A ú k I eªvþy ev` Ges GKRb evevmv ne -iy`xcg emy

Transcription

1 ... A ú k I eªvþy ev` Ges GKRb evevmv ne -iy`xcg emy Kj¼ Lye ewkkvj Av Mi K_v bq, GKmgq mvaviy cši kni jv ZB wkqz wkqz åvg gvb bvix-cyi l `Lv hz hv `i Kvg i Awbevh fv e euvav _vk Zv GKwU Svo, Avi Mjvq ev Kvg i Szjv bv _vk Zv GKwU wu bi gm RvwZq cvî Svo wu n jv Zvi ckvmz cözxk ev cwipq Zv `i KvR n Q jvkvj qi gqjv AveR bv cwi vi K i kniwu K cwi Qbœ ivlv ckvmzfv e Giv cši- KZ c i ïay h ezbfyk Kg Pvix Zv-B bq, m cö`vqmzfv ei G `i ckvuv Zv-B mvgvwrk kªgweb vm Abyhvqx Zv `i Rb Ab ckv eivï wq jv bv ZvB Rb MZfv e ev DËivwaKvim~ Î cövß G ckvb Zv `i RxweKvi GKgvÎ Drm Avi mv _i gmwu wq jv Zv `i mvgvwrk Ae v bi GK fqven A ú k Zvi cözxk A_ vr me ai bi QuvqvQzwqi D aÿ _ K Ab KvD K hv Z Kvbiƒc Ak~wP nevi weo ^bvq co Z bv nq mr b B G e e v cvwbi Zóv c j Kvb nv Uj ev Pv- `vkv bi evb i _ K gmuv evwo q w` q ` wó AvKl Y Ki j `vkv bi KD nq Zv wbivc` Ae vb _ K IB gmwu Z cvwb X j w` Zv GgbwK Kvb cvewjk wudei q j Quvqvi SzuwK bv wb q Giv A c vq _vk Zv `qv K i KD hw` wudei qj P c wkqzuv cvwb H g M X j `q wksev UvKv w` q `vkvb _ K Pv L Z PvB ji Pv qi Kvc úk Kivi AwaKvi bb e j Mig Pv IB g MB X j `qv n Zv ag -ey wbwe k l Ab jvkr bi mv _ GK KvZv i emvi Zv cökœb D V bv! wbivc` `~iz euvwp q gvwu Z e m covuvb Zv `i Rb Aby gvw`z e e v ZviciI Zv `i Quvqvq H vbuv bvsiv n q hvevi m vebv cöej _vk Zv memgq Giv n jv avoo, g_i ev mybcvi Zv `i emev mi e e vi mikgb f`ªcvov _ K `~ i ^Zš Kvb ew ev cj x Z G `i

2 MvwôMZ emevm G `i ms wz wfbœ, Rxebaviv wfbœ, Drme-D`hvcb meb wfbœ Ges Awbevh fv e MvwôMZ G `ib GKwU Ask Avevi Pg Kvi e j cwiwpz, fvlvi AcåskZvq hv `i K Pvgvi e j WvKv nq hviv g~jz g Z cïi Pvgov msmön _ K ïi K i Ry Zv ev Pvgov RvwZq `ªe vw` ˆZwii mv _ RwoZ Giv mgv Ri Awbevh Ask n qi A ú k m cö`vq mgv Ri h Kvb mvgvwrk Kg Kv Ê G `i kª gi cö qvrb c o, wkš Kvb mvgvwrk Abyôv b AskMÖn Yi AwaKvi G `i bb Gai bi Av iv eû m cö`vq i q Q Avgv `i mgv R GKB ikg A ú k ^fvezb AwaKZi mf I wkw Z bvmwik `i evm vb kn ii wpî _ K hw` Avgv `i ` wóuv K `~iez x cj x A ji w` K wb q hvb, Zvn j GB ev ezvb Av iv A bk KwVb I Zxeª n q `Lv ` e Kbbv MÖv gi mvgvwrk KvVv gv Z RxweKvi Drm Av iv A bk ewk m¼zwpz e j Gme A ú l m cö`vq jvi gvb ezi Rxeb-aviY LyeB kvpbxq ch v q NyicvK L Z _v K Zv `i emevm _v K MÖv gi evb ii w` K AZ š Ae nwjzfv e Ae vq `L Z ïb Z Pnvivq AvKv i Ab ey ev m cö`v qi gvbyl jvi g Zv n qi Kb Giv mvgvwrkfv e G Zv A ú k AcvO ³q? hy M hy M G cökœuv h DÌvwcZ nqwb Zv bq Avð h i e vcvi n jv, G `i ckvi A bk ÎB Ab vb m cö`v qi gvbyl B`vwbs RxweKvi ZvwM ` fvm emv ji GB A ú k `i Rb Ab ckvq RwoZ niqv wkqz ZB m e nqwb Av Rv KviY A ú k Zv G `i Mv _ K gy Q hvqwb ev gyqv nqwb A_P Zv `i ckvq fvm emv ji Ab m cö`vq K wkš GB A ú k Zvi `vq eb Z nq bv G ZB úó n q hvq h, mgvr wbqwš Z GB A ú k Zvi `vq Avm j ckv ev Kg MZ bq, m ú~y B Rb MZ GKUv Awfkvc Kg `vl bq, Rb `vluvb GLv b GKgvÎ DcvË wkš mgvr ev mvgvwrk e e v wk PvB jb Kvb m cö`vq K AQz r ev A ú k evwb q w` Z cv i? cökœuv hz mn R Kiv hvq, DËiUv eva Kwi ZZ mnr ev mvejxj bq Gi cq b Avgv `i GB fvizxq Dcgnv ` ki nvrvi eq ii ivr bwzk I Av_ -mvgvwrk KvVv gv ˆZwi Z h ag xq ey vkªgmz wbcxo bi BwZnvm Z_v gvbe-`j bi h HwZn ev Kv jv Aa vq wg k Av Q Zvi wkko G ZvUvB Mfx i cövw_z h, MvUv mvgvwrk mëvuvb eyws GB ey ev `i mv _ GKvZ n q wg k Av Q A_ vr AvPv i wepv i Rxe b hvc b mvgvwrkzvq GB ag xq ey ev`x e e v _ K mgvr K ev mgv Ri Kvb Ask K c _K Kiv kixi _ K Pvgov AvjMv Kivi g ZvB `ytmva n q `uvwo q Q Pvgovi Kv_vI GKUz Uvb co j MvUv kixiuvb Avr K I V, wem o hvq ZvB e j wk GB mf RM Zi Z_vKw_Z mf gvbyl `i KI Gfv eb nvrvi eq ii Kj¼ e q e q h Z n e? mf gvbyliv Zv e q hv Q e wk! Kbbv Av Rv hviv GB mgvr msmv ii AwaKZ v wn m e Rb MZfv e gnvb DËivwaKvi enb Ki Q, mbme gzvmxb D PeY xq `i AbyK~j GB cövpxb e e v K cvëv bvi Lv qk Zv `i n eb ev Kb! wkš mgv Ri wekvj msl vmwiô Ask n qi GKUv Av ivwcz e e vq Kej Rb MZ Kvi Y wbgœey xq ev A ú k nevi Awfkv c hv `i mg AR b Kzw MZ n q P j hvq A b i AwaKv i, Zviv GUv gvb eb Kb? Avm j Giv KL bvb gv bwb Zv gzvnxb GB bv-gvbvi cöwzev`-we `ªvn K ZvB `gb Kiv n q Q eo wbôzifv e, wb` q cöwµqvq cövpxb fvizxq BwZnvm m mv B `q Avgv `i K

3 ew`k AvwacZ BwZnv mi mv _ K Rvb Z cvwi, gynj `ii eûkvj Av M cövpxb Avh iv GB fvize l ïay ewnivmzb wq jv bv, GB Avh iv Avvw`wbevmx Rb Mvwô I Zv `i mf Zv-ms wzi DciI Pvwj qwq jv e vck AvµgY Avi GB Avµg YB GKw`b aÿsm n q hvq Gme Avw`wbevmx Rb Mvwôi gva g M o IVv mg wmüz mf Zv GB wmüz mf Zv KB KD KD niàv mf Zv ev `ªvweoxq mf Zv wn m e D j L K i _v Kb AvµgYKvix Avh iv Avw`wbevmx Rb Mvwô K `v m cwiyz Kivi j h PZze Y cö_v cöwzwôz Kivi Rb msmövg K i, klch š G Z mdji nq Zviv d j GKKv ji wmüzmf Zvi Avw`wbevmx RbMYB n q hvq Zv `i Kv Q Abvh A_ vr kvwmz Aag Avh iv n q I V gnvb kvmk Avi Zv `i cöpwjz ˆew`K ag n q I V mewkqzi wbqš K më v GB ˆew`K a g i Drm wn m e ^xk Z nq wz ev e` bv gi gnvmöš Avi GB e `i wbh vm wb qb Av ivwcz GB ag wui cöpvwiz msweavb n q IV jv gby wz ev gbymswnzv Gi gva g h mgvr-kvvv gvi wbg vy há Pj Z _vk jv Zvi wfwë GK AvRe PZze Y cö_v hlv b Avw`wbevmx Abvh iv n q hvq wbgœe Y i k~`ª, hviv KejB D PZi Ab wzb ey eªvþy- wîq- e k i AbyMZ mev`vm Kv bv mgvr-msmv b ev Kvb mvgvwrk Abyôvb h Á AskMÖn Yi AwaKvi k~`ª `i Rb wbwl n q hvq Avi hviv GB e e vi evb i wm q cöwzev`x-we `ªvnx n q DV Z PvB jv, G `i KB my KŠk j Kiv n jv AQz r, `my, mgvrpz Z ev A ú k m cö`vq PvZzh c~y PZze Y i GB Amg mgvr e e vi Kzdj mgv R Mfxifv e msµwgz n Z _vk j GB gvwui mš vb kvk gywy MŠZg ey ( wlª c~e vã) Gi wei we `ªvn ïi K ib MŠZg ey (Buddha) G ` kib Avw`wbevmx niqvq Zuvi GB mvgvwrk we `ªv n Avw`wbevmx Abvh Rb Mvwô Zuv K e vckfv e mg_ b Rvbvq d j eš a g i cömvi NU Z _v K `ª Z Ges ey i wbe vyjvf ev g Zz i ci Av iv ewk RbwcÖq n q I V mvg ev`x eš ag MvUv Dcgnv `k Ry o Qwo q co Z _v K ey i Awnsmv cig a g i WvK gšh mvgªv R i Z Zxq mgªvu gnvgwz A kv Ki ( wlª c~e vã) ivrz Kvj KB ( wlª c~e vã) eš a g i myey hym ejv n q _v K MŠiegq Avh mgªvu n qi gnvgwz A kvk Kwj ½i hy i (wlª c~e 261) fqven i³cvz, AvnZ-wbn Zi wecyj msl vwak I hy i exfrmzvq wepwjz n q hvb hy Rqjvf Ki ji GB hy i q wz ` L wzwb welv`mö n q c ob cöpwjz wn `ya g i gvbevwakvinxb AmwnòzZv Avi hy i c_ Z vm K i wzwb e`we ivax eš ag KB Zuvi AvPwiZ ag wn m e MÖnY K ib Ges Awnsmvi c _ mvgªvr cwipvjbvi bxwz MÖnY K ib Gici A kvk ` k I we ` k eš ag cöpv i D ` vmx n q I Vb G D Ï k wzwb wewfbœ RvqMvq Zuvi cöwzwbwa `i cvvvb Rvbv hvq Zuvi cyî g n `ª I Kb v msnwgîv K eš ag cöpv i kªxjskv cvvvb GQvov wzwb Kvk xi, MvÜvi, fvbvfvmx, KvsKb, gnvivóª, e KwUªq, bcvj, _vbj vû, eªþ `k, jv vøxc cöf wz v bi eš ag cöpvi Kivb mgªvu A kv Ki g Zz i ci Avev iv eªvþy ev` gv_vpvov w` q D V Ges eš ag I eš ag vej ^x `i Dci b g Av m `jb-cxob eªvþy ev `i Kv jv _vevi wb P cök ZB Pvcv c o hvq Avw`wbevmx Abvh Rb Mvwôi D¾ j AvMvgx ivóªxq AvbyK~ j `xn Kvje vcx eªvþy ev `i GB AZ vpvi wbh vzb fvize l eš a g i KvgiUvB f O `q klch š huviv eu P M jv ZvivI G `k _ K wezvwiz n jv BwZnvm M elk gbx `ª gvnb emy G cöm ½ wj Lb-

