ AvwacZ we Ívi K i Av Q fwel Z A bk GjvKvq AMÖmi cöhyw³i Pvwn`v we` gvb cwikíbvi D Ï k wzbwu gqv ` wbiƒwcz mevi jÿ AR b MZvbyMwZK I AMÖmi, Dfq cöhyw³b we epbvq ivlv n q Q cvwbm ú` we køl Yi wfwë Z, we klfv e mvzwu wmwu K c v ik bi Rb cöz vkv Kiv n Q h, fwel Z AwaKZi cwigv Y f~-c ô cvwb e eüz n e f~-c ô cvwb cwi kvab Zzjbvg~jKfv e e qeûj - Giƒc cöfvei we ewpz n q Q cvwbi YMZ gvb`ð mevi gvb µgvš^ q Dbœq bi mv _ mv _, cvwbi AwaKZi K Vvi YMZ gvb`ð e eüz n e ` óvší ^iƒc, aviyv Kiv n Q fwel Z Lvevi cvwb Z Av m wb Ki m e v P MÖnYxq gvîv 50 wcwcwe _ K 10 wcwcwe Z bvwg q Avbv n e G Z, we kl K i we` gvb cöhyw³ cöwz vc bi Rb bzzb cöhyw³ wbe vp bi e q-mswkøózv A bk 148

149 6.2.4 mevi GKK-cÖwZ g~j (unit cost) mkj e q cöv j b 2010-Gi g~j Íi aiv n q Q wewfbœ Dcv`vb I köge q we epbv K i wfbœ wfbœ cwikíbv GjvKvi Rb Av ivwcz n q Q c _K c _K GKK g~j cwiez bkxj Ae v we epbv K i wewfbœ Dbœqb ` k K íi Rb I we ewpz n q Q wfbœ wfbœ GKK g~j 6.3 m±i Dbœqb ` k Kímg~n GmwWwc ev Íevq bi dj ^iƒc cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± ii cöz vwkz Dbœq bi ÍiwU cöavbzt wbf i Ki e: (1) cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± ii Af šíixy cöfvekmg~n, hgb: mikvi I Ab vb Dbœqb mn hvmx KZ K m± ii Rb eivïk Z ev RU, GmwWwc Z wba vwiz m± ii mvg_ e w Kg m~wpi ev Íevqb I m±i Dbœqb Kg Kv Ð RbM Yi AskMÖnY; Ges (2) ` ki mvgwók A_ bwzk I ivr bwzk w wzkxjzv, weivrgvb kvmbe e v I ˆewk K A_ bwzk g `v/cwiw wzi cöfvemn cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± ii evwn K cöfvekmg~ ni Ici wzbwu ` k K íi wfwë Z wewb qvm e q cöv j bi D Ï k Gme cöfvek we epbv Kiv n q Q cöwzwu ` k Kí ewy Z n q Q mev Íi I cwipvjbv `ÿzvi gz `ywu w wzgv ci (parameter) wfwë Z: cö_gwu - cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb mevmyweavi gvb I e envikvix `i myweavi wb ` kk; Ges wøzxqwu - cöhyw³ c wzi ev mev cö`vbkvixi cwipvjbv `ÿzvi ch vq wb ` kk ` k Kí 1 (wfwëg~j NUbv) - wb œgv bi mev Íi I cwipvjbv `ÿzvi ˆewkó gwðz ez gvb m± ii Ae v; ` k Kí 2 (ga gvb NUbv) - ga gv bi mev Íi I cwipvjbv `ÿzv; ` k Kí 3 (D Pgvb NUbv) - D Pgv bi mev Íi I D P cwipvjbv `ÿzv mev Íi I cwipvjbv `ÿzvi wb ` kk bmi cvwb mieivn, bmi m vwb Ukb, MÖvgxY cvwb mieivn I MÖvgxY m vwb Uk bi wb ` k Ki wfbœ wfbœ mu h_vµ g mviwy 6.2, 6.3, 6.4 I 6.5-G Dc vcb Kiv n jv: mviwy 6.2: bmi cvwb mieiv n mev Íi I cwipvjbv `ÿzvi wb ` kk ` k Kí mev Íi wb ` kk cwipvjbv `ÿzv wb ` kk cvbcevwnz cvwb mieivn Kfv ir mieivn (N Uvq cöwzw`b) gv_vwcqz fvm (wj:/w`b) Av m wb Ki cöwÿ Z cvwbi e vk Uwiqvi cöwÿ Z cvwbi YMZ gvb wnmve ewnf ~Z cvwb Kg x ms vb (Kg x/ 1,000 Av`vq `ÿzv (%) (RbmsL vi % nvi) YMZ gvb (wg:möv:/wj:) (e vk Uwiqv/ 100 wg:möv:) (UfW %) ms hvm) ` k Kí <6 < ch ší >10 >35 >13 <75 (wfwëg~j NUbv) ` k Kí 2 (ga gvb NUbv) ` k Kí 3 (D Pgvb NUbv) > >100 < <20 <10 >

150 mviwy 6.3: MÖvgxY cvwb mieiv n mev Íi I cwipvjbv `ÿzvi wb ` kk (DrmwfwËK) ` k Kí mev Íi wb ` kk cwipvjbv `ÿzv wb ` kk cvwbi Dr m AwfMg Zv A K Rv cvwb Drm (%) (RbmsL v/drm) Av m wb Ki cöwÿ Z cvwbi YMZ gvb (wg:möv:/wj:) e vk Uwiqvi cöwÿ Z cvwbi YMZ gvb (e vk Uwiqv/10 0 wg:möv:) cvwb wbivcëv cwikíbvi wbwi L m vwbuvix vi ` k Kí 1 (wfwëg~j NUbv) >100 >0.05 > >20% ` k Kí 2(ga gvb) > % ` k Kí 3 (D Pgvb) < <10% mviwy 6.4: bmi m vwb Uk b mev Íi I cwipvjbv `ÿzvi wb ` kk ` k Kí mev Íi wb ` kk cwipvjbv `ÿzv wb ` kk Wvb Kjv g DwjøwLZ cöhyw³i Kfv ir (bmi RbmsL vi % nvi) e eüz wekí cöhyw³ cvqlvbv myweavi cwipvjb I iÿyv eÿy Ae v AbmvBU m vwb Ukb _ K Muv` wbivc`fv e e ew Z cwipvjbv I iÿyv eÿy e q cybiƒ vi ` k Kí 1 (wfwëg~j NUbv) ` k Kí 2 (ga gvb NUbv) ` k Kí 3 (D Pgvb NUbv) cwi kvabmn cöpwjz I j evi m~q vi Ges wbivc` Muv`gy³KiYmn mcwuk U vsk I cšimfv ch vq ch ší AcmviY e e v cwi kvabmn cöpwjz I j evi m~q vi Ges wbivc` Muv`gy³KiYmn mcwuk U vsk I cšimfv ch vq ch ší AcmviY e e v cwi kvabmn cöpwjz I j evi m~q vi Ges wbivc` Muv`gy³KiYmn mcwuk U vsk I cšimfv ch vq ch ší AcmviY e e v A ^v Kifv e cwipvwjz mnbxqfv e cwipvwjz ^v m Z/ fv jvfv e cwipvwjz mviwy 6.5 MÖvgxY m vwb Uk b mev Íi I cwipvjbv `ÿzvi wb ` kk ` k Kí mev Íi wb ` kk cwipvjbv `ÿzv wb ` kk ` k Kí mev Íi wb ` kk cvqlvbv myweavi cwipvjbv I iÿyv eÿy Ae v ` k Kí 1 < 40 `yb MZ wewkó Rjve cvqlvbv Ges wbivc ` A ^v Kifv e cwipvwjz (wfwëg~j NUbv) ` k Kí 2 (ga gvb NUbv) < 60 Muv`gy³KiY I AcmviYmn mcwuk U vsk `yb MZ wewkó Rjve cvqlvbv Ges wbivc ` Muv`gy³KiY I AcmviYmn mcwuk U vsk wb œ ga g D P wb œ ga g D P mnbxqfv e cwipvwjz 150

