iex `ªbv _i gaym~`b-cvv: HwZnvwmK-bv `wbk-fvwlk cuf~wg

Transcription

1 evsjv `k GwkqvwUK mvmvbwu cwîkv, PZzw sk LÐ, MÖx msl v, ˆR ô 1423/Ryb 2016 iex `ªbv _i gaym~`b-cvv: HwZnvwmK-bv `wbk-fvwlk cuf~wg gvnv ` AvRg * mvims c iex `ªbv_ VvKzi Zuvi AMÖR Ges mgmvgwqk mvwnwz K `i wb q cöpzi wj L Qb gvb Kj gaym~`b `Ë m ú K Zuvi jlv Zzjbvg~jK Kg mvwnwz KRxe bi cö_g w` K gnbv`ea Kv e i wb `v K i wzwb `ywu cöeü wj LwQ jb Zuvi G gz ciez xkv j AšÍZ evn Z cwiewz Z n q Q c i Kv bv c~y v½ cöeü bv wjl ji ek K qkwu cöe Ü gaym~`b m ú K Zuvi gz-gšíe -we køly cviqv hvq evsjv mvwn Z i mgv jvpk-cvvkiv mvaviyfv e G jlv jv K Lye iæz w` q wepvi K ibwb Z e GB `yb gnvkwei mvwnz ` wói b `bzvwë K cv_ K -m úwk Z gz ek RbwcÖq ez gvb cöe Ü iex `ªbv _i gaym~`b-cv Vi we kølyg~jk ch v jvpbv Dc vwcz n q Q `Lv bv n q Q, iex `ªbv_ kl ch ší gaym~`b K IB gvîvq Aby gv`b K ibwb, h Aby gv`b gaym~`b evsjv mvwn Z i BwZnv m c q _v Kb Gi b `bzvwë K Kvi Yi cvkvcvwk ez gvb Av jvpbvq HwZnvwmK I fvwlk KviYI wb ` wkz n q Q 1 AMÖwš Z Ô gnbv`ea Kve Õ [1284] cöeüwu iex `ªbv_ VvKz ii wk kvi eq mi ipbv wk kvi iex `ªbv_ wbwðz wq jb h, wzwb GKwU cöwzwôz RbwcÖq cȳ Í Ki mgv jvpbvq cöe Ë n Z hv Qb m Kvi Y wzwb cö_ g mgkvjxb cvvkmgv Ri mgv jvpbv K i Qb; Lye wel vz Kv bv ipbvi mgv jvpbv h Zviv wvkfv e mn Ki Z Pvq bv, m m ú K e j wb q Qb Gici wzwb cv Vi c wz m ú K e j Qb wj L Qb, m ú~y Kve wu cv Vi ci g bi wk fve nq, Zv `Lv Zuvi c wz bq eis wzwb LyuwU q co Z Pvb cöwzwu z`ªvsk Avjv`v K i Avg j Avb Z Pvb G K evjk iex `ªbv _i ek PŠKm wm vší ej Z cvwi KviY, wzwb Av` Z ebwui wb `v Ki Z Pvb m Î Kvb c wz Z G Mv j myweav n e, Zv wvk K ib wzwb Kv R b g Qb Kv R b gi wzwb fv jv KŠkj Aej ^b K i Qb ivg-j² Yi ˆewkó wepvi K i jlvwu ïiæ K ibwb K i Qb eûbw `Z ivey K w` q `wl q Qb, ivey Av `Š gnvkv e i Dc hvmx PwiÎ bq Zvi D PviY, AvPiY, Zvi ivrmfv, mfvm` Ges GgbwK * mn hvmx Aa vck, evsjv wefvm, XvKv wek we` vjq

2 90 evsjv `k GwkqvwUK mvmvbwu cwîkv kvkcökv ki c wzi ex ivwpz bq VvÆv K i e j Qb, ive Yi kvk K g `v`ixi kvk e j g b nq: Ôivbx g `v`ix K Kuv`vB Z M j Bnv A c v AwaK evk e q Kwi Z nbz bv Bnv cwo jb Avgv `i g b nq Mv j nvz w`qv GKwU weaev x jvk Kuvw` Z QbÕ 1 ive Yi wejvc D Z K i wzwb GB gšíe K i Qb Ab GKwU Ask D Z K i wj L Qb: ÔmyiæwP cvvk KL bvb ewj eb bv h, Bnv ive Yi Dchy³ iv`b nbqv QÕ 2 fvizx cwîkvi kövey 1284 msl vq cökvwkz cöeüwui cö_g wkw Í Z mgv jvpk g~jz ive Yi PwiÎ wb q Avjvc K i Qb Avjvc bv e j G K wb `v ejvb fv jv wb `vuv wzwb K i Qb cöavbz `yb w`k _ K fvemz w`k _ K Zuvi cöavb Awf hvm: ive Yi ZveZ Dc vcbv gnvkv e i imf½ K i Q Ab w` K, wzwb AvjsKvwiK mš `h Avi m½wz wb qi Awf hvm Zz j Qb mgy `ªi cöwz ive Yi KvZi m vly gnbv`ea Kv e i me P q wkímdj Ask jvi GKwU wnmv e cwvz n q _v K G As ki iex `ªbv_ cöksmbxq wkqz cvbwb Zuvi g Z, GLv b mgy `ªi fvemv xh Avi wekvjzvi Kv bv fve dz U I Vwb mgy `ªi ey bv Kgb niqv DwPZ Zv evsv bvi Rb iex `ªbv_ ngp `ª fævpvh Ab~w`Z ivgvq Yi GKUv Ask D Z K i w` q Qb 3 Ab Î, Ôei R mrviæ cwk eviæbi h_v/ wqbœwfbœ K i Zv i, `ki_vz R/ grvb Q j¼v gvi Õ ive Yi G Dw³ D Z K i iex `ªbv_ wj L Qb : ÔGB D`vniYwU AwZkq mskxy nbqv Q; hw` mvwnz `c YKvi RxweZ _vwk Zb Z e `vl-cwi Q ` hlv b m~ h i mwnz KzwcZ Kwc K cv ji Zzjbv D`&a Z Kwiqv Qb mblv b GBwU cöhy³ nb Z cvwizõ 4 evsv hvq, D Ïk hvb nvk, G AbwZwK kvi mgv jvpk aªæc`x mvwn Z i Kvq`v-Kvbyb KÉ K ib mgv jvpbvq cöe Ë n q Qb fv`ª 1284 msl vq cökvwkz Zzjbvg~jK QvUc e j²x PwiÎ m ú K gšíe Av Q gnbv`ea Kv e i j²x K Zuvi fv jv jv M bvb KviY, Zuvi g Z, GLv b j²xi `ez zyœ n q Q Kve _ K `yb QÎ D Z K i wzwb gšíe K i Qb: ÔIB QÎ `ywu cwo jb Avgiv j²xi h g `ynvm welgvlv GKwU gg f`x KUv `wl Z cvb, Zvnv Z `efv ei gvnvz A bkuv n«vm nbqv hvqõ 5 GKB ai bi gšíe Av Q B `ª, ivg Ges j²y m ú K I Avm j GB `xn cöe Üi eo AskB e wqz n q Q PwiÎ-mgv jvpbvq cvvc wzi w`k _ K ejv hvq, mgv jvpk PwiÎ jvi MwZ I cwiywzb g~jz cix v K i Qb mvgwmök Kve fvlv Avi fvefw½i Av jvpbv G m Q Pwi Îi Abyl ½ PwiÎ jv cwvz n q Q `yb w`k _ K GKwU mvwnwz K hyw³, ivey cöm ½ hvi K_v Av MB ejv n q Q j²xi Î bv n ji B `ªi Î GB mvwnwz K hyw³b e eüz n q Q: ÔB `ª B `ªwR Zi A c v `ye j nb Z cv ib, wkš fxiæ Kb nb eb? wp Îi cövi fv MB Kwe h B `ª K Kvcyiæl Kwiqv AuvwKqv Qb, Zvnv e ov mykwe-msmz nq