4 ÔAe k l GB Zvwš K eš gz wzeÿz, bcvj cöf wz ` k hvbqv Avkªqjvf Kwiqv Q eš a g i GB civrq GZ m ú~y nbqvwqj h, a g i m ½ ag MÖš mg~ni fvizel nb Z wezvwoz nbqv Q _iev`x m cö`v qi MÖš jv wmsnj I eªþ `k nb Z Avwe K Z nbqv Q Avi gnvhvb g Zi kv mg~n cviqv wmqv Q cöavbz Pxb, Rvcvb cöf wz ` k Ph vc `i cyuw_ bcv j Avwe vi nbqvwqj Avi Bnvi Abyev `i müvb cviqv wmqv Q wzeÿzx fvlvq GLb fvize l eš a g i mgvwai wzwpý gvîb ` ó nbqv _v K Õ D j L nxbhvb ev _iev`x gz I gnvhvb ev Zvwš K eš gz eš a g ib `ywu kvlv Aa vck nijvj ivq Ph vmxwz MÖ š wj Lb- Ôag Kvjvn jb evsjv mvwn Z i cywó I wekvk fvi ZB Avgiv `L Z cvb, eªvþy a g i m ½ cöwzøw ØZvq cvwj mvwn Z i m wó wn `ya g i m ½ msn l i Kvi YB eš ag fviz n Z wezvwoz n qwqj... eš ag Zvi Rb f~wg fvi Z cövq wejyß n qwqj hviv ms Z K AvZ K i wb qwq jb, Zv `i c h Ab fvlv mn Kiv Am e wqj, Zv g b Kiv hyw³hy³ me MÖvmx wn `yag kw³kvjx Abvh mf Zv K Kzw MZ K i G mg q eš mgv Ri eyw Rxexiv wi³ me ^vš n q ax i ax i fviz _ K wzeÿz I Avmv gi w` K m i c o Qb Õ A_ vr ˆew`K eªvþy `i gva g m ó GKwU RvwZ f`g~jk eªvþy ev`x PZze Y cö_vi wbm o fvi Zi gvwuewz Awnsm eš ag `xn Kvj hver wbm wnz n Z n Z aÿsmcövq Ae vq cwzz n jv hw`i Pxb I Rvcvb mn A bk jv ` ki KvwU KvwU gvbyl ey i Awnsm ag MÖnY K i ZZw` b eš n q M jb, fvizel i q M jv GK we Ølc~Y AgvbweK ey ev`x welv³ `k bi wbivc` cörbbf~wg n q gbymswnzv I eªvþy ev` c w_ex Z hz jv Kw_Z ag MÖš i q Q Zvi g a g b nq Ab Zg ee i, bxwznxb, kvzv Avi AgvbweK cözviyvq cwic~y MÖš wui bvg n Q Ôgby wzõ (Manu-smriti) ev ÔgbymswnZvÕ (Manu-samhita) eªvþy ev `i (Hinduism) AvKi MÖš kö wz ev Ô e`õ-gi wbh vm K aviy K i hme wz ev kv MÖš iwpz n q Q e j Kw_Z, Zvi kx l Ae vb Ki Q gbȳ wz ev gbymswnzv ZvB gbymswnzv I eªvþy ev` K Avjv`v K i `Lvi Dcvq bb gbymswnzv gv bb eªvþy ev`, eªvþy ev` gv bb gbymswnzv GUv K ZrKvjxb ˆew`K Avh mgvr I cöpwjz wn `y mgv Ri Aek cvjbxq cweî msweavb ev mvgwmök I m ú~y RxebvPiYwewa wn m e ^xk wz `qv nq ev ivwu Aa v q cövq `ynvrvi mvzkz k vk msewjz G MÖš wui cvzvq cvzvq ag xq weav bi bvg w` q ms Z A i A i h k vk jv DrKxY i q Q, AwaKvsk k v Ki fvev_ K hw` gbyl mgv R cvjbxq bxwz wn m e we epbv Ki Z nq, Zvn j gvby li mgv R Kvb gvbwek eva Av `Š i q Q ev Aewkó _vk Z cv i e j wek vm KivUvB Awek vm g b nq G e vcv i Kvb we Z e vl vq bv wm q eis gbymswnzv _ K Abyev` I fvev_ mn wkqz k v Ki bgybv-d`vniy Uvb jb welq jv Avgv `i mvg b AwaKZi úó n q f m I V

5 D j L, gbymswnzv K cwic~y GKwU ag I kv MÖš wn m e we epbv Kiv nq GR b h, GB MÖ š wek RMr ev wek -eªþv Êi hvezxq e wbpq, MvUv cövyxk~j, Dw `, MÖn-b Î-c w_ex, Av jv-rjnviqv, w`b-ivwî-mgq-kvj-hym, Rxe-RM Zi Drm, ^fve-pwiî-rxebhvcb, Y I `vlevpk mg Abyfe-Abyf~wZ, ^M -gz -bik, Rxe jvk-g Z jvk, mvw -wepvi-kvmb, AvPvi-Abyôvb, Rb g Zz -weevn, Lvevi-Lv`, f -Af, k~wp-ak~wp BZ vw` hvezxq e MZ I fvemz wel qi m wóinm e envi-we epbv ewy Z n q Q Kíbvi mg wkl i Ae vb K i AZ š AvKl Yxq wbr ^ ag xq ` wófw½ Abymv i Kw_Z nq h gnvb mªóv wek RMr m wó K i Qb, G mewkqz i vi Rb Zuvi gvbe m wói Ri wi n q c o d j gvbyli m wó n jv wkš gvbe m wó I cwicvj bi Î G m eªþv ev Ck i eva Kwi wb R K Avi mygnvb gh v`vq a i ivl Z cv ib wb h kªyxwe ØlcÖm~Z Zxeª AmgZvwfwËK ey cö_vi Avkªq bqv n q Q Zv ZB m `n Mvp n q I V h GUv Av `Š Kvb AwZ jšwkk cweî wewaweavb wkbv eis ag xq gvo K GK N Y Av_ -mgvr-ivrbxwzi AZ š `yiwfmwüg~jk nxb cö Póv e jb g b nq Zvi cq b h GK AZxe ^v_ v š^lx fê cözvik Mvwôi m~²zg KvimvwRB Kvh Ki n Z cv i, Zv eys Z Lye ewk hyw³ev`x nevi cö qvrb c o bv we Z cwim i bv wm q Avgiv cövmw½k wkqz wel qi bgybv-d`vniy ch e Y K i wb Z cvwi G Î e½vbyev`mn D Z k vk e env i m `k cökvkbx KjKvZv _ K eb gjv 1412-G cökvwkz gvb e `y e ` vcva vq m úvw`z ÔgbymswnZvÕ myjf ms iy MÖš wui mnvqzv bqv n q Q 01 GB wek RMr m wó K i AZtci ^q y eªþv wk Av` Z gvbyl m wó Ki jb, bv wk wkqz we f`c~y ey (varnas) (RvwZ) m wó Ki jb, gbymswnzv cvv Ki j Zv cökœ wn m eb _ K hvq Z e MvUv MÖ š hlv b hv wkqzb ejv n q Q RvwZ wn m e eªþvm ó ey jv KB evievi D j L Kiv n q Q hgb- me m vm Zz mm m ß _ s m gnv`y wzt gylevûi c¾vbvs c _K& Kg vy Kíqr (1/87) e½vbyev`: GB mkj m wói A_ vr wîfye bi i vi Rb gnv ZRhy³ cörvcwz eªþv wb Ri gyl, evû, Di Ges cv`ñ GB PviwU A½ _ K RvZ eªvþy, wîq, ˆek I k~`ª `i c _K c _K Kv h i e e v K i w` jb Aa vcbga qbs hrbs hvrbs Z_v `vbs cöwzmön Âe eªvþyvbvgkíqr (1/88) e½vbyev`: Aa vcb, ^qs Aa qb, hrb, hvrb, `vb I cöwzmön (Dcnvi ev `vbmvgwmö MÖnY)Ñ GB QqwU KvR eªþv eªvþy `i Rb wb ` k K i w` jb cörvbvs i Ys `vbwgr va qb ge P wel q ^cömw³ð wîqm mgvmzt (1/89) e½vbyev`: cörvi Y, `vb, há, Aa qb, b Z MxZewbZvw`-welq fv M Abvmw³, GB K qkwu KvR eªþv wîqm Yi Rb ms c wbiƒwcz Ki jb