151 ` k Kí 3 (D Pgvb NUbv) < 75 `yb MZ wewkó Rjve cvqlvbv Ges wbivc ` Muv`gy³KiY I AcmviYmn mcwuk U vsk ^v m Z/fv jvfv e cwipvwjz wewfbœ ` k K íi Rb wewfbœ cöwÿ Z cöavb cöavb cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb e e vi Kfv i Ri we ÍvwiZ wpî cwiwkó 7-G `qv n jv G Z bmi I MÖvgxY DcLv Zi cöwzwu cwikíbv GjvKvi wefvrbi mwbœ ewkz Av Q 6.4 wewb qvm e q (investment costs) wzbwu ` k Kí I c _Kfv e cöwzwu cwikíbv ÿ Îi Rb e q-cöv jb Kiv n q Q cöv j b Ab vb wel qi mv _ ^í, ga I `xn gqv ` wewfbœ mev Íi I cwipvjbv `ÿzv Ges wewb qvm cwikíbvi Rb Dc ivwjøwlz cöfvekmg~n we ewpz n q Q GmwWwc Z ewy Z cwikíbv c wzi (wpî 1.3 `ªóe ) wbwi L wzbwu gqv `i cöwzwu Z mev Íi I cwipvjbv wb ` k Ki cömwzkxj e w MY Kiv n q Q wzbwu gqv `i g~j jÿ cwiwkó 7- G `Lv bv n q Q gšwjk Z_, cöwµqv I cöv j bi we ÍvwiZ Dc vwcz n q Q 19 b ^i Kvh c Î (Working Document 19) wewfbœ ` k K íi I c _K gqv`mg~ ni Rb wewb qvm e qi GKwU mswÿß mvi mviwy 6.6-G `qv n jv: mviwy 6.6: wewfbœ Dbœqb ` k K íi Rb cöv wjz gvu wewb qvm e q (wgwjqb evsjv `wk UvKv) ` k Kímg~n ^í gqv ` A_ eqi ga gqv ` A_ eqi `xn gqv ` A_ eqi gvu A_ eqi ` k Kí 1 270, , ,157 1,124,179 ` k Kí 2 380, , ,089 1,465,520 ` k Kí 3 463, , ,838 1,754,454 (wgwjqb BDGm Wjvi) ` k Kímg~n ^í gqv ` A_ eqi ga gqv ` A_ eqi `xn gqv ` A_ eqi ` k Kí 1 3,865 5,407 6,788 16,060 ` k Kí 2 5,434 7,486 8,016 20,936 ` k Kí 3 6,622 9,086 9,355 25,064 gvu A_ eqi ` k Kí 1 Gi Rb cö qvrbxq gvu wewb qv Mi cwigvy 1,124,179 wgwjqb evsjv `wk UvKv (20,936 wgwjqb BDGm Wjvi) m Zzjbvq ` k Kí 2 I 3-G h_vµ g 1,465,520 wgwjqb UvKv (20,936 wgwjqb BDGm Wjvi) I 1,754,454 wgwjqb UvKv (25,064 wgwjqb BDGm Wjvi) cö qvrb n e wewfbœ gqv` I ` k K íi Zzjbvg~jK wewb qvm Pvwn`vi cwigvy ilwpî (MÖvd) AvKv i wpî 6.1-G Dc vwcz n jv: 700, , ,000 UvKv (wgwjqb) 400, , , ,000 ` k Kí 1 ` k Kí 2 ` k Kí 3 - A_ eqi A_ eqi A_ eqi wpî 6.1: ^í, ga I `xn gqv ` wewb qvm e qi cwigvy 151

152 ˆewk K I `kxq A_ bwzk cöeyzv Ges mikv ii cwikwíz Dbœqb bxwzgvjv I KŠkjmg~n we epbv K i cöz vkv Kiv n Q h, cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± ii Dbœq bi MwZ wemz mg qi Dbœqb cöeyzv _ K D PZi n e Gi wfwë ZB ` k Kí 2 (ga gvb NUbv) K me P q m vebvgq MY Ges mkvi YB gqv `wu Z e qi AwaKZi cöv jb we ewpz n q Q fšz jÿ gvîv Avkv Kiv hvq, GmwWwcÕi wzbwu cuvpeqi gqv ` Kfv ir I mev Íi ch vqµ g DbœZ n e wzbwu gqv ` wewfbœ cwikíbv GjvKvi Rb wba vwiz jÿ gvîvmg~n cwiwkó 7-G `Lv bv Ges wb P Gi GKwU mswÿß weeiy (` k Kí 2) hy³ Kiv n jv mikvwi jÿ gvîv Abyhvqx ^í gqv ` cvbcevwnz cvwb mieivn, bjk~c I Ab vb c wzi gva g 100 fvm gvbyl K cvwb mieivn mev cö`vb Kiv n e wzbwu Iqvmvi we` gvb cvbcevwnz cvwb mieivn Kfv ir _ K e o n e fvm wmwu K c v ikb jv Z we` gvb 40 fvm cvbcevwnz cvwb mieivn Kfv ir e w c q fv M `uvov e eo cšimfv jv Z ez gv bi 40 _ K DbœxZ n e 70 fv M Ges QvU QvU cšimfv jv Z we` gvb 30 _ K evwo q 50 fv M DbœxZ Kiv n e MÖvgxY GjvKvq cvwb mieivn e e v ez gv bi b vqb cöavbzt bjk~c wbf i-b _vk e, Gi mv _ hy³ n e wkqzuv ewa Z cvbcevwnz cvwb mieivn e e v wkš iæz c~y n jv - MÖvgv ji gvby li Rb wbwðz Ki Z n e Av m wbk wbimb cöhyw³ mieivn cvwb mieiv ni gz GKBfv e m vwb Uk bi ÿ Î mÿ qv ir c wz _ K ïiæ K i MZ cvqlvbvi gva g wbwðz Kiv n e 100 fvm Kfv ir XvKv kn ii my qv ir Kfv ir we` gvb 35 _ K 50 fv M DbœxZ Kiv Ges wøzxq e nëg kni PÆMÖv g mÿ qv ir e e v cöez bi D ` vm MÖnY Kiv n e ga gqv `, Iqvmvfz³ wzbwu eo kn i cvbcevwnz cvwb mieivn Kfv ir 100 fvm n e wmwu K c v ikb jv ZI cvbcevwnz cvwb mieivn Kfv ir AwR Z n e 100 fvm eo I QvU cšimfv jvi Kfv ir n e h_vµ g 80 I 70 fvm GQvov 40 fvm bmi K `ª cvbcevwnz cvwb mieivn e e v cöez b Kiv n e GKB mg q 5-10 fvm MÖvgI cvbcevwnz cvwb mieiv ni AvIZvq Avm e XvKv I PÆMÖvg kn i mÿ qv ir Kfv ir evo e h_vµ g 55 I 10 fv Mi gz Lyjbv I Ab vb wmwu K c v ikb jv Z cwi kvab myweavmn j- evi mÿ qvi c wz I we K `ªxK Z mÿ qv ir cwi kvab cø v U-Gi gz D vebxg~jk AdmvBU m vwb Ukb cöhyw³ mxwgz AvKv i cöez b Kiv n e MÖvgxY GjvKvq e eüz n Z `Lv hv e ewa Z nv i DbœZ m vwb Ukb c wz, hvi cövq 10 fv M e eüz n e mcwuk U vsk `xn gqv `, cvbcevwnz cvwb mieivn e e v Av iv ewk m úªmvwiz n e G Z eo cšimfv jv Z cvwb mieivn Kfv ir DbœxZ n e 90, QvU cšimfv jv Z 85, bmi K `ª jv Z 40 I MÖvgxY GjvKvq fv M mÿ qv ir Kfv ir XvKv kn i 60, PÆMÖvg kn i 30, Lyjbvq 25 I Ab vb wmwu K c v ikb jv Z 10 fv M DbœxZ n e GKB gqv ` Ab vb eo cšimfvq mÿ qv ir c wzi cöez b Kiv n e Ges Gi AvIZvq Avm e cšimfv jvi gvu RbmsL vi cövq 10 fvm wewb qvm e q wefvrb ` k Kí 2 Gi wewfbœ köyxi bmi DcLvZ I MÖvgxY DcLv Zi Rb cö qvrbxq wewb qvm e q wb Pi mviwy 6.7-G cö`k b Kiv n jv 152

153 köyx mviwy 6.7: wewfbœ köyxi bmi DcLvZ I MÖvgxY DcLv Zi Rb cö qvrbxq wewb qvm e q ^í gqv` ( ) ga gqv` ( ) `xn gqv` ( ) bmi cvwb mieivn 165, , , ,945 bmi m vwb Ukb 93, , , ,891 bmi cvwb-wb vkb 40,485 65,449 74, ,472 MÖvgxY cvwb mieivn 44,687 42,824 55, ,622 MÖvgxY m vwb Ukb 36,504 27,726 27,360 91,590 gvu 380, , ,089 1,465,520 gvu wb Pi wpî 6.2 ^í gqv ` gvu e qi kzvsk wefvrb e vl v K i Q G _ K cözxqgvb n e h, wewb qv Mi ewkifvm AskB (79%) bmi DcLv Zi Rb cö qvrb bmi DcLv Z wewb qv Mi D P AbycvZ _ K AvcvZt g b n Z cv i m±i m ú `i ˆelg g~jk weziy n q Q wkš, bmi GjvKvq D P wewb qvm Pvwn`v cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb mevi Zzjbvg~jKfv e D P GKK g~ j i cöwzwbwaz Ki Q hgb: cvbcevwnz cvwb mieivn, XvKv kn ii mÿ qv ir e e v I bmi wb vkb cöyvjx Z`ycwi bmi GjvKvq, we kl K i eo eo kni jv Z me P q ewk D PvwiZ nq `vwi`ª Ges cvwb mieivn I m vwb Uk bi ÿ Î gšwjk mevi Afv ei welq jv gvu kû i RbmsL vi cövq GK-Z Zxqvsk ew Íevmx Ges G msl v w`b w`b evo Q ew Í Z m vwb Ukb Kfv i Ri cwigvy gvî 8.5 fvm (MICS, 2009) wbivc` cvwbi ÿ Î 30 fv MiI ewk ew Íevmxi AwfMg Zv bb GmwWwcÕi AwfcÖvq n jv AšÍZtc ÿ gšwjk gvb`ð Abyhvqx `wi`ªmn mk ji Rb cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb myweav cö`vb Kiv Z` cöwÿ Z, bmi GjvKvq wewb qvm `wi`ª `i Rb me P q ewk mydj e q Avb e A_P ez gv b Gme mevi ÿ Î Zv `i Kvb AwaKvi bb MÖvgxY m vwb Ukb 10% bmi cvwb mieivn 43% MÖvgxY cvwb mieivn 12% bmi WªB br e e v 11% bmi m vwb Ukb 24% 6.5 Znwe ji Drm wpî 6.2: ^í gqv ` (A_ eqi ) wewfbœ köyxi g a gvu e qi kzkiv wefvrb m± ii mkj Askx`v ii cvi úwik mn hvwmzvi gva g SDP ev ÍevwqZ n e Z`vbyhvqx wewb qvm e qi wb œiƒc wzbwu e nëi ` j wef³ m± ii mn hvmxiv enb Ki e: 153