3 iex `ªbv _i gaym~`b-cvv 91 bvbõ 6 Ab hyw³wu wm i mi cöavbz `e-pwiî jv m ú K evievi ejv n q Q, ivgvqy _ K ïiæ K i eû mvwnz K g Ges jvkcöpwjz DcvL v b PwiÎ jv m ú K h aviyv engvb Av Q, gnbv`ea Kv e Zv iw Z nq bvb GB hyw³wu evn Z Kg e eüz n q Q ivg Ges j² Yi Î B `ªi g Zv mvwnwz K KviY KB eo K i `Lv bv n q Q wkš GKUz g bv hvm w` q cöeüwui fvlvfw½ Ges cövewü Ki g bvfve ch e Y Ki jb evsv hv e, Avm j wm i mi hyw³wub cöavb K_v jv mvwnz i mi gvo K ejv n q Q gvî jlk Kve wui `y-gkuv As ki mzk cöksmv K i Qb we klfv e cq ` K i Qb gnbv` Avi cögxjv K cögxjvi hy hvîvi YwU D Z K i Qb wzwb: Ô... `vbebw `bx Avwg, i tkzjea~/ ivey k ïi gg, gnbv` ^vgxñ/ Avwg wk WivB, mwl, wflvix ivn e?õ BZ vw` Gici wj L Qb: ÔGLvbwU AwZ my `i nbqv Q, ZRw ^bx cögxjv Avgv `i P Ab ji b vq cöwzfvz nb Z QbÕ 7 Ab Î gnbv` cöm ½ Zuvi gšíe : Ô gnbv`ea Kv e i g a GB B `ªwR Zi PwiÎB me v c v mywpwîz nbqv Q Zvnv Z GKvav i KvgjZv exiz Dfq wgwköz nbqv QÕ 8 2 Ô gnbv`ea Kve Õ cöeüwu mvaviyz iex `ªbv _i wk kvimyjf PcjZvi wb`k b wnmv eb cwvz nq G jlvq mvgwmök Dcjwäi Qvc Kg, Kve -e vki Yi LwÐZ cö qv Mi bgybv we Íi d j h gwngv-gvnv Z Kve wu MZ `ok eqi a i e Z n q Avm Q, G jlv _ K Zvi Kv bviƒc cwipq cviqv hvq bv ejv hvq, gnbv`ea Kve -m úwk Z Ôwm imõ iex `ªbv _i jlvq zyœ n q Q h Awf hvmwu wzwb ^qs gaym~`b m ú K K i Qb Avi m Kvi YB jlvwu MÖnY hvm nqwb Z e ipbvwu ciez xkv j e eüz bv niqvi me P q eo KviY eva nq iex `ªbv_ wb RB Rxeb wz [1912] MÖ š G cöm ½ wzwb wj LwQ jb: GB mgquv ZB eo`v`v K m úv`k Kwiqv R vwz`v`v fvizx cwîkv evwni Kwievi mskí Kwi jb GB Avi-GKUv Avgv `i cig D ËRbvi welq nbj Avgvi eqm ZLb wvk lv jv wkš Avwg fvizxi m úv`kp µi evwn i wqjvg bv BwZc~ e B Avwg Aíeq mi úa vi e M gnbv`e ai GKwU Zxeª mgv jvpbv wjwlqvwqjvg KuvPv Av gi imuv A øim KuvPv mgv jvpbvi MvwjMvjvR Ab gzv hlb Kg _v K ZLb LuvPv w`evi gzvuv Lye Zx è nbqv D V AvwgI GB Agi Kv e i Dci blivnvz Kwiqv wb R K Agi Kwiqv Zywjevi me v c v myjf Dcvq A š^ly Kwi ZwQjvg GB `vw K mgv jvpbvuv w`qv Avwg fvizx Z cö_g jlv Avi Kwijvg 9 G D PviY A bkuv cövqwð Ëi g Zv MZ GKk eqi a i gšíe wui e envi-eûjzv Avi D jø Li aib ` L wbwðz niqv hvq, GUv evovwj mvwnz iwmk `i Rb ^w ÍKi n q Q evsjv Kve ms wzi `yb gnvi_xi we iva evovwj ms wzi gm Y eqv bi fv³v `i Rb mylki bq Rxeb wzi IB K qk ev K i cököq c q Zuviv wbðqb nuvd Q o eu P Qb

4 92 evsjv `k GwkqvwUK mvmvbwu cwîkv Ges Zvi eivz w` qb cöeüwu cov kl K i Qb Mfx i cö ek K ibwb KvRUv wvk nqwb KviY, iex `ªbv_ fvizx cwîkvi cö_g K qk msl vq cökvwkz cöeüwu evwzj Ki ji eqi cuv PK c i IB GKB cwîkvq cökvwkz GKB bv gi wøzxq cöeüwu evwzj K ibwb cö_g Ô gnbv`ea Kve Õ cöeü wzwb MÖš fz³ K ibwb wkš c i jlv GKB bv gi QvU cöeüwu MÖš fz³ K i Qb k lv³ Ô gnbv`ea Kve Õ cöeü cö_g Qvcv n qwqj fvizxi fv`ª 1289 msl vq c i 1294 mv j [26 gvp 1888] cökvwkz mgv jvpbv MÖ š cöeüwu mskwjz nq Av MiwUi cuqwîk c ôv ˆ` N i Zzjbvq G cöeü ek QvU gvî c ôv cuv P Ki, wkš A bk ewk Zxeª Avi AvµgYvZ K evsv hvq, jl Ki c~e ez x Ae v bi avivevwnkzvb cökvwkz n q Q GLv b Z e Gevi Kve wui A½-cÖZ ½i ch v jvpbvq bv wm q mgmö Kv e i K qkwu fvemz m~ ÎB wzwb g bv hvm w` q Qb cö_ gb K_v Zz j Qb Quv P-Mov Kve Avi cöv Y-cvIqv Kve wb q ejv evûj, Zuvi Kv Q gnbv`ea Kve Quv P-Mov Kve ˆe bq Gici wzwb Uª v RwWi msáv w` q Qb, e j Qb, g Zz B Uª v RwWi Drm bq, hw`i mvaviyz mikgb fvev nq; gnvkv e i msáv w` q Qb, e j Qb, gnvkve gv b hy Kve bq, hw`i evovwj Kwe Ges Kve cvv Ki g a G wpšív AZ ší cöej Av Mi cöe Üi g Zv GLv bi wzwb RbiæwPi wb `v K i Qb Zuvi g Z, Ae v GZB kvpbxq h, A b K cjvkxi hy KI gnvkve e j fzj K i Gici wzwb gnbv`ea Kv e i w` K gv g A wu Qzu o Qb: Ô ngeveyi e Îmsnvi K Avgiv GBiƒc bvg-gvîgnvkve köyx Z MY Kwi bv, wkš gvb K ji gnbv`ea K Avgiv Zvnvi AwaK Avi wkqz ewj Z cvwi bvõ 10 Kb? KviY, GLv b Ôgnr Pwi Îi gnr Kvh Õ bvb gnbv `i Kwe wb R gnr PwiÎ Zv ˆZwi K ibb wb, D ëv cyivbv gnvkwei m ó gnr PwiÎ jv K nxb K i Gu K Qb iex `ªbv _i g Z, G Kv e i welqwu gnvkv e i Dchy³ bq K qkwu wew Qbœ wpšívi mgvnvi gvî Zv-I Avevi avi Kiv n q Q bvbv RvqMv _ K, Rvov `qv n q Q kv i wb ` kbv gvzv ek d j, P~ovšÍ wepv i, G Kv e cövy cöwzwôz nqwb ÔZvnv gnvkve B bqõ 3 mgv jvpbv MÖš wu hlb cökvwkz n qwqj, iex `ªbv _i eqm ZLb AšÍZ mvzvk Zuvi g Zv ÔAKvjcK Õ hyevi c eqmwu bnv qz Kg bq G MÖš fz³ Ô gnbv`ea Kve Õ cöe Üi gzvgz K ZvB iex `ªbv _i cöwzwbwa vbxq gz wnmv e MY Kiv hz wkš, Av MB ejv n q Q, DËiKv ji fvl Kviiv e vcviuv cy ivcywi Gwo q M Qb m ez iex `ªbv_ wb RI cöejcözvc wfbœg Zi mvg b wb Ri gz wb q Av iv ewk AMÖmi n Z cv ibwb ciez xkv j gaym~`b m ú K wzwb Avjv`v Kv bv cöeü j Lbwb wewfbœ cöm ½ K qkwu

5 iex `ªbv _i gaym~`b-cvv 93 gšíe K i Qb gvî IB gšíe jvi ewkifvm AšÍZ AvcvZfv e Zuvi c~e Zb Ae vb _ K wfbœ mvwnz MÖš fz³ ÔmvwnZ m wóõ [1314] cöeü Gw`K _ K we klfv e D jøl hvm cöeüwu Kve ev mvwnz ZË wnmv e AwZ g~j evb KviY, GLv b ivgvqy-kvwnbx Aej ^ b Rb- BwZnv mi mv _ Kve -BwZnv mi m úk `Lv bv n q Q evj xwki ms Z ivgvqy Ges K wëev mi evsjv ivgvq Yi ci iex `ªbv_ gaym~` bi cöm½ Zy j Qb gnbv`ea Kve cöm ½ e j Qb: ÔGB Kve mb cyivzb K_v Aej ^b KwiqvI evj xwk I K wëevm nb Z GKwU wecixz cök wz awiqv QÕ 11 c ôv ` o Ki weeiyx Z wzwb ïay mb wecix Zi cwipq `b bvb, m e m e vëg hyw³ Z Zv K mg_ bi K i Qb hyw³uv gaym~`b Ges gnbv`ea m ú K mkv ji Pvjy wqj, wkš m ez AvR Ki w` bi g Zv RbwcÖq wqj bv Bs iwr wk v I ms wzi ms ú k evovwj gvb m h bzzb fveven m wó n qwqj, ZviB cöz bgybv wnmv e iex `ªbv_ GLv b Kve wu cvv K i Qb: gnbv`ea Kv e, Kej Q `ve Ü I ipbvcöyvjx Z b n, Zvnvi wfzikvi fve I i mi g a GKUv Ac~e cwiez b `wl Z cvb G cwiez b AvZ we Z b n Bnvi g a GKUv we `ªvn Av Q Kwe cqv ii ewo fvwoqv Qb Ges ivg-ive Yi m ^ Ü A bk w`b nb Z Avgv `i g b h GKUv euvaveuvwa fve Pwjqv Avwmqv Q úa vc~e K ZvnviI kvmb fvwoqv Qb GB Kv e ivgj² Yi P q ivey-b `ªwRr e ov nbqv DwVqv Q h ag fxiæzv me `vb KvbUv KZUyKy fv jv I KZUyKy g ` Zvnv KejB AwZ m~²fv e IRb Kwiqv P j Zvnvi Z vm ˆ`b AvZ wbmön AvaywbK Kwei ü`q K AvKl Y Kwi Z cv i bvb wzwb ^Ztù~Z kw³i cöpð jxjvi g a Avb ` eva Kwiqv Qb 12 G gšíe gnbv`ea Kve m ú K AvR ch ší cöpwjz m e vëg cv Vi mgiƒc fvek_v I wkí kjxi w`k _ K G Kv e i wecøex f~wgkvb ïay GLv b ^xk Z nqwb, cyivbv fve Z vm Kivi hšw³k m wzi wg j Q ïay ZvB bq ive Yi msw ß wkš mywjwlz cwipqc e Uª vwrk-gnvkvwe K bvqk wnmv e Zvi Zzgyj cöwzôvi N U Q: h AUjkw³ fqski me bv ki gvslv b ewmqvi Kv bvg ZB nvi gvwb Z Pvwn Z Q bv, Kwe mb ag we `ªvnx gnv` i civf e mgỳ ªZx ii k kv b `xn wbk vm dwjqv Kv e i Dcmsnvi Kwiqv Qb h kw³ AwZ mveav b mg ÍB gvwbqv P j Zvnv K hb g b g b AeÁv Kwiqv, h kw³ úa vf i wkqyb gvwb Z Pvq bv, we`vqkv j Kve j²x wb Ri AkÖæwm³ gvjvlvwb ZvnviB Mjvq civbqv w`j 13 ÔmvwnZ m wóõ cöe Üi ey bvfw½i Av ikwu w`k we klfv e D jøl hvm iex `ªbv_ GLv b gnbv`ea Kve K wvk e w³i m wó wnmv e co Z Pvbwb, P q Qb we kl mg qi we kl iƒcvqy wnmv e Kve wu K kbv³ Ki Z Gi ga w` q Avm j gnvkve wnmv eb Kve wui cöwzôv Rviv jv nq, hw`i G bv g cövewük Kve wu K wpwýz K ibwb wb Pi D wz _ K evsv hv e, jlk e w³-kwei P q mg qi cö c KB ewk g~j w` q Qb; GKB

