Zui¹ Ven Ÿctna Vr Ÿctna Ven smaj pirbàtn

Transcription

1 Zui¹ Ven Ÿctna Vr Ÿctna Ven smaj pirbàtn

2 Zui¹ : mu¹ mna -buk Zui¹ Ÿk na Balbaes? Balbasa Ÿta ìdu ny, Vmaedr Aió»tÔ rqar jny Ÿta Zui¹ r pãit Vóùa Taka pãÿyajn sbecey k r ibsÿasi byi¹ ifw ikç¼ Zui¹ CaRa jget k paw clet paern na Zt ibsÿas ik ba maenr Ÿjar Tak k na Ÿkn, Ÿkˆ Ha weyet igey clman baesr samen ŸcaK bé ker daƒirey Zan na kkn Baebn na, "daƒirey Za, Qit ik- baƒca mrar mailk Ÿta VLaH, itin taƒr baædaek rqa krebn ' ApaiàTb s¹ar kaec mgj ibikey na idey br Vóùa raekn manbiy, Zui¹, s Sy b buiár ˆpr, sb idk ŸdeK-ìen ŸSx pàzç» raó»a par Hn bajaer igey Sÿerr nam jep ŸcaK bé ker Ÿkˆ bajar kern na, br ŸdeK-ìen, Zui¹ -buiá idey Bal mt ibcar ker ijins Ÿkenn, paec fek na Zan! ela ˆdaHrN ŸTek Vmaedr paiàtb jiben Zui¹ r r tô ŸbaJa Zay ATc, daàsink ba ob ainkbaeb Zui¹ badi Hwyar kta blel ik ba Zui¹ bad pãcar krel Aenekr matay ŸZn baj per iney-ibiney nana "Vghum-baghum' t¹ôkta Vr AitkTa Haijr ker Zui¹ badiedr Ÿfkaet secîf Hn, kknwba ktar mar-pyaƒc idey mn k Aió»tÔHIn s¹ar "Aió»tÔ pãmaen' secîf Hn, Zar pãit Vsel tar inejedrw bybhairk jiben Ÿkan Vóùa Ÿn, iclw na ŸbaD Hy kknw r medy Vmaedr ipãy mu¹ mna sdsy AnÇ» ibjy k AiBnb kaj ker ŸPeleC "ŸmOlbadIedr VKRa' iheseb pirict iselef ŸTek pãtyç» A elr Zui¹ badiedr s gift ker "Zui¹ ' naemr mn kif sahsi piºka Ÿbr kerec baerr (2007) b Ÿmlay, Za ba laedesr ŸpãQapeF ABUtpUàb bla Zay piºkaif prel pafekra bujebn ŸZ, AnÇ» ibxbâeqr patay patay kaƒic calayin, br k faerr Ÿkap biseyec kdm gbier, ibxbâeqr ŸgaƒRaet ibibê pãitiîft odinek ŸCa b if etamedy Velaict HeyeC Vr Ÿs saet ŸpeyeC ˆgã saúpãdaiyk mhl ŸTek ûmik-damikw!!! Drenr ûmik Damik Ÿta Vmaedr mt mu¹ mnaedr kaec ntun ikcu ny! AnÇ» inëcy ta etaiden Ÿjen ŸgeC Vmar AnueraeD AnÇ» "Zui¹ ' naemr ilfl myagaijnif mu¹ mnay " -buk' Vkaer pãkaesr jny ˆnMu¹ ker ideyec Vim men kir AnusiÉ su b mnnsil pafekra et Kub ˆpkât Hebn mu¹ mna VeÆdalenr saet jirt ŸlKkedrw ŸbS kif ŸlKa et siêebist kerec AnÇ» Vmra r Veg mu¹ mnar pq ŸTek "mhaibesÿ pãan w buiám¹ar ŸKaƒej' b "ibbàtenr pt Der' b duif -buk Vkaer pãkas kericlam Ÿs k DarabaiHktay bar pãkaist Hl "Zui¹ ' b if sutni PeÆF ŸlKa HeyeC myagaijnif ifkmt pret na parel dya ker sutni PÆF Vmaedr weyb sa F ŸTek haˆnelah ker inn AnÇ»ek taƒr sahsi pdeqepr jny As KY DnYbad Vim Zui¹ r bûl pãcar kamna kir AiBij ray mu¹ mnar pãitîfata súpadk 17 ipãl, 2007

3 hyw³ deª qvwi 2007

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9 ˆeÁvwbK m wózë A_ vr cövyweávbxiv ez gv b hv ej Q Zv cweî gnvmöš wui Kvb bv Kvb myivq ev Kvb bv Kvb Avqv Z weˉ Z i q Q gnvwek m wói ZË gnvwe ùvi Yi (big bang) K_vI H MÖ š i q Q weávb gn j cövym wó Z Ë I kl K_v ejv n q Q GgbwU `vwe Kiv nq wb wkš KvivwbK ˆeÁvwb Kiv BwZg a B weávbx `i Amy ú~y Z Ë i mg_ b Luy R c q Qb H MÖ š Avi gnvwek m wó Z Ë ii kl K_v ejvi mgq GLbI nq wb c`v_ we` `i Kv Q GLbI `ywu ZË wb q Av jvpbv Pj Q GKwU nj mv cöwzk Kv ji gnvwe ùvi Yi ga w` q m ó m cömviykxj gnvwek hv Avw` Z GKwU A ØZ we `y _ K (singularity) hvîv ïi K iwqj Avi wøzxqwu nj R vwzwe Ávbx bvwj Kvi-n qj w i wek ZË Ñ Gi Kv bv m wó Kvj bb wqj bvñ Abš Kvj a ib GB wek wqj, Abš Kvj a ib GwU _vk e, Gi Kv bv jq bb ZË `ywu ci úi we ivax Z e ez gv b h cögvy mv, cöz -AcÖZ Avgv `i Kv Q i q Q Zv gnvwe ùviy Z Ë i cöwzb mg_ b hvmv Q Z e kl K_v ejvi mgq GLbI Av m wb wkš R vwzwe Áv bi bezi cögvy I mv Dcw Z n j gnvwe ùviy ZË cwiz vr ev cwigvwr Z n q DbœZZi ZË D vwez n Z cv i, GgbwK n q ji Z Ë I cöz vez b K G Kev i bm vr Kiv hvq bv G ikgwu NU j Ávbcvcx weávbx `i Ae v Kx `uvov e fvev hvq bv Kviv bi kvk Z evyxi fyj e vl v `Iqvi Rb G `i K Awfhy³ Kiv h Z cv i Avgiv fy j hvb h ag cȳ K wj K wek v mi wfwë wnmv e `Lv DwPr, Kv bv weáv bi gnvmöš hlv b weáv bi me mz B cviqv hv e- G aviyv Aek cwiz vr Zv bv n j wek v mi wfwëuvb b o DV e weávb I ag GK wrwbm bq `ywu K wj q djvi wvk n e bv ag wek v mi e, Ñ GLv b hyw³, wrávmv Avi AbymwÜrmvi vb bb wkš weávb hyw³ (logic), hyw³evw`zv (rationalism), wrávmv Avi AbymwÜrmvi c_ a i G Z _v K Avi ZvB weáv b Pig mz ev kl Ávb ev cig Ávb e j wkqy bb weávb wbqz bzzb mz D NvUb K i Ñ bzzb Ávb m wó K i Anin ZvB weávb K Kv ji MÊx Z eu a ivlv hvq bv A_P ag Kvj K _vwg q w` Z Pvq Ñ Kvj K e `x K i ivl Z Pvq ZvB ag MÖš wj `vwe K i h, hlv b h K_v wj ejv n q Q Zv me Kv ji Rb, me v bi Rb mz, Ges GKgvÎ mz GK K_vq gnvmöš wji evyx wj kvk Z Ñ vbkvj Ab c Avi GLv bb weáv bi KŠZznjx I wrávmy g bi mv _ a g i wpikvk Z g bvfv ei N U msnl ZvB mf Zvi jmœ _ KB D`vi `vk wbk I weáv bi g Zi mv _ Pv P i I Ab b ag cöwzôv bi msnvz I msn l i ga w` q weávb K c_ K i wb Z n q Q GB msn l I ˆecixZ Ø Ø kl ch š Rqx n q Q gvby li AbymwÜrmy gb I Rvbvi AZzj AvMÖn Ñ a g i wb laváv Zv K weiz ivl Z cv i wb Avgiv GLv b iy Ki Z PvB h 406 eqi Av M 1600 wlª v ã 17 deª qvwi Z BZvwji ZrKv ji gy³gbv `vk wbk wjibv ` v eª bv K 6 NÈv a i ZrKv ji Pv P i ag i gnvgwz cv ci wb ` k Ôe vm dwgõi Aciv a A_ vr Ck i I Pv P i wek v mi wei K_v ejvi Aciv a AwMœ`» K i nz v Kiv nq eª bvi Kx Aciva wqj? wzwb Zv wbixk iev`x wq jb bv, wlª ag I wzwb Z vm K ib wb wzwb mviv Rxeb kyay cöpvi K i Qb h Ck ii Kv Q mvaviy gvbyl _ K Ck icyî whï ev Pv P i cöavb ag i cvc mevb mgvb Ñ Zuvi fvjevmv mevi Rb B Amxg I Acvi wkš Pv P i gz wqj h Ck ii fvjevmv Amxg ïay whïi Rb, cv ci Rb, ag hvrk `i Rb Ñ mvaviy cvcx gvby li Rb Ck ivbymön `qv I fvjevmv mmxg GQvov eª bv cöpwjz evb e j Dwj wlz m wózë xq g Zi wei wbr ^ `vk wbk-ˆeávwbk gzev` cöpvi Ki Zb Ñ c w_ex I RxeRM Zi m wó n q Q cök wzk wbq g, ci úi m úwk Z e KwYKvi ms k ly-wgkª b, Kv bv A jšwkk Ck ii B Qvq bq wvk GKB Kvi Y AvaywbK weáv bi c_ cö`k K gnvweávbx M vwjwji KI Pv P i nv Z mviv Rxeb a i DrcxwoZ n Z nq Zuvi ˆeÁvwbK gzev `i Rb Ñ hv wqj Pv P i wek vm-wei cvc Zuv K eva Kivq G K_v ejv Z, h Zuvi gzev` wqj wg_ v I åvš AZ vpvi mb Z bv c i e M vwjwji g b wb qwq jb Pv P i wb ` k ag `ªvwnZvi Aciva wb q M vwjwji g Zz eiy K iwq jb 1642 wlª v ã wkš cöpvi bv K ii Avg Zz Pvwj q wm qwq jb weávb mvabv; wbf Z wj L M Qb Zuvi Avwe v ii K_v PvP wg_ v cögvwyz n q Q, weávbx Rqx n q Qb k l Ae k l PvP bwz ^xkvi K i Q 1992 mv j 31 A ±ve i GKwU NvlYvi ga w` qñ Rbmvavi Yi Kv Q gv P q h mw` bi ivgvb PvP eª bv I M vwjwjii cöwz, we kl K i eª bvi g Zz `Ê Kvh Ki Kivi Rb 406 eqi Av M wepvikv j mvn mi mv _ eª bv cybe ³ K iwq jb Zuvi `vk wbk I ˆeÁvwbK wek vm, hv AvRI Avgv `i mvnm hvmvq Avgiv hviv gy³eyw I weávb PP vi Abymvix ÒAvgvi wek v mi K_v Avcbv `i ej Z PvB bv KvjB me w` q _v K, Avevi KvjB me niy K i me wkqyb cwiewz Z nq, Kv bv wkqyib aÿsm bb Kej, n uv Kej gvî GKwU më vb AcwieZ bxq, kvk Z Ges me smn Ñ Zv nj Avgvi mëv GB `k bi e jb Avgvi AvZ v D¾xweZ nq, Avgvi gb cömvwiz nq... ivz hzb Zgmv Qbœ nvk bv Kb, Avwg cöfv Zi Rb A c v Kie, Avi hviv w` b cözv ci mv _ wepiy K i Zv `i Rb A c v Ki Q iv Zi Zgmv... AZGe Avb ` Ki, Ges mgmö K Zz j a iv hw` cv iv, Avi fvjevmv K fvjevmv `vi Ó GB Avgv `i c w_ex, GB b Î, Ñ Giv KD g Zz i Aaxb bq Ges cök wz Z Kv_vI wejxb ev aÿsm bb, Zv Am e; Z e Kv ji c_ a i G `i Ges G `i Askwe k li cwiez b N U _v K G vwi Uj hgb wek vm Ki Zb Ôcig Ea ev cig AatÕ e j wkqy bb; gnv v b cig Ae vb bb; GKwU e i Ae vb Ab Kvb e ev e wbp qi mv c wba vwiz gnvwe k i me Î I me v b