154 mikvwi LvZ (mikvi I Dbœqb mn hvmxmg~n KZ K A_ vqb Ges Iqvmv I cšimfvi cvwb mieivn wefv Mi gz cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb mev cö`vbkvix KZ K ivr ^ msmönmn); emikvwi LvZ (e q fvmvfvwmi wbwg Ë Rb Mvôxi mnvqk Puv`v, e w³mz Lvbv KZ K wewb qvm I emikvwi D ` v³vmn); Ges GbwRI (Zv `i wbr ^ Znwej A_ev mivmwi `vzv-ms v _ K cövß Znwej _ K Aby`vbmn) cwipvjbv I msiÿy e qmn c~y wewb qvm e qen bi Rb Znwe ji Drm (` k Kí 2) wb P DwjøwLZ mviwy 6.8-G `Lv bv n q Q: Znwej Drmmg~n mviwy 6.8: gvu wewb qvm e q A_ vq bi ÿ Î m±i mn hvmx `i Ae`vb A_ eqi A_ eqi A_ eqi gvu A_ eqi mikvwi LvZ: mikvwi Lv Zi wewb qvm 210, , , cvwb I m vwb Ukb mevms v jvi ivr ^ Avq 88, , , emikvwi LvZ: e qfvi en b e envikvixi mnvqk Puv`v 2, ,284 e w³mz cwiev ii wewb qvm 69,677 70,193 85, ,254 emikvwi D ` v³v - 14,775 28,468 43, GbwRmmg~n 9,209 6,182 5,264 20,655 gvu (wgwjqb evsjv `wk UvKv) 380, , ,089 1,465,520 gvu ( wgwjqb gvwk b Wjvi) 5,434 7,486 8,016 20,936 ^í gqv ` cy iv wewb qvm e qi Rb Znwej Dr mi kzkiv nvi 6.3 wp Î cö`k b Kiv n q Q evsjv `wk UvKvi A ¼ Gi cwigvy 380,500 wgwjqb G wewb qvm e qi wmsnfvm Avm e mikvwi LvZ (55 fvm) Ges cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb mev ms v jvi Av`vqK Z ivr ^ (23 fvm) _ K e w³mz Lvbvi Ae`vbI (D`vniY ^iƒc, Zv `i wbr ^ bjk~c I cvqlvbvi Rb ) n e D jøl hvm cwigvy (18 fvm) e w³mz Lvbvi wewb qvm GbwRI 3% 18% Rb Mvôxi KZ K e qi Ask enb 1% mikvwi Lv Zi wewb qvm 55% bmi meve e v _ K cövß ivr ^ 23% wpî 6.3 ^í gqv ` (A_ eqi ) Znwej Dr mi kzkiv nvi 154

155 6.5.1 ev RU jf Zv (availability) wemz cuvp eq ii ev RU eivï mikvwi Lv Zi AvIZvq MZ cuvp eq i cvwb I m vwb Ukb Lv Z ev RU eivï avivevwnkfv e e o Q wpî 6.4 _ K `Lv hv e h, mkj GwWwc eiv Ïi g a cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb Lv Z 2007 I 2011 A_ eqimg~ n eivï wqj h_vµ g 2.3 I 5.6 fvm úóztb e w i cwigvy cövq wø Y wpî 5.6 n Z `Lv hvq 2007 I 2011 A_ eq i cök Z eiv Ïi cwigvy wqj h_vµ g 6,734 I 22,398 wgwjqb UvKv ev RU eiv Ïi cwigv Yi w`k _ K GUv cövq wzb Y e w GKB mg q `vzv `i mnvqzvi cwigvy wqj cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb Lv Z gvu GwWwc eiv Ïi cövq 50 fvm ev RU cö qvrbxqzv I cövc Zv GmwWwcÕi ^í gqv`, A_ vr A_ eqimg~ n cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb Lv Zi Rb jf ev R Ui cwigvy wbiæwcz n q Q ga gqvw` ev RU KvVv gv (MTBF) Z cö_g wzb eq ii ( ) iwÿz eivï _ K Ab w` K 2013 eq ii eivï _ K ïiæ K i evwl K cuvp fvm e w i wfwë Z ciez x `yõeq ii ( ) cö ÿwcz ev RU cöv jb Kiv n q Q 6% 25,000 gvu GwWwc eiv Ïi kzkiv nvi 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% 0% 5.6% 4.2% 3.0% 2.9% 2.3% 2006/7 2007/8 2008/9 2009/ /11 wgwjqb UvKvq 20,000 15,000 10,000 5, /7 2007/8 2008/9 2009/ /11 mikvi `vzv Mvôx gvu wpî 6.4: A_ eqimg~ n GwWwc ev RU eiv Ïi kzkiv nvi wpî 6.5: A_ eqimg~ n GwWwc eiv Ïi (wgwjqb evsjv `wk UvKvq) cwigvy mviwy 6.9-G Dc vwcz cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± i jf ev R Ui mv _, ^í gqv ` (A_ eqi ) GwWwc Z eivï `qv n e, mikvwi Lv Zi Ggb wewb qvm Pvwn`vi Zzjbv Kiv n q Q bmi I MÖvgxY DcLvZ Ges mikvwi Lv Zi ms vmg~ ni wewb qvm cö qvrbxqzv I ev RU jf Zvi wefvrbi `Lv bv n q Q mviwywu Z cöv wjz wnmve Abyhvqx, GmwWwcÕi ^í gqv ` cvwb mieivn I m vwb Uk bi Rb mikvwi Lv Z cö qvrbxq wewb qvm Pvwn`vi cwigvy 210,456 wgwjqb UvKv wecix Z GKB mg q ev RU jf Zvi cwigvy gvu 110,528 wgwjqb UvKv A_ vr, gqv`wu Z m ve ev RU NvUwZi cwigvy 47 kzvsk úóztb bmi DcLv Z NvUwZ me P q ewk, hvi cwigvy MÖvgxY DcLv Zi 23 kzvs ki Zzjbvq cövq 50 kzvsk ev RU NvUwZi AwaKvskB Iqvmvmg~ ni AvIZv ewnf ~Z bmi DcLv Z, hlv b cöavbzt wwwcgbpb I ^ízi cwim i GjwRBwW cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb mev cö`vb K i _v K wwwcgbpbõi ev RU NvUwZi cwigvy cövq 76 kzvsk Lyjbv Iqvmvi NvUwZi cwigvyi ev ÍweK A _ e vck (70 kzvsk) XvKv Iqvmvi ev RU NvUwZ m e v P, UvKvi cök Z A ¼ hvi cwigvy 47,444 wgwjqb 155