6 94 evsjv `k GwkqvwUK mvmvbwu cwîkv mv _ wzwb ev Avi hviv mb mg qi `vwei wecix Z `uvov Z P qwq jb Zv `i civr qi ^xk wzi Av Q GLv b: qy iv ci kw³ Zvnvi wewpî cöniy I Ac~e Hk h cvw_ e gwngvi P~ovi Dci `uvovbqv AvR Avgv `i m y L Avwef ~Z nbqv Q,... `k Rywoqv Bnvi Av qvrb Pwjqv Q, `ye ji AwfgvbekZ Bnv K Avgiv ^xkvi Kwie bv ewjqvi c ` c ` ^xkvi Kwi Z eva nb ZwQ ZvB ivgvq Yi Mvb Kwi Z wmqvi Bnvi myi AvgivI VKvB Z cvwi bvb 14 mvwn Z i c _ MÖš fz³ ÔmvwnZ iƒcõ [1335] cöe Ü gvb Kj gaym~`b `Ë Ges gnbv`ea Kve m ú K BwZevPK gšíe Av Q G Av jvpbvq wzwb mvwn Z i wel qi Dci iƒc K cövq Pig g~j w` q Qb, hv Zuvi mvwnz Z Ë Lye `Lv hvq bv eva Kwi, mgmvgwqk ZiæY jlk `i cöfv e wzwb G wm v ší cuš QwQ jb IB iƒc-cövav b i DrK ó D`vniY wnmv e wzwb gaym~`b K MÖnY K i Qb: AvaywbK evsjv Kve mvwnz ïiæ n q Q gaym~`b `Ë _ K wzwbb cö_ g fvo bi Ges mb fvo bi f~wgkvi Dc i Mo bi Kv R j MwQ jb Lye mvn mi m ½ µ g µ g bq, ax i ax i bq c~e Kvi aviv K m ú~y Gwo q wzwb GK gyn~ Z B b~zb cš v wb qwq jb G hb GK f~wgk ú GKUv WvOv D V coj R ji wfzi _ K 15 wkš, Zuvi g Z, GB bzzbz Ôb~Zb wel qõi Rb nqwb G Avm j ÔGKUv b~zb iƒcõ bzzb iƒ ci Kvi YB eûevi eûfv e ejv K_v jv bzz bi f~wgkv cvjb Ki Z cvij mrb Zuv K Ggb GK Q `i ÔcÖk Í ivrc_õ ˆZwi Ki Z nj, hv Zuvi Kjg K j i w` K wb q hv e ÔaŸwbevb kã e Q e Q R ovõ Ki Z n jv, hviv iƒcwu K Ôg bi g Zv Mv xh Õ ` e cöeüwu Z iex `ªbv_ gaym~` bi mvgwmök cök íi P~ovšÍ mvdj m ú K mzk wøav cökvk Ki ji bzzb c_ Lb bi mvn mi D Q wmz cöksmv K i Qb e j Qb, gaym~` bi mvdj bzzb jlk `i Rb Drmv ni KviY n q Q; Ôbe be iƒ ci c _ mvwnz K be be avivq cöevwnzõ Kivi Aby cöiyv RywM q Q cövq mgiƒc ` wófw½i cökvk N U Q mvwn Z i c _ MÖš fz³ Ôevsjvmvwn Z i µgwekvkõ [1341] cöe Ü GLv bi RviUv c o Q bzzb Z i Dci, m bzz bi Avevn b Kwei mvg_ I mvd j i Dci wzbwu w` Ki K_v we klfv e D jøl K i Qb iex `ªbv_: e½evyx K M xi ^iwb N v l gw `ªZ K i Zvjevi R b ms Z fvðvi _ K gaym~`b wbtm ¼v P h-me kã AvniY Ki Z jvm jb mi b~zb, evsjv cqv ii mbvzb mgwøf³ Avj f O w` q Zvi Dci AwgÎv ii h-eb v eb q w` jb mi b~zb, Avi gnvkve -LÐKve -ipbvq h-ixwz Aej ^b Ki jb ZvI evsjvfvlvq b~zb 16 gvb Kj gaym~`b `Ë m ú K iex `ªbv _i D jøl hvm Av iv gšíe Av Q Q ` MÖ š i Ôevsjv Q `i cök wzõ [1341] cöe Ü, mvwn Z i ^iƒc MÖš fz³ ÔKve I Q `Õ [1936] cöe Ü Ges AvaywbK mvwnz MÖš fz³ ÔwenvixjvjÕ [1301] cöe Ü Gme gšíe gyl Z AwgÎv i Q `-

7 iex `ªbv _i gaym~`b-cvv 95 m úwk Z evsjv Kv e i cömwz Z G Q `i ˆecøweK f~wgkv me KwU gší e B gv Ui Dci iæ Z i mv _ ^xk Z n q Q 4 úózb iex `ªbv_ VvKz ii gaym~`b-cvv ˆewPÎ c~y gvuv `v M Zvi `yb ce GKfvM 1888 mv ji c~e ez x G c e GKB bv gi `ywu jlvq iex `ªbv_ gaym~`b Z_v gnbv`ea Kv e i we ivax GB Kwei mvg_ Ges MÖnY hvm Zv m ú K wzwb IqvwKenvj Ges m Kvi YB Zuvi mgv jvpbv A bk ewk Zx è c ii cövq Dwbk eqi gaym~`b m ú K iex `ªbv _i gšíe cviqv hvq bv 1314 e½v ãi ÔmvwnZ m wóõ cöe Ü Zuv K G Kev ib wfbœ wm v ší DcbxZ n Z `wl GB wm všíb wewfbœ gz-gšíe -we køl Y cökvwkz n qwqj kl ch ší evsjv mvwn Z i BwZnv m gaym~`b I gnbv`ea Kv e i we epbv memg q GK Lv Z cöevwnz nqwb Kve wui cö_g LÐ cökvwkz nq 1861 mv ji 4 Rvbyqvix w`m ^i wg Îi Avw_ K mnvqzvq 17 Kve wu RbwcÖq n qwqj `ªæZ A bk jv ms iy ewi qwqj mvwnz iwmk Zv e UB, AvgRbZv Ges GgbwK bvixivi Kve wu cq ` K i Qb Ggb K_v gaym~`b wb RB wpwvc Î evievi D jøl K i Qb 18 i gkp `ª `Ë, KvjxcÖmbœ wmsn, ngp `ª e ` vcva vq, ivrbvivqy emymn mgkvjxb eyw Rxex I AwfRvZ e w³ `i GKUv D jøl hvm As ki Kv Q wzwb cövp -cvðv Z i aªæc`x Kwe `i Zzj Kweiƒ c e Z n qwq jb 19 wkš G Ae v ewkw`b GKBiKg _v Kwb ivrbvivqy emyi g Zi e`j _ KB e vcviuv evsv hvq ivrbvivqy emy K gaym~`b D P g~j w` Zb wecyj msl K wpwv Z wb Ri jlv m ú K gšíe Kivi Rb gaym~`b ivrbvivqy K h cwigv Y ZvMv`v w` qwq jb, GLb Zv K ek evovevwob g b nq ivrbvivqy emy wz jvëgvm e Kv e i cöksmv K i BwÛqvb wdì cwîkvq wj LwQ jb; gnbv`ea Kve m ú K I wpwv Z we ÍvwiZ gšíe K iwq jb 20 wkqz `vlîæwui D jøl Ki ji Zuvi gší e gv Ui Dci Kve `ywui DuPz gv bi wbtmskq NvlYv wqj gnbv`ea Kve m ú K ivrbvivq Yi fv l i GKvsk Giƒc: ÔZuvnv K ev½vjv mvwn Z i M U AvL v `Iqv hvb Z cv i... eû kzvãx c i hlb MÖš Kvi Ges Zuvnvi mgv jvpk DfqB AšÍwn Z nb eb, ZLbI gbyl MY AK vší Abyiv Mi mwnz gnbv` cvv Kwi eõ 21 wkš `yb `kk h Z bv h ZB ivrbvivqy Ab wm v ší cuš Q Qb ev½vjv fvlv I mvwnz welqk e³ Zvq wzwb gnbv`ea Kv e i mgv jvpbv K i Qb cöavbz ÔweRvZxqÕ fv ei cövav b i Awf hv M 22 evsjv mvwn Z i HwZnvwmK Ges mgv jvpkmy G wel q GKgZ, KjKvZvi weørmgv R G mg q h wn `y RvZxqZvev`x a vbaviyvi wekvk NUwQj, ivrbvivqy emyi g Zi e`j Zvi cök ó ` óvší iex `ªbv_ VvKz ii Ô gnbv`ea Kve Õ