6 ck~bvs i Ys `vbwgr va qb ge P ewyk&c_s Kzmx` ˆek m K wl ge P (1/90) e½vbyev`: cï `i i v, `vb, há, Aa qb, evwyr ( jc_ I Rjc_ cöf wzi gva g e Av`vb-cÖ`vb K i ab DcvR b), Kzmx` (e wërxwekvñ UvKv my ` LvUv bv) Ges K wlkvrñ eªþv KZ K ˆek `i Rb wbiƒwcz nj Aaxqxis qv ey vt ^Kg v wørvzqt cöeªƒqv`& eªvþy lvs bzivwewz wbðqt (10/1) e½vbyev`: eªvþy, wîq I ˆek Ñ GB wzbe Y i jv Kiv wørvwz; Guiv wbrwbr KZ e K g wbiz _ K e` Aa qb Ki eb wkš Gu `i g a Kej eªvþ YivB Aa vcbv Ki eb, wîq I ˆek GB `yb e Y i c Aa vcbv Kiv DwPZ bq ÑGUvB kv i wm vš GZ ge Zz k~`ªm cöfyt Kg mgvw`kr G Zlv ge ey vbvs ïköƒlvgbm~qqv (1/91) e½vbyev`: cöfy eªþv k~ `ªi Rb GKwU KvRB wbw` ó K i w` q Qb,Ñ Zv n jv KvbI Am~qv A_ vr wb `v bv K i (A_ vr AKcUfv e) GB wzb e Y i A_ vr eªvþy, wîq I ˆe k i ïköƒlv Kiv Dc iv³ k vk jv _ K Avgiv GUv ey S hvb h, ^q y eªþv MvUv wek -RMr m wó K i Qb Zv e UB Z e GB wek -RMr myôzfv e i vk í wzwb Avm j Kvb gvbyl m wó K ib wb PviwU ey m wó Ki jbñ eªvþy, wîq, ˆek I k~`ª G `i Avevi `y Uv fvmñ cö_g wzbwu D P ey, Avi PZz_ wu A_ vr k~`ª n Q wbgœey, h wkbv D PeY xq `i mev`vm Avevi eªvþy, h wkbv Kvb kvixwik kª gi mv _ Kvbfv eb RwoZ bq, mkj e Y i kx l ïay kx l B bq, gzvi G ZvUvB KíbvZxZ D P Ae v b Aew Z h, RM Zi mewkqzi gvwjk ev cöfiy n Q eªvþy m `n Zxeª n j wb Pi k vk jv `Lv h Z cv i- DËgv ½v ev ¾ô v`& eªþy ðe aviyvr me m evm mm m ag Zv eªvþyt cöfyt (1/93) e½vbyev`: eªþvi cweîzg gyl _ K Drcbœ e j, mkj e Y i Av M eªvþ Yi DrcwË niqvq, Ges e`mg~n eªvþykz K iw Z niqvi Rb (ev e`mg~n eªvþ YivB cvb-cvvb K ib e j)ñ eªvþyb a g i Abykvmb Abymv i GB m ó RM Zi GKgvÎ cöfy eªvþ Yv Rvqgv bv wn c w_e vgwarvq Z Ck it me f~zvbvs ag Kvlm ß q (1/99) e½vbyev`: eªvþy Rb MÖnY Kiv gvîb c w_exi mkj jv Ki DcwieZ x nb A_ vr mg jv Ki A c v kªô nb KviY, eªvþyb mk ji ag Kvl A_ vr ag mg~n i vi Rb cöfym úbœ n q _v Kb

7 me s ^s eªvþy m `s hr wkwâ¾mzxmzg& kª ô bvwfr b b`s me s ˆe eªvþ Yvnn wz (1/100) e½vbyev`: RM Z hv wkqz abm úwë m mg B eªvþ Yi wbr a bi Zzj ; AZGe mkj e Y i g a kªô e j eªvþyb mgy`q m úwëib cövwßi hvm n q Qb ^ ge eªvþ Yv fyo& ³ ^s e ^s ``vwz P Avb ksm v`& eªvþym fyä Z nxz i Rbvt (1/101) e½vbyev`: eªvþy h c ii Abœ fvrb K ib, cikxq emb cwiavb K ib, c ii ab MÖnY K i Ab K cö`vb K ib, m mewkqz eªvþ Yi wb RiB KviY, eªvþ YiB Avb ksm A_ vr `qv ev Ki Yv ZB Ab vb hvezxq jvk fvrb-cwiavbvw` Ki Z cvi Q b Zs bv b PvwgÎv niwš b P bk wz Z v`ªváv wbavz e v eªvþ Yle qv wbwat (7/83) e½vbyev`: eªvþy K h f~wg-a_ cöf wz `vb Kiv nq Zv GgbB wbwa (b m úwë) h, mb wbwa Pv iiv AcniY Ki Z cv i bv, kî iv niy Ki Z cv i bv, Ges Zv wb RI bó ev A` ó nq bv GB Rb ivrvi KZ e nj, eªvþym Yi Kv Q GB A q wbwa b Kiv mggeªvþ Y `vbs wø Ys eªvþyeª e cövax Z kzmvnmªgbš s e`cvi M (7/85) e½vbyev`: AeªvþY K h e `vb Kiv nq Zvi mgcwigvy dj cviqv hvq, Zvi Øviv AwZwi³ dj nq bv eªvþyeª e K (A_ vr whwb RvwZgv Î eªvþy, wkš eªvþ YvwPZ Ym úbœ bb) `vb Ki j c~e v c v wø Y dj jvf nq h eªvþy e`va qb Avi K i Qb, Zuv K `vb Ki j j Y dj jvf nq; Ges whwb mg e`kvlv a Zv e`cvim eªvþy, Zuv K `vb Ki j Abš dj jvf nq eysvb hv Q, Kw_Z eªþvi cweîzg gyl n Z m ó ey kªô eªvþyb RM`xk ii f~wgkvq AeZxY n q Qb AZGe KvD K Ki w` q eªvþ Yi Pjvi K_v bq Ges Zv-B gbymswnzvi cvzvq cvzvq Lye fv jvfv e Rvbvb `qvi Póv Kiv n q Q gbykv ivrvi KZ e wn m e wbivc ` ivr cwipvjbvi cö qvr bb cörv `i KvQ _ K Ki avh I MÖn Yi K_v ejv n Q- bvw Q ` v`vz bv g~js c ilvâvwzz òqv Dw Q `b& n vz bv g~jgvz vbs Zvsð cxo qr (7/139) e½vbyev`: Ki, ïé cöf wz MÖnY bv K i ivrv wb Ri g~ jv Q`b Ki eb bv A_ vr ivr Kvl k~b Ki eb bv; Ges AwZ jvfekzt ewk Ki wb q cörv `ii g~j bó Ki eb bv KviY, GBfv e wb Ri I c ii g~ jv Q` NUv j wb R K Ges cörvem K DrcxwoZ Kiv nq

8 AZGe Kvi KvQ _ K wkfv e Kx cwigvy Ki Av`vq Kiv n e Zvi we vwiz k vk-eqvb gbykv D Z i q Q Z e mvaviym~ Î ejv n Qhr wkwâ`wc el m `vc qr KimswÁZg& e env iy Rxeš s ivrv iv óª c _MRbg& (7/137) e½vbyev`: h me Ôc _M&RbÕ A_ vr eªvþy I kªvwîq Qvov Ab jvk K wl, cïcvjb cöf wz KvbI GKwU e envi A_ vr e wë Aej ^b K i RxweKv wbe vn K i, Zv `i KvQ _ K ivrv evwl K hr wkwâr n ji Ki MÖnY Ki eb h eªvþy Kíkv i mv _ GK e` A_ev e vkiy cöf wz QqwU e`v ½i mv _ e`kvlv Aa qb K ib Ges e`va qbvw` Kv R wbiz _v Kb, Zuv K Ô kªvwîqõ ejv nq Dc iv³ 7/137 msl K k v K GB ey kªô eªvþy I kªvwî qi KvQ _ K Kvbiƒc Ki MÖnY K wbi Kiv n q Q Z e gbymswnzvi 10/129 msl K k v Ki Øviv (ciez x Z wb P ewy Z n q Q) k~ `ªi ab-m ú` AR b K K Vvifv e wbwl Kiv n ji k~ `ªi KvQ _ K Ki Av`vq wbwl nqwb h nzz Zvi AwR Z m ú` _vkvi K_v bq, ZvB GB Ki cwi kva n e eva Zvg~jK kªg`v bi gva g- Kvi Kvb& wkwíb ðe k~`ªvsðv Z vcrxwebt G KKs Kvi qr Kg gvwm gvwm gnxcwzt (7/138) e½vbyev`: cvpk, gv`k cöf wz Kvi K Ges Kvsm Kvi, jšnkvi, k LKvi cöf wz wkíx I KvwqK cwikª gi Øviv RxweKvwbe vnkvix k~`ªñ G `i Øviv ivrv cöwz gv m GKw`b K i wb Ri KvR Kwi q b eb wkš ciab AR b gë eªvþ Yi Kv Q Kvbµ gb Ki bqv hv e bv A_ vfv e ivrv giyvcbœ n ji wz bb, Zey Kvb eªvþy hb ivrvi iv R zavq giyvcbœ bv nb, G e vcv i mzk K i `qv n q Qwgªqgv Yvnc v``xz b ivrv kªvwîqvr Kig& b P zavnm msmx ` Q«vwÎ qv wel q emb& (7/133) e½vbyev`: ivrv abvfv e giyvcbœ n ji kªvwîq eªvþ Yi KvQ _ K KLbI hb Ki MÖnY bv K ib ivrvi iv R evm Ki Z _ K KvbI kªvwîq eªvþy hb zavq giyvcbœ bv nb gbymswnzvi ci Z ci Z D PeY eªvþ Yi kªôz I gzv cö`vb Avi wbgœey k~ `ªi wbpz I Zv K eâbv Kivi KŠkj wewfbœfv e wewfbœiƒ c wewfbœ Î Dc vwcz n q Q hgb, ivrkv h I wewfbœ mvgvwrk I ag xq wµqv-abyôv b mevb K D v ii wbwg Ë gzvmxb civgk K eªvþ Yi Dcw wz Aek vex cö qvrbxq Y I hvm Zv _vkzk ev bv _vkzk eªvþy n jb n jv, Ges Zv-B n Z n e wkš hz hvm Zv ev Yi AvaviB nvk k~`ª K wkqz ZB wb qvm gh v`v `qv hv e bv RvwZgv ÎvcRxex ev Kvgs m vøªvþyeª et ag cöe³v b c Zb Zz k~`ªt K_Âb (8/20)