156 DcLvZ I ms vmg~n mviwy 6.9: GmwWwcÕi ^í gqv ` mikvwi Lv Z wewb qvm Pvwn`v I ev RU jf Zv mikvwi Lv Z wewb qvm Pvwn`v cvwb mieivn I m vwb Uk bi Rb jf (MTBF) I cö ÿwcz ev RU eivï (wgwjqb evsjv `wk UvKvq) ev RU ev RU NvUwZ NvUwZi nvi 1. bmi DcLvZ: Iqvmvmg~n XvKv Iqvmv 97,901 50,456 47,444 48% PÆMÖvg Iqvmv 30,945 21,109 9,836 32% Lyjbv Iqvmv 7,069 2,100 4,968 70% wmwu K c v ikb, cšimfvmg~n I Ab vb : wwwcgbpb 37,925 8,954 28,971 76% GjwRBwW 12,642 11,280 1,361 11% 2. MÖvgxY DcLvZ: wwwcgbpb 23,975 16,628 7,347 31% gvu (wgwjqb evsjv `wk 210, ,528 99,928 47% UvKv): gvu (wgwjqb gvwk b Wjvi): 3,007 1,579 1,428 47% wemz cuvp eq i (A_ eqi ) GwWwc eiv Ïi cöeyzv Ges ga gqvw` ev RU KvVv gvq (MTBF) A_ eq i cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb Lv Z cö`ë eivï ilwpî (graph) AvKv i wpî 6.6-G cö`wk Z n jv ev RU eiv Ïi ÿ Î, we kl K i wemz `yb eq i D P cöe w N U Q wkš, A_ eq ii GgwUweGd eivï Zgb D jøl hvm cwigv Y ev owb 25,000 14,000 wgwjqb UvKvq 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 GwWwc eivï GgwUweGd eivï wgwjqb UvKvq 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 wwwcgbpb XvKv Iqvmv wm-iqvmv K-Iqvmvv /7 2007/8 2008/9 2009/ / / / / / /13 wpî 6.6: wemz cuvp eq ii GwWwc I A_ eq ii MTBF eivï wpî 6.7: m±i ms vmg~ ni MTBF eivï wpî 6.7-G cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± ii wewfbœ ms vi AbyK~ j MTBF eivï ( ) `Lv bv n q Q G _ K cözxqgvb nq h, XvKv Iqvmvi eivï e o Q cövwšíkfv e e o Q Lyjbv Iqvmvi eivï wkš, wwwcgbpb I PÆMÖvg Iqvmvi eivï K g Q e vckfv e Gi mvwe K dj n jv, A_ eqimg~ n cvwb mieivn I m vwb Uk bi Rb gvu MTBF eivï ïaygvî cövwšíkfv e e o Q `yõeq ii ( ) eivï cöeyzvi wfwë Z aviyv Kiv n Q A_ eqimg~ ni MTBF eivï GKB _vk e ^í gqv ` GmwWwcÕi jÿ AR bi Rb GgwUweGd-Gi eivï ez gvb ch vq _ K evwo q wø Y Kiv cö qvrb 156

157 ciez x cuvp eq i m± i wewb qv Mi cwigvy b~ bc ÿ wø Y evov Z n e wemz cuvp eq i Dbœqb mn hvmxiv cvwb mieivn I m vwb Uk b gvu mikvwi Lv Zi ev R Ui cövq 50 fvm Avw_ K mnvqzv wn m e cö`vb K i Q Avkv Kiv n Q, ^í gqv ` Dbœqb mn hvmx `i KvQ _ K GKBiKg Avw_ K mnvqzv cviqv hv e ZvB, Dbœqb mn hvmx `i KvQ _ K gvu wewb qvm Pvwn`vi 3,000 wgwjqb gvwk b Wjv ii g a 1,500 wgwjqb gvwk b Wjvi cöz vkv Kiv n Q cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± i Dbœqb mn hvmx `i m ve A_ vq bi GKwU wn me (cwiwkó 8) _ K `Lv hvq, ^í gqv ` cöz vwkz eivï n e cövq 700 wgwjqb gvwk b Wjvi vbxq mikvi wefvm cwikíbv Kwgkb I A_ bwzk m úk wefvm-gi mv _ civgk K i Dbœqb mn hvmx `i Kv Q AviI Avw_ K mnvqzv PvB Z cv i 157

158 Aa vq 7 m±i Dbœqb cwikíbvi ev Íevqb m±i Dbœqb cwikíbv (SDP) ev Íevq bi cöwµqv-c wz I cövwzôvwbk e e v cö Z G Aa v q GmwWwc ev Íevq bi cöviw K wkqz KwVb Kvh µg wpwýz Kiv n q Q Gme Kvh µ gi g a i q Q AvBb I wbqš Y e e v cöwzôv, bxwzgvjv I KŠkjmg~ ni Dbœqb Ges GKwU mgš^q e e v M o Zvjv ˆZwi Kiv n q Q GmwWwc ev Íevqb Zdwk ji (schedule) Rb GKwU c_-wb ` kbv (road-map) me k l, Av jvpbv Kiv n q Q GmwWwc ev Íevq bi AbywgZ SuywK I cökgbg~jk e e vmg~n 7.1 m±i Dbœqb cwikíbv (SDP) ev Íevq bi cövwzôvwbk e e v GmwWwc cöyqb I ev Íevq b mikv ii D P iæz cö`v bi bxwzi cöwÿ Z vbxq mikvi wefvm GmwWwc ev Íevqb K mnvqzv, mgš^q I cwiexÿy Ki Z wcgmbd- K `vwqz Ac Y K i Q bxwz mnvqzv Kvh µgmg~n g~javivgylx Kivi j ÿ mikvi ez gv b cökí wn m e cwipvwjz wcgmbd- K 2014 m bi g a vbxq mikvi wefvm-gi wbqwgz mvsmvwbk KvVv gv Z AšÍfz ³ Ki e 7.2 GmwWwc ev Íevq b mn hvmx ms vmg~ ni AskMÖnY Dbœqb I mgš^ qi Ggb GKwU KvVv gv GmwWwc ˆZwi K i Q hlv b m± ii A bk mn hvmx AskMÖnY Ki e GmwWwc cöyqb cöwµqvq mn hvmx `i AskMÖnY I Zv `i mswkøó Kg Kv Ði aib m ú K GKUv mg SvZv cöwzwôz nq MwVZ n qwqj A bk jv welqwfwëk (thematic) MÖæc G `i `vwqz wqj mswkøó wel q we klá gzvgz cö`vb Ges G jv ev Íevq bi c_-wb ` kbv cö`vb I mgš^q Ae vnz ivlv G c wz mn hvmx `i g a GmwWwcÕi cöwz D Pgv bi gvwjkvbv eva RvwM q Q mn hvmx `i AskMÖn Yi Rb cöavb gvp v wn m e KvR Ae vnz ivl e we` gvb RvZxq cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb dvivg (NFWSS) wewfbœ mn hvmx mgš^ q MwVZ K qkwu KwgwU I MÖæc G dviv gi Aax b mpj _vk e e j Avkv Kiv hv Q (c ii Aby Q ` we ÍvwiZ D jøl Av Q) 7.3 GmwWwc Kvh µg mgš^q, cwiexÿy I g~j vqb GmwWwcÕi jÿ AR b m±i mwvk c _ Pj Q Kx bv Zv wbiƒc Y GKwU kw³kvjx mgš^q, cwiexÿy I g~j vqb c wz cöpjb I ev Íevqb LyeB KwVb GKwU Kvh Ki m±i cwiexÿy I g~j vqb c wz cöwzôvi A bk jv myweav Av Q: fv jv ev `ye j Kg m úv` bi KviY wpwýz Kivi e e v kw³kvjxkiy; mev cö`vbkvix `i ^ Q cš vq Zv `i Kg Kv Ði Rb Lye mn RB Revew`wn Z eva Kiv hvq; Kg m úv`b cwigv ci, hgb: Kvh Ki cwiexÿy, Avw_ K cwipvjb (tracking) mgxÿv I g~j vq bi Dcvq jv mgwš^zkiy bxwzgvjvi Kvh KvwiZv wby q I AwaKZi fv jv bxwzgvjv cöyq b mg_ niqvi Rb DbœZ Z_ ; Ges, m± ii Rb AviI ewk m ú` hvmvb 57 w` Z AwaKZi Av vkxj c wz, BZ vw` 57 mywee Z UxKv (Well Briefing Note) bs 7.1: DMvÛvi cvwb I m vwb Uk b RvZxq m±i Kg KvÐ cwiexÿy I g~j vqb WEDC-Gi Julie Fisher KZ K mskwjz wee Z UxKvi Drm: Mike Thomson, Patric A Okuni and Kavin Samson. WELL, Water, Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC). Loughborough University, UK. 158