10 Aweivg NU Q Av cw K Ae vwbk cwiez b, Avi ch e K me mgq K `ª Aew Z Ó GB wqj eª bvi `vk wbk gzev` Gi ci _ KB weávb PP vi Î, weávb mva Ki Kv Q eª bv n q D VwQ jb gy³wpš v Avi cömwzkxjzvi cözxk, Ñ weávb I `k bpp vi iv R Av jvkewz Kv ïay wk wlª vb PvP I cv`ªx `i nv ZB gy³gbviv wbm nxz n qwq jb? beg _ K Øv`k kzvãx ch š Bmjv gi Muvovcš x cöwzôvb jvi nv ZI wbcxwoz I AZ vpvwiz n qwq jb gy³wpš vi avik Avie ˆeÁvwbK I `k bi cwê Ziv gyzvwrjv bv g cwiwpz gy³ I jvkvqz `k b K wbg ~j Kiv nq Aviexq ÁvbivR _ K Bmjvgx we k Bgvg Mv¾vjxi f~wgkv fvizxq ˆe`vwš K `k bi k¼ivpv h i f~wgkvi PvB Z Kvb As k Kg µzi wqj bv Muvovcš x `i nvz _ K invb cviqvi Rb AvaywbK wpwkrmvi c_cö`k K Be b wmbv K (1037 wlª vã) µgvmz cvwj q eov Z n q Q, R vwzwe ` I fvizzëwe` Avj ei bx K ( ) me `v M vwjwjii gz bzg K g Zz f q RR wiz _ K weávb I MwYZ PP v Ki Z n q Q gy³wpš vi avik R vwzwe `-MwYZÁ Igi ˆLqvg K kl ch š i Ykxj `i f q cövy euvpv bvi Rb weávb mvabv I gy³eyw i PP v cwiz vm K i cvwj q cvwj q ewo q Qb Avi klch š KweZv jlvq AvZ wb qvm K i Qb fvize l I i YkxjmgvR Pve vk I jvkvqz `k b K Mjv wu c nz v K i Q Avi Zv `i ipbvewj K wpikv ji Rb aÿsm K i w` q Q G `k bi QvÎ I Abymvix `i hymhym a i wbcxob Kiv n q Q Avh fæ, eivnwgwni I eªþ ßi gz ÁvbmvaK `i a g i mv _ Av cvm K i Zv `i weávbmvabv K GwM q wb Z n q Q c w_ex h m~ h i Pviw` K N~Y bkxj Avh f Æi GB g Z wek vmx n qi eivnwgwni K cökv k ej Z n q Q Ôc w_exi N~Y b ZË wuõ GKwU wekí c_ gvî, Avmj ZË nj m~h B Nyi Q, c w_ex bq- hv cövpx biv e j _v Kb Õ wkš klch š weáv bib Rq n q Q- mz K Pvcv w` q ivlv hvq wb i Ykxj ebvg cömwzkxj - GB Ø Ø weáv bi AMÖhvÎv, weávbx `i Ávb mvabv _ g _v Kwb kz cöwzk~jzvi gv SI Pve vk I jvkvqz `k b K nz v Kiv n ji fvi Z cybe vi e ev`x mvsl `k bi Rb n q Q, Rb wb q Q bvw K ev`, A Áqev` (agnosticism) I ey i WvB-B ikwuk (Aw -bw ) `k b weávb Gfv eb AMÖmi nq mz K Avwe v ii AvMÖn wb q, bzzb m wói cöiyv wb q wkš weáv bi c_ nj hyw³i c_, hšw³kzvi c_, cix v-wbix vi c_ MwYZ Avi R vwgwzi Zx è hwy³ Zvi wfz- Zvi fvlv, ch e Y Zvi Dcjwä- m ve Áv bi AvKi, ms k ly I e vl v Zvi A ZvB hyw³wfwëk mgvr Mo Z n j, mgvr-cömwzi c _ AMÖmi n Z n j, D`vi bwzk eûgvwîk ivr bwzk ms wz Mo Z n j, weávb co Z n e, weáv bi PP v Ki Z n eñ weávbx bv n qi weáv bi Avwe v ii gg evyx jv K avz Ki Z n e, Abyaveb Ki Z n eñ Z eb bv Avgiv jvkvqzev`x AviR Avjx gvzzeÿ ii Rxeb `k b, Zvui weávbgb Zv, m e vcwi GB gvbezvev`x gvbylwui Aš wbwn Z evyx K eys Z cvie wpî : AviR Avjx gvzzeÿi Avgiv BZtc~ e D j L K iwq weáv bi Ae`vb A_ bwzk e eavb m wó K i gvby l-gvby l weávb hw` `~iez x AvMš K iƒ c Awkw Z mgv R cö ek K i, hgbwu Avgv `i mgv R AbycÖ ek K i Q Zvn j Avgiv Zvi evwn K ~j Ae`vb KB e envi Kie, Gi Aš wbwn Z `k b I evyx K AvZ Ki Z cvie bv, d j mgv Ri AMÖMwZ n e bv, wcwq qb _vk e A_ vr mybp wu c ˆe`ÿ wzk evwzi Av jv e envi Kie wvkb, wkš Rvbe bv Kx K i ˆe` ywzk evwz Av jv `q d j Avgv `i Aš j vk AÜKv ib _vk e Av jvwkz n e bv AviR Avjx gvzzeÿi we`z rkw³i cwipq Rvb Z P q Qb ïay ZË MZ eb c o bq, evwz R vjvevi Rb MÖvgxY cöhyw³ e envi K i WvBbv gv evwb q we` yrkw³ Drcv`b K iwq jb `k b gv_vq _v K, Avi weávb gw _ K b g Av m gv VÑ mvaviy gvby li Kj v Y AviR Avjx GBwU Avgv `i `wl q Qb, GLv bb Zuvi kªôz, GLv bb wzwb Avgv `i bgm jšwkk `vk wbk AviR Avjx gvzzeÿ ii `k bi g~j K_v nj wrävmv I cö kœi ga w` q m Z DcbxZ niqv hvq, ZvB Zv wzwb e jb, ÔARvbv K Rvbvi ú nv gvby li wpiš b.. GB ikg ÔKxÕ I Ô KbÕ AbymÜvb Kwi Z Kwi ZB gvbyl AvR Mwoqv Zzwjqv Q

11 weáv bi AUj mša Õ A_P ag xqcȳ K jv Avgv `i wewa-wb l ai MÊx Z Ave i L Áv bi ú nvwu K g i dj Z Pvq ag cȳ K hv ejv n q Q ZvB Pig mz I cig ÁvbÑ Gi evb i Rvbvi Kv bv cö qvrb bb Kbbv Zv mz bq, cök Z Ávb bq AviR Avjx GB ag xq Muvovwg Avi AÜwek vm _ K Avgv `i gyw³i c_ evrwj q Qb GB c_ `Lv bvi Av jv wzwb Dcnvi w` q Qb Zvi cö_g MÖš Ôm Z i müv bõi ga w` q RvwZi Kv Q Zvi kªô Dcnvi m Z i müvb K wzwb e j Qb Ô jšwkk `k bõ- Gi A_ RbM Yi `k b, Bn jv Ki `k b eûkzvãx Av M Pve vk I e n úwz Bn jšwkk ev e ev`x `k bi bvg w` qwq jb Ô jvkvqz `k bõ gvzzeÿi GKwesk kz Ki Øvi cöv š G m Avgv `i Rb bzzb K i Dcnvi w` jb bzzb K je i Ô jvkvqz `k bõ wzwb weáv bi mvik_v mij fvlvq PgrKvifv e Zz j a i Qb, Avi Gi ga w` q fveev`x `k bi Mvovq AvNvZ K i Qb, Ògvby li g b wrávmvi Aš bvb.. ez gvb hymwu weáv bi hym Ges hyw³ev `ii weávb c w_exi ey K AvZ kw³ ev ^gwngvq cöwzôv jvf Kwiqv Q, KvnviI AbyK úvq bq... Avcwb hw` weáv bi `vb MÖnY Kwi Z bv Pv nb, Zvnv nb j hvbevnb we `k mdi I Rvgv-Kvco Z vm Ki b Ges KvMR-Kj gi e envi I cȳ K cov Z vm Kwiqv gyl wk v Ki b Bnvi KvbwU Kiv Avcbvi c m e?... gvbyl weáv bi Kv Q FYx wkš mgv R Ggb GK kªyxi jvk `wl Z cviqv hvq, hvnviv nv Z Nwo I P Pkgv AvuwUqv gvb K e³ Zv K ib Avi e ev` ewjqv weávb K N Yv I e ev`x ewjqv weávbx `i AeÁv K ib A_P Zuvnviv fvweqv ` Lb bv h, fveev`xiv e ev`x `i cvl weávb gvbyl K cvjb K i wkš ag gvbyl K cvjb K i bv, eis gvbyl ag K cvjb K i Ges cöwzcvjbi Kv bv ikg Muvovgx K cökªq bv w` q cö Z K ag K h_vm e Kzms vi gy³ Kiv DwPZ Kzms vi Z vm Kivi A_ Ôag K Z vm KivÕ b n hw` Kn Kzms vi Z vm Kwi Z Awb QyK nb Ges ewj Z Pv nb h, Kzms vi Z vm Kwi j ag _vwk e bv, Zvnv nb j g b Avwm Z cv i h, ag iv R wk Kzms vi wfbœ Avi wkqyb bvb?.... Avgv `i Awfhvb ïay AmZ ev Kzms v ii wei, Kvb a g i wei bq cö Z KwU ag _vwk e wg_ vi AveR bvewr Z I cweî m Z i Ici cöwzwôz Ó- GB A _ AviR Avjx AvR Ki hy Mi ivg gvnb, we` vmvmi Avgv `i bgm GB bzzb K_v wjl Z wm q, wpivpwiz cö_vi wei ej Z wm q Zuv K cvwk vwb ˆ ^ikvmk I i Ykxj gšjev`x `i nv Z wbm nxz n Z n qwqj, bvw KZv cöpv ii Awf hv M mikv ii nv Z Kvivi n Z n qwqj Avgv `i cig mšfvm h gyw³hy ïi niqvq wzwb gšjev`x `i nvz _ K i v cvb gyw³hy i cicib m Z i müv bi cökvk m e nq, bb j GB `vk wbk K nq Zv Avi Luy R cviqv hz bv kz AZ vpv ii gy LI wzwb AvZ mgc b K ibwb, wb Ri gzev` K wemr b `bwb wzwb G hy Mi eª bv, whwb eª bvi Av`k K Avi GKevi Zz j ai jb wzwb Avgv `i wpi bgm

12 cöeü Ck ib wk m wói Avw` ev cö_g KviY? AwfwRr ivq evuª vû iv mj Zvi wel vz `why i am not a Christian cöe Ü cö_g KviY m ^ Ü e jb : ÔAvgv `i Av MB ey S ivlv `ikvi h RM Zi hv wkqy Avgiv `L Z cvb, me wkqyi GKwU KviY Av Q GB KviY K cökœ Ki Z Ki Z Avcwb cq bi w` K GwM q wm q Aek B cö_g Kvi Yi (First Cause) m ylxb n eb Ges GB cö_g KviY KB ^Ztwm fv e ÔCk iõ wn m e a i bqv nq... AvwgI eûw`b a ib GwU K ^Ztwm wn m e MÖnY K i wb qwqjvg wkš GKw`b, hlb Avgvi eqm AvVv iv, Avwg Rb zqvu wg ji AvZ Rxebx cowqjvg, Avi co Z wm qb mlv b GB evk wu cjvg : ÔAvgvi evev Avgv K cökœ Ki jbñô K Avgv K ˆZwi K i Q?Õ Avwg G cö kœi DËi w` Z cvwiwb wkš GB cökœwu Avgv K AviI GKwU cövmw½k cö kœi w` K V j w`j hwu nj Ck ib hw` Avgv K ˆZwi K i _v Kb, Z e Ck i K ˆZwi K i Q K?Õ Avwg GLbI g b Kwi ÔCk i K ˆZwi K i Q K?Õ GB mnr mij evk wu cö_g KviY m úwk Z hyw³i `vlwu mb cö_g Avgv K `Lv jv hw` cöwzwu wrwb mi GKwU KviY _v K, Z e Ck iii KviY _vk Z n e Avevi hw` KviY QvovB Kvb wkqy _vk Z cv i ( hgb Ck i), Z e GB hyw³ Ck ii RM Zi Rb mgvbfv e cö hvr Õ ÔweM e vsõ ZË wu ˆeÁvwbK mgv R M nxz niqvi ci cib wek vmx `i g a bzzb K i ÔcÖ_g KviYÕwU K cöwzôv Kivi be DÏxcbv j Kiv Mj 1951 mv j Pope Pius XII cw UwdKvj GKv Wwgi mfvq e jb em jbñ Ôhw` m wói ïi _v K, Z e Aek B GB m wói GKRb mªóvi i q Q, Avi mb mªóvb n jb Ck i Õ R vwzwe Ávbx Ges ag hvrk RR nbwi jwgwî (whwb ÔweM e vsõ cöwzfv mi GKRb Ab Zg cöe³v)ñ cvc K web qi m ½ G ai bi hyw³ K ÔAåvš Õ wn m e cöpvi Kiv _ K weiz _vk Z civgk w` qwq jb B`vbxsKv j ÔKvjvg KmgjwRKvj AvMy g UÕ (Kalam Cosmological Argument) bv g GKwU `vk wbk hyw³gvjv mvaviy wek vmx `i Kv Q LyeB RbwcÖq n q D V Q wlª a g `xw Z mỳ k b `vk wbk Ges ckv`vi wezvwk K DBwjqvg jb µbm (William Lane Craig) 1979 mv j jlv The Kalam Cosmological Argument eb qi gva g hyw³i GB aviv K mvaviy gvby li Kv Q RbwcÖq K i Zv jb avivwu K wb Pi PviwU av ci mvnv h ey bv Kiv hvq : 1. hvi ïi Av Q, Zvi cq b GKwU KviY i q Q 2. Avgv `i AvR Ki GB gnvwe k i GKwU DrcwË Av Q 3. myzivs GB gnvwe k i cq b GKwU KviY Av Q 4. mb KviYwUB nj ÔCk iõ `vk wb Kiv Kvjv gi hyw³ K Zxeªfv e AvµgY K i Qb wewfbœ mg qb 1 GLv b Ôevûj weavqõ m jvi cybi j L Kiv nj bv Z e GKwU i Z c~y e vcvi D j L bv Ki jb eva nq bq mewkqyi cq bb ÔKviYÕ Av Q e j cqv Z cqv Z wek vmxiv Ck ii Kv Q wm q nvvr K ib _ g hvb G mgq Avi Zviv hb Kvb KviY Lyu R cvb bv gnvwe k i RwUjZv K e vl v Kivi Rb hw` Ck i bvgk GKwU mëvi Avg`vwb Ki ZB nq, Z e mb Ck i K e vl v Kivi Rb GKB hyw³ Z Av ikwu ÔCk iõ K KviY wn m e Avg`vwb Kiv DwPr Gfv e Avg`vwbi Ljv Pj ZB _vk e G Ki ci GK, hv Avgv `i K Amxg Z i w` K V j ` e GB e vcviwu ^vfvwekfv eb mkj wek vmxi Kv Q AvcwËKi ZvB Zviv wb RivB ÔmewKQyi cq bb KviY Av QÕ GB ^Ztwm i e wzµg wn m e Ck i K Kíbv K i _v Kb Avi mv Pvi NvlYv K ibñôck ii Aw Z i cq b Kv bv Kvi Yi cö qvrb bb Õ mgm v nj h, GB e wzµgwu Kb ïay Ck ii ÎB cö hvr n e, gnvwe k i Î Kb bq, Gi Kv bv hyw³mövn e vl v Zviv w` Z cv ib bv `k b Q o Gevi weáv bi w` K PvL div bv hvk Ôhvi ïi Av Q Zvi cq b KviY _vk ZB n eõñkvjv gi hyw³gvjvi cöv_wgk avcwu K weáv bi RM Z A bk Av MB LÊb Kiv n q Q KviYwenxb Kvqv Uvg d vkpz qk bi D`vniY nvwri K i AvYweK cwie wë (Atomic Transition), AvYweK wbdwk qv mi ZRw Œq Ae qi Radio Active Decay of nuclei) g Zv Kvqv Uvg NUbvmg~n ÔKviYwenxb NUbvÕ wn m e B Zvg a B ˆeÁvwbK mgv R ^xk Z nvb Rbev M i AwbðqZv ZË (uncertainty principle) Abyhvqx