9 e½vbyev`: we` v I Ym úbœ eªvþ Yi Afve n j ivrv RvwZgv ÎvcRxex A_ vr RvwZme ^ eªvþy K A_ev wµqvbyôvbwenxb eªvþyeª e KI (A_ vr bv g gvî eªvþy KI) wb Ri ag cöe³vi c ` (kv xq AvBb we k lk) wbhy³ Ki eb, wkš k~`ª hw` me Ym úbœ, avwg K Ges e enviái nq, ZeyI Zv K H c ` wb qvm Ki Z cvi eb bv kv we k lk `i e vl v Abyhvqx, eªvþy KB ag cöe³v Kivi weavb _vkvq weøvb& eªvþy KB H Kv R wbhy³ Ki Z nq Kv RB wîq cöf wz Ab wzb e Y i jvk K ag wbiƒc Yi Kv R wbhy³ Kiv wbwl ZeyI GLv b k~`ª K H Kv R wb qvm Ki Z wb la Kivi Zvrch n jv, H Kv Ri Rb Dchy³ weøvb eªvþy cviqv bv M j wîq ev ˆek K H Kv R nq Zv wb qvm Kiv h Z cv i, wkš wkqz ZB k~`ª K bq GB eªþwewa f½ n j Kx cwiywz n e ZvI gbykv e vl v Kiv n q Qhm k~`ª Kzi Z iv Áv ag we epbg& Zm mx`wz Z`ªvóªs c ¼ MŠwie ck Zt (8/21) e½vbyev`: wepvimfvq h ivrvi mv v Z k~`ª b vq-ab vq ag wepvi K i, mb ivrvi ivr Kv`vq wbgmœ Mvi i g Zv `L Z `L Z bó n q hvq h`ªvóªs k~`ªf~wqôs bvw Kvµvš gwørg& webk Z vï Zr K rmœs `ywf e vwacxwozg& (8/22) e½vbyev`: h ivr ag vwaki Y (weev` wbiƒc Yi e vcv i-) k~ `ªi cövavb I bvw K `i cöfyz, Ges hlv b wørm Yi (eªvþy `i) Afve, mb ivr `ywf I bvbvikg iv M cxwoz n q AwZ kxnöb webó nq Aciva msnub n j ivrvi wepv i `Ê cö qv Mi Î gbymswnzvi 8/379 msl K k vk Abyhvqx kv i weavb n jv- cövy` Êi hvm Aciv ai eªvþ Yi GB `Ê ev A½ Q`bvw` Kiv hv e bv hw`i Ab vb e Y i c eavw` cövy`êb we aq GQvov gbykv Av iv ejv n Qb RvZz eªvþys nb vr me cv cl&ewc w Zg& ivóªv `bs ewn zh vr mgmöabg Zg& (8/380) e½vbyev`: eªvþy h KvbI cvc ev AcivaB Ki K bv Kb (hz wkqz Aciva Av Q m me wj GKmv _ Abyôvb Ki ji) ivrv Zv K nz v Ki eb bv; ciš mg a bi mv _ A Z kix i Zv K ivóª _ K wbe vwmz Ki eb KviYb eªvþyeav`& f~qvba g v we` Z fywe Z v`m eas ivrv gbmvwc b wpš qr (8/381) e½vbyev`: GB c w_ex Z eªvþye ai Zzjbvq i Zi Aag (A_ vr cvc) Avi wkqzb bb GB Kvi Y eªvþy K ea (Ges A½ Q`bvw`) Kivi K_v ivrv KLbI g b g bi wpš v Ki eb bv 02

10 gbyl mgv R mš vb Rb wb j Zvi GKK cwiwpwzi R b GKwU bv gi cö qvrb nq Aek cvjbxq ˆew`K wewa gbymswnzvq Zv A ^xkvi Kiv nqwb Z e ey cö_vi KwVb wbmo bvgkiy e e vi g a I cwi q `qv n q Q my KŠk j wewa Abymv i Ggbfv e bvgkiy Ki Z n e, bvg _ KB hb eysv hvq K D Pe Y i cöfyeskxq Ges K wbgœem xq `vmrvz k~`ªeskxq g½j s eªvþym m vr wîqm ejvwš^zg& ek m abmshy³s k~`ªm Zz Ry wázg& (2/31) e½vbyev`: eªvþ Yi bvg n e g½jevpk kã (Ôg½jÕ k ãi A_ Ôag Õ; mb a g i mvak Ôg½j Õ; B `ª, evqy cöf wz `ezvevpk kã ev FwlevPK kã g½ ji mvab, ZvB Ôg½j Õ; hgb- B `ª, evqy, ewmô, wek vwgî cöf wz); wî qi bvg n e ejm~pk kã ( hgb, cörvcvj, `y h vab, b wmsn cöf wz); ˆe k i bvg n e abevpk A_ vr cywóe w mgwš^z ( hgb abkg v, Mvgvb, abcwz cöf wz) Ges k~ `ªi bvg n e Ry wáz (wb `v ev nxbzv evak, hgb- K cyk, `xb, keik BZ vw`) kg e vþym m v`& iv Áv i vmgwš^zg& ek m cywómshy³s k~`ªm ˆcÖl mshyzg& (2/32) e½vbyev`: eªvþ Yi bv gi mv _ kg v GB Dcc` hy³ n e (A_ vr Av M g½jevpk kã Zvici Ôkg võ GB Dcc` hy³ n e; hgb ïfkg v), wî qi bv gi mv _ Ôeg võ ev GBiKg KvbI i vevpk Dcvwa hy³ n e; ( hgb ejeg v), ˆe k i bv gi mv _ hy³ n e Ôe, ß, f~wzõ cöf wz cywó evak Dcc` ( hgb Mve, ab ß, emyf~wz cöf wz) Ges k~ `ªi bv gi Dcvwa n e ˆcÖl (`vm ev f Z ) evpk kã ( hgb `xb`vm, eªvþy`vm, `e`vm cöf wz) Avi x-rvwzi bv gi Î? xyvs my Lv` gµ~is we úóv_ s g bvnig& g½j s `xn ey vš gvkxe v`vwfavber (2/33) e½vbyev`: x jvk `i c Ggb bvg ivl Z n e- h bvg my L D PviY Ki Z cviv hvq A_ vr x jvk I evj KivI h bvg Abvqv m D PviY Ki Z cv i ( hgb h kv`v `ex; GB bvg `yi ðviyv inxb n e, hgb Ômywk óv½xõ GB ikg bvg n e bv), m bvg hb µ~iv _ i cökvkk bv nq (A_ vr WvwKbx, ci lv cöf wz bvg n e bv), h bvg we úóv_ n e (A_ vr Abvqv m h bv gi A_ eva nq; ÔKvgwbavÕ, ÔKvixlMÜxÕ cöf wz h me bv gi A_ úó bq Ggb bvg n e bv), h bvg n e g bvni A_ vr wp Ëi Avn v`rbk ( hgb kªqmx; wkš ÔKvjv xõ RvZxq bvg g bi myl Drcv`b K i bv), h bvg g½ ji evpk nq ( hgb Pvi gzx, kg gzx; wecixz bvg hgb ÔAfvMvÕ, Ôg `fvm võ cöf wz n e bv), h bv gi k l `xn ^i _v K ( hgb ÔCÕKvi, Av-Kvi hy³ bvg), h bv gi D Pvi Y Avkxe v` evsvq ( hgb ÔmcyÎvÕ, ÔeûcyÎvÕ cöf wz)

11 hvb nvk, cyi li fvm mvgwmö wn m e x jv Ki GKwU my `i bvg h Zv K fv Mi ÎI gvbwmk cwiz wßrbk Î ev Aven ˆZwi K i, ˆew`K Ck ii g bi Zv ilvcvz Ki Z c i Q e j g b nq fve Z fv jvb jv M, Ck i wk Zvn j cyi l m cö`v qi KD? Aek gbymswnzvq m wói Kv R wb qvwrz eªþv Zv cyi l YevPKB mfv eb Zuv K Dc vwcz Kiv n q Q G Î Avgv `i cövmw½k wel q hvevi Av M GB mswnzv ev kv iwpz nevi kv -ewy Z BwZnvm AwZ msw ßfv e R b ivl j kv wewa jv Abyave b mnvqzv n Z cv i ^q y fmevb KZ K c~ e AcÖKvwkZ GB wek msmvi m wó I msnv ii ch vqµwgk wek` ey bvi GK ch v q G m gbymswnzvq ejv n Q- Ges m RvMÖr ^cœvf vwg`s me s PivPig& mäxeqwz PvRmªs cögvcqwz Pve qt (1/57) e½vbyev`: GBiƒ c mb Ae q cyi l eªþv ^xq RvMÖr I ^cœ Ae vi Øviv GB PivPi we k i mzz m wó I msnvi Ki Qb GiciB Avgiv c q hvb GB kv cö wzi D j L- B`s kv s Zz K Z v mš gv ge ^qgvw`zt wewae`& MÖvnqvgvm gixp v`xs ns gybxb& (1/58) e½vbyev`: eªþv m wói cö_ g GB kv cö Z K i Avgv K h_vwewa Aa qb Kwi qwq jb Ges Avwg (gby) gixwp cöf wz gywbmy K Aa qb Kwi qwq cölv Z kv fvl Kvi gavwzw_ gbymswnzvi cö_g Aa v qi GB 58 msl K k v Ki fv l e jb- Òbvi`ð iwz kzmvn mªv MÖš t cörvcwzbv K Zt m gš^vw`wft µ gy msw ß BwZ Ó A_ vr GLv b bvi` ej QbÑ ÒGB Mªš kzmvnmª ev j m `f vz K; cörvcwz (eªþv) GwU ipbv K i Qb Zvici H j m `f wu K µ g µ g gby cöf wz gnwl MY msw ß K i Qb Ó GB GKB k v Ki wukvq Kyj ykfæ bvi `i Dw³ D j L K i e jb- eªþv cö_ g wzmöš wu cöyqb K ib; Zvici gby wbr fvlvq Zvi mvims c K ib Ges mb msw ß MÖš wub Zuvi wkl `i g a cöpvi K ib c w_ex K mßøxcv Kíbv K i mb mb Øx c mvzwu RvwZi ch vqµ g emwz vc bi D j L `Lv hvq GB mvzwu wqj g~j RvwZ cö Z K g~j RvwZi Avw` wczv gby; d j gvu mvzrb gbyi Aw Z m ú K aviyv cviqv hvq Guiv n jbñ ^vqsfye, ^v ivwpl, JËwg, Zvgm, ˆieZ, Pv zl I ˆee ^Z Gu `i g a ˆee ^Z gby K Avh RvwZi Avw` wczviƒ c Kíbv Kiv n q Q gbymswnzvq GB gbyi K_vB ejv n q Q gbymswnzvi cö_g Aa v q ( k vk 32-35) `Lv hvq, cörvcwz eªþv _ K weivu& cyi li DrcwË n qwqj Ges mb weivu& cyi l Zcm vi Øviv gby- K m wó K iwq jb gby Avevi cörvm wói Awfjv l K kki Zcm v K i h `krb cörvcwz (Guiv mk jb gnwl ) m wó Ki jb Zuviv n jbñ gixwp, AwÎ, Aw½iv, cyj, cyjn, µzz, cö PZv, ewkô, f Ges bvi` cö_g Aa v qi k vk Abyhvqx ejv n Q, eªþv gbymswnzvq Av jvpbxq kv A_ vr wewawb lamg~n cö Z K i cö_ g gby- K Aa qb Kwi qwq jb Ges Zvici gby Zv gixwp cöf wz gywbmy K cwo qwq jb f gwb GB m ú~y kv gbyi Kv Q Aa qb Ki jb PviwU e Y i I m¼i RvwZM Yi