159 G Aby Q ` cö_ g m±i ch v q mgš^q, cwiexÿy I g~j vqb e e vi ez gvb Ae v ch v jvpbv, c i cöavb cöavb mgm v jvi D jøl I me k l GK Q Kg -wb ` kbv Dc vwcz n q Q m±i ch v q mgš^ qi ez gvb Ae v `yõwu e nëi ch v q Av Q mgš^q Kiv n e: RvZxq ch vq I vbxq ch vq RvZxq ch vq RvZxq wbivc` cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb bxwzgvjv (NPSWSS), 1998 g Z, mswkøó gš Yvjq, ms v I Dbœqb mn hvmx `i cöwzwbwae ` mgš^ q Ges mwpe, vbxq mikvi wefvm-gi mfvcwz Z MwVZ RvZxq cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb dvivg (NFWSS) m±i Kvh µg mgš^q, cwiexÿy I g~j vq bi Rb `vwqz cövß 2000 m b dvivgwu MV bi ci _ K Zv mswkøó bxwzgvjv I KŠkjc Îi A bk jv `wjj Aby gv`b, ZË veavb I mgš^q K i Q Gi `zõwu DcKwgwU Av Q: DcKwgwU ÕKÕ bxwzgvjv I KŠkjcÎmg~ ni Ges DcKwgwU ÕLÕ KvwiMix wel qi Rb MwVZ Gme DcKwgwUi AvIZvq A bkmsl K IqvwK s MÖæc I welqwfwëk (w_g vwuk) MÖæc cöwzwôz n q Q G jvi wkqz MÖæc ms kvwaz GmwWwc cöyqb ch v q MwVZ Ges m jv Lye g~j evb Ae`vb i L Q (we ÍvwiZ Aa vq 2) G _ K Giƒc aviyv R b Q h, ev ÍevqbKv ji welqwfwëk (w_g vwuk) MÖæc jv KvwiMix mnvqzv cö`vb Ae vnz ivl e AwaKš, mwpe, vbxq mikvi wefvm-gi mfvcwz Z i q Q RvZxq m vwb Ukb Uv dvm 2010 m bi g a mk ji Rb kzfvm m vwb Ukb AR bi j ÿ 2004 m bi ga fv M Uv dvm wu cöwzôz n qwqj ms kvwaz mgqmxgv 2013 m bi g a mk ji Rb m vwb Ukb wbwðz Ki Z cöyxz Kg cwikíbv cwiexÿy msµvší DcKwgwUmn Uv dv m i wzbwu DcKwgwU Av Q hv nvk, BDwb md I wek ^v ms vi hš_ cwiexÿy Kg m~wpi cöwz e`b Ges RvZxq m vwb Ukb mwpevjq cöyxz cöwz e` bi g a m vwb Ukb Kfv ir-gi msávmz cv_ K Av Q ZvB ey qu K AvnŸvqK K i MVb Kiv n q Q GKwU ^vaxb cwiexÿy I g~j vqb KwgwU GLv b mevi ` wó MvPi Kiv cö qvrb h, RvZxq m vwb Ukb KŠkjcÎ 2005 g Z, cwiexÿy c wz I cwiexÿ Y e eüze w wzgvc (c vivwguvi) wbiƒcy Ges mkj ch vq _ K cövß Z_ -DcvË (IqvW n Z wmwu, wmwu n Z RvZxq) hvpvb Kivi `vwqz RvZxq m vwb Ukb mwpevj qi Av m wbk mgm v gvkvwejv Ki Z RvZxq dvivg Av ikwu DcKwgwU MVb K i Q RvZxq Av m wbk wbimb bxwzgvjv 2004 I evsjv ` k Av m wbk wbimb ev Íevqb cwikíbv ch v jvpbv G KwgwUi KvR G DcKwgwUwU 2009 m bi Mvovi w` K ÕLÕ DcKwgwUi Aax b GKwU IqvwK s MÖæ c cwiyz n qwqj GZØ ZxZ, evsjv ` k vbxq civgk K MÖæc-Gi QÎQvqvq (LCG) Ab vb mn hvmx, mikvwi ms v I GbwRImg~ ni AskMÖn Y wøcvwÿk I eûcvwÿk `vzv `i GKwU MÖæc Av Q LCG mvemöæc cvwb I m vwb Ukb msµvší Z_ I AwfÁZv wewbgq Ges mgm v I P v jämg~n Av jvpbv K i G QvovI mgš^q, cwiexÿy I mvgäm weavb K i m±i Dbœqb Kvh µ gi G mvemöæcwu cö qvrbgz A vqx IqvwK s MÖæc MVb Ki Z cv i vbxq ch vq vbxq ch v q K `ªxq (focal) cöwzôvb n jv BDwbqb cwil` Pqvig vb-gi mfvcwz Z BDwbqb IqvUmvb KwgwU G QvovI Pqvig vb bjk~ ci vb wbe vpb KwgwUiI mfvcwz AwaKš, evsjv ` k cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± ii Rb `wi`ª-mnvqk KŠkjcÎ 2005 cwiexÿy I g~j vq b IqvW ch v qi IqvUmvb KwgwUmg~n K gvwmk mfvi Kvh weeiyx BDwbqb cwil ` cöiy Ki Z nq Kvh weeiyx Z mvaviyfv e we` gvb 159

160 IqvUmvb cwi ek I mywbw` ófv e nz-`wi`ª `i welq D jøl _v K BDwbqb Av m wbk wbimb KwgwU, Ab v b i g a BDwbq b Riæwi cvwb mieivn Kg m~wp Z`viwK I mgš^q K i mgm vmg~n cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb Kvh µ gi AwaKZi Kvh Ki mgš^q, cwiexÿy I g~j vqb wbwðz Ki Z we epbvq bqv Avek K Ggb cöavb mgm v jv wb œiƒc: eûjwe Í Z KwgwU I MÖæcmg~n: m±i Kg KvÐ mgš^q, cwiexÿy I g~j vq b RvZxq ch v qi KwgwU I MÖæcmg~n mvaviyfv e Kvh Kix Ae`vb ivl Q G _ K cözxqgvb nq h, cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m±i AviI jvfevb n Zv, hw` we` gvb wecyjmsl K KwgwU I MÖæc jv K mskzwpz I hšw³k Kiv hz Giƒc DrKÚv cökvk Kiv nq h, eûjmsl K KwgwU I MÖæc cövqktb ÓmfvRwbZ K vwšíó Z fv M GKB Kg KZ iv wewfbœ Dcj ÿ mfvq Ask bqvq I KvRK g AwaµgY (overlapping) NUvi djköæwz Z gvbe I A_ m ú` Ges mg qi AcPq N U RvZxq ms vmg~n I vbxq cöwzôvb jvi Ach vß cövwzôvwbk mÿgzv: cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± ii dvkvj G RwÝ wn m e m±i Kg KvÐ Kvh Kifv e cwiexÿy I g~j vqb Kivi ÿ Î mvaviyfv e wwwcgbpbõ Z Kg iz Kg x `i mvg _ i Afve i q Q mywbw` ófv e, mkj ch v q Z_ I Dcv Ëi h_vh_ msiÿ Y Ges wbqwgz m jv nvjbvmv`kiy I cökvkbvq h _ó DbœwZweavb Avek K G cöwÿ Z GKwU NUbv n jv, wwwcgbpb WvUv eyk klevi nvjbvmv`kiy Kiv n qwqj 2004 m b WvUv eyk-g Kg m úv`b wb ` kkmn cšimfv msµvší Kvh Ki Z_ Av Q GwU evwl KwfwË Z cökvk Kivi K_v GKBfv e, cšimfv I wmwu K c v ikbmg~ ni Af ší i Z_ e e vcbvi ch vß bq vbxq ch v q BDwbqb IqvUmvb KwgwU jvi `ye j Lvevi cvwb mieivn I m vwb Uk bi Rb MwVZ GwRI dvivg 16wU `ÿzv wb ` kk e envi K i Zv `i Kg m~wp Z AskMÖnY K i Q Ggb BDwbqb cwil`mg~ ni `ÿzv g~j vq b `Lv M Q, 50 kzvsk BDwbqb cwil` IqvUmvb Kg KvÐ ev Íevq b m šívlrbk bz Z cö`v b mÿg Ab w` K 35 kzvsk AvswkKfv e Ges Aewkó 15 kzvsk BDwbqb cwil` `ye j mvg _ i AwaKvix 58 m±iwfwëk Ach vß Z_ : cö_gz, cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± i GKKfv e mkj mikvwi I emikvwi ms vi wbr ^ mgš^q, cwiexÿy I g~j vqb e e v Av Q G jvi AwaKvskB Dbœqb cökíwfwëk Ges GLv b cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb Kfv ir I `ÿzv ch vßiƒ c we ewpz bq wøzxqz, m± ii cöavb cöavb wb ` kkmg~ ni AMÖMwZ cwiexÿy I g~j vq b e eüz msáv, cwifvlv I c wz mikvwi Ges Ab vb mn hvmx ms v KZ K ev ÍevwqZ cök í cövqktb m½wzc~y nq bv G Am½wZ AvšÍtcÖKí `ÿzvi Zzjbv K KwVb K i Zv j Ges m± ii mvwe K `ÿzvi Ach vß cöwzdjb NUvq Z ZxqZ, Av ikwu mgm v i q Q hv m±iwfwëk Z _ i Afve _ K m ó GUv n jv bxwzgvjv I AMÖvwaKvimg~ ni Ges `vwi`ª we gvpb I RÐvi AMÖMwZ Z A_ e qi djvd ji mv _ Avw_ K m ú` eiv Ïi Kvh Ki ms hvmmvab, hv vbxq mikvi wefvm KZ K cöyxz MTBF-G cö qvrb cwi k l, e w³ D ` v M vwcz n ÍPvwjZ bjk~c I m vwb Ukb myweavw`i gz eo Ae`vb jv K AšÍfz ³ bv Ki Z cvivi Kvi Y m± ii cök Z mvdj ev ˆbc~Y AÜKviv QbœB _ K hvq m±i mgš^q I cwiexÿ Yi Rb Kg -wb ` kbv Kvh Ki mgš^qmvab I m± ii ˆbc~Y g~j vqb wbwðz Ki Z wb œewy Z c` ÿc jv MÖnY Kiv cö qvrb: 58 Lvevi cvwb I m vwb Uk bi Rb GbwRI dvivg-gi evwl K cöwz e`b, Aby Q` 3: cwiexÿy I g~j vqb 160