13 mvgvb mg qi Rb kw³ (hv E=mc 2 m~ Îi gva g, kw³ I f ii mgzzj Zv cökvk K i) Drcbœ I webvk NU Z cv iñ ^Ztù~Z fv eñ Kv bv KviY QvovB GBmeB cixw Z mz Kv RB Dc ii D`vniY jvb Kvjv gi hyw³ K LÊb Kivi Rb h _ó Avwg Avgvi jlv ÔAv jv nv Z Pwjqv Q Avuav ii hvîxõ ebwu Z (g~j eb qi mßg Aa vq `Lyb) Z_vKw_Z k~b _ K wkfv e Ro KwYKv m wó nq, Zv wb q wek`fv e Av jvpbv K iwq GB aviyvwu K m cömvwiz K i eû weávbxb AvR g b K ib GK KviYwenxb Kvqv Uvg d vkpz qk bi (Quantum Flactuation) ga w` q GB gnvwek m wó n Z cv i, hv ciezx Z m ó gnvwek K ùxwzi (Inflation) w` K V j w` q Q, Ges Av iv c i c`v_ Avi KvVv gv ˆZwii c_ mymg K i Q G jv Kvb KíKvwnbx bq gnvwek h k~b _ K Drcbœ n Z cv i cö_g G aviyvwu e ³ K iwq jb GWIqvW wuªqb 1973 mv j Ô bpviõ bvgk wel vz ˆeÁvwbK Rvb v j 2 Zvici Avwki `k K ùxwzz Ë i Avwef v ei ci _ KB eû weávbx cöv_wgk Kvqv Uvg d vkpz qkb i aviyv K ùxwzz Ë i mv _ Ry o w` q g Wj ev cöwziƒc wbg vy K i Qb k~b _ K GB gnvwek m wói aviyv hw` A eávwbk Ges åvš B nz, Z e m jv cöl vz ˆeÁvwbK mvgwqkx (Scientific Journal) jv Z KLbB cökvwkz nz bv g~jz ùxwzzë K mv cöwzkkv j ek wkqy cix vi gy LvgywL n Z n q Q Ges me jv ZB GB ZË AZ š mvd j i mv _ G ch š DËxY n q Q 3 wpî : Avu `ªwj ` (ev q) Ges Gjvb _ (Wv b); ùxwzz Ë i `yb cövycyi l Avm j Bb d kb ev ùxwz wb q Avu `ª wj Û Avi Zvi `je ji mv cöwzk M elyvi djvdj hw` mwz n q _v K Z e mwz Kvi A _ B mb ÔDËß wem e vsõñhvi gva g c biõk KvwU eqi Av M GK gnvwe ùvi Yi gva g G gnvwek ˆZwi n q Q e j aviyv Kiv nq, Zv K we`vq Rvbv bvi mgq G m wm q Q KviY, mv cöwzk M elyv ej Q, wem e vs w` q gnvwe k i ïi bq, eis gnvwe k i ïi n q Q Bb d kb w` q A_ vr wem e vs Gi c i Bb d k bi gva g gnvwek ˆZix (hv wkqyw`b Av MI mwz e j fvev nz) nqwb, eis Bb d k bi djkö wz ZB wkš wem e vs n q Q, Zvici m ó n q Q Avgv `i gnvwek Zvi K_vq : 4 Inflation is not a part of big-bang theory as we thought 15 years ago. On the contrary, the big-bang is the part of inflationary model AviI grvi e vcvi n jv, IB Bb d k bi d j ïay h GKeviB wem e vs ev gnvwe õviy N U Q Zv wkš bq, GiKg wem e vs wkš nvrvi nvrvi KvwU KvwU GgbwK Amxg-msL Kevi NU Z cv i; ˆZix n Z cv i AmsL Ôc KU gnvwek Õ Avgiv m ez GgbB GKwU c KU gnvwe k Ae vb KiwQ evwk jvi Aw Z m ^ Ü ÁvZ bv n q (G e vcviwu K ejv nq Ôgvwëfvm ev Abš gnvwe k i aviyv 5 ) wb Pi QwewU `L j wj Ûi mv cöwzk ùxwz ZË wu ( hwui bvg KiY Kiv n q Q Chaotic inflation) wk ej Z PvB Q G m ^ Ü nqz wkqyuv aviyv cviqv hv e

14 `Lv hv Q, G ZË Abyhvqx KIwUK Bb d k bi d j m wó n q Q AmsL m cömvwiz eyøỳ (expanding Bubbles) Ges cöwzwu m cömvwiz eyøỳ B Avevi Rb w` q Q GK GKwU ÔweM e vsõ-gi Avi mb GK GKwU wem-e vs cwi k l Rb w` q Q GK GKwU c KU gnvwe k i Avgiv G ai bib GKwU c KU gnvwe k evm KiwQ G ZË AvR A b Ki gv SB ˆZwi K i Q Ôm wó my Li Dj v m KvucvÕ GK me Rbxb `vk wbk Av e` bi, G gnvwek hw` Kv bv w`b aÿsm n q hvqi, Rxe bi g~j mëv nqz wu K _vk e Ab Kv bv gnvwe k, nqz Ab Kv bv fv e, Ab Kvb cwim i wj Ûi g Z G Z Ë i mgvavbwu GZUvB mij h, Gi Av M GwU weávbx `i gv_vq Kb Av m wb, Zv f e wj Û wb RB AevK n q wm qwq jb A v jb _ hv K ÔBb d kb Z Ë i RbKÕ wn m e AwfwnZ Kiv nq, wzwb Zvi ` Bb d kbvwi BDwbfvm eb q wek m wó K GKwU ÔAvjwU gu wd&ª jvâõ wn m e AwfwnZ K i e jb : `Most Important of all, the Question of the Origin of the matter in the Universe is no longer thought to be beyond of science....if inflation is correct, then the inflationary mechanism is responsible for creation of essentially all the matter and energy in the Universe....After two thousand years of scientific research, it now seems likely that Lucretius (who said `Nothing can be created from nothing ) was wrong Conceivably, everything can be created from nothing. And `everything might include a lot more than what we can see. In the context of inflationary cosmology, it is fair to say that Universe is the ultimate free lunch! A bk weávbx Ges `vk wb KivB g b K ib, Kvqv Uvg d vkpz qk bi aviyvi mv _ mgwš^z Kiv Bb d kb ZË hlb G Kev i k~b _ K wek m wói GKwU cövk wzk Ges hšw³k mgvavb w` Z cvi Q, ZLb Ck i m ez GKwU ÔevowZ nvb cvw_wmmõ Qvov Avi wkqy bq ZviciI GKwU K_v ejv hvq, weávb wkš Kv bv welq m ú K cig ev wblyuz Ávb w` Z cv i bv AvR K AvYweK vbvš i, wbdwk qv mi ZRw q wewkiy ev Kvqv Uvg d vkpz qk bi gz NUbvi KviY cviqv hv Q bv, fwel Z cviqv h ZB cv i KDB m m vebv K A ^xkvi Ki Q bv fwel Z cviqv h Z cv i gnvwek m wói ÔAvw`Õ KviYI wkš mb KviYwU h ÔCk ii gz gnvcivµgkvjx ÔmËvÕB n Z n e, GwU f e biqvi Kvb hšw³k KviY bb, eis KviYwU n Z cv i m ú~y fv eb ÔcÖvK wzkõ I qm gwimb Zvi `Must the Begining of the Universe Have a Personal Cause? A critical Examination of the Kalam s Cosmological Argument G e jbñ Ôm wói me wkqyi cq bb KviY Av QÑG e vcviwu aª e mz bq Avi hw`i ev BwZnv mi cwiµgvq KLbI ei n q Av m h gnvwek m wói cq b GKwU ÔAvw`Õ KviY i q QB, ZeyI GK_v f e biqvi KviY bb h, mb Avw` KviYwU ÔCk ii gz GKwU e w³ më vb n Z n e Õ gy³gbv c`v_ we` W. wf±i smii GKB ai bi gz e ³ K i e jbñ `Note that even if Kalam Conclusion were sound and Universe has a cause, why could that cause itself not be natural? As it is, Kalam Argument fails both empirically and theoretically. wukv : 1. Drmvnx cvv Kiv (World of science & rationalism page) Ges I qe mvbu `ywu `L Z cv ib 2. Is the Universe a Vacuum Fluctuation? Edward P. Tryon, Nature, Vol pp (1973) 3. we vwiz Z _ i Rb `Lyb- The Inflationary Universe : The Quest for a New Theory of Cosmic Origins, Alan H. Guth, Perseus Books Group (March 1, 1998) 4. Self Reproducing Inflationary Universe, Andrei Linde, Scientific American, gvwëfvm wb q gvwmk mv qý Iqv ì i A ±vei Ges ww m ^i Õ06 msl vq Avgvi `ywu cöeü `ªóe

15 cöeü gvby li weez b eb v Avn g` ai b, `o `yb j eqi Av M Kv bv GK eyw gvb gnvrvmwzk cövyx, Avgv `i Kíbvi mb Doš mmv i K i c w_ex Z c`vc Y Kij mb mg q Avwd«Kvi GK Kv Y Ny i eov bv Avgv `i AvaywbK gvby li cªrvwz Homo sapiens `i ` L Kx fve Zv Zviv? Zviv wk weez bi cwiµgvq GB c w_ex Z Avgv `i wu K _vkv wb q Kvb eomo evwr ai Z ivwr nz? Zviv wk fy ji Kíbv Ki Z cvi Zv h GB cörvwzwub Lye wbku fwel Z mviv c w_exuv K `Lj K i b e? Pviw` Ki wbg g cök wzi mv _ U v w` q wu K _vkvi Rb Kx Av Q Zv `i? cö qvrbxq wkqyb bbñ_vev bb, aviv jv `vuz bb, wks ev jvg wkqyb bb, AZ š `ye j `L Z A yz GK wøc`x cövyx! Rvwb, ˆeÁvwbK KíKvwnbxi gzb kvbv Q, wkš e vcviuv K wvk Dwo qi Zv `Iqv hvq bv GLb Zvn j cökœ Ki Z nq, m Ae v _ K Avgiv wu K Mjvg Kx K i? ïay wu K MwQ ej ji Zv fyj ejv n eñgvî `o-`yb jvl eq i dz j d c msl v Qq kv KvwU Zv Qvwo q MwQB, c w_exe vcx cöej cözv c ivrz KiwQ, B`vbxsKv j Avevi c w_exi gvqv KvwU q gnvwe k i w` KI w` qwq nvz evwo q wkš Kx K i m e nj muv? ˆewPÎ gq GB wekvj cök wz Z Avgiv wk Avm jb Abb? Gi DËi Zv mvrvmvþv Ôn võ Qvov Avi wkqyb n Z cv i bv gvbyl GB cök wzib Ask, Ab vb cövyxi gzb jvl jvl eqi a i cövk wzk wbe vp bi cöwµqvqb Zvi DrcwË N U Q wkš weez bi GB cöwµqv ZB gvby li g a Abb mvaviy wkqy ˆewk ó i D e N U Q hv cök wz Z mfv e Av M KLbI N Uwb cövk wzk wbe vp bi gva g KvwU KvwU eq ii weez bi cöwµqvq h Kx ai bi Awfbe Ges RwUj ˆewk ó i DrcwË NU Z cv i ZviB mv enb K i P jwq Avgiv ez gv b nvf vw wek we` vj qi g bvweávb wefv Mi Aa vck (wzwb GgAvBwUÕi gw Ges ešw K weávb wefv Mi cöv³b Aa vck, fvlv, fvlvi DrcwË I wekvk Ges Zvi mv _ weez bev `i m úk, gvby li gb, m PZb Ávb BZ vw` wel q ˆeÁvwbK MelYvi Rb wel vz) w fb wc¼vi GK mv vrkv i grv K i e jwq jb, ÔûU K i `L j gvby li weez b K Zv AmvaviY e jb g b nq h c wz _ K kvgyk, eu MvQ ev gv Qi g Zv Rx ei Rb nq Zv _ KB Kx K i Avevi Pvu ` cšu Q hviqv, gnvmgỳ ª cvwo `Iqv ev B Uvi b Ui Rb `vzv Ggb GK eyw gvb cövyxi DrcwË NU Z cv i? Zvn j wk Kvb ^Mx q úk Avgv `i gw K we klfv e ˆZwi K iwqj? bv, Avwg Zv g b Kwi bv, KviY WviDB bi `Iqv cövk wzk wbe vpb cöwµqv w` qb gvby li weez b K e vl v Kiv m e Õ gvby li Abb mvaviy ˆewkó jvi g a `yõwui K_v Zv PvL eü K ib ejv hvq : gvbyl GKgvÎ cövyx h `yb cv qi Ici fi K i `vuov Z wk L Q, Avi Iw` K Avevi Lye AmvaviY ik gi eo gw ii weez b N U Q hv Ab Kvb cövyx Z NU Z `Lv hvq wb nvf vw wek we` vj qi Aa vck, AZ š mycwiwpz RxeweÁvbx, GWIqvW DBjm bi M elyv _ K `Lv hv Q h, 20 j eqi Av M _ K ïi K i AvovB jvl eqi Av M ch š I Avgv `i gw i AvKvi cöwz GK jvl eq i cövq GK Pvg Pi mgvb K i e owq jv 1 weávbxiv g b K ib h, aximwz Z n ji GLbI Avgv `i gw i weea b N U P j Q Avgv `i gw i h AskwU Avgv `i eyw gëvi mv _ me P q Nwbôfv e RwoZ mb mwi eªj Ki U K hw` U b d vu K i wewq q `Iqv hvq, Zvn j `Lv hv e h Zv Pvi c ôv Ry o RvqMv K i wb Q Avgv `i me P q Kv Qi c~e m~wi wk úväx `i mwi eªj Ki U b e gvî GK cvzvi mgvb RvqMv, evb iiuv b e GKwU cv Kv W i mgvb Avi Bù y ii Î Zv b e gvî GKUv v úi mgvb RvqMv 2 cv_ K Uv Pv L covi gzb, ZvB nq Zv mvd j i cvj vuvi ek fvix wkš weávbxiv GLb ej Qb, Dû!, gw i AvKviUv AZ š i Z c~y n ji muvb eva nq GKgvÎ KviY bq! Zvn j Zv Avgv `i gz eo gw i AwaKvix wbqvûvi_vj cörvwzi gvbylivi GKB ikg mvdj AR b Ki Z cvi ZvÑZv `i gz cörvwzi Zv Zvn j wejyß n q hviqvi K_v bq GKw` K gw i wekvk, Ab w` K N U Q fvlvi DrcwË I e envi, Avi Zvi mv _ cvj v w` q N U Q mvs wzk weez b Ges wekvk N U Q RwUj GK mvgvwrk e e vi gvby li weez b G jv AZ š i Z c~y f~wgkv cvjb K i Q hv nq Zv Ab Kv bv cövyxi Î mfv e cö qvr bq GLv bb Zv kl bq, MZ K qk j eq i AZ š `ª ZMwZ Z NU Z _vkv cwi ekmz cwiez bi e vcviuv KI Zv GB mgxkiy _ K ev` w` q w` j Pj e bv GB cwiez bi mv _ Lvc LvB q wb q wu K _vkvi Rb gvbyl hz bzzb fv e Awf hvwrz n q Q weez bi wbq g ZZB wekwkz n q Q Zvi bzzb bzzb ˆewkó Avgiv Rvwb h, GB gnvwek cövq 14kÕ KvwU eqi Av M m wó n ji Avgv `i GB ey ov c w_exi m wó n q Q cövq mv o 4kÕ KvwU