12 ag mg~n Rvbvi D Ï k gby-mgx c AvMZ gnwl `i gby Rvbv jb h, wzwb GBme kv f K wk v w` q Qb Ges GB f B H kv Av ` vcvš mkj K kvbv eb gbykz K GBfv e Avw`ó n q gnwl f Lywk n q mkj Fwl K Zuv `i wráv m i DËi w` Z jvm jbñ Gfv eb gbymswnzv f KZ K ms vi I mskwjz n q cöpvwiz n jv G cöm ½ gbymswnzvi me kl A_ vr Øv`k Aa v qi Awš g k vkwu j YxqÑ B Z Zb vbes kv s f cöv³s cvb& wørt fez vpvievb& wbz s h _óvs cövc yqv`& MwZg& (12/126) e½vbyev`: f i Øviv Kw_Z GB gby-m ó-kv wbqwgz cvv Ki Z _vk j wørmy mzz AvPviwbô nb Ges h_vwfjwlz DrK ó MwZ A_ vr ^M jvf K ib wkš G gyn~ Z ^M jv fi e` j Avgv `i cö qvrb gbymswnzv MÖš wu A jšwkkzvi gvo K jšwkk ey vkªgcöm~z Kx fqvbk RvwZ-we f` I ey -we Ø l `yó Zv Abyaveb Kiv ZvB cövmw½k Av jvpbvq wd i AvmvB DËg 03 gbymswnzvq bvix K Kvb& ` wó Z `Lv n q Q Zv gbyi k vk _ KB fv jvfv e Abyaveb Kiv hvq- Îf~Zv Zv bvix exrf~zt Zt cygvb& ÎexRmgv hvmvr m et me `wnbvg& (9/33) e½vbyev`: bvix km Îi g Zv, Avi cyi l k m i exr ^iƒc GB Î I ex Ri ms hv M mkj cövyxi DrcwË exrm ˆPe hvb vð exrgyrk ógyp Z me f~zcöm~wzwn exrj Yjw Zv (9/35) e½vbyev`: exr I hvwb GB `ywui g a exrb kªô e j Kw_Z nq KviY, me Î mš vb ex Ri j Y hy³ n q _v K kv xq cyi lzvwš K ` wófw½ Z iwpz gbykv km Îiƒcx bvixi P q exriƒc cyi lib kªôz _vk e Zv wk Avi ej Z nq! Z e cweî kv GUv cöpvi K ib vš nqwb bvix h GKUv wbk ó KvgR mëv Zv cögv YI e n q c o Q- ^fve Gl bvixyvs bivyvwgn& `~lyg& A Zvn_ vbœ cögv` wš cög`vmy wecwðzt (2/213) e½vbyev`: Bn jv K (k ½vi Póvi Øviv gvwnz K i) cyi l `i `~wlz KivB bvix `i ^fve; GB Kvi Y cwê Ziv x jvkm ^ Ü KL bvb Abeavb nb bv gvîv ^mªv `ywnîv ev bv wewe³vm bv f er ejevwbw `ªqMÖv gv weøvsmgwc Kl wz (2/215)

13 e½vbyev`: gvzv, fwmbx ev Kb vi mv _ KvbI cyi l wbr b M nvw` Z evm Ki e bv, KviY Bw `ªqmg~n GZB ejevb& (PÂj) h, Giv (kv v jvpbvi Øviv AvZ mshg Af vm Ki Z c i Qb Ggb) weøvb& e w³ KI AvKl Y K i (A_ vr Kvg µvavw`i ekez x K i Zv j) A_ vr Z_vKw_Z kv Á n qi Avm j cyi l Afe B nq, Ges Zvi `yivpvi K my KŠk j eªþevk w` q klch š bvixi DciB Pvwc q `qv n q Q bvix h Avm j gvbyl bq, Ab vb fvm e i g ZvB cyi li e envi hvm Dc fv Mi mvgmöx gvî Zv wb Pi k vk _ K eys Z wk Kvb mgm v nq? w qv izœvb _v we` v ag t kšps myfvwlzg& weweavwb P wkívwb mgv `qvwb me Zt (2/240) e½vbyev`: x, izœ (gwy-gvwyk ), we` v, ag, kšp, wnzevk Ges wewea wkíkvh mk ji KvQ _ K mk jb MÖnY Ki Z cv i gbykv Avm j bvixi ^vaxbzv KL bvb ^xkvi Kiv nqwbevjqv ev hyez v ev e qv evwc hvwlzv b ^vz Y KZ e s wkwâr Kvh s M nlewc (5/147) e½vbyev`: x jvk evwjkvb nvk, hyezxb nvk wksev e vb nvk, m M ng a _ K KvbI KvRB ^vgx cöf wzi AbygwZ Qvov Ki Z cvi e bv ev j wczze k wz ôr cvwbmövnm hše b cyîvyvs fz wi cö Z b f Rr x ^Zš Zvg& (5/148) e½vbyev`: x jvk evj ve vq wczvi Aax b _vk e, hšebkv j cvwymönxzvi A_ vr ^vgxi Aax b _vk e Ges ^vgxi g Zz n j cyî `i Aax b _vk e (cyî bv _vk j ^vgxi mwcê, ^vgxi mwcê bv _vk j wczvi mwcê Ges wczvi mwcê bv _vk j ivrvi e k _vk e), wkš KvbI Ae v ZB x jvk ^vaxbzv jvf Ki Z cvi e bv D j L h, mwcê gv b whwb g Ze w³i kªv vbyôv b wcê `v bi hvm wn `ykv wcê`v bi µgvwakv ii mv _ m úwëi AwaKvi AR bi welqi RwoZ wcîv fî v my Ze vwc b QwØingvZ bt Glvs wn wei ny x M n Kzh v`y f Kz j (5/149) e½vbyev`: x jvk KL bv wczv, ^vgx wksev cy Îi KvQ _ K wew Qbœ n e bv; KviY, x jvk G `i _ K wew Qbœ _vk j wcz Kzj I cwzkzjñ Dfq Kzj KB Kjw¼Z K i Zv j wekxjt Kvge Ëv ev Y e v cwiewr Zt DcPh t w qv mvaÿ v mzzs `eer cwzt (5/154)

14 e½vbyev`: ^vgx wekxj (A_ vr Ryqv Ljv cöf wz Z Avm³ Ges m`vpvik~b ), Kvge Ë (A_ vr Ab x Z Abyi³) Ges kv va vqbvw` I ab`vbvw` Ywenxb n ji mvaÿx xi KZ e nj ^vgx K `ezvi g Zv mev Kiv Kvgs Zz c q Ïns cy úg~jd jt ï ft b Zz bvgvwc M ýxqvr c Z Š cö Z cim Zz (5/157) e½vbyev`: cwz g Z n j x eis cweî dzj-dj-g~jvw` Aívnv ii Øviv Rxeb q Ki e, wkš e wfpvieyw Z cicyi li bv gv PviYI Ki e bv A_ vr bvixi Kvb ˆRweK PvIqv-cvIqv _vk Z cv i bv GB PvIqv-cvIqv K cweî gbykv ^xkvi Kiv nqwb Z e bvixi Î ˆRewbK Pvwn`v K ^xkvi Kiv bv n ji kv cyi li KvgPwiZv_ Zvi cö qvrb K wkš A ^xkvi Kiv nqwb, eis Zv c~i Yi Rb cweî weavbi ˆZwi K i `qv n q Qfvh v q c~e gvwi Y `Ë vmœxbš Kg wy cyb` viwµqvs Kzh vr cybivavb ge P (5/168) e½vbyev`: (mykxjvñ) fvh v ^vgxi c~ e gviv M j Zvi `vnvw` A š vwówµqv m úv`b K i cyi l cybivq `vicwimön I AMœ va vb Ki e (hw` ag vbyôvb I KvgPwiZv_ Zvi cö qvrb _v K, Z eb H ^vgxi cybivq `vicwimön Kiv DwPr Zv bv n j czœx bb e j evbcö I mbœ vm Aej ^b Ki Z cv i) hviv cweî ag MÖ š bvix-cyi li mgzv Lyu R eovb, Zviv Avm j Kx h Lyu Rb eysv `vq Z e gbykv xi gh v`v KZUzKz Zv GB k vk _ KI wkwâz Abyaveb Kiv h Z cv ifvh v cyîð `vmð wk l v åvzv P mv`it cövßvcivav vw vt m~ i¾ v eyy jb ev (8/299) e½vbyev`: x, cyî, f Z, wkl Ges Kwbô m nv`iåvzv Aciva Ki j m~² `woi Øviv wksev e Zi Øviv kvm bi Rb cönvi Ki e Z e wcöqrb K cönvi e j K_v, ZvB kv wk G ZvUv wb` q n Z cv i! cönv ii wbqgi e j `qv n q Qc ôz kixim bvëgv ½ K_Âb A Zvnb _v Zz cönib& cövßt m v PŠiwKwj lg& (8/300) e½vbyev`: i¾y cöf wzi Øviv cönvi hw` Ki Z nq, Zvn j kix ii cðv`&fv M cönvi KZ e ; KL bv DËgv ½ ev gv_vq hb cönvi Kiv bv nq; GB e e vi Ab _v K i Ab Î cönvi Ki j cönvikvix Pv ii g Zv Acivax I `Êbxq n e ZviciI Gme n Q kv evk Avi kv wk DwPZ K_v ej Z Kvc Y Ki Z cv i? ZvB ejv n Qfvh v cyîð `vmð Îq Gevabvt Zvt h Ë mgwam Qwš hm Z Zm Z`& abg& (8/416)

