evsjv m bi Drm wb q `yõpvi K_v

Transcription

1 evsjv m bi Drm wb q `yõpvi K_v -ARq ivq GwcÖj gvm G jb Avgv `i evsjv mb ev e½v ãi K_v g b c i, KviY GwcÖ ji gvsvgvws Z Av m Avgv `i HwZwn K beel c njv ˆekvL e Z evsjv ` k 1jv ev kl Av m 14B GwcÖj Zvwi L, cöwz eqi * AvR, hlb G cöeüwui Ici LvwbKUv kl NlvgvRv KiwQ, MÖMixq K v jûv ii 2006 mv ji 13B GwcÖj Avi evsjv K v jûvi Abyhvqx, hwu evsjv GKv Wgx KZ K cwigvwr Z I mikvixfv e Abym Z Ges gvuvgywufv e mvaviy gvbyl g b wb q Q, AvR evsjv mb 1412 Gi 30 k ˆPÎ Ges 1412 mv ji kl w`b AvMvgxKvj ïµevi 14B GwcÖ j Avgiv c`vc b Kie evsjv 1213 m b 1jv ˆekvL Avgv `i HwZwn K bee l, bi iv R Kb evsjv bee l i mv _ dvimx bi ivr kãwu D PviY Kijvg Zv úó n e cöeüwu ˆah a i cvv Ki j bi ivr gv bi beel evsjv GKv Wgx KZ K kl cwigvwr Z el cäxwu 1402 mv ji 1jv ˆekvL, 1995 mv ji 14B GwcÖj _ K mikvixfv e M nxz I cöewz Z nq GB cwigvwr Z K v jûvi mikvixfv e ^xk Z I Aby gvw`z niqvi AvM ch š cyiv bv wn me g Z cyiv bv evsjv mb Pvjy wqj Ges GLbI Av Q, hv wn `ya g i Abymvix I mvaviy e emvqx `i g a GLbI cöpwjz hgb D`vniY ^iƒc cyivzb c wzi jvkbv_ cäxkv g Z AvMvgx Kvj (14B GwcÖj, 2006) n e 31 k ˆPÎ, 1412, Ges bzzb mb 1413 ïi n e 15B GwcÖj mvaviy gvbyl I mikvi evsjv GKv Wgx KZ K evsjv m bi m~pbv MÖMixq K v jûv ii 14B GwcÖj _ K evsjv m bi cövi GB mycvwik mn Ab vb cwigvr bvi mycvwikmgyn g b wb ji wkqy ^ NvwlZ ms vik g b wb Z cv ib wb Zuviv evsjv beel G jb cöeü j Lb, bvbv cökœ Zv jb Ges m v mw U g U RvwM q Zvjvi Póv K i _v Kb m cöwz cökœ Zvjv n Q evsjv 1jv ev kl 14B GwcÖ j Kb, Kb 15B GwcÖ j bq? BZ vkvi cökœ G cökœ wb q Avwg ez gvb cöe Ü `xn Av jvpbvq h Z PvB bv ciez xkv j Avi GKwU cöe Ü G me cövmw½k cökœ I mgm v wb q ˆeÁvwbK ` wó KvY _ K Av jvpbv Kivi cöqvm cve AvcvZZ GB K_v ewj h wek wekö Z R vwz c`v_ we` W. gnbv` mvnvi 1952 mv j cövpxb fvizxq K v jûvimg~ ni ms vi cö v ei Av jv K 1963 mv j fvlvwe` W. gyn ` knx`yj vnõi bz Z MwVZ evsjv GKv Wgxi Õevsjv cwäkv ms viõ KwgwU evsjv m bi ms v ii j wkqy mycvwik MÖnY K i G wb q Avgiv c i Av jvpbv K iwq * evsjv beel Kb 14B GwcÖ j cvjb Kiv n e m m ú K evsjv GKv Wwgi Ôevsjv mb ms vi KwgwUiÕ mycvwi k Av jvpbv Kiv n q Q

2 c njv ev k Li mv _ AvRI mb nvjlvzvi Drme Rwo h Av Q, QvU ejvq GK `vkvb _ K Ab `v Kv b Ny i Ny i wgw Avi mier L qwq bvbv ikg evnvix io qi mier `qv nz, Gi g a wmw i mier wqj Avgvi Kv Q me P q AvKl Yxq c i ï bwq G mie Zi g~j Dcv`vb wqj fv Oi KwPcvZv I Wv ji Q vpv bv im GQviv wqj mßvne vcx ˆekvLx gjv hlv b QvU `i AvKl Y K i bv G nb e cviqv hz bv A bk cwiez b n ji mb Uª vwwkb mgv b Pj Q Z e gjv P j G m Q MÖvg _ K Lv` ivravbx kni XvKv ZB mb mv _ Avgv `i ms wzi Awe Q` A½ wn m e hy³ n q Q igbvi eug~ j Ôbee l iõ Drme fvi _ KÑ mb lv Ui `kk _ K Qvqvb Ui cöwzôv jmœ _ K AvBDe kvnx I Zvi mvgwikzš Avgv `i me PvB Z h wrwblwu me PvB Z N bvi Pv L `L Zv, Zv nj Avgv `i evovjx niqvõ K Avi Avgv `i evovjx niqvi g~ j wqj 21 k deª qvix, evsjv beel, iex `ª PP v Avi bri ji kkj fvovi Mvb Avi KweZv ^vaxkvi _ K ^vaxbzvi Av `vj b Avgv `i evovjx niqvi mvs wzk Av `vjb GK Abe` Ae`vb i L Q ^vaxbzvi 35eQi cywz ZI ev fvlv Av `vj bi 54 eqi c ii BmjvgcQ `ev`xiv GLbI iex `ª m½xz, bri ji Mvb, beel cvjb Ges 21 k deª hvix Z dyj `qv I Avjcbv AuvKv, 26 k gvp, 16B ww m ^i A_ vr Avgv `i evovjx niqvi cqb hvezxq AR b K wel Pv L ` L Lv` evqzzj gvkvii gi LwZe G me Abyôvb Kivi wei d Zvqv w` Z Kmyi K ib bv wkš G cöe Ü Avgiv G wb q Av jvpbv Kie bv, Avgiv Av jvpbv Kie Avgv `i bi ivr ev 1jv ev k Li Drm ei cq b h mbwu i q Q mb evsjv mb ev e½vã wb q mvgvb Av jvpbv Kie cö_ gb e j ivwl, evsjv m bi D ei mv _ wkš Kvb fvizxq Aã Rwi q bb h wzbwu Aã Gi mv _ wbweofv e m ú ³ wzbwub we `kx G wzbwu Aã nj wnrix, ÔZvwiL-B-RvjvjxÕ I ÔZvwiL-B-BjvwnÕ wnrix nj Bmjvgx Aã hvi wfwë nj Pv `ªeQi I Pv `ªgvm, hv Avie ` k cqm ^i gyn `i gw`bvq Awfevm bi w`bwu K iyxq K i ivlvi Rb Lwjdv Igi KZ K cöpwjz n qwqj ÔZvwiL-B-RvjvjxÕ bv g L vz GB weï mši AãwU cvim mgªvu mjryk myjzvb Rvjvj DwÏb gv jk kvn cyivzb Bivbxq Aã K ms vi K i wnrixi v b cöez b K iwq jb wlª v ã Ab w` K gvmj mgªvu AvKei bzzb GKwU ag gz ÔwØb BjvwniÕ gz GKwU bzzb AãI Zvui ivrz Kv ji 29Zg erm i cöez b K iwq jb GB bzzb A ãi bvgkib Kiv n qwqj ZvwiL-B-Bjvwn, hv wqj weï mši MYbv I FZz wfwëk wkš wnrix I BjvwnÕi mv _ e½v ãi cövmw½kzv wb q Av jvpbvq cö e ki Av M fvizxq el cäxi ˆewkó wb q wkwâr Av jvpbv Kiv hvk e½v ãi Av jvpbvq wnrix I ZvwiL-B-Bjvwn cöm ½i AeZvibv Kb G cökœ DV ZB cv i wnrix nj Bmjvgx Aã hvi wfwë nj Pv `ª eqi, Pv `ª gvm I Pv `ª w`em cqm ^i gyn `i gw`bvq Awfevm bi w`bwu K iyxq K i ivlvi Rb Lwjdv Igi KZ K GB Aã cöpwjz n qwqj Ab w` K gvmj mgªvu AvKei bzzb GKwU ag gz ÔwØb BjvwniÕ gz GKwU bzzb AãI Zvui ivrz Kv ji 29Zg erm i cöez b K iwq jb GB bzzb A ãi bvgkib Kiv n qwqj ZvwiL-B-Bjvwn, hv wqj weï mši MYbv I FZz wfwëk wkš wnrix I BjvwnÕi mv _ e½v ãi cövmw½kzv wb q Av jvpbvq cö e ki Av M fvizxq el cäxi ˆewkó wb q wkwâr Av jvpbv Kiv hvk cövpxb fvize l h me Aã cöpwjz wqj hgb ßvã, weµgvã, kªxnl vã, kkvã...., Zvi g~j wfwëwu wqj mši ermiñ A_ vr gnvkv k Kvb GK we `y _ K hvîv K i m~h cybivq mb we `y Z wd i Avm Z h mgquv bq, Zv KB Avgiv e j _v K GK eqi m~ h v`q _ K m~h v K GKw`b a i wb j mši ermi nq gvuvgywu 365 w` b mšiermi FZzwfwËKÑ c w_exi Pviw` K m~ h i c_ cwiµg Yi mv _ N U FZyi cwiez b PµvKv i Av m MÖx, el v, kir, ngš I kxz lofzz eq ii wbw` ó gv m wn `y el cäxi Avi GKwU ˆewkó nj wn `yiv ˆ`bw `b Kv R K g c~ Rv-AP bvq ïfkv R wkš P `ªi wzw_ A_ vr P `ª`kvi wn me g b P j Gi A_ nj AvKv k P `ªi Ae vb ev MwZi mv c gvm wn me Kiv nq; gnkv ki Kvb we `yi mv c c w_exi Pvi cv k Ny i Avmvi mgq K ejv nq Pv `ª gvm gvuvgwu 30 w` b P `ªgvm Zvn j `Lv hv Q fvizxqiv h cwäkv e evi Ki Zv Zv wgkª Ges Zv K ejv n q _v K ÔPv `ª w`em LwPZ mši ermiõ wn `y `i ag xq Abyôvbvw` hgb GKw` K FZzwfwËK Avevi Zgwb wzw_ Kw `ªK hgb, evovjx wn `y `i `ym v `exi c~rv n Z n e kir FZz Z Ges hymcrfv e ïk c i mßgx wzw_ Z hgb G eq ii `ym v cyrv AbywôZ n qwqj 10B A ±ve i, 2006 (25 k Avwk b, 1412) fvizz we` Avj ei bx wn `y `i el MYbv cöm ½ D j L K iwq jb t Òwn `y `i gvm nj Pv `ª, Avi ermi 2