16 eqi Av M GLb ch š cviqv Z _ i wfwë Z ejv hvq, cöv Yi Rb n Z j M wm qwq jv AviI cövq GK kv KvwU eqi Avi gvby li DrcwË? m Zv m w`bkvi K_v! Avw`g GK Kvlx cövy, e vk Uwiqv, eû Kvlx cövyx, A vjwr, A gi `Êx cövyx, wewfbœ gi `Ûx cövyxi DrcwË, wekvk ev wejywßi avc e q, weez bi PovB DrivB cwi q gvby li Avw` c~e cyi l `i D e NU jv gvî jvl eqi Av M m mg q gvbyl Ges Ab vb ebgvby li gvsvgvws ˆewkó m úbœ wkqy cörvwziv cv qi Dci fi K i `vuovz wkl ji Zvi _ K AvaywbK gvby li c~e cyi l `i D e NU Z j M M Q AviI cövq 30 j eqi Avi Avgv `i wb R `i cörvwz A_ vr Homo Sapiens `i M íi ïi Zv mw`b, gvî `o `yb jvl eqi Av M f~zvwë K wbq g wnmve Ki j c w_ex Z gvby li Aw Z i e vcviuv G ev ib Avb Kviv ïay Zv ZvBB bq, weez bi avivq hgb A bwz Rx ei DrcwË N U Q wvk Zgwb Zv `i GKUv eo Ask wejyßi n q M Q GKBfv e Avgiv dwmj ikw _ K `L Z cvb h, gvby lii wewfbœ cörvwzi DrcwË N U Q, Avevi Avgv `i cörvwz Qvov evwkiv wejxb n q M Q BwZnv mi cvzvq weez bi BwZnv m AwbqðZvi Zv Kv bv kl bb, WvB bvm ii gz AwZKvq cövyx eûkvj a i c w_exi ey K ivrz K ii klch š nvwi q M Q mv o Qq KvwU eqi Av M fq¼i Kv bv cövk wzk wech qi d j gnvcivµgkvjx Wvq bvmi jv wejyß n q bv M j mb mg qi AZ š bmb b cvqx cövyx jv nq Zv GZ wekwkz n Z cvi Zv bv A_ vr, Ab vb cövyxi gzb Avgv `i D ei Zv Kv bv c~e wba vwiz e vcvi bq cöl vz weez bev`x RxeweÁvbx Ges dwmjwe` w db R. jw ZvB e jwq jb, Ôgvbyl Av M _ K wba vwiz weez bi Kvb avivi kl dmj bq eis gvbyl n Q AvKw Kfv e D yz gnvrvmwzk GK AbywPš vi djvdj wekvj kvlv cökvlvmn h cövye i weez b N U Q gvbyl n Q Zvi GKUv Qv Æv kvlvgvî GiKg wbwðzfv eb ejv hvq h, GB Mv Qi exruv K hw` Avevi bzzb K i ecb Kiv nq Zvn j GB kvlvuv Avevi GKB ikgfv e GKB RvqMvq Rb b e bv Õ 3 wpî : Pvj m WviDBb Avgiv Rvwb h, lvok kzvãx Z G m Kvcvwb Kv mi m~h Kw `ªK mširm Zi aviyvuv nvrvi eqi a i wu K _vkv ga hymxq agx q Ges mvgvwrk weizvi wfwë K bvwo q w` qwqj ZviciI Zv cövq K qkk eqi j M wm qwqj mb mz K cöwzwôz Ki Z Avgiv Rvwb wkfv e eû evuavwenœ cwi q RxeweÁvb kl ch š Ebwesk kzvãx Z ewi q G mwq jv mb ÔcÖRvwZi c _K c _K m wóõ Ges w i cörvwzi gzev `i åvwš _ K! cö_gev ii g Zv Avgiv Rvb Z c iwqjvg Avgv `i DrcwË Ges wekv ki ˆeÁvwbK e vl vuv Zvici cövq `o kv eqi K U M Q, weáv bi AZ vaywbk kvlv jv cöwzw`bb AviI Rviv jvfv e GB weez b Z Ë i mwvkzv cögvy K i P j Q, wkš cövpxb wpš vi APjvqZb f O Avgv `i mgv R Zv wkš GLbI RvqMv K i wb Z cv iwb c w_ex Z h wuk qk ZË mg cy iv bv Ny Y aiv i Ykxj åvš wpš v fvebv I cö_v K mg~ j AvNvZ K i Q Zvi g a weez bev` Ab Zg ZvB Zvi wei cöwz iv aii gvîvuv h GKUz evovevwo ik gi ewk n e Zv Zv Rvbv K_vB gvbe mf Zvi mgmö BwZnvm Ry ob Avgiv Gi cybive wë ` L G mwq Ab vb Rx ei weez b wb q K_v ej j hvi ev wvk Av Q, wkš gvby li weez bi cöm½ Avm jb Avgv `i gv_vq h bv AvKvk f O c o mb 1859 mv j Pvj m WviDBb Ges A vj d«w Iqv jm hlb cö_g weez bi ZË wu cö ve Ki jb ZLb Pv P i wek ci x gyl _ K h AvZ¼evYx ei n q G mwq jv, Zv h bv AvR Ki w` bi cövmw½k e j g b nq wzwb AvZ bv` K i e jwq jb, 4 Ôebgvbyl _ K Avgv `i weez b N U Q! Avkv Kwi h bv GUv mwz bv nq, Avi hw` Zv GKvš B mz n q _v K Z e P jv Avgiv mevb wg j cöv_ bv Kwi mvaviy gvbyl h bv GUv KLbB Rvb Z bv cv i!õ mvaviy gvby li KvQ _ K mz K mwi q ivlvi cö Póv Zv Avi bzzb wkqyb bq GLbI wek e vcx mb P vi hb Kv bv KgwZ bb!

17 WviDBb cö_ g Zvi ÔcÖRvwZ DrcwËÕ ebwu Z gvby li weez b m ú K Zgb wkqyb e jb wb (ïay e jwq jb, Light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history ); mb mg qi mvgvwrk Ae vi cwi cöw Z Zvi GB wbðzczvi KviYUv evsv Zgb KwVbI bq 1857 mv j Rvg vwbi Wy mj b`xi DcZ Kvq wb qûvi_vj bvgk RvqMvq ek wkqy Avw`g gvby li K ivwu Avwe Z nq ZLb Rvg vwbi cöl vz Aa vck vd nvd mb dwmj jv ch e Y K i cö ve K ib h, G jv Avm j gvby li Kv bv wejyß Avw`g cörvwzi nvo Mvo G `i bvg `Iqv nq wb qûvi_vj gvbyl 5 ZLbKvi wkw Z mgvr wkš Zvi K_v wek vm K ibwb Iw` K WviDB bi wek eüz Ges weávbx wu GBP nv wj m mgqb gvby li weez bi welqwu DÌvcb K ib Ges Gc ev eb gvby li mv _ gvby li mv` k Ges ˆemv` k jv Zz j a i 1863 mv j `Evidence as to Man s Place in Nature bvgk ebwu cökvk K ib Gi ci WviDBb hlb `The Descent of man and selection with respect to Sex ebwu ei K ib ZZw` b gvby li weez bi welqwu eyw Rxexgn j gvuvgywufv e mycwiwpz n q M Q Ebwesk kzvãxi kl w` K Rvg vwb weávbx Av b n Kj Zvi wel vz Ôm wói BwZnvmÕ eb q wj LwQ jb h, ebgvbyl _ K gvby li weez b hw` mwz B N U _v K Z e gvbyli bq Avevi wvk ebgvbyli bq Ggb ai Yi ga w Z dwmj cviqv hv e wzwbb cö_g weez bi ga ezx Ae vi GiKg dwmj jv K nviv bv hvmm~î ev `missing link e j AvL vwqz K ib 6 Zvi K_vB mwvk cögvwyz n q QÑ MZ GK kv eq i Ggb AmsL dwm ji müvb cviqv M Q hv _ K gvbyl Ges ebgvby li ga ezx Ae vi weez bi avc jv úó n q D V Q ïay Zv ZvBB bq, G _ K Avgiv úó `L Z cvw Q h, c w_exi ey K wewfbœ mg q Avgv `i cörvwzi (Homo sapiens) gvbyl QvovI AviI Ab vb cörvwzi gvbyli wepiy K i Q, GgbwK A bk mgq GKvwaK cörvwzi gvbyl GKB mg q Zv `i mw wjz c`pviyvq gylwiz K i Zz j Q Avgv `i GB aibx GB gyn~ Z Avgiv Qvov Avi Kv bv gvbe cörvwzi Aw Z bv _vk ji AZx Z h Zv wq jv Zv wb q wkš wøgz cökv ki Kv bv AeKvkB Avi bb MZ GKk eqi a i weávbxiv gvbyl Ges G ci ga ezx ii h mg dwmj Lyu R c q Qb Zv _ K gvbe weez bi GKUv cwi vi wpî cviqv wkš Avi Kv bv KwVb e vcvi bq GLb mgm vuv Avi Ôh _ó cwigv Y dwmj cviqv hv Q bvõ Zv bq eis wvk Zvi Dj Uv GZ ik gi gvby li c~e cyi li cörvwzi Ges Zv `i ga ezx ii dwmj cviqv hv Q h Zv `i K cvi úwik m ú K i wfwë Z wvk VvK gz kªyxweb vm KivUvB weávbx `i Rb GK P v jä n q `vuwo q Q weávbx Av b n K ji g bvevãv h Gfv e c~iy n e Zv nq Zv wzwb wb RI Avkv K ibwb Zvi Ic i Avevi MZ K qk `k K WwUs c wzi h Af~Zc~e DbœwZ N U Q Zvi d j wvkfv e dwm ji eqm Ges cök wz wba viy Kivi gzvi e o M Q eû Y GQvov gvbyl Ges G ci ˆ`wnK MV bi Zzjbvg~jK wepvi _ KI eû Z_ ewi q G m Q GLb `Lv hv Q h, gvby li mv _ G ci cv_ K jv hz ewk bv cwigvymz, Zvi P q A bk ewk YMZ gvby li g a D j L hvm ik gi wfbœ ˆewkó jv n Q : K `ªxq m øvqyz š i AvKvi we klz gw i AvKvi gvby li A bk eo, eb gvby li mv _ Zv `i nvz Ges cv qi AvKv ii Abycv ZI cv_ K i q Q, Mv qi jvg c o M Q A bkvs kb, Pvgovi iäke Ges ey ov AvOyj bvovevi gzvi gvby li A bk ewk Av M gvby li mv _ ebgvby li cv_ K K hz eo e j g b Kiv nz AvaywbK M elyvi d j Zv µgkt hb K g Avm Q A b KB GLbI weªwuk weávbx wipvw I qb (Richard Owen, ) Gi ejv wkqy fyj Z_ K mz e j g b K i e m Av QbÑ I qb g b K iwq jb h, wzwb gvbyl Ges ebgvby li g a wekvj GK cv_ K Lyu R c q Qb hv w` q cögvy Kiv hvq h gvbyl Ges ebgvbyl GKB c~e cyi l _ K weewz Z n q Av mwb wzwb e jb gvby li gw wn cvk v úvm bv gi GKwU evowz Dcv½ i q Q hv wk bv ebgvby li g a bb wkš WviDB bi eüz wu GBP nv wj ZLbB Zv fyj cögvy K ib, cök Zc gvbyl Ges Gc `yb MÖ ci g a GB DcvsMwUi Aw Z i q Q G Zv M jv GKUv w`k, Ab w` K R bwu Ges wr bvwg i AvaywbK M elyv Ges ch v jvpbv K ev` w` j Zv weez bi Mí ejvb GLb Avi m e bq MZ `yb wzb `k K weáv bi GB kvlvwu weez bev` Ges gvby li weez bi c AZ š kw³kvjx me Z_ Ges mv nvwri K i Q hvi mv _ A½ vbwe` v Ges dwmjwe` v _ K Avjv`v Avjv`vfv e cviqv Z_ jv cövq ûeû wg j hv Q Avi `ygk RvqMvq hlv b Awgj ev mskq aiv co Q mlv b weávbxiv my hvm cv Qb AviI bzzb bzzb M elyvi gva g fyj jv ïa i biqvi weáv bi wzbwu kvlv _ K ^Zš fv e cviqv GB mw wjz Z_ jv weez bwe` v K AZ š mỳ p wfwëi Dci cöwzwôz K i Q MZ K qk `k K AvYweK Rxewe` v, R bwu, wr bvwg i wewfbœ Avwe vi jv cöv Yi weez b m ú K Avgv `i Ávb K GK bzzb ch v q D ËvwiZ K i Q Pjyb Lye m c `Lv hvk AvaywbK weáv bi Av jvq Avgv `i wb R `i weez bi MíUv GLb KxiKg kvbv Q weávbx wipvw WwKÝ Zvi `Unweaving the Rainbow eb Z e jwq jb h, wwgbg n Q Ôg Zi R bwuk ebõñavgv `i c~e cyi li BwZnv mi ivrbvgpv hb Zviv weez bwe` v e j h, Rx ei kix ii mewkqyb Zvi c~e cyi l _ K DËivwaKvi m~ Î cviqv Avi Gw` K wwgbgõi g a we vwizfv e jlv i q Q mb Kvwnbxi c~y avivevwnk weeiyxñklb Avgv `i c~e cyi liv