15 e½vbyev`: wzkvi `i g Z fvh v, cyî I `vmñ Giv wzbrbb Aag (wek í Aab); Giv wzbr bb hv wkqz A_ DcvR b Ki e Zv Z G `i KvbI ^vzš _vk e bv, ciš Giv hvi Aaxb H ab ZviB n e `vmx nvk euv`x nvk, Zey Zv x, Zv K Qvov cyi li P ji bv ZvB gbymswnzvq cyi l `i K x- ^fve m ú K ÁvZ Kiv bv n j wk P j! kh vmbgj¼vis Kvgs µvagbvr eg& `ªvnfves KzPh vâ x f v gbyikíqr (9/17) e½vbyev`: ewk wb`ªv hviqv, Kej e m _vkvi B Qv, kixi K AjsK Z Kiv, Kvg A_ vr cyi l K fvm Kivi AvKv v, A b i cöwz we Øl, bxpü`qzv, A b i wei vpiy Kiv Ges KzPg v A_ vr bxp cyi l K frbv KivÑ x jvk `i GB me ^fve gby G `i m wó-kv jb K i wm q Qb GiKg A yz e³e gbykv wbzvš Kg bq ZvB eva Kwi kv AZ š m PZbfv eb xi K `i K mzk K i w` q Q- Bgs wn me ey vbvs ck š v ag gyëgg& hz š iw Zzs fvh vs fz v iv `ye jv Awc (9/6) e½vbyev`: x jvk K i Yiƒc-ag mkj e Y i c kªô ag Ñ A_ vr kªô KZ e GB e vcvi ey S AÜ, c½y cöf wz `ye j ^vgxivi wbr wbr x K i v Kievi Rb hzœ Ki e cökœ n Z cv i, x-i vq G ZvUv i Z `qv n jv Kb? KviY- ^vs cöm~wzs PwiΠKzjgvZ vb ge P ^ ag s cöh Zœb Rvqvs i b& wn i wz (9/7) e½vbyev`: h jvk h Zœi mv _ wb Ri x K i v K i, Zvi Øviv wbr mš vb iw Z nq KviY, mv¼h vw` `vl bv _vk j weï mš vb-mš wz R b x K i vi Øviv wkóvpvi iw Z nq Ges wb Ri Kzjgh v`v iw Z nq x K i v Ki j wb R KI i v Kiv nq Ges x K i v Ki j ^vgx Zvi wb Ri ag KI i v Ki Z cv i ZvB, wkfv e x K i v Ki Z n e Zvi DcvqI gby evz j w` q Qbb Kwð`& hvwlzt k³t cömn cwiiw Zzg& G Zi cvq hv M kk v vt cwiiw Zzg& (9/10) e½vbyev`: x jvkmg~n K KD ejc~e K ev ms iva ev Zvobvw`i Øviv i v Ki Z cv i bv wkš e gvy Dcvq wj Aej ^b Ki j Zv `i i v Kiv hvq Kx Dcvq? A_ m ms MÖ n ˆPbvs e q ˆPe wb hvr qr kš P a g nbœc³ vâ cvwiyvn m e Y (9/11)

16 e½vbyev`: UvKvKwo wvkgz wnmve K i Rgv ivlv Ges LiP Kiv, M n I M n vjx ï ivlv, ag -Kg mg~ ni Av qvrb Kiv, AbœcvK Kiv Ges kh vmbvw`i ZË veavb KivÑ GB me Kv R x jvk `i wbhy³ K i Ab gb ivl e g~jz gbykv Kv_vI bvix K k~ `ªi P q ewk gh v`v `qv n q Q e j cögvy cviqv hvqwb wz ev e`vw` ag kv ev Kvb ag vbyôv b k~`ª K hgb Kvb AwaKvi `qv nqwb, bvix KI Zgwb ^fvervz `vmx evwb qb ivlv n q Qbvw xyvs wµqv g š wiwz a g e ew wzt wbwiw `ªqv n gš vð w qvnb ZwgwZ w wzt (9/18) e½vbyev`: x jvk `i gš cvvc~e K RvZKg vw` KvbI wµqv Kivi AwaKvi bbñ G-B n jv ag e e v A_ vr wz ev e`vw` ag kv Ges KvbI g š I G `i AwaKvi bbñ GRb Giv wg_ v ev Ac`v_, Ñ GB n jv kv w wz 04 m ú` AR b Ges Zv wb Ri AwaKv i ivlvi cö Póv I wbivcëvi cö qvr bb GKKv j e w³i DËivwaKvi ˆZwi Ri wi n q c o Ges G Kvi YB gvbe mgv R weevncö_vi m wó nq e j mgvrweávbx `i AwfgZ ˆew`K mgv R weevn K Ab Zg ag vbyóv bi gh v`v `qv n q Q wkš mlv bi elg ev`x ey cö_vi Zxeª Dcw wz we kl K i wbgœem xq k~`ªbvix K D PeY xq `i Øviv fvm Kivi e e v cvkv Kiv n ji k~`ª `i Rb Kvb gh v`v ev my hvm bv i L me Zvfv e ewâz Kivi K~U KŠkjx cöqvm gbymswnzvi weevn e e vq Zxeªfv e j Yxq mey vn MÖ wørvzxbvs cök v `vikg wy KvgZ cöe Ëvbvwggvt my t µg kv eivt (3/12) e½vbyev`: eªvþy, wîq I ˆek - GB wørvwzm Yi `vicwimöne vcv i me cö_ g (A_ vr Ab bvix K weevn Kivi Av M) mgvbrvzxqv Kb v KB weevn Kiv cök wkš KvgbvcivqY n q cybivq weev n cöe Ë n j (A_ vr mey v K weevn Kiv n q M j Zvi Dci hw` KvbI Kvi Y cöxwz bv R b A_ev cy Îi Drcv` bi Rb e vcvi wb úbœ bv n j hw` Kvg-cÖhy³ Ab x-awfjvl Rb vq Zvn j) wørvwzi c e gvy bvixiv cök n e (ciez x k v K Zv ewy Z n q Q) k~ `ªe fvh v k~`ªm mv P ^v P wekt Z Z P ^v ˆPe iváð Zvð ^v PvMÖR bt (3/13) e½vbyev`: GKgvÎ k~`ªkb vb k~ `ªi fvh v n e; ˆek mrvzxqv ˆek Kb v I k~`ªv K weevn Ki Z cv i; wî qi c mey v wîqkb v Ges ˆek v I k~`ªv fvh v n Z cv i; Avi eªvþ Yi c mey v eªvþykb v Ges wîqv, ˆek v I k~`ªv fvh v n Z cv i

17 A_ vr GLv b ÔAby jvgõ weev ni welqwu KB Aby gv`b Kiv n q Q D Pe Y i cyi li mv _ A c vk Z wbgœe Y i Kb vi weevn K Aby jvg weevn e j Gi wecixz weev ni bvg cöwz jvg weevn cöwz jvg weevn mkj wzkvi `i ØvivB wbw `Z gby g b K ib, cö_ g mrvzxqv Kb vi mv _ weevnb cök cybwe ev ni B Qv n j Aby jvg-weev ni mg_ b `qv n q Q wkš GLv bi Ab fvh vq mgm v bb, k~`ªv fvh vi ÎB hz wecwë `ewcî vwz _qvwb ZrcÖavbvwb hm Zz bvk wš wcz `ev s b P ^M s m M QwZ (3/18) e½vbyev`: k~`ªv fvh v MÖn Yi ci hw` eªvþ Yi ˆ`eKg ( `ezvi D Ï k há ev h eªvþy fvrbvw` nq, Zv), wcî Kg (wcz cyi li cöwz KiYxq Kg hgb kªv, D`K-Zc Y cöf wz) Ges AvwZ _q Kg ( hgb AwZw_i cwiph v, AwZw_ K fvrb `vb cöf wz) cöf wz Z k~`ªv fvh vi cövavb _v K A_ vr H Kg wj hw` k~`ªv xkz K we kliƒ c m úbœ nq, Zvn j mb `ªe wcz cyi lmy Ges `ezvmy f Y K ib bv Ges mb M n H me `ekg vw`i d j ^ M I hvb bv (A_ vr mb me Kg vbyôvb wbõj nq) A_ vr k~`ªv bvix eªvþ Yi cö_g ciez x fvh v n q eªþ fv Mi e n jv wvkb, wkš cök Zc xi Kv bv gh v`vb Zvi cövc nq bv Avi hw` m cö_g we q Kiv x nq? k~`ªvs kqbgv ivc eªvþ Yv hvz avmwzg& RbwqZ v myzs Zm vs eªvþy v `e nxq Z (3/17) e½vbyev`: mey v x weevn bv K i k~`ªv bvix K cö_ g weevn K i wbr kh vq MÖnY Ki j eªvþy A avmwz (bik) cövß nb; Avevi mb x Z mš v bvrcv`b Ki j wzwb eªvþyz _ K åó n q c ob (A_ vr mgvbrvzxqv bvix weevn bv K i ˆ`evr k~`ªv weevn Ki ji Zv Z mš vb Drcv`b Kiv eªvþ Yi DwPZ bq) GQvov e wfpv ii ` Êi ÎI elg ev`x ey cö_v Pv L covi g Zvk~ `ªv ßg ßs ev ˆØRvZs ey gvemb& A ßg½me ^ ßs m e Y nxq Z (8/374) e½vbyev`: KvbI wørvwz-bvix (A_ vr eªvþy, wîq I ˆek bvix) ^vgxi Øviv iw Z nvk& ev bv-b nvk&, KvbI k~`ª hw` Zvi mv _ ˆg_yb wµqvi Øviv DcMZ nq, Zvn j Aiw Zv bvixi mv _ m½ gi kvw ^iƒc Zvi me ^ niy Ges wj½ Q`biƒc `Ê n e, Avi hw` ^vgxi Øviv iw Zv bvixi mv _ m vm K i Zvn j H k~ `ªi me ^niy Ges gviy`ê n e A_P D PewY q `i Î GKB Aciv ai Rb wewea weav bi gva g gbykv ey µgvbymv i wewfbœ gvîvi wkqz A_ ` Êi weavb ivlv n q Q gvî 05 ew`k kv gbymswnzvq ejv n Q h, eªþv Zuvi cv _ K k~ `ªi m wó K i Qb A_ vr k~ `ªi Rb wb R wb R ev Zvi B Qvq nqwb ev G cöwµqvq Zvi Kvb Kg `vli RwoZ bb RwoZ Kej mªóv

18 eªþvi Zxeª ˆelg g~jk ` wó A_P gbymswnzvq k~ `ªi cöwz Ab ey K h AgvbweK AvPi Yi wb ` kbv `qv n q Q Zv GKK_vq b v virbk b k~`ªvq gwzs `` v bœvw Qós b nwe K Zg& b Pv m vcw` k`& ag s b Pvm eªzgvw` kr (4/80) e½vbyev`: k~`ª K Kvb gš Yv-civgk ` e bv k~`ª K Dw Qó `vb Ki e bv h Ái nwei Rb hv ÔK ZÕ A_ vr m¼wíz Ggb `ªe k~`ª K ` e bv; k~`ª K KvbI a g vc `k Ki e bv Ges KvbI eªz ev cövqwðë Ki ZI Dc `k ` e bv KD G weavb Agvb Ki j Zvi cwiywz ewy Z n q Q Gfv e- hv n m ag gvp ó h ðevw`kwz eªzg& mvnmse Zs bvg Zgt mn Z be g¾wz (4/81) e½vbyev`: h e w³ ( Kvb eªvþy K e eav b bv i L) wb R k~`ª K a g vc `k `b, ev cövqwðëvw` eª Zi Abyôvb Ki Z Av `k `b, wzwb mb k~ `ªi mv _ Amse Z bvgk Mnb bi K wbgmœ nb D j L h, gbykv k~ `ª Kvbiƒc m ú` AR b KI wbwl K i `qv n q Q k ³bvwc wn k~ `ªY b Kv h v abmâqt k~ `ªv wn abgvmv` eªvþyv be eva Z (10/129) e½vbyev`: 'ab AR b mg_ n ji k~`«k wkqy ZB ab mâq Ki Z `Iqv Pj e bv, Kbbv ab mâq Ki j e«vþy `i Kó nq৷ kv Ávbnxb k~`«abg ` gë n q e«vþy `i cwiph v bv K i Aegvbbv Ki Z cv i৷' GB hlb Ae vñ m ú` AR b bq, Kvbiƒc Lvevi mieivni bq, Zvn j k~`ª `i eu P _vkvi Dcvq? Dcvq GKUv i q Q ˆe wk G Î hme Rb `vm k~`ª eªvþy ev Ab D PeY xq `i mev ïköƒlvq K ZcivqY n e Zv `i cöwz Aek wkqzuv Ki Yv `Lv bv n q Q hgb- k~`ªvyvs gvwmks Kvh s ecbs b vqewz bvg& ek e QŠPKíð wø Rvw Qó fvrbg& (5/140) e½vbyev`: b vqpiykvix k~`ªmy (A_ vr m me k~`ª eªvþy-ïköƒlv civqy) gv m gv m Kk ecb (A_ vr KkgyÊb) Ki e Ges Rbb kš P I giyv kš P ˆe k i gz A kšp cvj bi ci ï n e Ges eªvþ Yi Dw Qó fvrb Ki e Dw Qógbœs `vze s RxY vwb embvwb P cyjvkv ðe avb vbvs RxY v ðe cwi Q`vt (10/125) e½vbyev`: eªvþy Dw Qó Abœ, RxY -cwiz ³ e, av bi cyjvk A_ vr AvMov (Amvi avb) Ges RxY cyivzb Ôcwi Q`Õ A_ vr kh v-avmb cöf wz AvwkªZ k~`ª K ` eb