3 nj mši mrb, mši ermi _ K Pv `ª erm ii w`em msl v hz Kg, I `i cö Z K (P `ª) erm ii cö_g w`em mši ermivbyhvqx wvk ZZ w`em GwM q Avm e GB cðv`ewz Zvi cwigvy hlb m ú~y GKgvm `uvovq, ZLb Bû`x `i gz, wn `yivi m ermi K Awael a i Zv Z GKwU Î qv`k gvm MYbv K i Bû`xiv Azar gvm K `ybevi MYbv K i, cövk Bmjv gi AvieivI Õwe Z el Õ bvgk erm i beel w`em K GKgvmKvj wmz ivlz, hvi d j c~e ez x ermi Z iv gv mi nvz Ó mvaviyfv e GB AwZwi³ gvmwu K ejv nq ÔgjgvmÕ ev AïwPi gvmñ G Kvi Y G gv m Kvb c~y Kg ev Abyôvbvw` cvjb _ K wn `yiv weiz _v K Avgiv Av MB e jwq wn `y `i Kvb `e `exi cy Rv eq ii Kvb wbw` ó FZz Z Ges GKwU wbw` ó wzw_ Z AbywôZ n Z n e wzw_ ej Z Avgiv wk eyws? wn `y cwäkv g Z Pv `ª gvm `ywu c wef³ñ ïk c I K òc GKwU c 15wU wzw_ Z wef³ - cöwzc`, wøzxqv, Z Zxqv... PZzÏ kx, Gÿs c~wb gv (kk c ) ev Agvem v (K òc ) A_ vr wzw_ nj P `ª`kv ev P `ªw`em Agvem vi ciw`b m~h v i cicib cwðgvkv k w`mš ilvq h bzzb my² P `ª ilv `Lv `q ZvB nj ïk c i cöwzc `i Puv`, Avi cöwzc `i Puv `i D`q Y _ KB ïi nq cöwzc` ev P `ªw`e mi cö_g w`b Pv `ªgvm nj m~ h i w` K Ae vb (Agvem v) _ K P `ªi c w_ex K cö`w Y K i GKB Ae v b cöz vez b Kvj GB gvm Aek _ K mši w`e mi g a cwiewz Z nq P `ªi Mo cö`w Y Kvj (lunation) ev Pv `ªgv mi ˆ`N nj mšiw`em wzw_ ev P `ªw`em I mši w`e mi g a mgjq vcb ek Kómva mvavi Yi AvIZvi evb i G Kvi YB mvaviy wn `y cäxkvi Avkªq MÖnY K i _v K cªvpxb cäxkv cªyq bi g~j wfwë ivwkp µi Kíbv wn `y-cäxkvi I mši erm ii aviyvi g~j wfwë ivwkpµ nj c w_exi Pviw` K, m~ h i AvcvZ evwl K cwiµgy c_, hv K R vwzwe ` vi cwifvlvq ejv nq µvwš e Ë (ecliptic) GB ivwkpµ 12wU fv M wef³ A_ vr cöwzwu fvm 30 wwmöx gv ci GK GKwU fvmb nj ivwk cöwzwu ivwk GK GKwU b Î ev b Îcy Äi mv _ m ú ³ Ges µvwš e Ë m~ h i Ae vb K GB b Î Øviv wpwýz Kiv nq GB Øv`k ivwki cövwzlw½k b Î Qi bvg nj t gl (aries), e l (taurus), wg_yb (gemini), KK U (cancer), wmsn (leo), Kb v (virgo), Zzjv (libra), e wðk (scorpio), aby (sagitarius), gki (capricon), Kz (aquaris) I gxb (pisces) µvwš e Ë K cäxkvcö YZviv A bk mgq e j _v Kb iwegvm A_ vr iwei c_ Ab w` K L- Mvj K (celestial sphere) P `ªi cwiµgy c_ µvwš e Ëi cövq GKB ilvq Ae vb K i (5wU wwmöx cv_ K ), ZvB µvwš e Ëi Aš M Z b Î `i mvnv h AvKvk c _ P `ªi MwZ mn R wby q Kiv hvq GB c _ P `ªi m ú~y Pµ cwiµgb Ki Z jv M 27 w`b GwU nj P `ªi b Î gvm Ab w` K P `ªi hywz Kvj (GK Agvem v _ K Ab Agvem v) A_ vr c w_ex K Ny i Avmvi P `ªi AvcvZ cö`w Y Kvj 29 w` bi mvgvb ekx, hwu K Avgiv Pv `ª gvm bv g AwfwnZ Kwi GB P `ªc_ K wn `y R wzwe `iv AwZ cövpxb Kv j 27wU fv M fvm K iwq jb Ges Ges GK GK fv Mi cwigvy 13-1/3 wwmöx Ges cöwzwu Ask GK GKwU D¾ j b Îi mv _ mshy³ G `i bvg t Awk bx, fibx, K wëkv, ivwnbx, g Mwkiv, Av` ªv, cybe my, cyl v, A k lv, gnv, c~e vlvpv, DËivlvpv, kªeyv, awbôv, kzwflv, c~e fv`ªc`, DËifv`ª, iezx BZ vw` myzivs `Lv hv Q ivwk I b Î Øviv ivwkpµ K 12 I 27 fv M wef³ K i wn `y R vwzwe `iv L- MvjK K iwegvm I P `ªgvM iƒ c wp Îi mvnv h wpwýz KiZ ivwkp µ b Î ms vcb wpî _ K mn R eysv hvq cövpxb Kv j wkfv e Pv `ª gv mi bvg Kiv nz mvaviyzt c~wy gvi ciw`b (cöwzc`) _ K Pv `ª gv mi m~pbv nz, h b Î c~wy gvš nq Zvi bvgvbymv i gv mi bvg wba vwiz nz hgb wekvlv b Î c~wy gvš niqvi ci h gvm ïi nq Zvi bvg ˆekvL; K wëkv b Î c~wy gvš n j bzzb gv mi bvg nq KvwË K, BZ vw` Avevi, m~ h i GK GKwU ivwkw wzkvj GK GKwU mšigvm m~h wm v š ejv n q Q glv` lv Øv` k Z gvmv gge ermi GB Dw³ g Z m~ h i gl cöf wz Øv`k ivwki fvmkvj Øv`kgvmvZ K GK mši ermi Gme mšigv mi bvg Z`Kv j cöpwjz Pv `ª gv mi bvgvbymv ib Ae vnz ivlv nq ciezx Kv j mši gv mi e vck cöpjb NU j wewfbœ ivwk Z m~ h i cö e ki ms M bzzb gvm MYbv c wz Pvjy n ji Pv `ª gv mi bvg wji cwiez b Kiv nq wb Avgiv Rvwb c~wy gvq m~h P `ªi wecix Z Ae vb (cöwz hvm) K i; myzivs wekvlv b Î hlb c~wy gvi D`q n Q, m~h ZLb glivwk Z cö ek Ki Z D` Z Avevi K wëkv b Î 3