8 96 evsjv `k GwkqvwUK mvmvbwu cwîkv bv gi cöeü `ywu G wbwi LB cvv j Yxq, IB mg qi gaym~`b Ges gnbv `i cöwz AbyK~j cvv Ki Kv bv KgwZ wqj bv emy wb RB Rvwb q Qb, Zuvi e³ Zv gvb Kj-c xq eû kövzv cq ` K ibwb 23 iex `ªbv_ VvKziI Zuvi cöeü `ywu Z gaym~`b Ges gnbv`ea Kv e i cöksmvkvix `i msl vwa K i K_v e j Qb Zuvi g Z, jv Ki mvwnz ZvwË K Áv bi Afv eb GUv N U Q e Z, KjKvZvq Dwbk kz Ki gv Si `kk jv Z wekwkz n Z _vkv evovwj wn `y mgv Ri mv _ gaym~` bi hvm µ gb K g AvmwQj wlª vb ag MÖnY, AevOvwj x, Rxebhvc bi we `kxqvbv BZ vw` wewpî Kvi Y evovwj mgv Ri mv _ Zuvi Mfxi wehyw³ ˆZwi n qwqj GgZve vq, Zuvi ivg-ive Y mvwnwz K hyw³i evb i ag xq-mvs wzk hyw³ Lyu R cviqv ^fvezb KwVb nqwb GKB m ½ Zuvi we qki Kve cöwzfv, Kve mvdj Avi evsjv mvwn Z ˆecøweK Ae`v bi me Rbxb ^xk wzi wg jwqj Gi fv jv D`vniY hvmx `ªbv_ emyi gvb Kj gaym~`b ` Ëi RxebPwiZ ebwu ewi qwqj gvb K ji g Zz i `yb `kk c i, 1893 mv j G eb q cövq lvu c ôvi `xn Av jvpbvq hvmx `ªbv_ Kve wui `vlîæwu cö`k b ÔKzwÉZÕ nb bvb cyy vz v ivg-j² Yi e` j cvcvz v ivey- gnbv` K eo Kivi `vl wzwbi we klfv e wb ` k K i Qb wkš Zuvi g Z, Ôgaym~`b cvcxi cöwz mnvbyf~wz cökvk Kwi ji, cv ci cöwz mnvbyf~wz cö`k b K ib bvbõ 24 Dwbk kz K gaym~` bi GB cvvb, `Lv hv Q, RbwcÖq wqj wkš kzvãxi kl wmwkfv M wn `y Z i ZvwË K-mvgvwRK-ivR bwzk cözvc Rviv jv n q IVvi cö vc U wn `yfv ei Aebg bi Awf hvmwu A b Ki Kv Q cöavb n q I V ew¼gp `ª P Ævcva vq, f~ `e gy Lvcva vq, ngp `ª e ` vcva vq cögy Li ipbvewj cvv Ki j bqv wn `y Z i fvev`wk K AvwacZ m ú K wbwðz niqv hvq GB cuf~wg Z gaym~`b I gnbv`ea cv Vi h wøzxq ce P jwqj, iex `ªbv _i cöeü `ywu K Zvi m e vëg wb`k b wnmv e bqv P j G cöeü `ywu K evsjv mvwnz -ms wzi cvvkiv h er b K i Qb, Zvi GK Kvi Yi K_v Av MB e jwq Ab KviY GB wn `yz cöpwjz cöfvekvjx eqv b Dwbk kz Ki wn `y RvZxqZvev` K mvaviyz ÔcÖMwZÕi wecix Z ÔcÖwZwµqvÕ wnmv e `Lv nq aviyvwu G Kev ib AMfxi Ges A bwznvwmk KjKvZvi AwfRvZ cvovq wn `y Z i cöwzôv m ú K mỳ xß KweivR wj L Qb: The cultural processes that brought on this transformation were driven by Western influences of all kinds, ranging from political liberalism, rationalist epistemology, and positivist sociology to modernist conceptions of culture. 25 cv_ P Ævcva vq K_v jv Av iv có K i e j Qb: e Z, RvZxqZvi A_ wn `y RvZxqZv, GB aviyvwu K KvbI cövk-avaywbk ag xq gzv` k i fmœve kl e j fve j gvivz K fzj Kiv n e aviyvwu m ú~y AvaywbK AvaywbK A _ B Zv hyw³ev`x; A hšw³k AvPvi-e envi Kzms vi we ivax AvaywbK A _ B Zv ivóª Kw `ªK; iv óªi

9 iex `ªbv _i gaym~`b-cvv 97 ALÐZv Ges mve fšg Z i e vcv i KÆicš x Ges mgvrbxwz wby q I ms v ii Î iv óªi n Í c wek vmx GB gzev `i g~j Av e`b ag xq bq, ivóªxq mb A _ Gi hyw³i KvVv gv m ú~y mkzjvi 26 g b ivlv `ikvi, cö_g cöeüwu jlvi Kv j iex `ªbv _i wb Ri eqm Kg wqj e U, wkš aviyv jv wbðqb wzwb Zuvi cwi ek _ K c q Qb mym úvw`z cwîkvq K qk msl v Ry o jlvwu cî n qwqj cövmw½k ZK -wez K wbwðzfv eb m úv`kgðjxi mg_ b wqj Avi wøzxq ipbvwu Zv cwiyz hyevi ipbv gaym~`b-cv Vi Z Zxq Av ikwu ce wpwýz Kiv m e cöavbz gvwnzjvj gryg`v ii ipbvq Kwe köxgaym~`b cö_g MÖš vkv i cökvwkz n qwqj 1354 e½v ã G MÖ š mgv jvpk gvwnzjvj we klfv e Rvi w` q Qb gaym~` bi wn `y cwipq K, Ges Zuvi Kv Q evovwj Avi wn `y cwip q we kl f` wqj bv Dwbk kz K bewekwkz evovwj wn `y ms wzi AZz P cökvk wnmv eb wzwb gnbv`ea Kve cvv K i Qb G ce K ej Z cvwi evovwj wn `y RvZxqZvev `i GK we kl cökvk, hlv b Dwbk kz Ki AmsL Ø ØmsNvZ, wezk I wfbœgz K GKvKvi K i w` q ÔLuvwU evovjxõi 27 cökvk I wekvk KB K `ªxq g~j `qv n q Q kl-dwbk kz Ki ivr bwzk evovwj RvZxqZvev `i wecix Z GLv b cvb mvs wzk RvZxqZvev` Avgv `i ez gvb Av jvpbvi Rb Riæwi Z_ n jv, iex `ªbv_ gaym~`b-m úwk Z Kv bv gší e B GB zj-fz³ bb eis Zuvi DËic e i gšíe -we køl Yi mv _ gaym~`b-cv Vi cöfvekvjx PZz_ I câg c e i Mfxi wgj Av Q hw`i hme Av jvpbv-ch v jvpbv K Avgiv PZz_ I câg ce e j wpb Z Pvw Q, m jv wekwkz n qwqj iex `ªbv _i g Zz i c i PZz_ Nivbvq gaym~` bi Rxeb I mvwnz Aej ^ b iwpz n q Q wecyj cwigvy MÖš ; Rvi `qv n q Q Dwbk kz Ki evovwj Rxe bi i bmuv mi Ici; Avi gaym~`b K `Lv n q Q mb RvMi Yi köô mvwnwz K cöwzwbwa wnmv e Î ßi gaym~` bi Kwe-AvZ v I Kve wkí (1998) Ges Mvjvg gyiwk `i Avkvi Qj b fzwj (2003) G avivi `yb cöwzwbwa vbxq g~j evb MÖš câg ce wu wm v šíi Î Av MiwUi P q Lye ewk Avjv`v bq, Z e cvv-c wzi w`k _ K G avivq HwZnvwmK-Rxebxg~jK Dcv`vb jv K Avg j bv G b ipbv-wfwëk mvwnwz K DrK l i nw`k bqv n q Q; Rvi `qv n q Q gaym~` bi mvwnwz K we `ªv ni Ici ˆmq` Avjx Avnmv bi gaym~`b: KweK wz I Kve v`k G avivi MÖš 5 gaym~`b-m úwk Z iex `ªbv _i DËiKvjxb wm vší _ K G aviyv n Z cv i h, wzwb Zuvi c~e Zb gz m ú~y e` j d j Qb g b n Z cv i, evsjv mvwnz I ms wz Z gaym~` bi h mvgwmök cöwzôv, Zv wzwb g b wb q Qb wkš GB g b niqvuv AvswkK mz gvî Avm j evsjv mvwn Z i BwZnv m gaym~`b h mgv`i c q _v Kb, Zvi Zzj gh v`v