19 gbymswnzvq ewy Z mvgvwrk wepvi e e vq `Ê cö qv Mi ÎI ey el g i ZxeªZv j Kiv hvq AagY `i cöwz DËg Y i Lvivc AvPi Yi ` Êi mv _ DËg Y i cöwz Aag Yi Lvivc AvPi Yi ` Ê h _ó f` i q Q wkš wbgœey k~`ª I Aš R `i cöwz `Ê cö qv Mi wewa G Kev ib AgvbweKZvq ch ewmz n Z `Lv hvq câvk`& eªvþ Yv `Ê t wîqm vwfksm b e k m v` câvkr k~ `ª Øv`k Kv `gt (8/268) e½vbyev`: (DËgY ) eªvþy hw` (AagY Abymv i) wî qi cöwz Av µvkb ev MvwjMvjvR K i Zv n j Zvi câvk `Ê n e, ˆe k i cöwz Ki j cuwpk cy Ges k~ `ªi cöwz Ki j ev iv cy `Ê n e kzs eªvþygvµzk wî qv `Êgn wz e k vn c kzs Ø ev k~`ª eagn wz (8/267) e½vbyev`: wîq hw` eªvþy K MvjvMvwj `q Zv n j Zvi GK k cy `Ê n e GB GKB Aciv a ˆe k i `Ê n e `o k wksev `yb k cy; Avi k~`ª kvixwik `Ê cövß n e (GB `Ê Aciv ai ZxeªZv Abyhvqx ea ch š n Z cv i) GB kvixwik `Ê Kgb n e ZvI wek` e vl vkv i ewy Z n q Q- hb KbwP` ½b wnsm v Pr kªôgš Rt QËe s ZË `evm Zb bvibykvmbg& (8/279) e½vbyev`: k~`ª wksev Aš R e w³ (k~`ª _ K PÊvj ch š wbk ó RvwZ) wørvwzmy K (eªvþy, wîq, ˆek ) h A ½i Øviv cxob Ki e Zvi mb A½ Q`b K i ` e, GwU gbyi wb ` k gbykv Abyhvqx- GKRvwZ k~`ª hw` eªvþy, wîq I ˆek - GBme wørvwz K `vi Y K_v e j Mvwj `q Zv n j Zvi wrnÿv Q`b KZ e (8/270), hw` bvg I RvwZ Zz j Av µvkb K i Z e Zvi gy Li g a `k-avoyj cwigvy R jš jšngq KxjK cö ek Kwi q ` e (8/271), hw` J Z ekzt eªvþy K Ò Zvgvi GB ag Aby ôq, GLv b ag vbyôv b Zvgv K GB me KvR Ki Z n eó GBme e j a g vc `k K i Zv n j ivrv Zvi gy L I Kv b DËß Zj X j ` eb (8/272), hw` nvz DuwP q wksev jvwv DuwP q µv ai mv _ D P RvwZ K cönvi K i Z e Zvi nvz K U ` e Ges cv qi Øviv hw` µv ai mv _ cönvi K i Zv n j cv K U ` e (8/280), J Z ekzt eªvþ Yi Mv q _yzz-m qi cöf wz w` j ivrv Acivaxi IôØq K U ` eb, g~îvw` Z vm Ki j cyi lv½ Ges cvqyevqy Z vm Ki j gjøvi K U ` eb (8/282) (Acgvb Kivi AwfcÖv q KvbI k~`ª hw` J Z ekzt) eªvþ Yi Pzj a i Uv b, wksev cv, `vwo, MÖxev (Mjv) wksev e ly (AÊ Kvl) a i Uv b Zvn j ivrv Kvb ikg wepvi bv K ib H k~ `ªi `ywu nvzb K U ` eb (8/283) ïay Zv-B bqñ eªvþyvb& evagvbš Kvgv`eieY Rg&

20 nb vw P Îe avcv qi ØRbK ib ct (9/248) e½vbyev`: hw` KvbI k~`ª B Qvc~e K eªvþy K kvixwik ev Avw_ K cxov `q, Zvn j AwZ KócÖ` bvbv D ØMRbK-Dcv q ( hgb k~ j Pwo q, g K Q`b K i `xn Kvj hš Yv fvm Kwi q) mb k~`ª K ea Kiv DwPZ ZvQvovmnvmbgwf cöáy i rk óm vck órt KU vs K Zv ¼v wbe vm t wùps evnm vekz qr (8/281) e½vbyev`: hw` Kvb k~`ªrvzxq e w³ eªvþ Yi m ½ GB Avm b e m Zv n j Zvi Kvg i QuKv jvwm q `vm w` q `k _ K Zvwo q ` e wksev Zvi cvqv LvwbKUv K U ` e k~`ªrb h cök Z A _ B `vmrb, G welquv hv Z Kv iv Kv Q A úó bv _v K mr b gbykv úó K i `qv n q Qk~`ªs Zz Kvi q`& `vm s µxzgµxz ge ev `vm v qe wn m óvn mš eªvþym ^q yev (8/413) e½vbyev`: µxz A_ vr Abœvw`i Øviv cöwzcvwjz nvk& ev AµxZB nvk& k~ `ªi Øviv eªvþy `vm Z i KvR Kwi q b eb h nzz, weavzv k~`ª K eªvþ Yi `vm Z i Rb B m wó K i Qb b ^vwgbv wbm óvnwc k~ `ªv `vm vwøgyp Z wbmm Rs wn ZËm K vë` cvnwz (8/414) e½vbyev`: cöfy k~`ª K `vmz _ K Ae vnwz w` ji k~`ª `vmz Kg _ K Ae vnwz c Z cv i bv `vmz Kg Zvi ^fvewm Kg (A_ vr R b i mv _ AvMZ) ZvB H k~ `ªi KvQ _ K K `vmz Kg mwi q wb Z cv i? ek k~ `ªŠ cöh Zœb ^vwb Kg vwy Kvi qr ZŠ wn Pz ZŠ ^Kg f t vf qzvwg`s RMr (8/418) e½vbyev`: ivrv we kl hzœ mnkv i ˆek Ges k~`ª K w` q Zv `i KvR A_ vr K wlevwyr vw` Kwi q b eb KviY, Zviv wbr wbr KvR Z vm Ki j GB c w_ex K we zä K i Zzj e A_ vr k~`ª K Zvi wbr K g i evb i wekí RxweKv MÖn Yi Kvb my hvmi eü K i `qv n q Q A_P D PewY q `i Rb cöwzkzj mg q wfbœ RxweKv MÖn Yi ch vß my hvm GB gbymswnzvq wek`fv eb `qv n q Q 06 eªvþy `i cöf~z Kvgx kvmbe e v eªvþy ev `i cöavb A B n jv PZzeY cö_v A_ vr mgv R PviwU e Y i Dcw wzñ eªvþy, wîq, ˆek, k~`ª GB cö_vi gva g MvUv Rb Mvwô K GK A yz ey el g i ga w` q wefvwrz K i h ÔfvM K iv, kvmb K ivõ bxwz Kv qg Kiv n q Q, mlv b ^ NvwlZ ey kªô eªvþy `i AvwacZ cökœnxb K i ivlv n q Q ey -gh v`vi w`k _ K Gi cib