18 wkfv e weewz Z n q Q, Kvb cwi e k wu K _vkvi Rb hy K i Q, cörb bi BwZnvm _ K ïi K i Kv_vq KLb Kvb wgd Ukb Zv `i weez bi MwZ K wb q M Q bzzb w`m š ÑmewKQy jlv Av Q Avgv `i wwgbg-i wfz i cörb bi gva g c ii cörb ˆZwii avivevwnkzv hw` wqbœ bv nq Zvn j wwgbg-gi wfz i jlv Z_ jv GK AYy _ K Av ik AYy Z, GK cörb _ K Av ik cör b Awew Qbœfv e cöevwnz n Z _v K cöwzwu Rxe Zvi `n Kv li wfz i nvrvi j GgbwK KvwU eqi a i GB HwZnvwmK Z_ e q eov Q Avgiv gv U MZ K qk `kk a i AvYweK Rxewe` vi cöf~z AMÖMwZ i d j mwvkfv e wwgbgi wfz i jlv GB Z_ jv co Z Ges eys Z ïi K iwq W. wipvw WwKÝ g b K ib h c w_ex Z hw` GKUvI dwm ji Aw Z bv _vk Zv, ev KD hw` Zv `i K Kvb g vwrk K i Dwo q w`z, Zvn ji c w_ex Rvov Rx ei we Z wzi c vuvy Ges Zv `i R bwuk Z_ _ KB m ú~y weez bi BwZnvm ey bv Kiv m e n Zv 7 K_vUv ïb Z AwZiÄY ev J Z e j g b n ji, AvR K GKwesk kzvãxi Mvovq `vuwo q, AvYweK Rxewe` vi mv cöwzk Avwe vi jv K GKUz gb hvm w` q eys Z Póv Ki jb evsv hvq h, K_vUv Av `Š wg_ v bq gvby li wr bv gi wm Kv qwýs ev Abyµ gi HwZnvwmK cö_g LmovwU cökvwkz nq 2001 mv ji d«eª qvwi gv m `xn 13 eqi a i c w_exe vcx wewfbœ ` ki weávbxiv GB cö R ± AskMÖnY K ib 2003 mv j Gi P~ovš djvdj cökvk Kiv nq 8 Gi wkqyw`b c ib, 2005 mv j, Avgv `i weez bi BwZnv m me P q Nwbô AvZ xq wk úvwäi wr bvgi c o kl Kiv nq (Gw` K Avevi MZ K qk eq i Bù yi, gšgvwq, B mn ek K qkwu Rx ei wr bv gi AbyµgI ei Kiv n q Q, ev I qe mvbu jv Z GLb gvbyl Ges wk úvwämn wewfbœ Rx ei wr bv gi Abyµ gi we vwiz Z_ ivlv Av Q) 9 c w_ex Rvov 67 Rb weávbx GB wk úvwä wm Kv qwýs G Û G bvwjwmm Kb mviwuqv g AskMÖnY K ib, bpvi Rvb v ji 2005 mv ji m Þ ^i Bmÿ Z gvbyl Ges wk úvwäi wr bv gi ZzjbvgyjK we k l Yi we vwiz Z_ cökvwkz nq 10 b vkbvj wndg vb wr bvg wimvp Bbw wud Ui (NHGRI) Gi ww ikui d«vwým KwjÝ Gi g Z, GwU GKwU HwZnvwmK c` c gvby li weez bi BwZnvm, kvixwik MVb, wewfbœ ai bi AmyL wemy Li DrcwË eys Z n j weez bi avivq E yz Ges AZ š KvQvKvwQ m úwk Z wewfbœ Rx ei wr bv gi mv _ Avgv `i wr bv gi Zzjbvg~jK e vl v Acwinvh n q c o Q wk úvwä Ges gvby li wr bv gi cix vi mv _ dwmj ikw Ges kvixiwe` vi Zzjbvg~jK e vl v _ K weávbxiv Av M wk úvwä Ges gvby li weez b m ú K hv f ewq jb Zv cövq ûeû wg j hv Q G `i ez gvb wr bv gi g a mv` k cövq 99% Ges Zv `i cövwu bi MVbI LyeB KvQvKvwQ wwgbg-i mwbœ ekb (Insertion) Ges wejywß (Deletion) wnmve Ki j GB mv` k i cwigvy `vuovq 96%G cövwub j f j wepvi Ki j `Lv hvq h Zv `i 29% wrb GKB cªvwu bi KvwWs G wb qvwrz A_ vr `y Uv gvby li wwgbgõ Zzjbv Ki j h cv_ K `Lv hv e, GKUv gvbyl Ges wk úvwäi g a m cv_ K Uv gvî 10 Y ekx, wksev ai b Bù y ii mv _ gvby li h cv_ K Zvi Zzjbvq wk úvwäi mv _ cv_ K 60 Y Kg! 11 weávbxiv j K i Qb h, gvbyl Ges wk úvwä Z wkqy wkqy wrb Ab vb b cvqx cövyxi Zzjbvq µgvmzfv e `ª ZMwZ Z e` j hv Q Gi g a i q Q kã kvbv Ges evsvi Rb cö qvrbxq wrb,

19 øvq~z š i ms KZ Av`vb-cÖ`v bi wrb, ïµvyy Zwii wrbmn AviI K qkwu wrb Gw` K Avevi `Lv hv Q h, weez bi avivq gvbyl Ges wk úvwäi wwgbgõ Z Bù yi ev Li Mv ki P q A bk ewk cwigv Y wzki wgd Ukb N U Q Zvi d j GKw` K hgb Zv `i Amy Li cwigvy e o Q wkš Ab w` K Avevi Zv Zv `i K cwi e ki mv _ Awf hvwrz n Z evowz myweav K i w` q Q weávbxiv gvby li wr bv gi GB ai bi wgd Ukb jv AviI LwZ q `L Qb wk úvwä, Ab vb cövb gu ev Ab vb b cvqx cövyxi mv _ Avgv `i wgj jv evsv hgb `ikvi wvk Zgwbfv eb i Z c~y G `i mv _ Avgv `i cv_ K jv mwvkfv e we k ly Ki Z cviv Zvn jb nq Zv Avgiv ej Z cvi ev Kvb Kvb cwiez b jvi d j Avgiv gvby l weewz Z n qwq, wksev wvk Kvb Kvb ˆewkó jvi Kvi Y Avgiv Zv `i _ K eyw gëvq Ges mvgvwrk I mvs wzkfv e GZ Avjv`v n q MwQ B Zvg a B Avgiv GB ai bi we k ly _ K Ggb wkqy wkqy Z_ Rvb Z c iwq hv Avgv `i ^v Ges wpwkrmv weáv b wec e NwU q w` Z cv i hgb ai b, `Lv hv Q h, wk úvwä Ges gvby li mvaviy c~e mywi _ K Avjv`v n q hviqvi ci gvbyl Caspase-12 bvgk wr bi Kvh KvwiZv nvwi q d j hvi d jb m GLb AvjRvBgvim ev wzåsk (Alzheimer s) iv M Avµvš nq GLb Avgiv hw` wk úvwäi g a GB wr bi KvR jv K wvkg Zv eys Z c i Avgv `i kix i g a Zvi cö qvm NUv Z cvwi Zvn j nq Zv GB gvivz K ivmwui GKwU vqx e e v Kiv h Z cv i wewfbœ iv Mi mv _ Avgv `i R bwuk MV bi weez bi BwZnvm h Kx Nwbôfv e hy³, Zv GLb ax i ax i Avgv `i mvg b cwi vi n q DV Z ïi K i Q MZ kzvãxi cö_g w` K wkš gvby li Zgb Kvb ga ezx dwm ji müvb cviqv hvqwb, A b KB ZLb g b Ki Zb h, gvbyl nq Zv Ab vb ebgvby li _ K Avjv`v n q wm qwq jv cövq 5 KvwU eqi Av M Zvici ax i ax i hlb AviI A bk dwmj cviqv h Z ïi Ki jv, Gw` K Avevi weávbxiv gvby li mv _ Iivs IUvs, Mwijv, wk úvwäi wgj jv AviI fv jv K i eys Z ïi Ki jb ZLb g b Kiv nq h, nq Zv `o KvwU eqi Av M gvby li weez b NU Z ïi K iwq jv wesk kzvãxi ga fv M wwgbgi Avwe v ii ci Avgv `i mvg b AvYweK Rxewe` vi M elyvi `yqvi Ly j hvq më ii `k K gvbyl Ges Ab vb ebgvby li cövwu bi GgvB bv Gwm Wi Zzjbvg~jK we k ly K i Rvbv hvq h, weez bi hvîvq gvbyl Ges wk úvwäi Avjv`v n q hviqvi NUbvUv 50 j eq ii ewk cy iv bv n Z cv i bv Gw` K Avevi MZ wzwik, Pwj k eq i dwmjwe `iv Avwd«Kv _ K gvby li ÔAvavÕ Ges Ôm ú~y Õ Avw`cyi l `i h me dwmj Lyu R c q Qb Zv _ KI wkš Avgiv GLb GKB ai Yi Z_ c Z ïi K iwq Avi Gw` K AvR Ki wr bvwg i AZ vaywbk M elyv _ KI Avgiv G wel q AZ š Rviv jv mv c Z ïi K iwq 2006 mv ji g gv m GgAvBwU Ges nvf vw BDwbfviwmwUi weávbxiv bpvi Rvb v j h M elyvwu cökvk K ib Zv _ K `Lv hv Q h, gvbyl Ges wk úvwä Zv `i mvaviy c~e cyi l _ K Avjv`v n q wm qwq jv 54 j _ K 63 j eqi Av M Ges Zv `i Avjv`v n q hviqvi BwZnvmwU ek RwUj 12 weávbxiv g b K ib h, m ú~y fv e Avjv`v n q hviqvi Av M GB `yb cörvwz ev DccÖRvwZi g a ek j ^v mgq a i cörbb N UwQj hv Avgv `i µv gv Rvg x Gi g a Mfxi Qvc d j M Q K Rv b, G Rb B nq Zv Avgiv GZ j ^v mgq a i Avwd«KvRy o Ôbv-ebgvbylÑbv-gvbylÕ RvZxq ga ezx gvby li ev wgwms wj ¼i müvb cvw Q! GKUv grvi Mí w` q jlvuv kl Kiv hvk wk úvwä, Mwijv, Iivs IUvs mevi g a µv gv mv gi msl v 48, nvvr K ib `Lv hv Q h, GKB nvwgbqwwqv ` ji m`m niqv ^ Ë I, gvby li µv gv mv gi msl v n q M Q 46 weez bi ZË vbyhvqx Giv hw` c~e cyi l _ K weewz Z n q _v K Ges Ab `i mevi g a 48 wu µv gv mv gi Aw Z _v K, Zvn j Aek Avgv `i K GLb cökœ Ki Z n e, gvby li wr bvg _ K `yõ Uv µv gv Rvg Kv_vq nvwi q Mj? weez b ZË hw` wvk n q _v K Zvn j Zv GKw`b nvvr K i µv gv Rvg `yõ Uv nviqv n q h Z cv i bv, Zv `i Kv bv bv Kv bv ik gi wpý _vk ZB n e gvby li wr bv gi g a Avi hw` G ai Yi Kvb bgybv G Kev ib bv cviqv hvq Zvn j Zv weez bev `i gyj welqwu wb qb m ` ni AeKvk _ K hv Q Rxewe`iv cökí w` jb h, h nzz me ebgvby li g a GLbI 48Uv µv gv Rvg Av Q wkš G `i ` ji g a ïaygvî gvby lib `yõ Uv µv gv Rvg Kg Av Q Zvn j evsv hv Q h, kl mvaviy cye cyi l _ K Avjv`v n q hviqvi ci weez bi c _ Pj Z Pj Z Kvb GK mg q gvby li cörvwzi g a Avw` `yõ Uv µv gv Rvg mshy³ n q wm qwqj, hv Ab vb ebgvby li Î N Uwb kl ch š, GB Zv wkqyw`b Av M, 2002 mv j weávbxiv `Lv jb h, Avm j wk úvwä `i h 12 Ges 13 b ^i µv gv Rvg (GLb Zv `i K 2A Ges2B e j bvgkiy Kiv n q Q) i q Q m `yõ Uv gvby li g a gy LvgyLxfv e mshy³ n q µv gv Rvg 2 ˆZwi K i Q 13 GB `yõ Uv µv gv Rv gi mshyw³i we `ywui MVb wb q we vwiz M elyv _ KI gvby li weez bi BwZnv mi AviI AbK Z_ ei n q G m Q, wkš Zv wb q GLv b Avi Avwg we vwiz Av jvpbvq hvw Q bv Avm j G ai bi Î jv ZB Avgiv ˆeÁvwbK ZË wn m e weez bev `i kw³ Ges mwvkzv eys Z cvwi Kvb mwvk ZË _ K wewfbœ ai bi cökí ev c~e vfvm `Iqv m e nq hv A eávwbk Kv bv wkqyi Dci wfwë K i `Iqv m e bq hgb ai b, gvby li kix i Kvbfv eb GB nvwi q hviqv µv gv RvgwUi Aw Z Lyu R bv cviqv hz Zvn j weez b Z Ë i mwvkzv wb qb cökœ Zzj Z eva n Zb weávbxgnj

20 GQvovI gvbyl Ges wk úvwäi wr bvg we k ly _ K weávbxiv gvby li gw i AZ š `ª Z wekv ki Rb `vqx wrb jv, Zv `i wekv ki mgqmxgv, wewfbœ ai bi cövwu bi MVb, ebgvbyl `i g a NÖvYkw³i jvc Ges mb mv _ mv _ kw³kvjx ` wókw³i wekv ki g Zv AZ š i Z c~y welq jv m ú K cöv_wgk Z_ c Z ïi K i Qb GgAvBwU Ges nvf vw BDwbf viwmwui eªw Bbw wud Ui m`m weávbx wu wg Kjm bi g Z, AvMvgx K qk eq i AviI A bk b cvqx cövyx Ges cövb g Ui wr bv gi Abyµg ei K i djv hv e, mlvb _ K Lye mn RB gvby li weez bi Rb `vqx we kl wwgbgi Abyµg jv ewo q co e gvby li weez bi cöavb ˆewkó jv, hgb ai b, `yb cv qi Dci fi K i `vuov Z cviv, gw i weea b ev RwUj fvlvmz ` Zvi g Zv weez bi we kl avc jv Z Kx ai bi R bwuk cwiez b KvR K iwqj m jv Avwe vi Ki Z cvi j nq Zv Avgiv gvby li weez bi GKUv m ú~y iƒc ilv ˆZwi Ki Z cvi ev 14 Avevi Ab w` K GB R bwuk cwiez b jv Zv `i K wu K _vkvi Rb wk we kl ai bi myweav K i w` qwqjñg jv wk Zv `i cwiez bkxj cwi e ki mv _ Lvc LvB q wb Z evowz myweav K i w` qwqj bvwk `ª Z PjvP j ev cvi úwik ms hvm cöwzôvq mvnvh K iwqj, bvwk mvgvwrkfv e `je n q eu P _vkvi gzv hywm qwqj-gb cökœ jvi DË ii g a B nq Zv jywk q i q Q Avgv `i DrcwË Ges wekv ki `xn BwZnv mi inm Z_ m~î 1. DiChristine M, 2006, Becoming Human, Scientific American Science Magazne:Special Edition, p Calvin W. 2006, The Emergence of Intelligence, Scientific American:Special Edition, pp Gould, S, J: Understanding Evolution, PBS Website : ( 4. Skybreak, A. 2006, The Science of Evolution and The Myth Of Creationism, Insight Press, Illinois, USA. 5.AvLZvi ¾vgvb, g, 1998, weez bev`, evsjv GKv Wwg, c ôv AvLZvi ¾vgb, cöv ³, c ôv Dawkins R, 2004, The Ancestor's Tale, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, New York. 8. The Human Genome Project, 9. New Genome Comparison Finds Chimps, Humans Very Similar At DNA Level, 2005, Science Daily Magazine Ibid 11. Ibid 12. Human and Chimp Genomes Reveal New Twist on Origin of Species, 2006, Science Daily Magazine Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium,2005. "Initial sequence of the chimpanzee genome and comparison with the human genome". Nature 437: Kenneth R. Miller, professor of biology at Brown University, delivered the keynote address at the University s 242nd Opening Convocation Tuesday, Sept. 6, National Human Genome Reserach Institue4, 2005, 'Scientists Analyze Chromosomes 2', New Genome Comparison Finds Chimps, Humans Very Similar At DNA Level,2005, Science Daily Magazine.