10 98 evsjv `k GwkqvwUK mvmvbwu cwîkv iex `ªbv_ Zuv K KL bvb `bwb Avgv `i G wm v šíi mg_ b wkqz hyw³ Dc vcb Kiv h Z cv i cö_gz, gaym~`b K wb q iex `ªbv_ Kv bv Avjv`v cöeü j Lbwb Dwbk kz Ki wewkó evovwj mvwnwz K-eyw Rxex `i wb q Zuvi wjßzvi aib cix v Ki j G K we qkib g b nq e vcviuv Avm j wvk Avjv`v cöeü ipbvi welqi bq ivg gvnb ivq, Ck ip `ª we` vmvmi wksev ew¼gp `ª P Ævcva vq wb q Zuvi Mfxi wjßzvi GKw` K Av Q Zuv `i e w³rxeb, Ab w` K Av Q Zuv `i K wz I KxwZ úózb Dwbk kz K wekwkz bzzb evovwj ms wzi GKUv iƒc ilv cöyqb Zuvi j wqj Zuvi mvwnz cvvc wz g~jz D`vi bwzk gvbezvev`x Nivbvi Ges m½z Kvi YB e w³i KxwZ Zv Z e w³ _ K Avjv`v bq ZvB G ZvwjKvq gaym~` bi ev` covuv Zvrch c~y NUbv evsv hvq, iex `ªbv_ gaym~`b K bzzb evovwji mvgwmök Aw Í Z i Awbevh Ask g b Ki Zb bv; Z e mvwnwz K BwZnv mi D jøl hvm e w³ g b Ki Zb D jøl, iex `ªbv_ eûbw `Z ivmx hyek`j ÔBqs e½jõ wb q KL bvb Kv bv D Q vm `Lvbwb wøzxqz, iex `ª-iPbvq gaym~` bi mvgwmök ipbv cv Vi Kv bv cwipq bvb mz e U, gnbv`ea Kve gaym~` bi m e vrk ó cwipqwjwc; Ges ïiæ _ KB G MÖš Zuvi Ab ipbvi Zzjbvq ÔAwZwi³Õ g~j c q Avm Q wkš Zuvi Ab A bk ipbvb HwZnvwmK g~ j Ges mvwnwz K Zvrc h Aek -D jøl mgv jvpkmy gnbv`ea Kve K cigg~j w` qb Zuvi Acivci ipbv wbôvi mv _ cvv K i Qb gvwnzjvj gryg`vi G Î e wzµg wzwb IB GKwUgvÎ Kv e i g a B Kwe-e w³z Ges KweZ Avwe v ii cökí wb q b gwq jb iex `ªbv_ G ai bi Kv bv NvlYv Kv_vI `bwb wkš mvivrxe b GKeviI gnbv `i evb i gaym~` bi Ab Kv bv ipbv m ú K Av jvpbv K ibwb AwgÎv i Q ` cöm ½ wzwb eûevi gšíe K i Qb, wkš exiv½bv _ K Kv bv bgybv Pqb K ibwb A_P mgv jvpk `i A b KB exiv½bvi Q ` K Zzjbvg~jK cwiyz Q ` e j Qb 28 wkš ez gvb cöm½wu wvk D jøl ev Aby jø LiI bq Kv bv wkíkg e w³mz Dc fv Mi cöwµqvq cwvz niqv Avi HwZnvwmKfv e Zvrch c~y ipbv wnmv e ˆbe w³kfv e cwvz niqv G Kev ib wfbœ NUbv mv úªwzk cvvz Ë Aek G `yb qi dvivk Kiv Lye mnr bq, wkš ivexw `ªK cvvc wz Z e w³mz Dc fvm A bk ewk iæz c~y gnbv`ea Kve iex `ªbv_ h cö_g hše bb Lye g bv hvm w` q eûevi c o Qb, Zvi wpý h _ó cviqv hvq wkš G Kve Zuvi e w³mz Dc fv Mi mxgvq KL bv G mwqj wkbv, Zv ejvi g Zv cögvy cviqv hvq bv Ab Kve jvi Zv wzwb bvgb bbwb GLv b D jøl Kiv nqz AcÖvmw½K n e bv, iex `ªbv_ hvmv hvm Dcb v mi AbvPvix cöavb cyiæl Pwi Îi bvg w` q Qb gaym~`b GB bvgkiy K Kwe gaym~` bi cöwz Zuvi g bvfv ei

11 iex `ªbv _i gaym~`b-cvv 99 wpý wnmv e `Lv wbðqb KóKíbv n e wkš `yb gaym~`b K, AšÍZ GK w`k _ K, wgwj q cov m e hvmv hv Mi gaym~`b K iex `ªbv_ Avm j ch vß hzuv cöpvwiz Av Q, Zvi P q ewk cwimi w` q Qb wb Ri AvPi Yi AwgZvPvi m ú K m A bkevib m PZb n qwqj m jv AwZµ gi PóvI m K i Q AšÍZ Kzgyi Î wkš wewa evg Drcv`b-e e v Avi ms wzi h Lv c Zvi emwz, mlv bb, iex `ªbv _i fvl g Z, mykzgvie wëi Afve mlv bb AbvPv ii Av Ívbv hvmv hv Mi gaym~`b G w`k _ K GK Uª vwrk PwiÎ G Uª v RwW cwi cöw Zi Kwe gaym~` bi ÎI mgag x g bvfve iex `ªbv _i wqj e j Zuvi D Pvi Y Avfvm cviqv hvq cwðgv cöfv ei Awbevh Zvq KjKvZvi evovwj mgv R h bzzb fv ei Rvqvi G mwqj, DËiKv j gaym~` bi gnbv`ea Kve K wzwb ZviB ewntcökvk wnmv e ` L Qb wkš emvbv fve h _ó cwigv Y myw Z n q IB Kv e w_zz n qwqj wkbv, Avcbvi n q D VwQj wkbv, G wel q Zuvi wej Y m `n wqj evsjv Kve AšÍZ `ybevi ewnmvwe ZxeªZvi Kve iƒcvqy cöz K i Q AMÖR gaym~`b Avi AbyR briæ ji mb Awfhv bi gg Abyaveb K i Zv K e w³mz Dc fv Mi mxgvq wb q Avmv nqz myw Z- kvfb iex `ªbv _i c mnr wqj bv Dc i wkqz c iv bw_cî Dc vwcz n jv, hv _ K evsv hvq, gaym~`b m ú K iex `ªbv _i Aby gv`b kl ch ší AvswkKB wqj Zuvi ipbvq Av iv cöz cögvyi g j GiKg `ywu mv GLv b Dcw Z KiwQ Q ` MÖ š i Ôevsjv Q `i cök wzõ [1341] cöe Ü iex `ªbv_ wj L Qb: A_P, GB cövk Z-evsjv ZB Ô gnbv`eaõ Kve wjl j h evovwj K j¾v `Iqv nz m K_v ^xkvi Kie bv Kve Uv Ggb fv e Avi Kiv hz: hy hlb mv½ nj exievû exi h e wecyj exh `wl q nvvr M jb g Zz cy i hšebkvj cvi bv n ZB, KI gv mi ^Zx, Ag Zgq evk Zvgvi, mbva c ` Kvb& exi K eiy K i cvwv q w` jb i Y inyky ji cig kîæ, i Ky ji wbwa G Z Mv x h i ÎæwU N U Q-G K_v gvbe bv 29 evsjv Q `i cöavb cöyqbkvix Ges m~²zg we kølk iex `ªbv _i GB bv-gvbvuv m `nrbk KviY GLv b Mv x h i ÎæwU Zv n q QB, h bvukxqzv Avi Acivci mgybœwz gnbv`ea Kv e i m~pbv ZB NvwlZ n q Q, Zvi we `y-wemm I Aewkó _v Kwb iex `ªbv _i GB wbix vi fvwlk-bv `wbk Zvrch cöe Üi c ii As k D jøwlz n e wkš h Q ` gaym~` bi Kwefvlvi cövy, ^qs iex `ªbv_ h Q `i eiv Z me P q ewkevi Zuvi