4 c~wy gvš gyn~ Z m~ h i Ae vb Zzjv ivwk Z GB Kvi Y, h b Î _ K cö_ g Pv `ª gv mi bvgkiy Kiv n qwqj, ivwkp µ mb b Îi wecix Z mb gvm K `Lvb nq el cäxi cö qvrb Kb? Avgv `i bvmwik Rxe bi GK Acwinvh A½ nj el cäx A_ vr Bs irx Z hv K e j K v jûvi mv_viyfv e ejv hvq el cäx nj gvm, mßvn I ev i wef³ GKwU ermi wfwëk mviyx; Ab w` K cäxkv nj bvmwi Ki cö qvr b I myweav _ cvjv-cve b, ag xq Drm ei w`b, Y, wzw_, b Î, gvm BZ vw` LwPZ GKwU ermiwfwëk Abycy~ L weeiy GKwU m š vlrbk me RbMÖvn cäxkv ˆZwii mgm v mf Zvi ElvjMœ _ KB ïi n q Q hvi m e vrk ó mgvavb AvRI g jwb Avi G cö Póv _ KB ch e Y wfwëk weávbpp v, we kl K i R vwzwe Ávb PP vi ïi h Kvb el cäx cöyq bi g~j wfwë nj R vwzwe Ávb wfwëk ch e Y jä DcvË _ K ermi, gvm I w` bi ÕKvj-GKKÕ (unit of time) wb viy Kv ji GKK cwigvc b ` wómövn R wz mg~n ch vqµwgk MwZKvj K cövpxb Kvj _ KB e eüz n q Avm Q 1 mvawiyz w`b gvcvi Kvj K Avgiv e envi K i _vwk m~ h i AvwýK MwZ 2 AvKv k P `ªi MwZi Kvi Y cöwzfvz nq ÕP `ª`kvÕ (phase of the moon) Ges hv _ K Avgiv aviyv Kwi gv mi 3 m~h : AvKvkgÊ j m~ h i AvcvZ evwl K MwZ m wó K i FZzgÊjx Ges Avgiv cvb erm ii wnmve Avgiv Aek GLb Rvwb h c w_exi AvwýK MwZi Kvi Y AvKv ki ZviKvivwR I Ab vb R vwz cöwzw`b GKevi K i AvewZ Z nq, Ges Ab w` K µvwš e Ë m~ h i AvcvZ MwZ e Z c w_exi evwl K MwZi dj myzivs mwvk cäxkv cöyqb wbf i K i G me R vwz `i cwiµgykv ji wba viy my Zvi Ici GB D Ï k cyivkv ji M elk `i eq ii ci eqi a i, bmœ Pv L Ges AwZ ˆa h i mv _ m~h, P `ª I Ab vb R vwz i MwZ I Ae vb, D`q I A ch e Y Ki Z n q Q, G `i ˆewkó j Ki Z n q Q wewfbœ R wz `i MwZi Abycy L I ˆah kxj ch e Yi ga w` q Avgv `i cövpx biv AvKvk M elyvi h kv mkv j M o Zz jwq jb Zvi bvg R vwz we` v, weáv bi cövpxbzg kvlv mšiw`em nj Avgv `i bvmwik Rxe bi ea Kvj GKK- c w_exi wbr A i N~Y b-kvj KB aiv nq GK mšiw`em G w`em K Õmveb w`emõ ev wmwfj w`em bv g AwfwnZ Kiv nq hw`i mvaviyfv e Avgiv m~ h v`q _ K ciez x m~ h v`q Kvj K e j _vwk GKw`b (w`em I ivwî), R vwzwe Áv bi wnmv e Ges MÖMixq K v jûv ii MYbvq m~ h i ga ivwîi Ae vb _ K ciez x ga ivwîi Ae v b cöz vez bi mg qi e eavb K aiv nq GK A nvivî ev c~y w`em m~² cwigvc _ K `Lv M Q h FZz-cwieZ bi mv _, A_ vr c w_exi cwiµgy c _ m~ h i mv c c w_exi Ae v bi m ½ mšiw`e mi ` N ZviZg N U; ZvB `xn w`b I `xn mgq a i ch e Y jä Dcv Ëi Mo cwigvc KB aiv nq ÕMo mšiw`emõ- hv mg qi AvBbvbyM gšwjk GKK wn m e M nxz GB Mo mšiw`e mi 1/86,4000Zg fmœvsk K MY Kiv nq 1 m KÊ R vwzwe Áv b wewfbœ cök wzi ermi wnmve Kiv nq bvbv cö qvr b, Ges G `i ˆ`N I wfbœ Z e el cäxi Rb µvwš ermi A_ vr FZzmg~ ni ermi (year of thew seasons) e envib we aq GB wn m e m~ h i AvwýK Kvj A_ vr GK mši w`em K aiv n q Q 24 N Uv A_ vr m KÊ GK_v Aek R vwzwe `iv Avgv `I iy Kwi q w` q Qb h µvwš e Ë m~ h i GB AvcvZ AveZ b Kvj wkš aª e bq, AwZ ax i n ji GB AveZ b Kvj n«vm cv Q G Kvi Y GKwU we kl mg qi m~h c_ K ÕcÖgvY c_õ wnmv e MY Kiv nq ( hgb 1900 mv ji m~h cwiµgy c_ K aiv n q Q) H µvwš erm i cögvy mši mši w`e mi msl v nj Gi KviY wb q Avgv `i we k l Y hvevi AeKvk bb Ges cö qvrbi bb Avgv `i gz mvaviy gvby li Z e GUzKz ej jb h _ó h µvwš e Ëi `ywu cöm½ we `y gnvwelye ev Rjwelye gnvkv k w i _v K bv gnvkv k ax i ax i m i h Z _v K- µvwš we `yi GB AwZ axi cðv` MwZ K ejv nq Bs irx Z Ôprecession of the equinoxõ 4

5 µvwš eqi QvovI R vwzwe `iv Ab b Î eqi bv gi GKwU ermi e envi K ib Zuv `I cö qvr b GKwU w i b Îi Ae v bi mv c m~~ h i H Ae v b cöz vez bi Kvj K ejv nq Õbv wîk ermiõ (sideral year) GB ermi µvwš ermi A c v `xn Zi ( ) Avgiv Av MB e jwq h µvwš erm ii ˆ`N µgk n«vm cv Q; h Kvb Lªx v ã KZ w` b n e Zvi GKwU mij m~î W. gnbv` mvnv w` q Qbt µvwš ermi = (K ) GLv b K = Av jvp Lªx xq ermi cövq 3000 Lªx c~e v ã GB ˆ`N wqj ; ez gv b GB ˆ`N , Ges GB ˆ`N Avgiv AviI 1000 ermi wbwð š e envi Ki Z cvwi Dch y³ Av jvpbvi cöw Z GKwU wbluyz K v jûvi ˆZwii mgm v wj K Avgiv wbgœfv e wpwýz Ki Z cvwi : K. GKwU bvmwik eqi (civil year) Ges GKwU gvm Aek B KwZcq w`e mi c~y msl v n e A_ vr GKwU eqi Aek B 365 ev 366 w`e mi n e, Ab w` K GKwU gv m 29 A_ev 30 w`b _vk e L. Pv `ª- mši mgš^q mvab; A_ vr 12wU P `ª cö`w Y ev Pv `ª ermi cögvy mši ermi _ K w`b (cövq 11 w`b) myzivs 12wU Pv `ªgv m GK mši ermi nq bv, Avi GRb cö qvrb h_vh_ mgš^q hviv Pv `ª- mši ermi hymcr e envi Ki Z Pvq Zv `i Rb GwU GKwU RwUj I cövq `ytmva KvR M. erm ii I gv mi cöviw K w`em Ges hy Mi ev A ãi cöviw K we `y w ikiy Dwj wlz mgm vw`i m ú~y m š vlrbk mgvavb A` veva g jwb, hw`i nvrvi nvrvi eqi a i BwZnv mi bvbv ch v q kz kz K v jûvi e envi K i Avm Q gvbyl, Ges mgm v mgvav b AweiZ Póv Pvwj q Q cövpxb Kv ji K v jûvimg~ ni wfwë wqj Dwj wlz cövk wzk KvjP µi Ach vß ch e Y I `ye j ÁvbÑ d j cök Z Z_ _ K Gme el cäx µgk `~ i m i G m Q Avi HwZnvwmK cö qvr b Gm ei ms kvab Ki Z GwM q Avm Z n q Q Kv j Kv j Rywjqvm wmrvi, cvc MÖMixi (Î qv`k) gz cözvckvjx wbqvgk `i; cwiez b mvwaz n q Q gvwjk kvn mjryk I AvKei ev`kvni gz mgªvu `i n c wewfbœ cök wzi el cäxt weï mši, weï Pv `ª I mši-pv `ª wgkª h wfbœ cök wzi el cäx hymhym a i gvb~l e envi K i Avm Q Zvi g a cöavb wzbwu nj t weï mši cäx, weï Pv `ª cäx Ges mši-pv `ª m¼i cäx MÖMixq K v jûvi t weï mši cäxkvi D`vnib nj ez gv b eûj e eüz mši ermi wfwëk MÖMixq K v jûvi bvbv cwiez bi ga w` q MÖMixq K v jûvi ez gvb iƒc cwimön K i Q: maviy ermi 365 mšiw`e m, Avi Awael nq 366 w` b cöwz Pvi eqi ci Awael aivi KviY nj cök Z mši ermi aiv nq mše w`e m wkš mgm v _ KB hvq KviY cök Z mši ermi w` b, w` b bq wn me K i `Lv hvq a i cöwz 400 eqi P µ Awael n e 100wU, wk Zz a i niqv DwPZ 97wU Awael cvc Î qv`k MÖMix GB Î wui ms kvab Av bb, A_ vr h wlª xq eqi wj Õ00Õ w` q kl n e, Zvi g a hwu 400 Øviv wefvr ïay mwu K Awael MY Kiv n e, Ab wj bq G ZB h me Î wu m i M Q Zv bq, wkš GB ms kvab Kx K i Ki Z nq R wzwe Ávbxiv Rv bb wnrix Aã t weï Pv `ª el cäxi cök ó D`vniY nj Bmjvg we k eûj e eüz wnrix mb h Kvb P `ªMwZ wbf i el cäxi gyl mgm v nj Pv `ª erm ii c~y msl K w`e mi mv _ Pv `ª gv mi mgš^q mvab (synchronization) Avi bvmwik eqi K (civil year), Zv mši ev Pv `ª hvb nvk bv Kb, mšiw` bi c~y msl vq cökvk Ki Z n e, Ges R vwz we` vi ch e Yi mv _ m úk i L Pj Z n e bzzb Z _ i Av jv K el cäx K cö qvr b ms vi Ki Z n eñ GwU GKwU Pjgvb cöwµqv ejv evûj h, Pv `ª Aã hviv e envi K ib Zv `i K Pv `ª gvmi mv _ Pv `ª erm ii c~y msl K w`e mi mgš^q mvab Ki Z n e wnrix mb cöpjbkvix cwê Ziv Ggb GKwU mgš^qkvix cš v D veb K iwq jb Avj ei bx D j L K iwq jb h cövk Bmjvg c~ e Avieiv wn `y `i gzb mši-pv `ª wgkª 5