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22 bvixev` I bvixev`x (DrmM : evsjv ` ki cö_g bvixev`x iv Kqv K) bw `bx nv mb jlvi ïi ZB bvixev `i mnr I msw ß BwZnvm Zz j aivi cö qvrb g b KiwQ Avgv `i A b KiB g b Ôbvixev`Õ I Ôbvixev`xÕ `i wb q cöpzi åvš aviyv Av Q we kl K i evsjv ` ki wkw Z Q j g q `i g a I Ôbvixev`Õ kãwu wb q ek bwzevpk aviyv h K ib nvk Rb wb q Q ZvQvov wkw Z Rb Mvôxi GKUv e nr As ki wfzii GB wb q GK ai bi avuqvkv we` gvb Avm j Ôbvixev`Õ welqwu Kx? G cö kœi h_vh_, mwvk Ges msw ß GKwU DËi c Z Avgiv DBwKwcwWqvi mvnvh wb Z cv i mlv b bvixev` A_ev Feminism Gi msávq ejv n q Q : Feminism is a diverse collection of social theories, political movements and moral philosophies, largely motivated by or concerned with the experiences of women. Most feminists are especially concerned with social, political and economic inequality between men and women (in the context of it being to the disadvantage of women); some have argued that gendered and sexed identities, such as `man and `woman, are socially constructed. Feminists differ over the sources of inequality, how to attain equality, and the extent to which gender and gender-based identities should be questioned and critiqued. In simple terms, feminism is the belief in social, political and economic equality of the sexes, and the movement organised around the belief that gender should not be the pre-determinant factor shaping a person s social identity, or socio-political or economic rights. Dc ii msáv _ K Avgiv eys Z cvwi Ôbvixev`Õ Avm j Ggb wkqy bq hv wb q bvbvgywl fyj aviyv Avgv `i A b Ki g a M o Av Q hgb Kv iv Kv iv aviyv whwb Ôbvixevw`Õ wpš v PZbv wb Ri wfzi jvjb K ib, wzwb D Q bœ-hviqv KD! wzwb mgvr msmv ii avi av ib bv! cyi li Dci bvixi AvwacZ we vi Ki Z Pvb ev cyi lwe Ølx nb, A_ev cyi l `i cöwzc NvlYv K i mviv Y hy s `nx g bvfve wb q _v Kb hw`i e w³mzfv e KD Zv n Z cv ib wkš, bvixev `i msáv _ K Avgiv h welquv eyws Zv n Q, bvixev`xiv cyi li cvkvcvwk me Î mgvb my hvmmyweav Av`v qi Rb jovb ev Av `vjb hvb ewj bv Kb Zv wb q mv Pvi f~wgkv cvjb K ib cöejfv e cyi lkvwmz mgvr m ó wj½ ˆelg Dc o d j wk ivr bwzk, wk mvgvwrk, wk A_ bwzk me Î mgzv wbwðz Kivi Rb KvR K ib hz w`b ch š GB mgzv ivóªxq Ges mvgvwrkfv e wbwðz bv n Q ZZ w`b bvixev`x `i `vwe Av`v qi Rb GB Av `vjb Pj ZB _vk e GUv ïay bvixev `i ÎB bq, mgv Ri me ii Zzjbvg~jKfv e Kg myweavcövßiv wb R `i ewâz eva K ib ^vfvwek Kvi YB hvi Rb wb R `i `vwe Av`v qi c _ evavwecwë wwov bvi Rb Zv `i ` p I kw³kvjx Ae vb wb Z nq Ôbvixev `iõ BwZnv mi w` K Avgiv hw` ZvKvB Zvn j `L Z cv ev Ôbvixev`Õ Avm j nvvr K i D o G m Ry o emv wkqy bq, hgbuv Avgiv A b KB a i bb AwaKvi Av`v qi Rb av c av c G Z n q Q bvixev`x `i BwZnvm NvU j `Lv hvq AvVv iv kv kz KiI Av M bvixev `i Aw Z wqj hw`i Zvi Wvjcvjv we vi K i IB kz KiB kl NUv Z M j h kw³, h ` pzv, cwiev i h Ae v bi cö qvrb nq Zv _ K Zv K KŠk j ewâz Kiv n q Q hym hym a i wzwb GB ˆelg K gv bb wbqwz e j bvixi wbqwz! mb wbqwz gv bbwb emg iv Kqv gv bbwb e jb AvR Ki iv Kqv K Avgiv c qwq evovwj gymwjg bvixrvmi Yi AMÖ`~Z wn m e Zvui Kv bv Kv bv mgv jvpk e jb wzwb cyi lz š i mv _ Av cvm K i wu K wq jb Z e ûgvq~b AvRv` h_v_ B e j Qb, iv Kqv ZLb wkqyuv Av cvl K iwq jb eva n q mwz ÑwKš, ÔwZwb cyi lzš K aÿsm Kivi R b wbiš i jovb K i M Qb; Zvui ipbvewj cyi lz š i wei GK avivevwnk gnvhy Õ wzwb iv Kqvi Av cvmkvwgzv wb q AviI h cöwyavb hvm K_vwU D j L K i Qb Zv n jv, Ô iv Kqv cyi lz š i wei Pvwj qwq jb mvwe K AvµgY wzwb f O djvi Póv K i Qb cyi lz š i Zwi bvix I cyi li fveg~wz, er b K i Qb bvixcyi li cö_vmz f~wgkv; Zzjbvnxbfv e AvµgY K i Qb cyi lz š i ejcö qvm ms v ag K iv Kqv c i a g i mv _ wkqyuv mwü K i Qb AvZ i vi Rb ; bb j Zvu K I Zvui Av`k K AZ š wecbœ K i Zzj Zv gymjgvb wcz Zš Õ iv Kqv hlb wbwø avq e jb ÔAvgvw`M K AÜKv i ivwlevi Rb cyi lmy H ag MÖš wj K Ck ii Av `kcî ewjqv cökvk Kwiqv Qb Õ ZLb G _ KB evsv hvq bvixi mvgwmök AwaKvi cöwzóv Ki Z PvB j ag K cvk KvwU q Ôawi gvq bv QyuB cvwbõ RvZxq Av `vjb K i dj cviqvi Avkv Kiv n e Pig evkvwg Z_ m~î : ÔbvixÕ : ûgvqyb AvRv` A Vindication of the rights of woman : Wollstonecraft

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25 Ic i i L mnr ^vfvwek fw½ Z e m Av Q m kã ev KwVb n q cvr `Iqvi P q mnr ^vfvwek fw½ Z wzwb P qwq jb gvbvwjmv K AvuK Z gix ivr vwi (Mary Rose Storey) gvbvwjmvi GB fw½gv wb q wj L Qb : ÔwjIbv `v i mg q gvbvwjmvi GB fw½gv bzzb Avwe vi wnmv eb we epbv Kiv nz Ges e vckfv e Abym Z nz GUv wqj wpivqz fw½gv Contrapposto-i cwigvwr Z ms iy Contrapposto-kãwU BUvwjqvb Gi gv b n Q Ggb GKwU fw½gv hlv b kix ii GK Ask Ab As ki wecixz w` K evukv bv _v K Õ wjibv ` v gvbvwjmv cöwzk wzwu AvuKv ïi K ib 1503 mv j ciezx Pvi eqi wzwb Gi Ici evi evi KvR K ib 1507 mv j wjibv `v hlb d v iý Qv ob ZLb wzwb QwewU Zvi mv _ K i wb q hvb A b KiB aviyv h h nzz QwewU m ú~y nqwb ZvB wjibv ` v GwU K Zvi mv _ K i wb q wm qwq jb Kv iv Kv iv g Z Aek, wjibv `v QwewU K G Zv fvjevm Zb h wzwb Gi m½ Qvo Z cv ibwb 1516 mv j QwewU mv _ wb qb wjibv `v d«v Ý Av mb ivrv d«vwým I Zvi G vg ev q mi `y M i Rb QwewU wk b bb c i dvd UBb e v, c vwim, fv m B Ny i Ae k l gvbvwjmv G m c o jywdbm XIV Gi msmönkvjvq divwm wec ei ci jÿ fi wgdwrqv g Gi bzzb Avevm M o I V gvbvwjmvi cö g gë b cvwjqvb mlvb _ K G K wb q hvb Zvi kvevi N i b cvwjqv bi cz bi ci gvbvwjmv Avevi wd i hvq Zvi cy iv bv wvkvbv jÿ f i KD KD g b K ib h gvbvwjmv Kvb GKK gwnjvi cöwzk wz bq, eis A bk gwnjvi mypzzi mgš^q, mgmö bvix RvwZi cözxk Ab `i g Z GUv Wªv Mi cöfvehy³ wfwâi Kvb cyi l g W ji Qwe Avevi KD KD wek vm K ib h, gvbvwjmv Kv bv cöwzk wzb bq, eis wfwâi AmvaviY Kíbvi iƒcgvî KD KD Avevi G K wfwâi gv qi cöwzk wz e ji ivq w` q Qb wjibv ` v eµz j Av jvi Kvi KvR wb q AwZ Drmvnx wq jb ikwg Av Qv`b, gvbvwjmvi Pzj, Zvi Z Ki D¾ jzv, mewkqy ˆZwi n q Q ^ Q io Gi AwZ cvzjv Av iy w` q Gi d j g b nq gvbvwjmvi gy L dz U D V Q D¾ j Avfv, QwewU cwiyz n q Q Rv`yKix Ym úbœ AwZ D PgvMx q wkík g KzwRb (Cuzin) G m ú K e jb h : ÔAvR Ki wkí mgv jvp Kiv QwewUi inm gqzv Ges mymgš^qzvi Dci ewk bri `b wkš cö_gw`kkvi wkí HwZnvwm Kiv Gi AmvaviY ev ezvi cöwz ewk Rvi w` q Qb, we klfv e D j L K i Qb nvm gq Aai Ges D¾ j Pv Li K_v Õ2 wmiwm I fvmvwi (Giorgio Vasari) Zvi wfwâi RxebxMÖš Lives of the Painters -G wj L Qb : Ô gvbvwjmv K g b nq bv h AvuKv n q Q eis i³gvs mi cök Z gvbexb g b nq Zv K Lye KvQvKvwQ _ K KD hw` Zvi K Éi w` K ZvwK q _v K Z e m njd K ib ej Z cvi e h gvbvwjmv k vm cök vm wb Q Õ3 wjibv ` vi Qwei GB ev ezv G m Q Zvi wewfbœ wel q e vck ˆeÁvwbK ch e Y _ K gvbe GbvUwg Ici cix v-wbix v _ K wzwb AvK wzi MvwYwZK wm g Ges cvim cw±f Avwe vi K iwq jb GB cvim ckw±fb wzwb e envi K iwq jb gvbvwjmvi Î gvbvwjmvi kix ii Zzjbvq gv_v Ges PvL wkqyuv ewk Nviv bv wqj `k Ki w` K wfwâ mve R± Ges cuf~wgkvi Ae R± Gi cv_ K I ch e Y K iwq jb Ges gvbvwjmvi cuf~wgkvq MfxiZvi weåg ˆZwi Kivi Rb Gwiqvj cvim cw±f e envi K iwq jb Kvb e `~i Z i w`k _ K hz `~ i _vk e Zvi j ZZ QvU n e, io hz Aby¾ j n e ewnmx gv ZZ A úó n e G wel q KzwRb e jb : ÔwjIbv `v, AvKvk, gvwu, evqygêj Ges Av jv wb q cix v wbix v K iwq jb Kv RB Zvi G cövp wqj ˆeÁvwb Ki gz wkš wzwb AmvaviY ˆkwíK Ges mypvi iƒ c G K cwiywz w` qwq jb Zvi wpîk g GKB wpîk g Avgiv Kvgj AÂj hgb gn _ K P j h Z cvwi Pig RwUjZvq Ges PgrKvi ww UBj m D`vniY ^iƒc, gvbvwjmvi cvkv Ki Mjvi Kv Q m~² ci úi werwoz GgeªqWvwi i q Q G jvi wewfbœ GjvKvi ˆemv` k Ggb GK ai bi cöväjzv ˆZwi K i Q hv wpîk g weij mewkqy wg j gvbvwjmv GZB ^vfvwek Ges GZB cwiwpz h, Avgiv fy jb hvb GUv ló`k kzvãxi ïi Z GB wpîkg wu wk AmvaviY Avwe vi wqj Õ4 fvmvwi Zvi MÖ š ey bv K i Qb h, wjibv `v i mg qb `~i `~ivš _ K wkíxiv Zvi zwwi Z wfo Rgv Zv gvbvwjmv K ch e Y Kivi Rb Zi Y wkíx ivdv qj wjibv ` vi m wókg wb q GgbB Av Qbœ wqj h, m wb RI gvbvwjmvi Av` j ek wkqy cöwzk wz Gu K d jwqj G `i g a Avevi K qkwu gvbvwjmvi mv _ `vi Yfv e mv` k I wqj Z e ej ZB nq m jv Z `v wfwâi gv viwc mi bvukxqzv Abycw Z wqj inm gq nvwm cvup kzvãx a i jvkrb gvbvwjmvi nvwm K ` L P j Q Pig we q wb q, wenÿ ji gz c w_exi mg in m i Avavi hb Zvi nvwm GB g b n e gvbvwjmv nvm Q, ci YB `Lv hv e m nvwm wgwj q M Q Kx Av Q gvbvwjmvi Vvu U? wjibv ` v wkfv e