12 100 evsjv `k GwkqvwUK mvmvbwu cwîkv cöksmv K i Qb, mb AwgÎv i m ú K GiKg wm vší cögvy K i h cy iv e vcviuv Z Zuvi kö v-fw³ Z_v Aby gv` bi NvUwZ wqj wøzxq D`vniY mvwn Z i c _ MÖš fz³ ÔmvwnZ iƒcõ [1335] cöe Üi mvwn Z bzzb iƒc Avg`vwbi Rb gaym~` bi cöksmvi ci iex `ªbv_ wj L Qb:... evsjvmvwn Z gnbv`ea Kve Zvi `vnvi cj bv m ú~y GKjv i q Mj A_ vr, gvb Kj evsjvfvlvq Ggb GKwU c_ Ly jwq jb h c _ KejgvÎ ZuviB GKwUgvÎ gnvkv e i i_ P jwqj wzwb evsjvfvlvi ^fve K g b P jb wb ZvB wzwb h-dj djv jb Zv Z exr aij bv, Zuvi jlv mšíwznxb nj, Dchy³ eskvejx m wó Kij bv... gvb Kj Zuvi bem wói iƒcwu K mvwn Z wpicöwzôv `b wb e U, wkš wzwb mvnm w` q M jb, bzyb jlk `i Drmvn w` jb wzwb ej jb, cöwzfv Avcbm ó be be iƒ ci c _ mvwnz K be be avivq cöevwnz K i `q 30 cök Z I cövk Z evsjv m ú K iex `ªbv _i Zz Lvo cö Ív ei mv c D Z AskwU cov `ikvi m cöm½ AvcvZZ gyjzzwe i L ejv hvk, GLv b gaym~` bi Rb iex `ªbv_ huzkz eivï i L Qb Zv gv UB mvgvb bq, wkš evsjv mvwn Z i cöfvekvjx h Kv bv eqv b Zuvi Rb AwaKZi K wzz avh Kiv n q _v K iex `ªbv _i gaym~`b-cvv gv UB wbivm³ bq, evrvi-pjwz bq; m Kvi YB G cv Vi wbweo ch v jvpbv `yr bi Rb B D b vpk 6.1 gaym~`b I iex `ªbv_ GKw`K _ K GKB Kv ji gvbyl evsjv mvwn Z hv K Avgiv ÔDwbk kzkõ ewj, Zuviv `yr b m Kv jib mšívb Dwbk kz Ki bervmiy ev evsjv mvwn Z i cwðgvqb I AvaywbKvqb BZ vw` aviyvi AwffveK Z evsjv mvwnz cv Vi iiqvr ek cöwzwôz G aviyv jvi Aax bi `yrb K GKB cvjøvq Zvjv P j G ai bi ÔeoÕ aviyvi Aax b hlb Kvj ev mvwnz ev BwZnvm cov nq, ZLb A bk Agm Y LvbvL ` Gwo q gvjv qg mij ilv ˆZwi Kiv nq cv Vi m GK c wz e U wkš Av ikuz AšÍi½ f`wepv i cöe Ë n jb `Lv hv e, Dwbk kzk GKwU bq, bervmi Yi bvbv ikg di Av Q Ges cwðgvqb ev AvaywbKvq bi g Zv aviyv jv eû wewpî ` vzbv ˆZqvi K i m Í i gaym~`b Avi iex `ªbv_ Kej Avjv`v bb, Kv bv Kv bv we epbvq wecixzi e U iex `ªbv_ hlb gnbv`ea Kve cöm ½ e jb, Ôivgvq Yi Mvb Kwi Z wmqvi Bnvi myi Avgiv VKvB Z cvwi bvbõ, ZLb wzwb cwðgvqb I AvaywbKvq bi my ii K_vB e jb GB cwðg-cöfvwez AvaywbKvq bi e vcv i iex `ªbv _i Kv bv wøav wqj bv wzwb Zuvi Kv ji ag -Abyhvqx Gi mv _ AwaK nv i fvi Zi Ask hvm Ki Z P q Qb Ges RvZxqZvev`x fveavivi Ask wnmv e wb Ri g Zv K i gvwu I gvby li myii ai Z

13 iex `ªbv _i gaym~`b-cvv 101 P q Qb D jøl Kiv evãbxq, iex `ªbv _i fviz Zuvi Kv ji Avi `kr bi g Zv mvbvjx AZx Zi cökwíz cövp ev`x fviz, Avi Zuvi gvwu-gvbyli Av`k vwqz gvwugvbyl h Kv bv RvZxqZvev`x cök í hikg n q _v K wkš G Dcv`vb jv Zuvi mvwn Z Mfxifv e Av Q, Áv Z-AÁv Z Zuvi mvwnz K g i g~j AvqZbUv ˆZwi K i Q d j cwðgevwnz GKB AvaywbKZvi Abymvix n ji gaym~` bi mv _ Zuvi Mfxi dvivk wqj cv_ P Ævcva vq [2013] Dcwb ewkz KjKvZvq GKwU Avw`-AvaywbK ce kbv³ K i Qb Dwbk kz Ki cö_gvs k KjKvZvq IB mgq GKUv wgkö bvmwik mgvr M o D VwQj mlv b A-kvmK BD ivcxq Avi wkw Z evovwj GKmv _ wbiz wqj bvbv Ôwjev ijõ PP vq Zvi g a B wzwb ` LwQ jb IB cö_g AvaywbKZv AvaywbKZvi wøzxq ce, Zuvi g Z, Dwbk kz Ki kl fv M `Lv w` qwqj wzwb G c e i bvg `b ÔJcwb ewkk AvaywbKZvÕ Gi cökvk g~jz RvZxqZvev`x Av `vjb Avi ZrciZvq cöpwjz cöfvekvjx BwZnv m, hgb i bmuvm Kw `ªK ZveZ ch v jvpbvq, GB `yb ce K ci úi-hy³ avivevwnk `yb Íi wnmv e `Lv nq wkš cv_ P Ævcva vq cö_g AvaywbKZvi wjev ij ce K ` L Qb Ô ^Zš GKUv HwZnvwmK ce wn m eõ, Ôhv ciez xkv ji Jcwb ewkk AvaywbKZv ev RvZxqZvev `i m ½ mij ilvq hy³ bqõ 31 ` ek ivq [1991] Zuvi GK cö Ív e Dcwb ewkz evsjv mvwn Z i `yb AvaywbKZv kbv³ K i Qb Zuvi g Z, 32 Ck i ß Avi gvb Kj gaym~`b `Ë GKB AvaywbKZvi `yb ce bq; GB `y Uv `yb c _K c e i ÔAvi YÕ cö_g c e mgkvjxb evovwj ev KjKvZvi wewpî ^ ii ms vb wqj, wkš wøzxq c e ipwqzvi GK ^ix eqvb mgkv ji wewpî KjZvb K cq b d j D V M Q A bk Dc i, hlv b ev Í ei c iv kvmb _vk ji cöz wbqš Y wqj bv ev Í ei cöz wbqš Y iex `ªmvwn Z I `yj f wkš bzzb mg qi Pvc Zuv K Ab iƒc mvwnz jv K DËxY K iwqj cöm½z D jøl, Dwbk kz Ki klvs ki wn `y RvZxqZvev`x fveavivi köô cöwzwbwa ew¼gp `ª P Ævcva vq wkš iex `ªmvwn Z i cöavb wbqvgk Dcv`vb jv G mg qi kvm bb wbwg Z n qwqj mg qi dviv Ki Kvi Y Ges we klz Dcwb ek-cv Vi cöhyw³i Kj v Y Dwbk kz Ki fvemz f` jv wba viy Kiv Avgv `i Kv j A bk mnr n q Q iex `ªbv _i Kv j GB m PZbZv wqj bv Dcwb e ki e vcv i Zuvi Pig AvcwË _vkvi Kv bv KviY bvb cwðgvmz AvaywbKZv m ú K Kvh Ki cökœ ZvjvI A bk c ii NUbv wkš, `Lv hv Q, gaym~` bi Kv ji fvemz w`k m ú K Zuvi A PZb A ^w Í wqj GB A ^w ÍB gaym~` bi mvwe K ^xk wzi Î Zuv K kl ch ší KzwÉZ i LwQj

14 102 evsjv `k GwkqvwUK mvmvbwu cwîkv 6.2 gaym~`b I iex `ªbv _i g a KvjMZ e eavb ewk bv n ji Zuv `i b `bzvwë K e eavb `ȳ Íi Bs iwr mvwn Z i K vwmk I ivgvw UK mvwnz v` k i ˆecixZ w` q G e eavb K myôzfv e e vl v Kiv hv e iex `ªbv_ ïay Rb - ivgvw UK bb, K vwmk mvwnz v` k i cöwz Zuvi ixwzg Zv Abxnv wqj Aí eq m Kiv gnbv`ea Kv e i mgv jvpbv `ywu Z Ab A bk wkqzi mv _ GB AbxnviI Mfxi cwipq Av Q Av MB ejv n q Q, cöeü `ywu we klfv e mkv ji vik wkš m vik h GZ Zxeªfv e cökvk cj Avi Kv iv bq, iex `ªbv _i Kjg _ K, Zvi cq b PZb-A PZb ivgvw UK g bve wëi Pvc _vkv Am e bq Ô gnbv`ea Kve Õ bv gi cö_g cöeü _ K K qkwu gšíe D Z Kwi: 1. cöwgjvi GB Ôi½i miõ K_vi g a Ycbv Av Q, evk PvZzixI Av Q e U, wkš ü` qi D Q vm bvb 2. mg Í gnbv`ea Kv e ü` qi D Q vmgq K_v AwZ AíB Av Q, cövq mkj wjb KŠkjgq 3. gnbv`e ai hy m¾v ey bv, mkj wjb cövq GKB cökvi Gevi wøzxq cöeü _ K: hvi cöv Y dzjevmvb bvb, hvi cöv Y em šíi evzvm eq bv,... m c vuvb wkwbqv Pv L Pkgv w`qv ck gi dzj ˆZwi K i 2. h m Rb K i Zvnvi QuvP _v K bv, h M o Zvnvi QuvP PvB AZGe Dfq K GK bv g WvKv DwPZ nq bv 3. fvlv K K wîg I `yiƒn Kwievi Rb hz cökvi cwikög Kiv gby l i mva vqë Zvnv wzwb Kwiqv Qb 4. Kv e K wîgzv Amn Ges m K wîgzv KL bv ü` q wpi vqx e `ve Í Kwi Z cv i bv wb `vi evovevwo Avi hym-pjwz Quv Pi g a I DwjøwLZ evk jvi e w³z Ui cviqv hvq evk jv Z hme ˆewk ó i wb `v Kiv n q Q K vwmk mvwnz v` k m jv ixwzg Zv Av`iYxq, Avi hme NvUwZ wb ` wkz n q Q, m jv ivgvw UK `i wbz PvIqv Kv bv m `n bvb, cöeü `ywui evowz Suv Ri cq b ag xq-gzv`wk K Uv bi f~wgkv cöavb n ji bv `wbk c cv Zi f~wgkv eo Aí bq iex `ªbv _i GB bv `wbk c cv Zi cöz cwipq Av Q AvaywbK mvwnz MÖš fz³ ÔwenvixjvjÕ [1301] cöe Ü cöeüwu Z iex `ªbv_ Kej wenvixjvj-kxz b K ibwb, evsjv Kv e Zuvi vbi wb ` k K i Qb Zv Z Ab `i vbi A-wb ` wkz _v Kwb: m cözz l jvk Rv M bvb Ges mvwnz Kz Ä wewpî KjMxZ KzwRZ nbqv D V bvb mb Dlv jv K Kej GKwU fv ii cvwl mywgó my `i my i Mvb awiqvwqj m myi Zvnvi wb Ri