6 cwäkv e envi KiZ d j Zv `i mši beel cöwzeqi 11 w`b c i cvjb Ki Z nz Gfv e µgvš^ q GK gvm wcwq q M j Pv `ª eq ii mv _ mši eq ii e Z Zv wb iv a H eq ii mv _ Avi GKwU AwZwi³ gvm hvm KiZ GwU GKwU K vwš Ki e e v GB Ae v _ K ÎvY cviqvi D Ï k Bmjvg hy M gyn ` Avie `i weï el cäx e env ii Dc `k w` qwq jb, hvi mv _ mši eq ii Kvb m úk _vk e bv GB Bmjvgx Aã ïi n qwqj 622 wlª v ã 15B RyjvB e n úwzevi mü v ejv A_ vr m~h v i gyn~z _ K, hlb mü vkv k `Lv w` qwqj P `ª ilv G Aã Pvjy nq gyn `i g v _ K gw`bvh Awfevm bi NUbvwU K ibxq K i ivlvi Rb m ez 622 Lªx v ãi 20 k m Þ ^I Zvwi L cqm ^i gw`bvq wnriz K iwq jb GLv b D j L h wnrix el cäxi w`b ïi nq m~h v gyn~z _ K Lye m e Lwjdv Igi ( Lªx vã) KZ K GB Aã cöewz Z nq Kvh Kifv e Avgiv nq Zv Rvwb h wnrix el MYbvq 12wU Pv `ª gvm GKwU Pv `ª eqi ipbv K i t 1g gvm gvniig 30 w` b, AZtci cvjvµ g ciez x gvm jv 29, 30 w` b n Z _v K h_v mdi 29, iwedj AvDqvj 30, iwedm mvwb 29, Rvgv`Õavj Aiqvj 30, Rvgv` Avm mvwb 29, ire 30, mvevb 29, igrvb 30, kviqvj 29, wré` 30, wrjwn¾ 29 ev 30 w`b G wn me Abyhvqx mvaviy wnrix eqi nq 354 (30*6 + 29*6) mši w`e m AvaywbK Mo P `ª hywzkvj (GK Agvem v _ K Avi GK Agvem v) nj w`b ai j 12 P `ª hywz Z nq w`b myzivs wnrix eqi cök Z Pv `ª eqi _ K w`b (8 N: 48 wg: m.) Kg GB evkx d j Avmv w`b jv K wn m ei g a Avb Z GKwU 30 eqi e vcx cybive wëk Pµ w i Kiv n qwqj, Ges c~e wba vwiz Pv `ª erm i 1 w`b K i 11 evi mwš^weó Kiv nz H 1wU w`b wba vwiz eqiwui kl gv m (wrjwn¾) hvm Kiv nq, A_ vr wrjwn¾ gvm mvaviy 29w` bi cwie Z n e 30 w` b Avi Awael wu n e 355 w` b myzivs 30 eqi ce Kvj (354*30 =10620) w`e mi AviI 11 w`b hy³ n e, A_ vr GB Kvj c e gvu w`em AwZevwnZ n e Gi d j Mo P `ªhywZ ( ) ev Pv `ª gvm n e w` b hv ez gvb Pv `ª gvm _ K gvî ( m.) w`b Kg GB 30 eqi cybive wëk P µ Kvb 11wU eqi Awael iƒ c MY n e Zv wba vi Yi Dcvq Bmjvgx cwäkv g Z nj t Av jvp wnrix mbwu K 30 w` q fvm Ki j hw` Aewkó _v K 2,5,10,13,16,18,21,24,26, ev 29 Zvn j el wu K Awael wn m e 355 w` bi eqi e j MY ni Z n e kl gv m GK w`b hy³ Ki Z n e hgb ez gvb 1427 mbwu Awael bq KviY G K 30 w` q fvm Ki j cviqv hvq 48 wnrix mb m ú K wel vz R vwzc `v_ we` W. gnbv` mvnvi gš e AcÖvmw½K n e bv t The purely lunar calendar (e.g.hijri) was introduced by the prophet to release the common man from dependence on the learned Ulema for finding out time of his religious observances. The lunar year, starting with the 1 st day of the month of Muharram, may start on any date of the solar year, and the Muhamedan year slips through the solar year in 32 ½ years. But the complete severance of the year with season have been found to be very inconvenient for the civil purpose. 1 weµgvã t weï Pv `ª ermi wfwëk GKgvÎ Aã mviv fvi Z cöpwjz wqj, mwu nj ÔweµgvãÕ GB eq ii cö_g gvm ˆPÎ gvm ïi nq c~wy gv š K òc i cöwzc` _ K, Avi el ïi nq dvêybx c~wy gvi 15w`b c i A_ vr ˆP Îi Agvem vi ciw`b _ K Z e fvi Z cöpwjz Ab vb A ãi mv _ mvryh ivlv I R vwz e w` K Kvi Y GB Pv `ª cäxkv GKwU cövwzmw½k mši eq i LwPZ Kiv nq GB eqiwu ïi nq ˆmŠi ˆekvL gvm _ K gnvwelye msµvwš i ciw`b _ K RbwcÖq AwfgZ nj D¾wqbxi ivrv Ôweµgvw`Z Õ GB cöpjb KwiwQ jb 57 Lªx c~e v ã kk `i wezvob NUbv K iyxq K i ivl Z ZvwiL-B-Rvjvjx t weï mši eqi Kw `ªK Avi GKwU cwákv nj Bivbxq mb ZvwiL-B-Rjvjx, hv wnrix 471 mv j Biv b cöewz Z nq GLv b D j L Kiv h Z cv i h 648 wlª v ã cvi m Bmjv gi werq czvkv EÇxb 1 M.N.Saha, The Reform of the Indian Calendar, Presidential Address of the Indian Astronomical and Astrophysical Society, 1952; The Indian Science News Association,

7 n j cyivzb FZzwfwËK Bivbxq mši K v jûv ii j wek Bmjvgx Pv `ª K v jbvwvi (wnrix) m ` k Pvwc q `Iqv nq, hw`i vbxq Bivbevmxiv Zv cq ` K i wb cvim evmxi iyvzxz Kvj _ K cvwjz HwZwn K beel bi ivr cvj b Amyweav nw Qj, G Z mvaviy Bivbevmxiv zä wqj wlª v ã cvim mgªvu mjryk myjzvb Rvjvj DwÏb gv jk kvn mywe_ vz R vwzwe `-MwYZÁ I Kwe Igi ˆLqvg Ges Ab 7 Rb cwêz e w³ K cyivzb Bivbx K v jêv ii cybtms v ii Rb wb ` k `b GB cwêzem KZ K cwigvwr Z el cäx cöewz Z nq 471 wnrixi igrvb gv mi 10 Zvwi_ A_ vr 1079 wlª v ãi 16B gvp _ K AãwU ZvwiL-B-Rjvjx bv g L vwz jvf K i Rvjvjx ms vi wb q A bk e vl v i q Q- Avgiv m wez K bv cö ek K i GK_v ej Z cvwi h GB K v jûv i 33 eq i 8wU Awaw`em Aš f y³ Ki Z nq G _ K g b nq m mgq GK mši w`e m w`em msl v aiv n qwqj MÖMixq K v jûv i G msl v Ges AvaywbK gvb myzivs Rvjvjx cwäkv A bk ekx ï cviwmk mbwu MYbv Kiv nz gnvwelye msµvwš i (vernal equinox) w`b _ K AvaywbK cvi m mgªvu irv kvn cvnjwe cybivq GB el cäxi AvaywbKvqb K ib (1920) wzwb cybivq cyivzb gvm wji bvg Pvjy K ib Aviex gvm bv gi cwie Z ; cö_g 6wU gvm n e 31 w` b, c ii 5wU gvm 30 w` b, Ges kl Gmdv ` gvmwu n e 29 w` b A_ev 30 w` b, hw` eqiwu Awael nq ZvwiL-B-Rjvjxi cöez b m ú K W. mvnvi AwfgZ nj t Ò In 1079 A.D. Sultan Jelaluddin Melik Shah of Iran introduced a solar calendar for Iran; and this was introduced by Emperor Akbar in India in 1584 A.D. under the name Tarikilahi. Akber s calendar was used to date all events from his accession (1556 A.D.) and was official calendar during the reign of Jehangir and early part of Sahjahan s reign when it fell into disuse. But it gave rise to a number of hybrid eras like the Bengali San and the Falsi era which are still in use. 2 Ab w` K cövpxb fvi Z cöpwjz el cäxkv nj wgkª Pv `ª- mši el cäxi PgrKvi D`vniY, hv wb q Agiv BwZg a Av jvpbv K iwq ivwkp µi Kíbv I 12wU ivwk Z wef³kiy Ges P `ªc_ K 27 fv M fvm K i cöwzwu Ask K GK GKwU we kl b Î Øviv wpwýzkiy wn `y cwäkvi g~j wfwë GKwU A ãi D`vniY `Iqv hvk Avgiv cöe Üi cövi ^B e jwq fvi Z GKvwaK Aã cöpwjz wqj, Z e Gi g a mviv fvize vcx cömizv c qwqj kkvã kkvã t GB mbwu nj mepvb Z eûj e eüz Ges fvize l i cövq me Î cöpwjz, AvaywbK hy MI fvizxq R vwzwe `iv GB Aã e envi ïi K iwq jb wel vz R vwzwe ` eivn wgwn ii (g Zz 587 wlª v ã) mgq ev Z`c~e Kvj _ K fvizxq cwäkvkvimy GLb ch š Zuv `i MYbv Kv R kkvã e envi K ib ÕcÖgvY AãÕ wnmv e Ges c i wbr wbr c wz Z iƒcvš i K i bq kkvã MYbv ïi n qwqj 78 wlª v ãi Õgnvwelye msµvwš Õ we `y (vernal equation) AwZµgY gyn~z _ K kkvã bvbv bv g AwfwnZ : ÕkK-KvjÕ, ÕkKf~c KvjÕ, Õkv K `ª KvjÕ, Ges Õkvwjevnb kkõ I ÕkKmserÕ Gi Pv `ª ermi Õ PÎvw`Õ Ges mši ermi MYbvi wfwë glvw` DËi fvi Z ÕkKvãÕG Pv `ª- mši MYbvi gv mi wn me Kiv nq c~wy gvš, Ab w` K `w Y fvi Z gvm MYbvi wfwë nj ÕAgvš Õ c wz kkv ãi Drm m ú K Aek wek` Rvbv hvqwb Z e ejv n q _v K D¾wqbxi kk- Îc `i ( Lªx vã) D ei mv _ GB kkv ãi R b i hvm i q Q Zv `i wbr ^ `wjjcî DrKx Y ivr vwf lk wfwëk m bi D j L i q Q, wkš mivmwi kkvã bvg bb Z e Zv `i cöpwjz AãB h Kv j kkv ã cwiyz n q Q G Z Kvb m `n bb 2 ibid 7