161 RvZxq ch v q we` gvb KwgwU I MÖæc jv mnrzi Kiv: RvZxq ch v q KejgvÎ RvZxq cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb dvivg (NFWSS) Kvh Ki _vk e dviv gi Aax b _vk e `yõwu KwgwU: (1) bxwz I cwiexÿy KwgwU, GjwRwWÕi hym -mwpe (cvwb mieivn) KwgwUi mfvcwz n eb Ges cwjwm mv cvu BDwbU (wcgmbd) GLv b mwpevj qi `vwqz cvjb Ki e; Ges (2) KvwiMix mnvqzv KwgwU, we` gvb w_g vwuk MÖæcmg~ ni m`m e ` mgš^ q MwVZ KwgwUi mfvcwz n eb wwwcgbpbõi cöavb cö KŠkjx (wpî 7.1 `Lyb) RvZxq ch v qi Kg KvÐmg~ n mn hvmx `i AskMÖn Yi Rb RvZxq dvivg cöavb gvp v (platform) wn m e e eüz n e m± ii Kg KvÐ mgš^q I cwiexÿ Yi Rb I dvivg `vwqz e _vk e bxwz I cwiexÿy KwgwU cövwzôvwbk I Avw_ K welqvw`i cvkvcvwk bxwzgvjv, KŠkjcÎ I GmwWwc ev Íevq bi `vwqz cvjb Ki e GwU mikvwi ms v, GbwRI I emikvwi Lv Zi mgš^q Ges m±i Z_ e e vcbv c wzi (SIS) Kvh KvwiZvi welqwui `Lfvj Ki e KvwiMix KwgwU m± ii KvwiMix w`kmg~n I w_g vwuk MÖæ ci Kvh µg ZË veavb Ki e G jv e Zx i K we` gvb Ab mkj DcKwgwU I IqvwK s MÖæc evwzj n e vbxq civgk K ` ji (LCG) cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb mve-möæc, hv Dbœqb mn hvmx `i GKwU Acwinvh gvp v we ewpz, cö qvrbvbyhvqx RvZxq dviv gi `yõwu DcKwgwUi mv _ mgš^qweavb Ki e cvwb mieivn National I m vwb Ukb Forum msµvší for Water RvZxq Supply dvivg and Sanitation Subgroup vbxq civgk of the ` ji Local Consultative (GjwmwR) Group mve-möæc (LCG) mwpevjq: Secretariat: hfv e as wbe vwpz selected n e bxwz Policy I cwiexÿy and Monitoring mnvqzv Support KwgwU Committee mwpevjq: Secretariat: cwjwm mv cvu PSU BDwbU KvwiMix mnvqzv KwgwU Technical Support mwpevjq: Committee wwwcgbpb Secretariat: DPHE - Donor `vzvms vi Coordination mgš^q - Specific Ab vb issues mywbw` ó welqmg~n - Revision bxwzgvjv and I KŠkjcÎmg~ ni preparation of policies cybtch v jvpbv and strategies I cöyqb - SDP GmwWwc implementation ev Íevqb ch v jvpbv review - Coordination GbwRI Ges e w³lv Zi with NGOs mv _ and private mgš^q sector - Sector m±i Z_ Information e e vcbv System c wz Institutional (GmAvBGm) and financial - subjects cövwzôvwbk I Avw_ K welqvw` wpî 7.1 m±i mgš^q I cwiexÿy e e v - Thematic w_g vwuk subjects welqmg~n - Other Ab vb specific mywbw` ó technical KvwiMix subjects welqmg~n m±i Z_ e e vcbv c wz (SIS) cöwzôv I ev Íevqb: cö_ gb cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± i GKwU wb ew`z SIS cöwzôv Riæwi ch vß Avw_ K I fšz m c `i mg_ b cöwkwÿz Kg xmy c wzwu cwipvjbv Ki e (e 7.1) 59 jÿ AR b AMÖMwZ cwiexÿ Y Ges m± ii AMÖMwZ wel q mikvi, Dbœqb mn hvmx I RbmvaviY K AewnZ Kivi ÿ Î SIS GKwU Acwinvh nvwzqvi ev Dcvq m±i ˆbc~ Y i mwvk w`k ervq (track) ivlvi Rb wb ` kk jv mnr, cwigvc hvm I wbqš Y hvm ev ev Íevqb hvm n Z n e Z`vbymv i, cöv_wgk ch v q vbxq mikvi wefvm (GjwRwW) m± ii cöavb 8wU wb ` kk e envi Kivi welqwu we epbv 59 Kwbqvb cvwb Lv Zi Z_ e e vcbv c wz, MWI-Gi Z_ Dbœqb, cvwb I mp gš Yvjq, cvwb m±i IqvwK s MÖæc, P~ovšÍ cöwz e`b, b f ^i 2006 n Z bqv 161

162 Ki e, h jvi wfwë Z RvZxq I vbxq ch v qi cöwzôvb jv Z_ mieivn Ki Z mÿg Z e, cöwzôvb jv K GRb ch vß Avw_ K, fšzm ú` I mvg_ e w mnvqzv cö`vb Ki Z n e (mviwy 7.1) mviwy 7.1 RvZxq ch v q m±i Z_ e e vcbv `ÿzvi cöavb wb ` kkmg~n `ÿzv cö`k Yi cöavb wb ` kkmg~n wb ` kk jvi mswÿß weeiy (GKK) ÿîmg~n AwfMg Zv cvwb mieivn Kfv ir wbivc` Lvevi cvwb Z UKmB AwfMg Zv Av Q Ggb RbmsL vi AbycvZ (%) m vwb Ukb Kfv ir DbœZ m vwb Ukb mevmyweavq AwfMg Zv Av Q Ggb RbmsL vi AbycvZ (%) Kvh KvwiZv ev mpjzv wnmve ewntf ~Z cvwb wbewüz MÖvnK `i g a mieivnk Z cvwbi Zzjbvq Drcvw`Z cvwbi AbycvZ (%) (dvskbvwjwu) cvwbi Ygvb e envi-ch v q msm nxz cvwbi YMZ gvb`ð RvZxq gvb` Ði mv _ mvgäm c~y Ggb msmönxz cvwbi bgybvi AbycvZ (%) mvsmvwbk `ÿzv e q cybiæ vi cvbcevwnz cvwb mieivn e e vi msm nxz ivr ^ Avq Øviv c~iyk Z wewb qvm Ges cwipvjb I iÿyv eÿy e qi AbycvZ (%) wewb qvm `ÿzv GKK g~j AwZwi³ RbmsL v K mev cö`v bi GKK-cÖwZ g~j (gv_vwcqz evsjv `wk UvKv) AšÍf yw³gylxzv `wi`ª-mnvqk cvwb I m vwb Ukb mevmyweavq AwfMg Zv Av Q Ggb `wi`ª RbmsL vi AbycvZ (%) AvPiY cwiez b nvz avqv cvqlvbv e env ii ci I Lvevi MÖn Yi Av M mvevb ev QvB w` q nvz ašz K i Ggb gvby li AbycvZ (%) ms ÿ c wb ` kk jv n jv: (1) cvwb mieivn Kfv ir (bmi, MÖvgxY I RvZxq); (2) m vwb Ukb Kfv ir (bmi, MÖvgxY I RvZxq); (3) wnmve ewnf ~Z cvwb (bmi); (4) cvwbi gvb (bmi, MÖvgxY I RvZxq); (5) e q cybiæ vi (bmi); (6) mevi GKK-cÖwZ g~j (bmi, MÖvgxY I RvZxq); (7) `wi`ª-mnvqk (bmi, MÖvgxY I RvZxq); Ges (8) nvz ašzkiy (bmi, MÖvgxY I RvZxq) cwi k l, m±i mgš^q I Dbœq bi `vwqz cö`v bi cöwÿ Z, PSU KvwiMix mn hvwmzv mnvqzvmn SIS Dbœq b bz Z `vbkvixi f~wgkv MÖnY Ki e wewfbœ ch v q mgš^q I cwiexÿy e e v cöwzôv: wi cvwu s jvbbmn wewfbœ ai Yi mgš^q I cwiexÿy e e v mviwy 7.2-G `Lv bv n jv wewfbœ ch v q, cöwzwu cöwzôvb Gi wbr ^ cwiexÿy I wi cvwu s QK Zwi Ki e Z e, cö`ë 8wU cöavb wb ` k Ki evb ii mswkøó AwZwi³ wb ` kk AšÍfz ³ Kiv hv e cöwzwu ch v qi KwgwU jv Awb úbœ welqmg~n Av jvpbv Ki e Ges wb RivB hzuzkz m e m jv mgvav Ki e G QvovI DbœZ ˆbc~Y cö`k Yi Rb Kvb wbw` ó e e v MÖnY cö qvrb n j Zv D PZi ch v q AeMZ Ki e KwgwUmg~n Ae ewnz wb Pi Í i cöwzevz v (wdwe vk) cöiy Ki e Zv Z mvwe K Ae vi welq I Zv `i wbr ^ ch v q M nxz e e v m ú K gšíe D jøl _vk e 162