15 iex `ªbv _i gaym~`b-cvv 103 wvk BwZnv mi K_v ewj Z cvwi bv Ñ wkš Avwg mb cö_g evsjv KweZvq Kwei wb Ri myi ïwbjvg... AvaywbK e½mvwn Z GB cö_g eva nq Kwei wb Ri K_v Zrmg q A_ev Zrc~ e gvb K ji PZỳ kc`x Z Kwei AvZ wb e`b KL bv KL bv cökvk cvbqv _vwk e Ñ wkš Zvnv weij Ñ Ges PZỳ kc`xi msw ß cwim ii g a AvZ K_v Ggb KwVb I msnz nbqv Av m h, Zvnv Z e`bvi Mx Zv Q vm Zgb ù~wz cvq bv 33 ÔKwei wb Ri myiõ ej Z GLv b hv evsv bv n Q Zv úó wkš GKwUgvÎ cvwli Mvb kvbvuv gv UB BwZnvmm Z bq mvwn Z Ôwb Ri myiõ K_vUvi cvkvcvwk ÔKwefvlvÕ, ÔKwe-e w³z Õ, ÔKwei wbr ^ ^i I myiõ BZ vw` K_vI ek cöpwjz Zv m Ë I mgkvjxb Kve -f~ Mv j gaym~` bi bvg GZUv MŠY n q hviqvuv m `nrbk úózb iex `ªbv _i G eqvb AvZ RewbK; Ges m Kvi YB c cvzg~jk ivgvw UK `i K vwmk mvwnz fvm Aek weij bq ^qs iex `ªbv_ Zvi fv jv bwri Kvwj`vm Zuvi wcöqzg Kwe GB wcöqzv h Kej mvbvwj fvi Zi ey vx AbymÜvb bq, G h cövp ev`x g bvfw½i ^w ÍKi Z wß bq, Zvi wecyj D`vniY Qwo q Av Q iex `ªiPbvejx Z Avi wewpî cöeü MÖš fz³ Ôbeel võ cöeü Avgv `i `wl q Q, ivgvw UK ` wófw½ _ K K vwmk mvwnz cvv Kx Afvebxq bzzbz ˆZwi Ki Z cv i gaym~`b iex `ªbv _i mb ` wói cömv` cvbwb Z e, Av M DwjøwLZ Ges KZKvs k D Z ÔmvwnZ m wóõ cöeü cögvy K i, Zuvi wbivm³ AvswkK g bv hvmi cv Vi Kx mgxn-rvmv bv ˆefe RvMv Z cv i! iex `ªbv_ gaym~`b m ú K me P q ewk AvcwË Zz j Qb fvlvcö kœ ^fvezb ivgvw UK Kwe `i fvlv ^fve I fvlv`k bi Avqbvq hlv b mij, mv½xwzk Ges K_ fvlvi AvKv v cöej Gme AvcwËi myjyk müvb m e wkš evsjv fvlvi AvaywbK BwZnvm m ú K iex `ªbv _i wbr ^ wkqz cö Íve GZUvB gšwjk, Ges mme cö Ív ei mv c gaym~` bi fvlvcö kœ Zuvi AvcwË GZ Kvh Kifv e we køly Kiv hvq h, ïay bv `wbkzvi eiv Z G wepvi bv KivB mgxpxb 6.3 gaym~` bi we klz gnbv`ea Kv e i fvlv m ú K iex `ªbv _i cöavb AvcwË GB h, GB fvlv K wîg, `yiƒn Ges Ô KŠkjgqÕ G fvlvq iƒ ci cömv`b hzuv P j, cöv Yi ù~wz ZZUv cökvk cvq bv gnvkv e MxwZKweZvi g Zv ÔcÖv Yi ù~wz Õ LuvRv m½z wkbv m cökœ AevšÍi bq wkš fvlvi ˆewk ó i wepv i iex `ªbv _i AvcwË AMÖvn Kivi g Zv bq c i Aek wzwb Zuvi Awf hvm kwgz K i G b Qb e j Qb, wel qi mgybœwzi cö qvr bb gaym~`b fvlviƒ ci DrKl mvab K i Qb G cöm ½ Ôevsjv mvwn Z i µgwekvkõ [1341] cöe Ü Zuvi gšíe : Ô h-hš wqj xyaÿwb GKZviv Zv K AeÁv K i

16 104 evsjv `k GwkqvwUK mvmvbwu cwîkv Z vm Ki jb bv, Zv ZB wzwb M xi my ii bvbv Zvi Pwo q Zv K iæ`ªexyv K i Zzj jbõ 34 Ab Î, ÔmvwnZ iƒcõ [1335] cöe Ü wj L Qb: gaym~`b ` Ëi cöwzfv AvZ cökv ki R b mvwn Z GKwU iƒ ci cöwzôv Ki Z Póv K iwqj hv Z mb j i w` K Avcb Kjg K wb q h Z cv ib Ggb GKUv Q `i cök Í ivrc_ gvb Kj ˆZwi K i Zyj jb iƒcwu K g bi g Zv Mv xh ` eb e j aÿwbevb kã e Q e Q R ov Ki jb Zuvi ey bxq welq h-iƒ ci m ú` cj mb U ZB m ab nj wgëb Bs iwrfvlvq jvwub-avzyg~jk kã eû cwigv Y e envi Kivi Øvivq Zvi aÿwbiƒ ci h we kl gh v`v w` qwq jb, gvb K jii Z`byiƒc AvKv v wqj 35 cö Póv Ges mvd j i w`k _ K cöksmv Ki ji evsjv fvlvi ^vfvwek MwZcÖev ni w`k _ K gaym~` bi fvlv kl ch ší iex `ªbv _i Aby gv`b cvqwb KviY, G fvlv Ôevsjvfvlvi ^fve K g bõ P jwb d j G fvlvi cwiywzi n q Q Awfk ßi g Zv: ÔwZwb h-dj djv jb Zv Z exr aij bv, Zuvi jlv mšíwznxb nj, Dchy³ eskvejx m wó Kij bv Õ Kve fvlvi mvd j i w`k _ K bq, wkš Dwbk kz K ÔbZzbÕ evsjv fvlvi Mov cuvi BwZnv mi mv c iex `ªbv _i kbvw³ Mfxifv e mvievb gaym~`b ` ek ivq [1991]- Kw_Z evsjv Kv e i ÔwØZxq AvaywbKZvÕi köô cöwzwbwa G AvaywbKZv m eci n q Q MfxiZi mvs wzk-gb ÍvwË K Dcwb ekvq bi d j AvVvi kz Ki klvsk _ K evsjv fvlvi Dcwb ekvq bi h ce -ce všíi PjwQj, 36 gaym~`bipbvewj ZviB wkím Z cwiywz G mg qb GUv m eci n qwqj, KviY, bzzb Kv ji evovwj AwfRvZ köyx mgkvjxb fve-fvlvi AebwgZ iƒ c Avi wkqz ZB mš ó n Z cviwqj bv, eis RbZvi úk gy³ mgybœwzi Ggb cökvk Pvw Qj hv Zvi cwðgv mvwnz Avi ms Z mvwn Z Af Í gb K Z ß Ki Z cv i gnbv`ea Kv e i evwn K kã ^fve cix v Ki jb evsv hv e, G fvlv Mfxifv e ms ZvwqZ Zvi hšwmk kãcö KŠk j, cöwzkã we klz hvmiƒp k ãi Hk h Ges ^ivší k ãi jxjvq gaym~` bi DÏxß KwecÖwZfv Gme emvbv Dcv`vb K gm Y Kwe Z f~wlz Ki ji evsjv fvlvi ^fve Zv Z KvYVvmvB _ K M Q ZvB evsjv fvlvi we-dcwb ekvqb-d ` v Mi cöavb e w³ iex `ªbv_ 37 h gnbv`ea Kv e i fvlv K evsjv Kve fvlvi avivq Ôg ZfvlvÕi gwngvq Avwe vi K i Qb, Zv gv UB Afvebxq bq iex `ªbv _i G wm v šíi we ivwazv K i Qb gvwnzjvj gryg`vi wkš Zuvi gšíe Ab fv e iex `ªbv _i wm vší KB Rvi`vi K i: ÔÔ gnbv`eaõ ïayb GKU Kve bq m GKUv fvlv; Zvnvi hvnv wkqz `vl- Y me jbqv m GZB Abb mvaviy h, Zvnvi `~izg cöwza wb, ev mȳ úó cöwzk wz evsjv Kve mvwn Z Avi Kv_vI bvbõ 38 gvwnzjvj gryg`vi Aek g b Ki Zb, 39 gnbv`ea Kv e i fvlv ÔLuvwU evsjv fvlvõ Zvi ms ZvwqZ ixwzc wz Ges e vkiwyk Hk h evsjv fvlvi mg w c e i vik ZvQvov Ôms Zi Mvp cö jcõ _vk ji G Kv e i me Î ÔLuvwU evsjv eywjõi wbcyy e envi N U Q