8 kkv ãi cövi eqi wb qi wezk i q Q K bšõi (Konow) Gi g Z GwU 88 wlª c~eÿ vã; A_ vr cöej cözvckvjx wgîv ` Zi g Zz i ZvwiL _ K whwb kk `i `c Le K iwq jb RqmIqv ji g Z Gi ïi 120 wlª.c~., nvr dì (Herjzfeld) Gi g Z 110 wlª.c~. ivcm bi (Rapson) g Z 150 wlª. Ges Uvi (Tarr)-Gi g Z 155 wlª.c~. Ab w` K cövpxb kkv ãi ïi 129 wlª.c~. e j g b K ib f vb jûb Rb ` wjcd (Van Lohuizen de Leeuw) G cöm ½ Avgiv Avj ei bxq gš e iy Ki Z cvwi Zuvi g Z kk bv g Kvb GK ivrv Avh ve Z AvwacZ we vi K i fvizxq `i Dci wbh vzb Pvjv j Zuvi wei c~e `kvmz ivrv weµgvw`z Zuv K hy civ I wbnz K i RbMY K i v K ib GB HwZnvwmK NUbv K i Y ivlvi Rb R vwzwe `iv GK bzzb A ãi cöpjb K ib Ges weµgvw` Z i bv gi Av M kªx e envi Ki Z ïi K ib Z e Avj ei bx mwvkfv eb g b K ib GB weµgvw`z I weµgvã cöpjbkvix weµgvw`z wfbœ e w³ Avgiv Rvwb kk werqx weµgvw`z n jb ß mgªvu 2q P `ª ß Avj ei bx D j L K i Qb h weµgvã I kkv ãi g a cv_ K 135 eqi Ges weµgvã kkvã ciez x myzivs weµgv ãi ïi 57 wlª.c~. n j kkv ãi ïi nq 78 wlª v ã c~e fvi Z cöpwjz Aã kkv ãi cvkvcvwk evsjvmn c~e fvi Z Ô ßvãÕ wqj RbwcÖq Aã cvãi wqj GKwU wgkª Aã m ez ß ivrv 2q P `ª ß GB A ãi cöpjb K iwq jb 319 Lªx v ã 510 Lªx v ãi w` K GZ` A j ß `i cªfve Acm Z n j Ô ßv ãiõ e envi jyß nq weµgvã Kvb mg qb evsjvq RbwcÖq nq wb evsjvi ivrb iv, hgb kkv¼, Ggb wk cöej cözvckvjx cvj ivrvivi Zv `I `xn kvmbvg j (( wlªóvã) bzzb Kvb A ãi cöpjb K ib wb cvj `i gz mb ivrviv Zvgª DrKx Y, wkjv wjwc Z I bvbvwea cökvmwbk KvRK g ÕivR vwf lk eqiõ e envi Ki Zb Z e j²y m bi ivrz Kv j j²yvã bv g GKwU Aã ^íkvj cöpwjz wqj elwzqvi wljrx KZ K e½-wer qi ci cök Z A _ me e½xq Kvb Aã evsjvq cöpwjz wqj bv ivrkxq Kv h wnrwi mb e eüz nz Z e Ávbx- YxRb Zuv `i jlv I Ávb PP vq kkvã e envi Ki Zb, Avi mvaviy gvbyl cwimyvwz bv g cöpwjz GKwU Aã e envi KiZ; wn `y ivr Z i Aemv bi Kvj _ K Zv Pvjy nq e j g b nq cvvvb I gvmj Avg j mikvixfv e wnrix mb Abym Z nz, Ges AvKe ii Avg j Bjvwn mb mikvix KvRK g e eüz n Z _v K Avi mvaviy RbMY Bjvwni Av` k m ó bzzb evsjv cäxkv ZvwiL B Bjvwn t ez gvb Kv j cöpwjz e½v ãi mv _ mgªvu AvKei cöewz Z ÕZvwiL-B-BjvwnÕ m bi Kvb m ú ³Zv i q Q wk bv Zv wb q Av jvpbv Kiv hvk AvKei bvgv _ K Rvbv hvq h mgªvu AvKei bzzb GKwU ag gz wøb Bjvwni gz GKwU bzzb AãI Zvui ivrz Kv ji 29Zg erm i cöez b K iwq jb GB bzzb mbwui MYbv c wz wnrix Abym Z Pv `ª c wzi cwie Z n e mši wfwëk GB bzzb A ãi bvgkib Kiv n qwqj ZvwiL-B-Bjvwn wbtm ` n mgªvu AvKei 1079 wlª v ã cvim mgªvu myjzvb Rvjvj DwÏb KZ K cöewz Z mši MYbv wfwëk Bivbx mb ZvwiL B Rvjvjx Øviv DÏxß n qwq jb Avgiv B Zvc~ e B ZvwiL B Rvjvjx Aã m ú K Av jvpbv K iwq gvnj mgªv Uiv PzMZvB ZzwK es kv e n ji cvim ms wzi HwZ n jvwjz, cvim fvlv wqj Zv `i mvs wzk fvlv AvKei hw` BivYxq ms v i D¾xweZ n q ÕZvwiL-B-RvjvjxÕiÕ Av` k ÕZvwiL-B-BjvwnÕ cöez b K i _v Kb Zvn j Zv Avðh nevi gz Kvb S&bv bq GLv b D j L h gvmjiv ag wek v m wq jb mywbœ gymjgvb, ms wz Z B `v-cviwmk Ges RvwZ Z ZzK x- gv½jxq `~i`k x AvKei ey SwQ jb h mši-p `ª LwPZ cövpxb fvizxq el cäx A_ev weï Pv `ª MYbv wfwëk wnrix Aã ˆewPÎgq lofzzi `k wn `y v b APj Gi cwigvr b Avek K, ZvB wnrix m bi mxgve Zv K I fvizxq wgkª mbmg~ ni RwUjZv K gv_vq i L wzwb Zuvi R vwzwe `i wb ` k w` qwq jb Rvjvjx A ãi Av` k GKwU mši MYbv wfwëk RvZxq K v jûvi ev el cäx cöyqb Kivi ZviB djkö wz ÕZvwiL-B-BjvwnÕ wkš Zvui g Zy i ci `~f vm ekz GB RvZxq K v jûv ii cöpjb eü n q hvq wnrix mb cybivq mikvix Kv R e eüz n Z _v K, Ges ÕZvwiL-B-BjvwnÕ Av` k cöyxz vbxq mbmg~n weï mši-pwiî nvwi q d j cybivq mši-pv `ª wgkª RwUjZvq cöz vmgb K i AvKe ii ms v ii g~j AvZ v K aÿsm K i 8

9 AvKe ii `~i`wk Zv mvaviy cwäkvkvi `i g a AvkvI Kiv hvq bv AvKei wq jb Zuvi Kv ji A bk AMªMvgx cyi l GRb B wzwb BwZwnv m ÕAvKei w` MÖUÕ, gnvgvb AvKei G cöm ½ cö_ g Avgiv weávbx R vwz-c`v_ we` W. gnbv` mvnvi gš e D Z Ki Z PvB t Hijri year is 11 days shorter than tropical solar years, as it is a lunar year. So Hijri year gets behind the solar year by 11 days every years. In the Hijri year 969, the Emperor Akbar declared that thenceforth all calculations regarding year would be made according to solar years. Bangabda can be derived from the Hijri ear 969 by the solar method of calculation * Z e GB bzzb A ãi NvlYv wnrwi 969 mv j (1584) cö`vb Kiv n ji Gi Kvh KvwiZv ïi nq AvKe ii ivr vwf lk el A_ vr 963 wnrwi (1556) _ K mvnvi Zv c i D j L K i Qb t After the introduction of Tarikh Ilahi (1556 AD) in the year of his accession to throne by the Emperor Akbar, the people of Bengal began to use the Surya Sidhanta reckoning, and the solar year. The Bengali San, we take Hijri year elapsed in 1556 i.e. 963 and add to it the number of solar years. Thus 1954 AD is ( ) 1361 Bangla San. ** Zvn j `Lv hv Q, mvnvi AwfgZ nj AvKe ii ÕZvwiL-B-BjvwnÕ nj e½v ãi g~ j GB ZvwiL-B-Bjvwn, hvi MYbvi wfwë mši ermi, cöpwjz nq 1584 wlª v ã GKwU bzzb Aã wn m e Aek Gi Kvh KvwiZv cö`vb Kiv nq AvKe ii wmsnvm b Av ivn bi el _ K A_ vr 1556 wlª vã ev 963 wnrwi Ab GKwU gz nj, mgªvu AvKei 969 wnrwi Z GK NvlYvq D j L K iwq jb h, AZ:ci mvgªv R i mkj cökvmwbk Kv R h mb e eüz n e Zv 969 n ji Gi MYbv c wz n e mši wfwëk, A_ vr cö vwez AãwU n e mši Aã-hv FZzzi mv _ m½wz i L AvewZ Z n Z _v K GB bzzb A ãi bvgkiy Kiv nq ZvwiL-B-Bjvwn mbwu Aek Zvi R vwzwe ` `i civg k AvKe ii wmsnvmb Av ivn bi el A_ vr 963 wnrwi _ K Kvh Ki Kiv nq myzivs bzzb mb 969 ZvwiL-B-Bjvwn nj AvKei ev`kvni ivrz Kv ji m~pbv ermi Gi ci _ K 963 Bjvwn mši c_ a i AMÖmi n Z _v K myzivs 963 ZvwiL-B-Bjvwn Rb j Mœ 963 wnrwii mv _ GK Î _vk ji GwU µgkt cöwz eqi 11 w`b wn m e wnrwi m bi Zzjbvq wcwq q co Z _v K AvBb-B-AvKeix MÖ š ZvwiL-B-Bjvwni Rb m ú K gvuvgywu wek` Z_ `qv Av Q G m ú K GK v b ejv n Q t ÒAvKei ek wkqyw`b a i wn `y v bi wewfbœ A j w`b MYbvi mgm v K mnr K i Zvjvi Rb GKwU bzzb ermi I gvm MYbv c wz cöez b Ki Z B Qv cökvk K i AvmwQ jb wzwb wnrwi (Aã) cö_v e env ii we ivax wq jb... Avgxi dzb Dj vn wkivrxi cö Póvq GB (bzzb) A ãi cöez b nj GB (A ãi) ermi I w`b wj ^vfvwek, mši Awael nxb Bivwb gvm I w`b mg~n AcwiewZ Z ivlv nj gv mi w` bi msl v 29 _ K 32 Ges k li gv mi ( kl `yw`b) ivr I ke (w`b I ivwî) bv g cwiwpz... Bjvwn (ˆ`e) A ãi gvm wj n Q t diiqviw`b, Avw` wewn, wzi, Agyi`v`, kv ievi, wgni, Avevb, AvRe, `q, ingb, I Bmdb-`vigR Ó Ab GKwU Aa v qi GK v b ejv n q Q t * Collected Works of Meghnad Saha, Vol. 3, Ed. Santimony Chatterjee, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Orient Longman, ** ibid 9