163 e 7.1 cö ÍvweZ m±i Z_ e e vcbv c wzi mijxk Z iƒc ilv - mn hvmx I RbM Yi cöwz Feed-back to stakeholders and cöwzevz v public - Planning, cwikíbv, policy bxwz I and KŠkj strategy cöyqb development - Define Rwic I need mgxÿvi for surveys and studies (C) cö qvrbxqzv wba viy (M) (K) m± ii mvwe K ˆbc~Y (cvidi gý) cwiexÿy A. Overall WSS Sector Performance Monitoring (L) m±i B. Management cöwzôvb jvi Rb Information Z_ e e vcbv: for - wwwcgbpb Sector Kfv ir Institutions Z_ fvðvi - DPHE wwwcgbpb coverage f~-mf data cvwbi base Z_ fvðvi - DPHE m vwb Ukb groundwater mwpevjq data Z_ base - Sanitation nvbmviqv Secretariat Z_ fvðvi data - HYWASA Iqvmv Z_ fvðvi data base - WASA AeKvVv gv base wel q GjwRwW Z_ fvðvi - LGED Iqvi cv, database wewweødwwwe, on infrastructure weggwwg, WARPO, AviwWG BWDB, Z_ fvðvi BMDA, RDA data NGO data bases - GbwRI Z_ fvðvi (M) C. Sample bgybv Rwic Surveys I we kl and mgxÿv: Special - DrK ó Studies PP v/abykxjb I Benchmarking eâgvwk s and best practices - wrgjggmgm I GLASS and GgAvBwmGm MICS Hygiene - practice ^v m Z AvPiY Water - quality cvwbi gvb - m±i mn hvmx `i Information dissemination gv S Z_ mieivn to sector - stakeholders bxwz I KŠkj cöyqb Inform policy and AewnZKiY strategy development K. m± ii mvwe K Kg `ÿzv cwiexÿy: cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± ii Kg `ÿzv cwiexÿ Yi Rb cöv_wgkfv e 8wU cöavb wb ` kk, hgb: cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb Kfv ir (we ÍvwiZ mviwy 7.1 `Lyb) L. m±i cöwzôbmg~ ni Z_ e e vcbv: Kvb mywbw` ó cöwzôv bi g v ÛU-msµvšÍ AMÖMwZ cwiexÿ Y, GbwRImn m±i cöwzôvbmg~ n we ÍvwiZ Z_ e e v GUv cöavbzt AMÖMwZ I Kg `ÿzv cwiexÿ Yi Rb e eüz Gme cöwzôvb Zv `i cwiexÿy I wi cvwu s c wz Z 8wU wb ` k Ki evb ii mswkøó wb ` kkmg~n AšÍf y³ Ki Z cvi e M. bgybv Rwic I we kl mgxÿv: m±i m úwk Z welqmg~ ni Ici we kl mgxÿvi djvdj cviqv G jvi g a Av Q: f vjy di gvwb mgxÿv, AwaKv ii welqmg~ ni Ici we kl mgxÿv, RÐvi, cvwb e env ii aiy, m Pi `ÿzv, BZ vw` Gi g a cövß M elyv I mgxÿvi Ici cöwz e`b ˆZwii e e vi AšÍf y³ D`vniY ^iƒc, I qemvb U mshyw³i gva g `wjwjkiy n Z mkj m±i mn hvmx mydj cv e bvu: SIS-Gi ÕLÕ I ÕMÕ Ask ÕKÕ As ki Rb cö qvrbxq DcvË hvmv e me wb œ Í ii vbxq mikvi wn m e, BDwbqb cwil` IqvW I Rb Mvôx ch vq _ K Z_ msmön Kivi `vwqz b e hlv b Rb Mvôx ev IqvW ch v q msmvb we` gvb, mlv b BDwbqb cwil` Zv `i gva g Z_ msmön Ki Z cv i Kvh Ki cwiexÿy I wi cvwu s qi Rb BDwbqb cwil `i cöavb mgm v n jv Rbej mxgve Zv BDwbqb cwil` cwiexÿy I wi cvwu s qi Rb BDwbq b Kg iz Pjgvb cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb cökí ev Kvb AvMÖnx GbwRIÕi ev e w³i mnvqzv wb Z cv i m± ii bz Z `vbkvix ms v wn m e wwwcgbpb Dc Rjv I Rjv ch v q mgš^q I wi cvwu s q mnvqzv Ki e UKmB Dbœq bi Rb, BDwbqb cwil `i AwZwi³ Rbej, we kl K i wnmve mnkvix I Kvh mnkvix _vkv evãbxq wewfbœ mikvwi ms v I GbwRImg~ ni m`i `ßi ch v q mswkøó cöwzôvb Zv `i wbr ^ mgš^q I cwiexÿy Pvwj q b e Ges vðvw Q K RvZxq Z_ fvðv i Z_ cöiy Ki e cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m±i ch v q, 163

164 SIS cwipvwjz n e GjwRwW (PSU)/wWwcGBPB KZ K Ges GbwRImn wewfbœ msmv bi cwiexÿy I mgš^ qi cöavb ms v RvZxq cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb dviv gi (NFWSS) Kv Q cöwz e`b ` e cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb welqk cö ÍvweZ mwpe KwgwU AvšÍt m±i mgš^q Ki e RvZxq ch v qi gz, vbxq ch v qi wewfbœ KwgwU mnr Kiv cö qvrb Gme KwgwUi Kg KvÐ GKB ai Yi ev AwaµwgZ (overlapped) IqvW, BDwbqb, Dc Rjv I Rjv ch v q Av m wbk KwgwUmg~n mswkøó IqvUmvb KwgwUmg~ ni mv _ GKxf~Z (merge) Ki Z n e GKBfv e, BDwbqb ch v q bjk~ ci vb wbe vpb KwgwU BDwbqb IqvUmvb KwgwUi mv _ GKxf~Z niqv evãbxq mviwy 7.2 wewfbœ ch v qi Rb cö ÍvweZ mgš^q I cwiexÿy e e v ch vqmg~n mgš^q I cwiexÿy e e v wi cvwu s jvbb AvšÍtLvZ cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m±i m±i cöwzôvbmg~ ni m`i `ßi (wwwcgbpb, Iqvmvmg~n,GjwRBwW, GbwRImg~n, BZ vw`) Rjv Dc Rjv cvwb I m vwb Ukb msµvší mwpe KwgwU mg q mg q wewfbœ gš Yvjq I RvZxq KwgwUi wbku cvwb I m vwb Ukb msµvší RvZxq mg q mg q mwpe KwgwU, Ab vb gš Yvjq, RvZxq dvivg KwgwUmg~n I m±i mn hvmx `i Kv Q; Ges m±i GjwRwW/wWwcGBPB KZ K cwipvwjz mn hvmx `i gv S Z_ cöpvi SIS mikvwi ms v I GbwRImg~ ni mgš^q I cwiexÿy wefvm Rjv mgš^q KwgwU wwwcgbpb wbe vnx cö KŠkjx m`m -mwpe ev cvwb mieivn I m vwb Uk bi Rb dvkvj cvimb Dc Rjv IqvUmvb KwgwUmg~n (A_ev Dc Rjv Dbœqb mgš^q KwgwU) wwwcgbpb Dc-mnKvix cö KŠkjx (ev bzzb mvsmvwbk KvVv gv Abyhvqx mnkvix cö KŠkjx) m`m mwpe wewfbœ ms vi Z_ fvðv ii Z_ mgwš^z (KgcvBj) Kiv I wba vwiz Q K RvZxq SIS-G cöiy m¼jb, ˆeaKiY I wwwfk b Abywjwcmn wwwcgbpb m`i `ß i cöwz e`b cöiy cvbcevwnz cvwb mieivnfz³ wmwu K c v ikb I cšimfv (Ges BDwbqb I Dc Rjvmg~n) wwwcgbpbõi Rjv wbe vnx cö KŠkjxi Kv Q wi cvu Ki e, Abywjwc Rjv mgš^q KwgwU Z cöiy Ki e m¼wjz cöwz e`b wwwcgbpb wbe vnx cö KŠkjx K Abywjwcmn Rjv mgš^q KwgwU Z cöiy Ki e BDwbqb BDwbqb IqvUmvb KwgwUmg~n m¼wjz cöwze `b wwwcgbpb Dc-mnKvix cö KŠkjx K Abywjwcmn Dc Rjvq cöiy Ki e BDwbqb cwil` IqvW mg~n/kwgdwbwumg~n _ K cöwz e`b msmön I m¼jb Ges Dc Rjvq cöiy Ki e BDwbq b GKwU dvkvj GbwRI, Ab ms v, Dbœqb cökí ev AvMÖnx e w³ cviqv M j wewfbœ ch v q mfv Av qvrb I cöwz e`b ˆZwi Z BDwbqb cwil` K mnvqzv Ki Z cv i IqvW IqvW IqvUmvb KwgwUmg~n IqvW Z_ m¼jb I BDwbq b cöwz e`b cöiy Ki e KwgDwbwU KwgDwbwU Dbœqb KwgwUmg~n mnr QK I DcKiY e envi Ges Iqv W cöwz e`b cöiy Ki e (ev KwZcq ÿ Î mivmwi BDwbq b) 164