26 gvbvwjmvi gy L GB inm gq Awfe w³ Zz j w` qwq jb? Ab Kvb wkíxiv Zv cv ibwb Kb? Av MB D j L Kiv n q Q h, A b KB Gi KviY wnmv e dzgv Uv KŠkj KB `vqx K i Qb nvf v Wi wbd iv mv qw U W. gvm v iu wjwfs vb (Margaret Livingstone) Gi g Z Gi Av iv kw³kvjx Ab GKUv e vl v Av Q Zvi g Z gvbvwjmvi nvwm Y Y Avmv hviqvi Rb Zvi `y ev a Awfe w³ gv UB `vqx bq eis gvby li `k bw `ªq hfv e wwrvbb Kiv ZvB Gi gyl KviY wek RMZ K `Lvi Rb gvbe Pv Li my úó `y Uv Avjv`v GjvKv i q Q K `ªxq GjvKv K ejv nq dvwfqv GLvb w` qb gvbyl ey `L Z cvq, A i co Z cv i Ges LyuwUbvwU mewkqy K AvZ Ki Z cv i dvwfqvi Pvicv ki GjvKv hv K ejv nq cwi divj, Zv w` q gvbyl mv`v-kv jv, MwZ Ges Qvqv ` L _v K gvbyl hlb Ab Kv iv gy Li w` K ZvKvq ZLb ewki fvm mgqb Zv `i ` wó wbeü _v K mb e w³i Pv Li w` K Kv RB W. wjwfs v bi g Z hlb Kv bv e w³i ` wó K `ªxf~Z nq gvbvwjmvi Pv Li Ici ZLb Zvi Zzjbvg~jKfv e Kg wbf yj cövwš K ` wó G m c o gy Li Ici h nzz cövwš K ` wó LyuwUbvwUi wel q gv UB AvMÖnx bq, Kv RB ^vfvwekfv e Zvi Kv Q aiv c o gvbvwjmvi Pvqv ji nv oi Qvqv jv GB QvqvB nvwmi iƒc bq wkš hlbb `k Ki PvL mivmwi gvbvwjmvi gy Li Ici c o, Zvi K `ªxq ` wó Qvqv K Avi ` L bv W. wjwfs v bi g Z gvbvwjmvi gy Li w` K ZvwK q KL bvb Zvi nvwm `L Z cviqv hv e bv Y Y nvwmi Avmv-hvIqv NU Z _v K KviY gvbyl Zv `i m wó gvbvwjmvi gy Li wewfbœ RvqMvq miv Z _v K e j gvbvwjmvi g a iwmkzv Kivi GKai bi m KŠZzK cöeyzv Av Q hlb Avcwb Ab w` K ZvwK q _vk eb ZLb m Avcbvi wcq b nvm e Avi Avcwb Zvi w` K ZvKv bvi mv _ mv _B m Zvi nvwm eü K i ` e Awf bîx wrbv Wwf mi g a gvbvwjmv G d± Av Q memgq g b nq nvwm hb Sz j Av Q Vvu U GgbwK hlb nv mb bv ZLbI g b nq nvm Qb W. wjwfs v bi g Z, h nzz wrbv Wwf mi Pvqv ji nvo LyeB ` k gvb mkvi YB GiKg g b nq gvbvwjmvi inm gq nvwmi ˆeÁvwbK e vl v `Iqv m Ë I Gi bv `wbk iƒ ci cöwz h _ó kª vkxj wq jb W. wjwfs vb Kv RB GB inm UzKz K niy K i Gi cöwz gvby li AvMÖn K K o wb Z Pvbwb wzwb ÔAvwg PvB bv wjibv `v i inm UzKz K o wb Z AmvaviY cöwzfvevb wkíx Rxeb _ KB GB inm UzKz wb qwq jb, wkš KDB Zv Lqvj K ibwb Avgv `i cvupkõ eqi j M Q Zv D vi Ki Z wkš Avð h i welq n Q Kb Ab wkíxiv GUv bkj Ki Z cv ib wb gvbvwjmvi Lye fvj bkj Ki Z n j hv Ki Z n e Zv n Q AvuKvi mgq Gi gy Li _ K Ab w` K ZvwK q wb Z n e G Zv mnr wrwbmuv A b iv h Kb cv iwb muvi GK inm Õ 5 mylx gvbvwjmv Av em wpwýzkiy mduiqvi e envi K i BDwbfvwmwU Ae Avg viwv gi Kw úduv i gvbvwjmv K we k ly Kiv n q Q GB we k l Y `Lv M Q h gvbvwjmv 83 kzvsk Avbw `Z, 9 kzvsk wei³, 6 kzvsk AvZswKZ Ges 2 kzvsk µvavwš^z Av em we k l Yi Î Kw úduvi mduiqviwu Vvu Ui eµzv, Pv Li Pvicv ki KzÂb K we epbvq wb q _v K hzuv bv wmwiqvm M elyv, Zvi P q A bk ewk grv wn m eb Avg viwv gi M elkiv GB cix vwu K iwq jb BDwbfvwm wu Ae Bwjbq Gi mn hvwmzvq wbwg Z Av em wpwýzkiy GB mduiqvi Gi gva g gvbvwjmvi Av em K wpwýz Kivi Rb cö_ g gvbvwjmv K vb Kiv nq M elyvi mv _ RwoZ cö dmi n v iv Kg vb (Harro stokman) e jb h, M elkiv Rv bb h GB M elbv Lye GKUv ˆeÁvwbK bq, Kbbv GB mduqvi m~² Abyf~wZ jv K ai Z A g A b KB gvbvwjmvi Pv Li hšb Bw½Z ev Zvw Qj Lyu R cvb Zv mbv³ Ki Z cv iwb GB mduiqvi GQvov GB mduiqvi ïaygvî wwwruvj wdj ev B gr KB ïaygvî e envi Ki Z cv i, GB e w³i ez gvb Av em K mwvkfv e mbv³ Kivi Rb cöv_wgkfv e Zvi wbi c Av emk~b Ae vi Qwe cö qvrb nq gyl M elk wbkz m e (Nicu Sebe) GB P v jä K wmwiqvmwj bb Ges f~ga mvmixq A ji es kv ~Z `k Rb g qi gyl Qwe K e envi K i wzwb wbi c Awfe w³i GKwU B gr ˆZwi K ib Zvici wzwb GB B gr K gvbvwjmvi gy Li mv _ Zzjbv K i QqwU Av em Avbw `Z, wew Z, µvavwš^z, wei³, AvZw¼Z Ges welv`mö fvm K ib GB mduiqvi wkfv e KvR K i m m ú K Kg vb e jb : Ôg~jZ GUv gvkokvi Rvj K gy Li Dci d j QvU QvU L Ê fvm K i djvi gz Zvici Avcwb cy Lvbycy Lfv e bv Ki ùxwz ev Pv Li Pvicv ki ewj ilv jvi cv_ K K we k ly Ki eb Gi Av em K wpwýz Kivi Rb Õ 6 GB M elyvi m ½ RwoZ bb Ggb ev qv gwuª iv e jb, hw`i GUvB gvbvwjmvi Rb kl K_v bq Z_vwc GB M elyvi djvdj h _ó AvMÖn DÏxcK I q fvwr wbqv wek we` vj qi m Uvi di AvB Ww Uwd Kkb UK bvjrxi ww i±i j vix nvivbk (Larry

27 Hornak) e jb h- ÔgyL Qwe mbv³kiy UK bvjwri `ª ZMwZ Z DbœwZ n Q Zv m Ë I Av em mbv³kiy GL bv AvZziN ib c o Av Q Z e g b n Q QvU n ji Zviv GKUv WvUv mu K e envi K i Qb bzzb Î wnmv e GB KvR Lye GKUv d j `qvi g ZvI bq M elyvi djvdj h _ó Drmvne ÄK RbM Yi AvMÖ ni welq jv Z UK bvjwri e envi memgqb grv`vi, Ges gv S gv S Avcwb LyeB mvaviy djvdji c q h Z cv ib 7 m vb Rvm wek we` vj qi ev qv gwuª M elk wrg I qg vb (Jim Wayman) nvibv Ki mv _ GKgZ cvly K i e jb hñ ÔGUv GKai bi fwéevwr, wmwiqvm Kv bv weávb bq wkš grv wnmv e GUv `vi Y Ges me P q eo K_v n Q G Z Kv iv Zv Kvb wze w n Q bv Õ8 nvwmi Aš iv ji bvix gvbvwjmvi cök Z BwZnvm Gi inm gq nvwmi g ZvB in m i Pv` i gvov GB cöwzk wzi me P q cy iv bv ey bv cviqv hvq wmiwm I fvmvwii jlvq fvmvwi hw`i gvbvwjmv wb q `vi Yfv e D Q wmz wq jb, wkš cök Z mz n Q wzwb KL bvb gvbvwjmv K ^P ` Lbwb KviY wzwb hlb `v wfwâi Rxebx j Lb ZLb gvbvwjmv wqj d«v Ý Aek fvmvwi wjibv `v i wkl Ges ciezx Kv j Zvi mg wkík g i DËivwaKvix d«v Ým Kv gjwri mv _ mv vr K ib gjwrb Zv K gvbvwjmv m úwk Z hvezxq Z_ DcvË w` q mvnvh K ib fvmvwi Zvi MÖ š D j L K ib h, wjmv wq jb d v ib mi AZ š cöwzcwëkvjx ikg e emvqx d«v Ým Kv Wj wmik Ûvi PZz_ x cöwzk wzwu AvuKv cövq kl niqvi mg q wjmvi eqm wqj QvweŸk ev mvzvk GK mš v bi Rbbx wqj m Aek Zvi mb mš vb R b i ci cib gviv hvq wjibv ` v Zvi GB cöwzk wzwui Kvb bvgkiy K ib bvb h nzz wjmv wqj wmik Ûvi x, m Kvi Y BUvwj Z GB wpîkg K WvKv nq jv wmik Ûv bv g Bs iwr fvlvfvlx A j wjmvi bv g QwewUi bvg n q gvbvwjmv BUvwjqvb fvlvq gvbv n Q m vbm~pk c`we A bkuv g vwv gi gz Avi G Kvi YB G cöwzk wzwu gvbvwjmv bv g WvKv n q _v K fvmvwi Av iv D j L K ib h, Qwe AvuKvi mgq gvbvwjmvi g bviä bi Rb wjibv ` v fvov Kiv jvkrb w` q Mvb-evRbvi e e v K i wq jb 9 GgbwK Zv K nvwmlywk Ges Drdzj ivlvi Rb ckv`vi fvu oii e e v wqj A b K Aek g b K ib h, gvbvwjmvi nvwm wjibv ` vi GKai bi Zvgvkv Qvov Avi wkqy bq BUvwj Z wmik Ûv k ãi Av wik A_ n QÑ Drdzj, Dj wmz, Avbw `Z wjibv `v nq Zv Zvi bvg KB KŠZz Ki AvKv i nvwmi ga w` q dzwu q Zzj Z P qwq jb G ai bi KŠZz Ki cöwz wfwâi h ek AbyivM wqj Zv BwZnvmB cögvy `q fvmvwii my úó ey bv m Ë I kz kz eqi a i cövq WRbLv bk bvix Av jvpbvq D V G m Q gvbvwjmv niqvi `vwe`vi n q KD KD Avevi GB cöwzk wzwu Z Kv bv g WjB e eüz nqwb e j g b K ib Zv `i aviyv wjibv `v Kíbv _ K Zvi Av`k igyxi Qwe Gu K Qb eûw`b Av M _ K Avevi ekwkqy msl K jvk `vwe K i AvmwQ jb h gvbvwjmv wfwâib wbr ^ Pnvivi igyxq iƒc GB aviyvwui inm D`NvU b MÖvwdK AvwU wjwjqvb kvqvr (Lillian Shcwartz) 1998 Kw úduvi wfwëk cöhyw³i e envi NUvb kvqvr wjibv `v i wb Ri AvuKv wb RiB cöwzk wz wb q G K Dj U `b Ges Kw úduvi w Œ Y gvbvwjmvi cöwzk wz cvkvcvwk i L Zzjbv K ib wzwb `L Z cvb h, gvbvwjmv Ges wjibv `v i bvk, gyl, Kcvj, Pvqv ji nvo, PvL Ges å mewkqyb G Kev i mij ilvq Ae vb Ki Q wjwjqvb GB e j Zvi Dcmsnvi Uv bb h, wjibv `v bvix g Wj wb q cöv_wgkfv e KvR ïi K iwq jb wkš c i GB g Wj K Avi bv cviqv hviqv Z wzwb wb Ri Pnvivi igyxq iƒc KB e envi K iwq jb 10 G W jb Wi A ckv`vi wkí HwZnvwmK gbk fvmu-jy qi mb (Maike Vogt-Luerssn) Gi ` p wek vm h wzwb gvbvwjmvi cwipq Ges mb mv _ Zvi welyœzv Ges inm gq nvwmi wcq bi KviYwU D`NvUb Ki Z m g n q Qb i bmvi mgqkvi wkíkjvi cöwz mymfxi cöy qi Kvi Y gbk Zvi GB M elyv cö R± nv Z bb, hvi m~îcvz n qwqj Rvg vwb Z cövq m Zi eq ii M elyvi ci gbk GB wek v m DcbxZ nb h, gvbvwjmv d v ib mi abvx ikg e emvqxi x bb eis m n Q wjibv `v i cögvkvslx wgjv bi cöv³b Wv Pm Bmv ejv Ae G vivmb gb Ki GB M elyvi djvdj Rvg vwb Z Who is Mona Lisa? In Search of Her Identity bv g MÖš vkv i ei n q Q gbk e jb h, gvbvwjmvi cwip qi m~î gvbvwjmv wpîkg mn mb mgqkvi Ab vb wpîkg, Wv qwi Ges ZrKvjxb mikvwi I emikvwi ik W i g a B jywk q Av Q

28 d vkv k nvwm Ges gvbvwjmvi mviv kix ii Mnbvi Abycw wz QvovI Zvi ci b i q Q Mfxi kv Ki cvkvk gvbvwjmv K h eqi AvuKv nq Zvi Av MiB eqib Bmv ejvi gv gviv hvq mb mgq Wv P mi eqm wqj gvî m Zi eqi Ges m wqj mỳ k b wkš Amr Pwi Îi AwaKvix wwdk Ae wgjvb wmqvb Mvwjqv Rv II gvwiqv dvirvi m` weevwnzv x gvbvwjmvi mv`vwmav ev`vgx cvkv Ki ` k gvb DaŸv sk n Q dvirv cwiev ii cözxk Ges Gi wb Pi mshy³ wmumg~n Ges myzv jv wfmkw U Ges dvirv cwiev ii eüb K cöwzwbwaz Ki Q gbk D j L K ib h, GB cözx Ki Kvi Y gvbvwjmv n Z cv i Ggb gwnjvi msl v gvî AvURb-G mxgve n q hvq wzwb mswk ó gwnjv `i ek wkqy cöwzk wz wpwýz K ib G `i g a i q Q K vuwibv, dvirv, hvi Pzj wqj nvjkv jvj io Gi, Bmv ejvi k vïox evbv Ae m vfq Ges Bmv ejvi bb` G vbv-gvwiqv, G Äjv, B cvwjuv, weqvbkv, Gg cöm Ges wewuªmv ejv evûj G `i Kv iv mv _B gvbvwjmvi Pnvivi wgj Lyu R cviqv hvqwb, Kv RB Lye ^vfvwekfv eb gvbvwjmv niqvi Î GKgvÎ `vwe`vi n q c o Bmv ejv gb Ki aviyv h wzwb gvbvwjmvi welyœzv Ges Drdzj Zvi wcq bi KviYI ei Ki Z c i Qb Kb gvbvwjmv G Zv welyœ? 1488 mv ji k li w` K Bmv ejv hlb wgjv b Av m ZLbB Zvi we q nq wwdk Ae wgjv bi mv _ wkš Zv `i ˆeevwnK Rxe b eo ai bi mgm v wqj Zvi ^vgx wqj g` c, bcysmk Ges x wbh vzbkvix gbk e jb h, Ô mb mgqkvi Wv qwi jl Kiv Wv Pm Ae wgjvb bv gi PgrKvi GK igyxi `ytl wj L M Q, h Zvi g` c ^vgxi nv Z cöwzwbqz wbh vwzz n q Kvù Zv wkš mb igyx wqj `v wfwâi Nwbô eüz ev m ez Zvi P qi ewk wkqy m Kvi YB AmsL AvMÖnx µzv _vkv m Ë I wfwâ Zvi gvbvwjmv K nvzqvov K ibwb wkqy ZB GUv wqj cö gi Mí wkš LyeB `yiƒn cö gi Mí Bmv ejv wq jb mgv Ri AwZ D Pch v qi Ges kw³kvjx Ae v bi Ask Ab w` K wfwâ wq jb bnv qzb GK wkíx ZLbKvi mgvr G ai bi Amg mvgvwrk Ae v bi cög K g b bqvi g Zv Ae vq wqj bvõ 11 d v ib mi ikg e emvqxi x jv wmik Ûv gvbvwjmv wq jb GB e vck ^xk Z aviyv K cöz vlvb K i Qb gbk Zvi g Z, wmiwm fvmvwiii wjwlz ey bvi Ici wfwë K i GUv wqj jÿ fi wgdwrqv gi wbr ^ Abygvb gvî gb Ki wb Ri fvlvq : ÔZviv Rvb Zv bv, gvbvwjmv K? Kv RB cö_g h ey bv Zviv c q Q muv KB Zviv MÖnY K i wb q Q GB ey bv mv`vgvuvfv e gvbvwjmvi mv _ LvcI L q wm qwqj wkš fvj K i j Ki j `Lv hv e h Avm j Zv Lvc Lvq wb jÿ fi hv wkqy e j Q Zvi me wkqyb AcÖgvwYZ Ges ïi _ KB ek wkqy Mí HwZnvwm Kiv Gi we ivwazv K i G m Qb gvbvwjmv Ges fvmvwii ey bvk Z jv wmik Ûvi cöwzk wzi ey bvi g a Mowgj i q Q Õ12 gj evb wek we` vj qi wmwbqi jkpvivi wµm gvk vj `i gz wkí mgs`v iiv Aek gb Ki M elyvk g i mv _ G Kev ib cwiwpz bb Ges Zvi ` wófw½i mv _I gv UB GKgZ bb W. gvk vj e jb h, Ô h nzz fvmvwi Zvi wzi Ici wbf i K i ló`k kzvãxi gvsvgvws mg q gvbvwjmvi ey bv wj L Qb, m Kvi YB jv wmik Ûv ZË GL bv Pvjy i q Q Õ13 cvup mš v bi Rbbx B mc cvjvw U bv gi d v ib mi GKRb wk K kn ii AvKv Bf jv Z `xn cuwpk eqi M elyvi ci my úó cögvy Lyu R cvb h wjibv ` vi cwievi Ges ikg e emvqx d«v Ým Kv wmik Ûvi cwievi Nwbôfv e m ú Khy³ wqj 14 fvmvwii h `vwe K iwq jb gvbvwjmv n Q wmik Ûvi x, m wel q cvjvw Ui g b Kvb m `n bb Kbbv fvmvwi e w³mzfv e wmik Ûv cwiev ii m ½ cwiwpz wq jb wjmvi eqm hlb PweŸk ZLb GB cöwzk wzwu AvuKv nq Ges Lye m ez wjibv `v i evevb Zv K GB KvRwU RywU q w` qwqj G ai bi KvR wjibv `v i evev Av MI Aš Z GKevi K iwq jb e j cögvy cviqv hvq UvKv cqmvi e vcv i wjibv `v G ZvB A MvQv jv wqj h Zvi evev K G ai bi mvnv h i nvz gv S gv SB evwo q w` Z n qwqj cvjvw Ui fvl Abyhvqx wjmv cvup mš v bi Rbbx wq jb wjmv Ges d«v Ým Kv ` úwzi cvup mš v bi g a Pvi mš v bib R b i ikw D vi K iwq jb wzwb cvjvw U Zvi M elyvi djvdj QvÆ GKwU eb qi gva g cökvk K i Qb gvbvwjmv K Zvi inm D vi Kivi Rb Ab vb cwêz Ges M el Kiv cvjvw Ui cöksmvq câgyl n q D V Qb wikv W v bbwpwb (Ricardo Nencini) e jb h, ÔGB M elyv nq Zv m ú~y m `ngy³fv e cögvy Ki Z cvi e bv h wjmv Ges gvbvwjmv GKB igyx wkš h ai Yi Z_ cögvy nvwri Kiv n q Q Zv Z Giv h GKB bvix Zv cövq cöwzwôz n q D V Q Õ15