10 Òmgªv Ui 29 ˆ`e erm ii (cök Z c ivr e l i) Ges wnrwi A ãi 8B iwedj-avdqvj, eyaevi ivwîi (wkqy mgq) AwZµvš n j ci m~h gl ivwk Z cö ek K i Ges w`b I ivwîi (A_ vr gnvwelye w`e mi) ïi nq... GB erm ii cövi (A_ vr 29Zg ivr e l ) Bjvwn Aã cöewz Z n qwqj Ó wnrwi 963, 8B iwedj-aviqvj, eyaevi gnvwelye msµvwš we `y (Vernal equinox) AwZµgb gyn~z _ K ZvwiL Bjvwn cöewz Z n ji Gi Kvh KvwiZv AvKe ii wmsnvmb Av ivn bi w`b _ K aiv nq-g Bw½Z AvKei-bvgv ZI i q Q D j L h wnrwi 963, 2iv iwe-bm-mvwb (18B deª qvwi,1556) nj AvKe ii wmsnvmb Av ivn bi w`b evsvb hv Q h wvk G w`b _ K Bjvwn cöewz Z nqwb, Kbbv niqv DwPZ wqj 21 k gvp, 1556 Z e ZviZg K Zz Q Ávb Kiv h Z cv i R vwz e w`k MYbvi ^v _ G cöm ½ AvKei bvgvi Dw³ cwi vi t Ówmsnvmb Av ivn bi 25w`b MZ n j, A_ vr eyaevi, 28 k iwe-dm-mvwb (11B gvp 1556) Zvwi L fyeb Av jvkkvix ÓbZzb e l ió ïi n qwqj Gw`bwU wqj cviwmk eq ii bi ivr-1jv diiiw`b; wek vm Abyhvqx H w`b (A_ vr 11B gvp ) m~h gl ivwk Z cö ek KiZ Ó GB wek vm I el vi i w`b m ezt cvim bi iv Ri cöfve _ K mávz e Z 21 k gvp Zvwi L Ôgnvwelye msµvwš Õ nq 11B gvp Zvwi L Avi GKwU welq j Yxq h, AvKe ii hme gy`ªv cviqv M Q Zvi KvbwU ZB b~zb erm ii DrKxY ZvwiL 30Zg ivr erm ii c~ e ev 50Zg ivr e l i c i bq AvKei Zvi ivr Z i (14B deª qvwi 1556 _ K 15B A ±vei 1605) 50Zg e l `nz vm K iwq jb myzivs b~zb eq ii AvbyôvwbK cöez b ivr v ivnb w`b _ K MYbv Kiv n ji cök Zc ewjôfv e Gi cö qvm NU Z _v K 29Zg ivr Kvj _ K AvKeibvgv Z 1g _ K 27Zg Bjvwni el vi i w`b wj ikw Kiv Av Q t G Z `Lv hvq Gme eq ii cöwzwu el ïi n qwqj 11B gvp _ K (14 evi), 10B gvp _ K (10 evi), 12B gvp _ K (3 evi); A_ vr Bjvwni m~pbv ermi _ K 27 Zg el ïi n qwqj 10-11B gv P i g a, Ges ZLbKvi wek vm g Z (cviwmk R vwzwe ` vi cöfvervz) gnvwelye msµvwš i Y _ K Z e el wj h mši MYbvwfwËK, G Z m `n bb ciez x Kv j Gi cwiez b N U, m ezt Zuvi beizœ mfvi R vwzwe `MY cök Z gnvwelye msµvwš i Yi I el vi i w` bi g a ZviZ g i cöwz mgªv Ui ` wó AvKl Y K iwq jb d j 28Zg el wui (AvKeibvgvq Dwj wlz) el vi nq 21 k gvp, 1583 _ K (wnrwi : 21 mdi, 993) Avi 29Zg ivr e l G m ú K AvbyôvwbK NvlYv `Iqv n qwqj, Ges bzzb A ãi bvgkiy Kiv nj ÕBjvwnÕ AvKeibvgvq 28Zg _ K 50 Zg Bjvwni eqi wji el vi i h w`b wji D j L Av Q Zv nj: 21 k gvp (13 evi), 20 k gvp (8 evi), 19 k gvp (2 evi) ïay GKv WwgK D Ïk wb q gnvgwz AvKei GB Aã wfwëk ZvwiL-B-BjvwnÕi cöpj bi D ` vm bb wb AvKei wq jb ev eev`x (Pragmatic) 21 k gvp K beel aivi eo myweav nj H w`bwu Z w`b I ivwî mgvb, Z e AviI eo KviY nj G mgqwu Z fvi Zi ekxi fvm A j cöavb dmjvw` Pvlx `i N i Av m ZvB G mgq ivr ^ Av`vq mnr nz-g Z m `n bb wnrwi mb e env i GB myweav cviqv hz bv, KviY Pv `ª erm ii ZvwiL mši erm ii MYbvq cöwz eq i 11 w`b wcwq q c o ivr ^ wbf i kvmb Kv h GwU GKwU eo Amyweav ZvB ÕBjvwnÕi Avi GKwU bvg wqj ÕivR ^ el Õ (ev dmwj mb) my e evsjvq Lye m e ivr ^ welqk cwêz ivrv UvWigj ÕBjvwnÕi cöpjb NUvb; Z e GwU vbxq cwi ek I cöwz e ki mv _ msmwz i L evsjv mb ev e½v ã iƒcvš wiz nq el MYbv ïi nq glvw` c wz Z, Ges cö_g gv mi bvg nq ˆekvL AZtci cwêz cwäkvkvi `i nv Z c i AvKei cöewz Z mnr-mij mvaviy- evamg AãwU RwUj iƒc aviy K i Gi eo KviYt mši eq ii Dci cybivq Pv `ª ermi K LwPZ Kiv nj wn `y bvmwik `i Pv `ª MYbv wfwëk ag xq Abyôvbvw`i w`b, wzw_ BZ vw` wby qki bi wbwgë e½vã I ZvwiL B Bjvwn t e½v ãi Drm müv b 10