165 7.4 cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± i m±i-wfwëk cš v (SWAp) m±i ch v q cö qvm hvm GK ai Yi Kg m~wpwfwëk cš v n jv m±i IqvBW G v cövp ev mvqvc {RvwZmsN RbmsL v Znwej (UNPA), 2005} Dbœqb Av jvpbvq GUv e vckfv e ^xk Z h, GKK ev wew Qbœ cökí mvaviyzt h Kvb m± ib LwÐZ ev ci úi-wew Qbœ Dbœqb mvab K i _v K cökí kl nevi ci Gi djvdj UKmB nq bv Ges AbvbycvwZKfv e `y úövc gvbwek mvg_ I Znwej K mskzwpz K i (UNPA, 2004) AwaKš, eûgylx `vzv `i gva g cö`ë mvnvh cövqkt LwÐZ ev RUxq I e e vcbv KvVv gvi ˆewkó gwðz nq Ges we` gvb bxwzgvjvmg~ ni I gvv ch v q ev ÍevwqZ Kvh µ gi g a m½wzi Afve _v K 60 UKmB I b vqm½z wbivc` Lvevi cvwb I cwi ekmz m vwb Uk b AwfMg Zv wbwðzki Y evsjv `k mikvi A½xKvive GUv B Zvg a B Dbœqb mn hvmx `i mg_ b I mnvqzv jvf K i Q Gme cöwÿz we epbvq Ges mvqvc-gi myweav Abyaveb K i vbxq mikvi, cjøx Dbœqb I mgevq gš Yvjq-Gi Aaxb vbxq mikvi wefvm GmwWwc ev ÍevqbKv j cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± i mvqvc Aej ^b Kivi bxwzmz wm vší wb q Q G Aby Q` cö_ g mswÿßfv e mvqvc-gi aviyv e vl v K i Q ZviB Abymi Y MZvbyMwZK cökí aviyvi cöwÿ Z Gi myweavmg~n we køly Kiv n q Q Zvici evsjv ` k mvqvc ev Íevqb cwiw wz I AwR Z wklb weeiyx D jøl Kiv n q Q GUv cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± i m ve mvqvc cwikíbvq cö qvm Kiv hv e me k l, cvwb mieivn I m vwb Ukb m± i mvqvc MÖn Yi ÿ Î mgm vmg~n I G jvi mgvav b Kg -wb ` kbv Av jvpbv Kiv n q Q mvqvc m ú K aviyv mev cö`vb e e v K hšw³k, mnr I DbœZ Ki Z mvqvc cözxwkfv e, ÓmiKvwi bz Z, m± ii g a mvaviy cš v Abymi Y, GKwU GKK m±i bxwz I e q Kg m~wp K mg_ b Ges mkj Znwe ji wnmve I e q-wbe v n mikvwi wbqg-kvby bi Ici wbf izvi w` K GwM q h Z _v KÓ 61 (M. Foster, A. Brown, A. and F. Naschold, 2001) GUv R b ivlv iæz c~y h, mvqvc GKwU cš v ev c wz GwU Kvb bxj-bkkv bq Ges `k f ` I m±iwfwë Z Gi cö qv M ZviZg N U ZvB GKwU mvqvc Aej ^b-b kl K_v bq, eis GwU cwipvjbv I mn hvwmzvi GKwU cöwµqvwfwëk c wz wn m e MY niqv `ikvi mvaviyfv e, GKwU m± ii mvg_ e w I Gi `ÿzv Dbœq bi j ÿ mvqvc cöwzôvi Rb wb Pi Dcv`vb jv we epbv Kiv cö qvrb (wpî 7.2): K) m±i bxwzgvjv I KŠkjcÎ: GKwU úó RvZxq gvwjkvbvaxb m±i bxwzgvjv I KŠkjcÎ _vk Z n e G jv `vwi`ª wbimb KŠkjcÎmn Aek B mikv ii mvwe K KŠkjMZ D Ïk I KŠkjMZ KvVv gv _ K wbm Z I m jvi mv _ mvgäm c~y n Z n e; L) m± ii ga gqvw` e q-kvvv gv: GKwU ga gqvw` e q (A_ev ev RUxq) KvVv gv _vkv cö qvrb mwu wbwðz Ki e h, m±i Kg cwikíbvi cö Ívemg~ ni e q h_vh_fv e wnmve Kiv n q Q Ges cövß mikvwi I ewntm ú `i ev Íem Z cöv j bi wecix Z AMÖvwaKvicÖvß; 60 RvwZmsN Lv` I K wl ms v (dvi), 2007 gvb Kj I qjm&, gwjmv eªvdb I Gwjwmqv dvy v `R KZ K wewb qvm I m ú` mgv ekki Y m±i IqvBW G v cövp ( mvqvc), RvwZms Ni Lv` I K wl ms v, g 2007, ivg 61 Gg. d vi, G. eªvdb I Gd. bvm Kvì, 2001 Ó m±i cövmövg G v cövp: G jv wk K wllv Z Kvh Ki?Ó- GKwU Dbœqb bxwzgvjv ch v jvpbv, 2001, 19(3) 165

166 M) A_ vqb e e v: Kg m~wp ev Íevq bi Rb m ú `i mymse e e v ivlv, hv m±i K mnvqzv Ki e, Gi d j wbwðz Znwej Dr mi mv _ úófv e cökímg~n I Kvh µ gi Ges ev Íevq bi Rb m Z Zdwm ji wfwë Z we ÍvwiZ Kg m~wpi hvmm~î vcb n e; N) ˆbc~Y cwiexÿy e e &v: Ggb GKwU cwiexÿy e e v, hv AMÖMwZ cwigvc c wz I `vqe Zv greyz Ki e; O) mn hvmx `i mv _ civgk : mkj D jøl hvm mn hvmx `i m ú ³ K i e vck civgk MÖn Yi e e v; P) msjvc I mgš^q cöwµqv: cwikíbv, e e vcbv, ev Íevqb, cwiexÿy I g~j vq bi RvZxq e e vcbv c wz e envi K i m±i ch v q mvnvh mgš^q I msjv ci Rb mikvi cwipvwjz GKwU AvbyôvwbK cöwµqv; Ges Q) mv` k c~y e e v: cöwz e`b, ev RU, Aw_ K e e vcbv I A_ msmö ni Rb mv` k c~y e e vq iƒcvšíi NUv Z GKwU m Z cöwµqv m±i GgwUweGd ˆbc~Y cwiexÿy c wz msjvc I mgš^q cöwµqv m±i bxwzgvjv mn hvmx `i mv _ civgk mvg_ e w I m±i ˆbc~Y (cvidi gý) A_ vqb e e v mv` k c~y e e v wpî 7.2: GKwU mvqvc-gi Dcv`vbmg~n m~î: OECD, 2006 I FAO, 2007 wpî 7.2: GKwU mvqv ci Dcv`vbmg~n m~î: A mw, 2006 Ges RvwZmsN Lv` I K wl ms v, 2007 mvaviyfv e, wpivpwiz cökí c wzi e` j mvqvc aviyvi ( m±i Kg m~wp) wfwë Z Dbœqb mnvqzv cö`v bi myweav A bk (e 7.2 `Lyb) e 7.2: cökí aviyvi cwie Z mvqvc-gi myweavmg~n mvqvc cökí aviyv 1. mikvwi gvwjkvbv I bz Z i wfwë Z cöwzwôz Ges mikvi K m± ii bzv wn m e cöwzôv K i 1. Lye ewk `vzv-pvwjz n Z cv i, `vzv `i AMÖvwaKvi K cöwzdwjz K i, mvgvb B mikvwi gvwjkvbvi ewn:cökvk NUvq Ges djköæwz Z cökí cövqktb e _ nq 2. djvdj- wfwëk ( m±i `ÿzvi Ici ` wó wbe 2. djvd ji iæz Av Q, Z e mvwe K m±i cöwÿ Zi Kivmn) w`k n Z jÿ Zzjbvg~jKfv e iæz nxb n Z cv i 3. bxwz wel q AwaKZi iæz cö`vb K DrmvwnZ K i - 3. LuywUbvwU welq `L Z Pvq Ges me `v e vck-welq jv LyuwUbvwU wel q bq Kvh Kifv e we epbv Ki Z cv i bv 4. `vzv `i mnvqzv K ek mymgwš^z K i Zv j 4. Kvh µ gi Ici m ezt wkqz Z_ -wewbgq Qvov `vzv `i g a mvgvb B ev Kvb mgš^qb nq bv 5. A_ vqb K ^ QZi I AwaKZi cöz vkvg~jk K i 5. wew Qbœ GKwU cökí mvwe K e q-kvvv gvi wfwë Z hw` GKwU gvî e q-cwikíbv _v K, ZLb mkj cöwzwôz nq bv ZvB mvwe K A_ cöevn A úó cözxqgvb 166