29 AcüZ gvbvwjmv 1911 mv ji GKz k AMv mvgevi wek wel vz GB wkíkg jÿ fi wgdwrqvg _ K Pzwi n q hvq IB w`b mkv j wgdwrqv gi Kg Pvixiv Avwe vi K i h gvbvwjmv Zvi wb Ri RvqMvq bb wkš Kg Pvixiv f e bq h, gvbvwjmv K evanq wgdwrqv gi Awdwmqvj d UvMÖvdvi Zvi Awd m wb q M Q Gi d Uv Zvjvi Rb g½jev ii g a hlb QwewU ^ v b wd i G jv bv Ges Rvbv Mj h, muv d UvMÖvdv ii Awd mi bb, ZLbB Zv wgdwrqvg Kg KZ v `i Rvbv bv nq Zvr wykfv eb cywjk KI Lei `Iqv nq Ges Zviv wkd iu ii Awd m nw KvqvU vi vcb K i mviv wgdwrqv gi me Î e vck AbymÜvb Pvjvq wkš Kv_vI gvbvwjmvi nw`m cviqv Mj bv msev`c Î gvbvwjmv Pzwii NUbv cökvwkz niqvi ci divwm cîcwîkv jv Pzwii wewfbœ ZË wb q nvwri nq GK msev`cî `vwe K i h, GKRb Av gwikvb msmövnk GB Pzwii NUbv NwU q Q Ges Gi wblyuz bkj Kivi ci bkj QwewU GKmgq wgdwrqv g diz cvvv bv n e Ab GK msev`cî e j h, cy iv NUbvUvB Avm j avukvevwr KZ mn R jÿ fi _ K Qwe Pzwi Kiv hvq Zv `Lv bvb n Q Gi g~j D Ïk Pzwii inm D vi Kivi Rb Kg Pvixmn Av kcv k emevmkvix AmsL jvk K wrávmvev` Kiv nq me P q Avð h i welq n Q cywjk wel vz wkíx cve jv wckv mv KI GB Pzwii wel q wrávmvev` K iwqj wckv mv Gi Av M Zvi GK eüz wc q ii KvQ _ K `yõwu PvivB cö ii fv h wk bwq jb gvbvwjmv Pzwi niqvi K qkgvm Av M wc q i IB fv h `y Uv jÿ fi _ K Pzwi K iwqj wckv mv f ewqj h Zvi GB Yai eüzwub nq Zv gvbvwjmv KI Pzwi K i Q cwiw wzi fqvenzv Ges B gr nviv bvi f q wckv mv fv h `y Uv wgdwrqv g diz `qvi Rb vbxq GK cwîkv Awd m n vš i K ib Zvi bvg cöpvwiz nvk GUv wckv mv Pvbwb wkš KD GKRb GB NUbv cywjk K dvum K i `q Z` š i ci Aek cywjk wbwðz nq h wckv mv gvbvwjmv Pzwii wel q wkqyb Rvb Zb bv mšfvm µ g Pzwi hviqvi mvzvk gvm c i gvbvwjmv K D vi Kiv nq wfb mb Rv ci wrqv bv gi GKRb BZvwjqvb gvbvwjmv K GK jvl Wjv ii wewbg q d v ib mi DwdwR M vjvix Z wewµ Kivi Póv K iwqj ci wrqv Aek `vwe K i h, UvKv bq eis `k cö gi Kvi YB m gvbvwjmv K Pzwi K iwqj GKRb wel vz BZvjxq wkíxi wek L vz wkíkg d«v Ý _vk e GUv m g b wb Z cv i wb wîgvwîk we k ly gvbvwjmvi MVbweb vm, vbj Ges wkfv e Av iv fvjfv e msi Y Kiv hvq m wel q Av jvkcvz Kivi Rb b vkbvj wimvp KvDbwm ji (NRC) mšfvm n qwqj GB cöwzk wz K e vckfv e cix v-wbix v Kivi AZ vaywbk Kjv KŠk ji gva g AZ š e qeûj GB M elyvq NRC M elyv `j gvbvwjmv K vb K i wecyj msl K WvUv msmön K ib we k ly Kivi Rb jÿ f ii cbw Us wwcvu g Ui Aby iv a Centre de recherche et de restauration des musees de France (C2RMF) gvbvwjmvi Ici M elyvi KvR bq GB M elyv wqj Kvb cbw Us Gi Ici bqv GLb ch š me P q e qeûj M elyv g Wwjs UK bvjrx Ges w_ªww (wîgvwîk) B gwrs Gi Ici e vck Ávb Ges ` Zvi Kvi Y GB cö R ±i Ask wnmv e (C2RMF) K vbvwv wfwëk M elbv cöwzôvb NRC Gi w_ª ww weávbx `i GKwU `j K Avgš Y Rvbvq M elyvq Ask biqvi Rb GB M elyvq GbAviwm-i f~wgkv wqj gvbvwjmvi m yl Ges cðvr `ybfvmb vb Kivi gva g cöwzk wzwui msi Y hvm GKwU D P irywjkb m úbœ wîgvwîk g Wj ˆZwi Kiv wîgvwîk GB g Wj e envi Kiv n qwqj wzbwu Kv R : ccjvi c v b ji AvK wzi KZLvwb wek wz N U Q Zv mbv³ Kiv QwewUi m yl As ki ˆewkó mg~n, io Gi wewfbœ i, c v bj Ges cöwzk wzwui Dciwfv Mi wpo ev dvuj K cix v Kiv QwewUi msi Yi e e v Ges wfwâi Qwe AvuKvi KŠkj we klz dzgv Uv KŠkj K eys Z mnvqzv Kiv c vwi m hviqvi Av M NRC wu gi m`m iv vwbs cöwµqvi Abycy L wmgÿ jkb cix v K ib gvbvwjmv K Zvi cwi ek msi Y P ^vi _ K eq i gvî GKevi GK iv Zi Rb cix v Kivi Rb ei Kiv nq NRC M elkiv 2004 mv ji 18 _ K 20 k A ±ve ii g a `ywu gnvg~j evb ivz c qwq jb gvbvwjmvi mvg bi, cq bi Ges cv k i As ki wîgvwîk v bi Rb NRC wug GB cö R ±i Rb GKwU enb hvm wîgvwîk iwob jrvi vbvi ˆZwi K iwq jb g gv m C2RMF Gi iu bvi (Renoir) AvuKv ek wkqy Qwe v bi gva g GB enb hvm vbviwu cöv_wgkfv e cix v Kiv nq wîgvwîk UK bvjwr ˆZwii bz Z `vbkvix M elk d«v ¼v qm e Bm (Francois Blais) gvbvwjmvi µgk cwiez bkxj io-gi Aby¾ jzv K e vl v Kivi Rb bzzb Gj Mvwi`g Ges MvwYwZK g Wj D e K ib

30 Gb Avi wm weávbx gvk wii gvbvwjmvi wîgvwîk Qwe we k ly Ki Qb wîgvwîk g Wj wblyuzfv e gvbvwjmvi c v b ji eu K hviqvi cwigvy K wpwýz K i gvbvwjmv K AvuKv n qwqj h ccjvi Kv Vi c v b j Zvi g a Wvb cv k Av k cv ki GjvKvi P q ev iv wgwjwguvi DuPz DËjvK wzi wek wz ˆZwi n q Q Aek GB wek wz GLb ch š gvbvwjmvi nvwmi Rb ûgwk n q `vuovqwb wîgvwîk GB we k l Yi me P q eo cvibv n Q wjibv ` vi AsKb KŠk ji inm D vi Ki Z cviv wjibv `v Zvi GB AsKb KŠkj K dzgv Uv ej Zb BZvjxqv b hvi A_ n Q avuqv wkš avuqvi g a mwz Kv ii hv nvwi q M Q Zv n Q wkfv e GB KŠkj gvbvwjmv Z cö qvm K iwq jb wfwâ wpî : wîgvwîk we k l Y gvbvwjmvi Qwe NRC i nvb iry jkb iwob wîgvwîk jrvi vwbs UK bvjrx Z gvbvwjmv Z wjibv `v i Zzwji AvPo mvm ii g `ygû Zi ½i g Zv G m Q GbAviwmi M elk ` ji m`m Rb UBji (John Taylor) e jb h, Ô gvbvwjmvq Avgiv Zzwji AvP oi we Z Z Kvb wpý `L Z cvb bv GUv LyeB nvjkvfv e AvuKv Ges LyeB gm Y wkš Zv m Ë I D`vniY ^iƒc ejv hvq h KvuKov bv Pz ji ww UBjm cöejfv e ` k gvb Kv RB ejv hvq h Avgiv h ai Yi KŠkj Av M KL bv `wlwb GUv wjibv ` vi m ú~y wbr ^ ^KxqZv Õ16 wkfv e Zvn j wfwâ gvbvwjmv K Gu KwQ jb? UBji e jb h, hw`i fvev n q _v K h wfwâ Zvi AvOyj K eªvk wnmv e e envi K iwq jb, wkš gvbvwjmv Z m fv e Zvi Av½y ji Qvc cviqv hvqwb, huv wfwâi Ab vb Qwe Z cviqv hvq wkí we kláiv Rv bb h, MfxiZvi cvi mckb, AvqZb, aib Ges nvjkv ev MvpZv Avbvi Rb dzgv Uv KŠk j ^ Q i O Gi i G Ki ci GK cö jc wnmv e e envi Kiv nq d«v v qm e Bm e jb h : Ô vwbs Gi gva g Avgiv `Lv Z m g n qwq h, Mvp GjvKv hgb PvL Aek gvuv is Gi i w` q MwVZ hvi gv b n Q G jv AmsL ch vµwgk cvzjv ^ Q is Gi Av i Yi mgš^q Zv m Ë I, iu bmvi GB we qki wkíx wkfv e Zvi io-gi i Ges ˆZj gva g K e envi K i Qb Zv GL bv inm B i q M Q Õ17 ez gv b NRCi M elkiv gvbvwjmvi bkj cöwzk wz jv h jv Kv Vi Dci dzgv Uv KŠk j AvuKv n q Q m jvi Dci KvR Ki Qb, wîgvwîk jrvi vwbs Ges Qwei Dcv`v bi cvi úwik wµqv fvjfv e evsvi Rb Avi Gi gva gb Zviv Avkv Ki Qb h, GKw`b wfwâi dzgv Uv inm K Zviv f` Ki Z cvi eb wîgvwîk M elyvi mvdj wb q D Q wmz e Bm Gi m vebv wb q `vi Yfv e Avkvev`x wzwb e jb h, ÔAvgiv h wîgvwîk B gr c qwq hv Avmj gvbvwjmvi LyeB KvQvKvwQi wkš Zv m Ë I GUv GKUv wwwruvj Kwc gvî Avgiv GLb wpš v fvebv Kiv ïi K iwq wkfv e wfryqvjvb Rkb Gj Mvwi`g ˆZwi Kiv hvq, hv gvbvwjmvi Pv Li D¾ j Mfx ii Abyf~wZ K KivqË Ges Zv cybwb gvy Ki Z cvi e Õ18 Aš tmë v gvbvwjmv gvbvwjmvi wîgvwîk Qwe we k lykvix M elkiv e j Qb h, cöwzk wz AvuKvi mgq gvbvwjmv nq Aš :më v bzzev m` cöm~wz wqj Avi G aviyvi g~j wbwnz i q Q gvbvwjmvi cvkv Ki g a 19 vb _ K gvbvwjmvi Kvu a wgwn myzvq evbv PgrKvi GKwU Av Qv` bi Aw Z i cögvy cviqv M Q cöl vz divwm wgdwrqvg M elk wg kj gby e jb h, GB ai bi Av Qv`b iu bmvi mgqkvjxb Mf ezx ev m` cöm~wz BZvwjqvb gwnjviv e envi Ki Zb