11 e½v ãi mv _ mgªvu AvKei cöewz Z ÕZvwiL-B-BjvwnÕ m bi m ú ³Zv cövq me Rb wew`z Dc ii Av jvpbv ZB Zv cözxwz n q Q e j Avgvi wek vm G cöm ½ Avgiv weávbx R vwz-c`v_ we` W. gnbv` mvnvi gš e I Zz j a iwq Dc ii Av jvpbv _ K mn RB cözxqgvb nq h mivmwi bv n ji mgªvu AvKei KZ K ÕZvwiL B-BjvwnÕ cöewz Z mb K Av`k mši K v jûvi a i wb q fvi Zi bvbv A j vbxq mb cöpwjz n Z _v K e½ ` ki ZvwiL B-BjvwnÕi Av` k m~h wm vš wfwëk mši-ermi m bi e envi ïi nq GB mbb ez gv bi e½v ã A_ vr Kvsjv m b iƒcvwš wiz n q Q mvaviyfv e GB ai Yi vbxq mb jv K ejv nz ÔdmwjÕ mb e½vã GB cöwµqvib dmj Kv RB ejv h Z cv i evojv mb nj GKwU m¼i Aã hvi g~j wfwë wqj wnrwi mb, wkš MYbv Kiv nz mši ermi a i AvKe ii ivr v ivn bi w`b _ KB hgb ZvwiL Bjvwni cöez b 963 wnrix K wfz a i, Zgwb evsjv m bi wfzi nj 963 Bjvwn ev wnrix cöwwzmw½k Lªx vã nj 1565 D ëv K i ejv hvq 963 e½v ã mgªvu AvKei ivr v ivnb K iwq jb D j L h 963 wnrixi 2iv iwe Bm mvwb (18B deª qvix, 1556) Zvwi L wmsnvm b Av ivnb K iwq jb Kvb wlªw q Aã _ K evsjv mb c Z n j Avgiv bx Pi m~îwu e envi Ki Z cvwit aiv hvk, x wb Y q evsjv mb ; y = cö`ë wlª xq mb Zvn j Avgiv wjl Z cvwix = (y ) D`vniY aiv hvk y = 2000, Zvn j x = cövwzlw½k evsjv mb = ( ) = ( ) = = 1407 evsjv mb wm a K_vq wlª eqi _ K 593 we qvm Ki j cövwzmw½k evsjv mb cviqv hv e GwU n e wlªw q mbwu 14 ev 15B GwcÖ ji c i n j, Gi Av M n j 594 we qvm Ki Z nq hgb aiv hvk AvR 13B GwcÖj ez gvb wlªw q mb 2006, Gi cövwzmw½k AvR Ki 30 k ˆPÎ Zvwi L evsjv mb n e ( = 1412) 1412 wkš 14 GwcÖj ev Zvi c ii h Kvb Zvwi Li Rb evsjv mb n e ( = 1413) A_ vr 1413 mb GKBfv i c~e fvi Zi bvbv iv R Zvwi_-B-BjvwnÕi Av` k vbxq mb cöpwjz n qwqj, hgb evsjv I Dwol vq Avgwj I wejvqwz mb Ges evsjv, wenvi, `vw YvZ I ZrKvjxb ev ^vb cö ` k wewfbœ cökv ii dmwj mb cöpwjz n qwqj hw`i evsjv mb glivwk Z m~ h i cö e ki mv _ el vi MYbv Kiv nz, Z e Ab dmwj mb mg~n vbxq Kvb i Z c~y HwZnvwmK NUbv K el vi MY KiZ, hgb Dwol vq cöpwjz Avgwj m bi Avi aiv nq ivrv B `ª`y gœi Rb w`b _ K cvc MÖMix, ev cvim mg vu Rvjvi DwÏb gvwjk kvnõi gzb mgªvu AvKei el cäx ms v ii cö qvrbxqzv I `~i`wk Zv cö`k b K iwq jb Avi GLv bb AvKe ii gnz Aš wb wnz G Kvi YB weávbx c`v_ we` W. gnbv` mvnv AvKe ii GB Ae`v bi K_v kª vi mv _ iy K i Qb Zuvi GKwU Dw³ Z : The Mughal Emperors appear to have strongly felt the necessity of a reformed solar calender, and a central observatory. The great Akber introduced the Jelali Calender of Iran, which is one of the best solar calenders, as it take into account precession (Sayana reckoning), and gives a better approximation to the actual tropical year length than even the Gregorian rules. Various Fasli or Harvest calenders sprang up as a result of 11

12 Akber s reforms within the different provinces of India, but his reform measures were misunderstood and in the absence of central gidance, these calenders did not take up the Sayana reckoning, as is the case of with the Iranian calender, but reverted to the orthodox Nirayana reckonong. Further they took up various local colours and the purpose of introducing a National Calender was defeated. But it was a worthy attempt, the greatness of which should be properly appreaciated. (Collected Works of Meghnad Saha, Vol. 3, p59, Ed. Santimony Chatterjee, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Orient Longman, 1992) e½v ãi Drm m ú K wfbœ gz e½v ãi mv _ AvKei cöewz Z ÕZvwiL BjvwnÕ m ú ³Zv mk jb g b wb q Qb GgbwU bq ek wkqy BwZnvmwe`, M elk e½v ãi Drm wb q wfbœ gz cökvk K i Qb 1. ivrv kkv¼ t ivrv kkv¼ m ezt mßg kzvãxi cö_gfv M- kl ßivRv `i (Later Guptas) Aejywßi ci MŠo-e ½i AwacwZ nb 300- ßvã bvgvw¼z GKwU Zvgªkvm b GB Z_ cviqv M Q ˆPwbK cwieªvrk Bqvb- Pvqvs Zvi ågb e Ëv š bvwz`xn gš e K i Qb, hw`i Zv cöksmvm~pk bqt ÓKY mye Y i AwacwZ eš a g i cöej `yivz v AwacwZ kkv¼ KZ K nl ea bi R ô åvzv wbnz n qwq jb... Ó kkv¼ h cöej cözvcvwš^z b cwz wq jb, G Z m `n bb Zuvi iv R i cwð g KŠbRivR nl ea b I cöv P KvgiƒcivR fv ieg bi cöej cöwzøw ØZvi g a Zuv K wu K _vk Z n qwqj A bk cwêz g b K ib ivrv kkv¼b n jb e½v ãi g~j cöez K Gu `i g Z kkv ¼i ivr vwfl Ki w`b _ K GB Aã Pvjy n qwqj G e³ e i cöavb cöe³v mybxj M ½vcva vq m cöwz D j L K i Qb h 594 wlª v ãi 12 B GwcÖj, 1jv ˆekvL, mvgevi e½v ãi MYbv ïi nq H w`bb kkv¼ MŠie ½ ^vaxbfv e ivrz ïi K ib Zuvi kl wm vš wqj t ÓAZGe AvcvZZt cöz cögvy bv _vk ji Avbylw½K cögv Y cögvwyz h kkv ¼i Avg jb e½v ãi m~pbv Ó wkš G wm vš wbzvš B GKwU gz gvî, Gi cðv Z Z_ wbô cögvy bb, Zv Zuvi wb Ri K_v ZB wea Z Avgv `i c~ e vwj wlz Zvgªwjwc Z ejv n q Q, Õkªxgnvmvgš kkv¼ `em Õ A_ vr kkv¼ ZLb ß mvgªvr vaxb MŠoe ½i gnvmvgš gvî ZvgªkvmbwU gm a cviqv M Q myzivs kkv ¼i ivr vwf lk 594 wlª v ã n qwqj Gi c Kvb Z_ -cögvy bb g `bxcy i cövß `ywu Zvgª j L kkv ¼i h `ywu eq ii (7 I 19) K_v ejv n q Q Zv bnvzb ivr Kvj m~pk, bzzb Kvb Aã m~pk bq ZvB GK_v úófv eb ejv hvq h wlª v ãi g a e½vã m~pk Kvb m bi D j L Kvb `wjj, cyw_, Zvgª jl, wkjvwjwcõ Z `Lv hvq wb GLb ch š Z e weòzcy i cövß GKwU gw `i j L kkv ãi (1608) cvkvcvwk GKwU A ãi D j L `Lv hvq Zvi cvv aiv n q Q 1093 mb GwU m ezt evsjv m bi cövpxbzg D j L, hw`i Aek e½vã K_vwU úófv e D j wlz nqwb wkš wnmve K i mn RB wba viy Kiv hvq h, D j wlz mbwu e½vã 1608 kkv ãi cövwzlw½k wlªw q mb nj : = Avi 1093 ÕGi g a cv_ K nj ( ) Õ593, hv evsjv mb I Lªxw q m bi g a MªnY hvm cv_ K myzivs 1093 mbwu h e½vã, G Z m `n bb 2. nv mb kvn t A bk myaxr bi g Z nv mb kvnx Avg j e½v ãi cöpjb N UwQj wkš G gzev `i cðv ZI Kvb hyw³wm cögvy bb evsjv fvlvi Dbœq b Zuvi c ô cvlkzv me Rb ^xk Z, wkš e½vã cöpj b Zuvi K wzz K gvbv hvq bv G `vexi mg_ b Kvb HwZnvwmK, cyivzvwz K ev cözœzvwz K Dcv`v bi Abycw wzi j Yxq nicömv` kv x g nv`q, Kvkxivg`vm iwpz gnvfvi Zi Avw`c e i GKwU cuyw_i ZvwiL cvv K iwq jb 895 GwU 12