17 iex `ªbv _i gaym~`b-cvv 105 gaym~`b m ú K mgag x `vwe K i Qb KgjKzgvi gryg`vii Ôfve cökvk wel qõ cöe Ü 40 wzwb gaym~`b _ K GB D`vniY w` q Qb: Ô h qv bv Mv Avi Zuvi Kv Q,/ gvi wk i cöv Yk i!/... evjvb jbqv Z e gwiõ Zuvi e vl v: ÔGLv b ÔwK iõ gv b w`we, evjvb Acwinvh GB Mv x h i g a Õ iex `ªbv_ G w`k _ K gaym~`b covi Kv bv PóvB K ibwb KviY, ÔLuvwU evsjvõ m ú K Ges evsjv fvlvi Ô ^vfvwekõ MwZcÖevn m ú K Zuvi m ú~y wfbœ w_wmm wqj iex `ªbv_ ÔLuvwU evsjvõi bvg w` qwq jb ÔcÖvK Z evsjvõ aviyvwu Zuvi Kv Q Ôms Z evsjvõi wecixz 41, h Ôms Z evsjvõ dvu DBwjqvg K j Ri Ôcv cõi dj e j Zuvi aviyv cövk Z evsjvi ˆewkó Gi Bw½ZgqZv, wewpî Dr mi k ãi wg kj, aÿb vz K k ãi evûj Ges we klfv e njší k ãi cövavb gaym~` bi fvlv ewkó G jvi wecixz we klz iex `ªbv _i Rviv iv ci cwi cöw Z k lv³ ˆewk ó i w` K g bv hvm `qv `ikvi wzwb g b Ki Zb, evsjv fvlvi wbr ^ aÿwb ^iƒ ci g~j Pnviv wb úbœ nq ÔnmšÍe Y i hv MÕ Avi gnbv`ea Kv e i aÿwb ^fve m ú K gvwnzjvj gryg`vi h_v_ B e j Qb: Ôgaym~` bi fvlvq h m½xz Av Q, Zvnv imwemwjz ^i I e Äbe Y i m½xz we klzt, m½x Zi hvnv köô Dcv`vb mb ^i-aÿwbi Ac~e jxjvõ 42 e vcviuv iex `ªbv_I j K iwq jb ÔwenvixjvjÕ cöe Ü wj L Qb: Ôms Z Q ` h wewpî msmxz Ziw½Z nb Z _v K Zvnvi cöavb KviY ^ ii `xn n«^zv Ges hy³ A ii evûj gvb Kj gaym~`b Q `i GB wbm~p ZË wu AeMZ wq jb mbrb Zuvnvi AwgÎv i Ggb cwic~y aÿwb Ges Ziw½Z MwZ Abyfe Kiv hvqõ 43 GB cövwß hv Mi wecix Z gaym~`b K hv we qvm Ki Z n qwqj, iex `ªbv _i Kv Q Zvi g~j Acwimxg gaym~`b-cv Vi Î Zuvi `xn gqv`x mskq m K_vB g b Kwi q `q 7 úózb iex `ªbv _i gaym~`b-cvv Lye GKUv wbixn Kve -cvv bq; Zv Z HwZnvwmKfvwlK-bv `wbk Ø Ø-we v fi wpý jywk q Av Q Aí eq mi cöeü `ywu Kve cvv wnmv e MÖnY hvm bq; KviY, mvgwmök Kve im Zv Z Ae nwjz _ K M Q wkš AYy-Ask cv Vi Î Zuvi Kv bv Kv bv gšíe j f`x ciez x bvbv cv V iex `ªbv_ gaym~` bi HwZnvwmK iæz wb ` k K i Qb, gnbv`ea Kv e i QvU wkš mim cvv wby q K i Qb, Ges we klfv e AwgÎv i Q `i ^iƒc e vl v K i Qb wkš kl ch ší GKUv wøav _ KB wm qwqj GB wøav K Kej ivgvw UK-K vwmk we iv ai b `bz Ë e vl v Kivi cöpwjz iiqvr ïay mskxy bq, AcÖZzjI e U Gi HwZnvwmK cö vcu Ae vl vzb _ K M Q fvwlk cö vcu iæ Z i mv _ wepvi K i Qb Kej gvwnzjvj gryg`vi

18 106 evsjv `k GwkqvwUK mvmvbwu cwîkv gv UB we qki bq h, fvlvi cö kœ wfbœ z ji Abymvix gvwnzjvj gryg`vi Zuvi K vwmk MÖ š gnbv`ea Kv e i fvlv-welqk Av jvpbv mvwr q Qb iex `ªbv _i g Zi wecix Z iex `ªbv _i AvcwË gaym~` bi Kwefvlvi gwngv zyœ K i bv, wkš wkqz Riæwi ˆewk ó i w` K g bv hvm w` Z eva K i mb g bv hvm BwZnv mi avivevwnkzvi mv _ Q `i K_vI g b Kwi q `q, gaym~`b-cv V wzh K Av jv d j, Ges m ez iex `ª-cv VI Z_ wb ` k 1. iex `ªbv_ VvKzi, Ô gnbv`ea Kve Õ, AMÖwš Z, iex `ª-iPbvejx, Z Zxq gỳ ªY, mß`k LÐ, HwZn, XvKv, 2006, c c~ e v³, c c~ e v³, c c~ e v³, c c~ e v³, c c~ e v³, c c~ e v³, c c~ e v³, c iex `ªbv_ VvKzi, Rxeb wz, iex `ª-iPbvejx, Z Zxq gỳ ªY, beg LÐ, HwZn, XvKv, 2006, c iex `ªbv_ VvKzi, Ô gnbv`ea Kve Õ, mgv jvpbv, iex `ª-iPbvejx, Z Zxq gỳ ªY, câ`k LÐ, HwZn, XvKv, 2006, c iex `ªbv_ VvKzi, ÔmvwnZ m wóõ, iex `ª-iPbvejx, Z Zxq gỳ ªY, PZz_ LÐ, HwZn, XvKv, 2006, c c~ e v³, c c~ e v³, c c~ e v³, c iex `ªbv_ VvKzi, ÔmvwnZ iƒcõ, mvwn Z i c _, iex `ª-iPbvejx, Z Zxq gỳ ªY, Øv`k LÐ, HwZn, XvKv, 2006, c iex `ªbv_ VvKzi, Ôevsjv mvwn Z i µgwekvkõ, mvwn Z i c _, iex `ª-iPbvejx, Z Zxq gỳ ªY, Øv`k LÐ, HwZn, XvKv, 2006, c Mvjvg gyiwk`, Avkvi Qj b fzwj, wøzxq ms iy wøzxq gỳ ªY, Avb ` cvewjkvm cövb fu wjwg UW, KjKvZv 2003, c c~ e v³, c hvmx `ªbv_ emy, gvb Kj gaym~`b ` Ëi RxebPwiZ, `ÕR ms iy, KjKvZv, 1983, c Mvjvg gyiwk`, c~ e v³, c. 204

19 iex `ªbv _i gaym~`b-cvv ivrbvivqy emy, Ô gnbv`ea mgv jvpbvõ, wbe vwpz evsjv ipbv msmön, evwi`eiy Nvl m úvw`z, KjKvZv, 1402, c ivrbvivqy emy, ev½vjv fvlv I mvwnz welqk e³ Zv, wbe vwpz evsjv ipbv msmön, evwi`eiy Nvl m úvw`z, KjKvZv, ivrbvivqy emy, ev½vjv fvlv I mvwnz welqk e³ Zv, c~ e v³, c hvmx `ªbv_ emy, c~ e v³, c Kaviraj, Sudipta, The Two Histories of Literary Culture in Bengal, in Literary Cultures in History : Reconstructions from South Asia, Edited by Sheldon Pollock, University of California Press, Berkeley-Los Angeles-London, 2003, p cv_ P Ævcva vq, BwZnv mi DËivwaKvi, Avb ` cvewjkvm cövb fu wjwg UW, KjKvZv, 2000, c gvwnzjvj gryg`vi, Kwe köxgaym~`b, câg we ` v`q ms iy, KjKvZv, 1995, c Î ß, gaym~` bi Kwe-AvZ v I Kve wkí, RvZxq MÖš cökvkb, XvKv, 1998, c iex `ªbv_ VvKzi, Ôevsjv Q `i cök wz, Q `, iex `ª-iPbvejx, Z Zxq gỳ ªY, GKv`k LÐ, HwZn, XvKv, 2006, c iex `ªbv_ VvKzi, ÔmvwnZ iƒcõ, c~ e v³, c cv_ P Ævcva vq, RbcÖwZwbwa, Abyózc, KjKvZv, 2013, c ` ek ivq, Dcb vm wb q, `ÕR cvewjwks, KjKvZv, 1991, c iex `ªbv_ VvKzi, ÔwenvixjvjÕ, AvaywbK mvwnz, iex `ª-iPbvejx, Z Zxq gỳ ªY, câg LÐ, HwZn, XvKv, 2006, c iex `ªbv_ VvKzi, Ôevsjv mvwn Z i µgwekvkõ, c~ e v³, c iex `ªbv_ VvKzi, ÔmvwnZ iƒcõ, c~ e v³, c gvnv ` AvRg, evsjv fvlvi Dcwb ekvqb I iex `ªbv_, Av`k, XvKv, c~ e v³ 38. gvwnzjvj gryg`vi, c~ e v³, c c~ e v³, c KgjKzgvi gryg`vi, Ôfve cökvk wel qõ, cöeü msmön, PP vc`, KjKvZv, 2009, c gvnv ` AvRg, c~ e v³, c gvwnzjvj gryg`vi, c~ e v³, c iex `ªbv_ VvKzi, ÔwenvixjvjÕ, c~ e v³, c. 584