13 e½vã e j wzwb Abygvb K iwq jb gvî m ezt GB cv Vi wfwë ZB nv mb kvn K e½v ãi cöez K wn m e A b K Dc vcb Ki Z P q Qb `yt Li welq h, m cöwz cvvwu fyj cögvwyz n q Q mwvk cvv: Ómb 94 (ev 95 ev 96)Ó Z e nv mb kvnx Avg j wnrwi QvovI evsjvq ÕciMbvZÕ bv g GKwU mb cöpwjz wqj,hvi K_v Avgiv D j L K iwq; gvuvgywu wn m e `Lv hvq h GwUi cöpjb N UwQj wlª vã _ K, A_ vr elwzqvi LjwRi nv Z evsjvi ivrv j Y m bi civrq Kvj _ K ejv n q _v K HwZnvwmK GB NUbv K K `ª K i vbxq cwäkvkvimy GB m bi cöpjb K ib GB m bi GKwU D`vniYt `ym vwmsn iwpz ÕKvZ `ªÕ-e wë-uxkv Õcuyw_ ZvwiL 1451 kkvã ÕZÕ ms 327 ÕZÕ nj ÕciMYvwZÕi msw ß iƒc G `ywu m bi cövwzlw½k wlªw q mb nj wzeÿz b cwz wi-mo-mb t wek wekö Z cwêz wmjfu v jwf eûw`b c~ e, Kej aÿwb MZ wgj ÕmbÕ Gi wfwë Z e jwq jb h GB wzeÿz ivr 595 wlª v ã evsjv mb cöpjb K iwq jb evsjv ` k Ggb Kvb cözvckvjx wzeÿwz ivrvi kvm bi D j L bb hvi bv g evsjv mb Pvjy n Z cv i GwU Abygvb gvî hlv b Avgiv D j L Ki Z cvwi h, ÕmbÕ K_vwU nj Aviwe, hvi A_ ÕermiÕ evsjv el cäxi ms vi 1952 mv j wel vz R vwz-c`v_ we` weávbx W. gnbv` mvnv fvi Z cöpwjz cövpxb R vwzwe ` v wfwëk cöyxz wewfbœ el cäxi Avg~j ms v ii cö ve K ib, hvi MYbvi wfwë n e AvaywbK R vwzweávb GB mycwi kib wfwë Z fvi Z wkqy wkqy el cäxi ms vi mvwaz nq, we kl K i kkvã wfwëk el cäxi Kvb Kvb evsjv el cäxi ms vii mvwaz nq cwðge ½ Z e ekxi fvm mbvzb cš x cwäkvkvimy GB mycvwik MªnY K ibwb, Zviv cövpxb c wz ZB cwäkv cöyqb Ae vnz i L Qb e Z 1957 wlª v ã fviz mikvi mvnvi bz Z vaxb el cäx ms vi KwgwUi mycvwik MönY K ib GB mycvwik Abymv i ÕkKv ãiõ ms vi wbgœ iƒc : 1. (K) 1957 wlª v ãi 22 k gvp K aiv n e 1879 kkv ãi cö_g gvm : 1jv ˆPÎ (L) el ïi n e ˆPÎ gv m, kl n e dvêybõg 2. gv mi w`e mi msl v wbgœiƒc : 1g gvm (ˆPÎ) : 30 w`b ciez x 5 gvm (ˆekvL-fv`ª) : cöwzwu 31 w`b A_ vr 31*5=155 w`b ciez x 6 gvm (Avwk b-dvêyb) : cöwzwu 30 w`b A_ vr 30*6=180 w`b A_ vr mvaviy el n e 365 w` b 3. Awae l (leap year) cö_g gvm ˆPÎ n e 31 w` b A_ vr Awael n e 366 w` b gvuvgywu weávbx mvnvi mycvwik K mvg b i L evsjv ` ki evsjv el cäx ms v i D ` vm MªnY Kiv nq mv j evsjv GKv Wgxi ms vi Z`Kvjxb c~e cvwk v b evsjv GKv Wgxi D ` v M 1963 mv j Õevsjv cwäkv ms viõ G bv g wewkó fvlvwe` W.gyn ` knx`yj vni mfvcwz Z GKwU KwgwU MwVZ nq knx`yj vn KwgwU evsjv 1371 mb _ K Zv `i mycvwik Kvh Ki Kivi wb ` k `b KwgwU Z mycvwik mg~n wqj wbgœiƒc : 1. ez gvb evsjv gv mi ZvwiL MYbv AZ š `y i weavq 1371 mv ji (1964 mv ji 14B GwcÖj) ˆekvL nb Z cöwzeqi fv`ªgvm ch š 31 w`b Ges Avwk b _ K ˆPÎ ch š cöwzgvm 30 w` b MYbv Kiv ndk 2. h nzz 1369 Awael (wjc Bqvi) MYbv Kiv nbqv Q H el nb Z cöwz 4_ erm i 1 w`b e w cvbqv ˆPÎgvm 31 w` b MYbv Kiv ndk Ó (13B Ryb 1963Õ Z M nxz) 13

14 D j L h, 1369 evsjv m bi cövwzlw½k Bs irx el n e wbgœiƒc : 1jv ˆekvL - 17B cšl (1369) : = 1962 (14B GwcÖj - 31 k ww m ^i) 18B cšl - 30 k ˆPÎ (1369) : =1963 (1jv Rvby- 13B GwcÖj) Bs irx 1962 ev 1963 Kvb mvjb wjc Bqvi bq, evsjv 1369 mbi 4 Øviv wefvr bq, Z_vwc 1369 mb K Kb Awael MYbvi mycvwik Kiv nj Zvi Kvb ˆeÁvwbK wfwë bb knx`yj vn KwgwUi GwU eo `ye jzv evsjv `k ^vaxb n j 1g cöavbgš x ZvRDwÏb Avng` mikvwi bw_ Z evsjv bvu jlv Ges evsjvq mb Kiv ZvwiL cö`vb cö_v Pvjy K ib e½eüz kl gywreyi ingvb cöavbgš x n j GB Kvh aviv AiI Rvi`vi K ib Ae k l 1987 mv j evsjv `k mikvi mkj KvRK g Bs irx mb Zvwi Li cvkvcvwk evsjv ZvwiL jlvi my úó wb ` k `b mikvi knx`yj vn KwgwUi mycvwik MªnY K i, Ges Gi wfwë Z evsjv K v jêvi ˆZwii wb ` k Rvwi K ib wkš wjc Bqvi msµvš knx`yj vn KwgwUi A úózv I RwUjZv Ges Ab vb mswk ó mgm vw` `~ixki Y evsjv GKv Wgxi D ` v M MwVZ nq bzzb GKwU KwgwU: Óevsjv el cäx ms vi KwgwUÓ GB KwgwU bvbv gzvg Zi wepvi we k ly K i mnr eva I mn R ev evqb hvm KwZcq mycvwik MªnY K i, hv evsjv GKv Wgxi A_ vr Bs irx Zvwi L AbywôZ Kvh wbe vnx cwil `i Abymg_ b cvq wm vš wbgœiƒc t ÓAvgv `i HwZn, ms wz, evsjv gvm I FZz cwiez bi m ½ MÖvg evsjvi gvby li m ú ³Zvi K_v i Y i L Ges evsjv el cäx cöyq bi Rb knx`yj vn KwgwUi wbku _ K evsjv GKv Wgx KZ K cövß cö vemg~n ch v jvpbv K i KwgwU ez gv b cöpwjz el cäxi wbgœiƒc ms vi mycvwik Ki Q, cö_gav c ev evq bi Rb mycvwik, 1. mvaviyfv e evsjv el cäxi ˆekvL _ K fv`ª gvm ch š cöwzgvm 31 w`b Ges Avwk b _ K ˆPÎ gvm ch š cöwzgvm 30 w`b MYbv Kiv n e; 2. MÖMixq el cäxi Awae l h evsjv eq ii dvêyb gvm co e, mb evsjv eqi K Awael MY Kiv n e; Ges 3. Awae l dvêyb gvm 31 w` b MYbv Kiv n e Ó GQvov KwgwU 1jv ˆekvL K cövwzlw½k MÖMixq eq ii 14B GwcÖj K evsjv m bi 1g w`b wn m e avh K i D j L h, GB MYbv c wz Abym Z n j evsjv I Bs irx Zvwi Li g a GKwU mvaviy cövwzlw½kzv vwcz n e Z e evojv gv mi 1g w`b Ges MÖMixq gv mi 1g w` bi g a `y mßv ni e eavb _vkvq dvêyb gv mi 17 ZvwiL _ K dvêy bi kl ZvwiL ch š evsjv I Bs irx Zvwi Li g a vqx cöwziƒc m úk _vk e bv h eqi Awael bq, m eq ii 16B dvêy bi cövwzlw½k ZvwiL n e 28 k deª qvwi, Ges 17B dvêy bi cöwzl½ Bs irx ZvwiL n e 1jv gvp wkš Awae l 17B dvêyb n e Bs irx 29 k deª qvwi evsjv `k mikvi Bs irx 1965 mv ji 14B GwcÖj _ K GB bzzb ixwz Z µ g mikvwi K v jêvi cökvk Ki Z ïi K i wkš GZ`m Ë I KwgwUi 2/1 Rb m`m cö vwez wjc Bqvi MYbv c wz wb q wbi_ K RwUjZv m wói cöqvm cvq, Ges 8B dvêyb K 21 k deª qvwii cöwzl½x Ges 1jv ˆekvL K 15B Gwcªj aivi Rb gz `b 14

15 Gme mgm v `~i Kivi wbwgë ms wz welqk gš Yvj qi D ` v M 21 k kªvey, 1402 (26 k RyjvB, 1995) Zvwi L AbywôZ mfvq GKv Wgxi gnvcwipvjk-avnevqk K i GKwU Uv dvm MwVZ nq * 29 k kªvey, 1402 (13B AvM 1995) Ges 4Vv fv`ª 1402 (19 k AvM 1995) GB `yb mfvq wgwjz n q GB Uv dvm wbgœwjwlz me m Z wm vš MªnY K i : 1. ez gvb mikvi KZ K cöewz Z 1995 wlª v ãi el cäxi avivevwnkzv ervq i L evsjv 1402 mv ji 1jv ˆekvL _ K GwU Kvh Ki Kivi mycvwik Kiv nj 2. ZvwiL cwiez bi mgq n e Avš R vwzk ixwz Abymv i ivz Uvq 3. c~ e M nxz wm vš Abyhvqx (evsjv GKv Wgxi 12B m Þ ^i,1994 Zvwi Li mfvq M nxz) cöwz eqi 1jv ˆekvL (beel vi ) n e 14B GwcÖj AZtci Uv dvm cwäkv ms vi wel q c~ e i M nxz wm vš mn wbgœwjwlz mycvwik Ki Q : (K) mvaviyfv e evsjv el cäxi ˆekvL _ K fv`ª gvm ch š cöwzgv m 31w`b Ges Avwk b _ K ˆPÎ ch š cöwzgvm 30 w` b MYbv Kiv n e (GB mycvwikwu knx`yj vn KwgwUi 1bs mycvwi ki mv _ Awfbœ); (L) MÖMixq el cäxi Awae l h evsjv eq ii dvêyb gvm co e, mb evsjv eqi K Awael iƒ c MY Kiv n e Ges Awae l dvêyb gvm 31w` b MYbv Kiv n e; (M) 1402 mv ji 1jv ˆekvL _ K GwU Kvh Ki n e Ges ZvwiL cwiez bi mgq n e Avš R vwzk ixwz Abyhvqx ivz 12.00Uvq Ó gvuvgywufv e D j wlz mycvwi ki wfwë Z evsjv GKv Wgx cöyxz Õevsjv K v jêviõ ez gv b mviv evsjv ` k Abym Z n Q ** * Rbve Rvwgj PŠayix, cö dmi Avjx AvmMi, cö dmi Av.g.g. knx`yj vn, cö dmi ARq ivq, Rbve ZwKDj vn, Rbve wr.gg.avwbmyi ingvb ** jlk cwiwpwz: weávbx, cöeükvi I Aa vck (Ae), XvKv wek we` vjq 15