21 ivr`êavix wî qi Ae vb Zvi wb P ˆek Ges me wbk ó ey k~`ª Avð h i e vcvi n Q, mlv b Kvb gvby li D j L bvb ej jb P j A_ vr gvbyl m úwk Z aviyv ev gvbe mgvruvb wejyß n q M Q AvMÖvmbev`x ˆew`K mgv Ri me MÖvmx ey -we f `i Qvqvq MvUv gbymswnzvi Kv_vI Kvb fv e gvbyl bv gi Kvb ^Zš mëvi ev gvbe RvwZi Aw Z cövq Lyu RB cviqv hvq bv hv cviqv hvq Zv n QÑ PviwU ey wfwëk eªvþy RvwZ, wîq RvwZ, ˆek RvwZ I k~`ª RvwZ Z e PZze Y i evb i Av ikwu Mvwô ev m cö`v qi Aw Z i q QÑ Aš R ev A ú k A_ vr Aw Z _vk ji mgvr hv K wb R `i Aš f y³ e j ^xkvi K i bv h nzz PviwU ey wb q mgvr, ZvB GB A ú k iv ey -wefv MiI evb i gbymswnzvq G `i K Ôm¼iRvwZÕ wn m e D j L Kiv n q Q Zvn j Giv wk GB ˆew`K mgvr ev wn `y mgv Ri Aš f y³ bq? GKUv A úó weåvwš _ K hvqeªvþyt wî qv ˆek qv ey v wørvzqt PZz_ GKRvwZ k~ `ªv bvw Zz câgt (10/4) e½vbyev`: eªvþy, wîq I ˆek GB wzb e Y i c Dcbqb ms v ii weavb _vkvq Giv ÔwØRvwZÕ bv g AwfwnZ nq Avi PZz_ ey k~`ª Dcbqbms vi wenxb niqvq wørvwz bq, Zviv n jv ÔGKRvwZÕ GQvov câg KvbI ey bb A_ vr H PviwU e Y i AwZwi³ hviv Av Q Zviv mk jb m¼irvwz cövmw½kfv eb welquv AZ š i Z c~y eªvþy _ K k~`ª ch š PviRvZxq gvbylb n jv PviwU ey G Qvov ee i, ˆKeZ cöf wz Ab vb h me gvbyl Av Q Zviv m¼xy hvwb ev ey m¼i PviwU e Y i g a wzbwu ey ÔwØRvwZÕ A_ vr G `i `yevi Rb nq; KviY wøzxq-rb Drcv`K Dcbqb-ms vi Kej H wzbwu e Y i c B kv g a wewnz Av Q k~`ª n jv GKRvwZ A_ vr I `i GKevi gvî RvwZ ev Rb nq, KviY k~ `ªi c Dcbqb-ms v ii weavb bb AZGe Awbevh fv e k~`ªiv n jv wbgœey d j Giv eªz há Abyôvbvw` cvj bi hvm n Z cv i bv Gevi ey m¼i wel q gbyi ˆew`K AwfÁvbkÖ wz _ K wkwâr aviyv wb Z cvwi me e Y ly Zzj vmy czœxl&e Z hvwbly Avby jv g b m ~Zv RvZ v Áqv Ge Z (10/5) e½vbyev`: mkj e Y i c B ^cwiyxzv I A Z hvwb (A_ vr cö_gweevwnzv Ges hvi mv _ Av M KvbI cyi li ˆ`wnK m úk nq wb) mey ev mgvb RvwZi bvixi M f mey cwzkz K Drcvw`Z mš vb wczvgvzvi RvwZ _ K Awfbœ A_ vr eªvþyx Z eªvþykz K Drcvw`Z mš vb ÔeªvþYÕn e; wîqkz K GB ikg wîqv czœxi M f Drcvw`Z mš vb Ô wîqõ n e; ˆek KZ K ^cwiyxzv I A Z hvwb ˆek vi M f Drcvw`Z mš vb Ô ek Õ Ges k~`ªkz K H ikg k~`ªvi M f Drcvw`Z mš vb Ôk~`ªÕ n e Gme Qvov AmeY v xi M f Drcbœ mš vb Rb Ki mv _ mey nq bv, wbðqb RvZ š i n e xl&ebš irvzvmy wø Ri rcvw`zvb& myzvb& m` kv be Zvbvûg vz `vlwemwn Zvb& (10/6)

22 e½vbyev`: eªvþy cöf wz wør ey -Î qi Øviv Aby jvgµ g Abš i A_ vr Ae ewnz ciez x RvZxqv bvixi M f RvZ mš v biv A_ vr eªvþykz K wîqv Z Drcbœ mš vb Ges wîq KZ K ˆek vbvix Z Drcbœ mš vb Ges ˆek KZ K k~`ªv bvix Z Drcbœ mš vbmy nxbrvzxqv gvzvi M f Drcbœ e j wcz RvwZ cövß nq bv, wkš Drcv` Ki (wczvi) RvwZi m` k nq GB mš v bivb g~a vewm³, gvwnl I KiY bv g AwfwnZ nq Giv gvz RvwZi Zzjbvq DrK ó wkš wcz RvwZi Zzjbvq wbk ó wecöm wîly e Y ly b c Ze Y qvø qvt ek m e Y ˆPKw b& l o Zncm`vt Zvt (10/10) e½vbyev`: eªvþ Yi c wzbwu e Y i bvix Z (A_ vr cwiyxzv wîqv, ˆek v I k~`ªv x Z) Drcbœ (g~ vewm³, A ^ô ev f R KÉ I wblv` ev cvike), wîq cyi li c `ybwu e Y i bvix Z (A_ vr ˆek v I k~`ªv x Z) RvZ (gvwnl I DMÖ), Ges ˆek cyi li c GKwU e Y i bvix Z (A_ vr k~`ªv x Z) RvZ (KiY)- GB Qq RvZxq Aby jvgr mš vb Acm` bv g AwfwnZ nq (Acm` gv b cy Îi h cö qvrb Zv _ K Giv AcmvwiZ; mgvb RvZxq cy Îi Zzjbvq Giv Acm` A_ vr AcK ó); GB Aby jvg-m¼irvwzi K_v wzg a ewy Z n q Q D j L, kv vbyhvqx cy Îi cö qvrb nq wcz cyi li AvZ vi gyw³ ev m`mwzi j ( ^M v ivnb) kªv vw` Z wcê`vb Kivi Rb wcê`v bi AwaKvi _ K ewâz n j g~jz Ab vb AwaKvi _ KI ewâz n q hvq ˆew`K kv cy Îi cö qvrbxqzv Dcjwä Kiv hvq wb gœv³ k vkwu _ K- msw Zm vbcz m m MvÎvr cyîgvn ir ZÎ h`& wik&_rvzs m vëëw b& cöwzcv` qr (9/190) e½vbyev`: KvbI e w³ hw` AcyÎ Ae vq gviv hvq, Zvn j Zvi x i Rb `i Øviv wbhy³ n q m MvÎ cyi li Øviv cyî Drcv`b Ki e Ges g Z e w³i hv wkqz abm úwë Zv H cyî K Ac Y Ki e ew`k weavb GgbB A jšwkk kv h m ú`i vq cy Îi cö qvr b gbymswnzvi 5/157 msl K k v K (BZtc~ e D Z) ewy Z weaevi KZ e I mvgwqk i` n q hvq kv Abyhvqx Dc iv³ Aby jvgr (D PeY wczvi Ji m A c vk Z wbgœey gvzvi Mf RvZ) mš v biv mey cy Îi mgvbvwakvi _ K ewâz n ji Giv ey ewnf~ Z bq Giv gvz RvwZi Zzj A_ vr gvz RvwZi ms v ii hvm nq wkš cöwz jvg-m¼ ii (wbgœey wczvi Ji m A c vk Z D PeY gvzvi Mf RvZ mš v bi) ÎB hzme kv xq mgm v I RwUjZvi m~îcvz G Î me Á gby G Ki ci GK cöwz jvgr m¼ ii DrcwË I ch vqµwgk h eûwea RvwZ-ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki Z _v Kb, ixwzg Zv weåvš nevi g Zv Ges GKUv ch v q G m nvvr K i Avgiv KZK jv úk vw`-a hvm AQz r ev A ú k RvwZi müvb c Z _vwk hgb cöv_wgkfv e m~z, gvma, ˆe `n, Av qvme, Ëv, PÊvj bv gi h cöwz jvgr-m¼i RvwZ cvb, Zv `i g a PÊvj n jv A ú k Z e Av qvme I Ëv A ú k bv n ji Giv Acm` ev bivag, A_ vr cyîkvr Kivi

23 A hvm KviY Giv k~`ª wczvi Ji m cöwz jvgr-m¼i G Î gbymswnzvq my KŠk j ˆZwi wewae m~î jv wkwâr Aa qb K i bqv hvq- GKvš i Z vby jvg v` ^ ôv MÖŠ h_v ZŠ Ë e `n KŠ ZØr cövwz jv g nwc Rb wb (10/13) e½vbyev`: GKvš i A_ vr GKwU gvî e Y i e eav b A_ vr eªvþycyi li Ji m ˆek RvZxq bvixi M f RvZ A ^ô Ges wîqcyi li Ji m k~`ªvbvixi M f RvZ DMÖÑ GBme Aby jvgr mš vb hgb úk vw` hvm nq, mbikg cöwz jvgµ g GKvš wiz A_ vr GKRvwZ-e eav b D Pe Y i x Z RvZ ( hgb, k~`ªcyi l _ K wîqv x Z Drcbœ Ëv Ges ˆek cyi l _ K eªvþyrvzxqv x Z Drcbœ ˆe `n) `yb RvwZ úk vw` hvm n e (Z e hrbvw`wµqv Z G `i Zzj Zv bb ) GB m~îvbyhvqx cöwz jvgrm Yi g a `yb ey -e eav b (A_ vr k~`ª cyi l KZ K eªvþyrvzxqv x Z) Drcbœ PÊvj GB m~ Î c o bv e j kv vbyhvqx PÊvjB GKgvÎ A ú k n q hvq GLv b GKUv mvaviy m~î Lqvj ivl Z n e PZze Y cö_vi g a eªvþy, wîq, ˆek, Giv ey µ g wørrvwz A_ vr Zv `i Rb Dcbqb-ms v ii weavb _vkvq Giv DrK ó RvwZ ZvB GB wzb e Y i bvix Z Aby jvgµ g Drcvw`Z mš vbi wør nq A_ vr eªvþycyi l KZ K eªvþyrvzxqv, wîqrvzxqv I ˆek RvZxqv x Z Ges wîqcyi l KZ K wîqv I ek v x Z Ges ˆek cyi l KZ K ˆek bvix Z Drcvw`Z mš vb wør n e Avi evn Î A_ vr cöwz jvgµ g Abš iez x D Pe Y i x Z hgb ek cyi l KZ K wîqv x Z Ges wîqcyi l KZ K eªvþyrvzxqv x Z h mš vb Drcvw`Z nq mi Zv `i AvZ v A_ vr wør nq GKK_vq wør `i g a Avš m úk µ g Drcvw`Z ey m¼iiv wørrvwzb n e wkš mgm v n q hvq GB cöwµqvi g a Kv_vI k~`ª bvix ev cyi li Avwef ve NU j kv xq weav b `vmrvwz k~`ªe Y i Rb Dcbqb-ms v ii weavb bvb e j Giv GKRvwZ ZvB Zv `i gva g m ó ey m¼ivi wør nq bv G Î Aby jvg cöwµqvq k~`ªv x D PeY fvm v niqv Zvi Rb fv M i e vcvi e j Drcvw`Z mš vb wør nq bv e U, Z e gvz RvwZ k~`ª _ K wkwâr DrK ó nq wkš k~`ªe Y i cyi li Rb K Vvifv e wbwl cöwz jvg cöwµqvq D Pe Y i x fvm i Zi mvgvwrk Aciva ev `~ly wn m eb wpwýz ZvB G cöwµqvq Drcvw`Z ey m¼i mš vb Zv `i cyî- AwaKvi nvwi q bivag n q hvq Avi GB Aciv ai gvîv ev `~lycöwµqv ZxeªZg n j A_ vr k~`ªcyi l KZ K eªvþyv x `~wlz n j Drcvw`Z ey m¼i A ú k PÊvj n q hvq AZGe, k~`ª cyi l hlv b ey m¼ i RwoZ mlv b wk mgm v bv n q cv i? Av qvmeð Ëv P PvÊvjðva gv b Yvg& cövwz jv g b Rvq š k~`ªv`cm`v qt (10/16) e½vbyev`: k~`ª cyi l _ K cöwz jvgµ g RvZ A_ vr k~`ª cyi li Ji m ˆek v x Z RvZ Av qvme, wîqv x Z RvZ Ëv Ges eªvþyx x Z RvZ PÊvjÑ GB

24 wzb RvwZ cyîkvr Kivi A hvm GB Rb Giv Acm` A_ vr bivag e j cwimwyz nq G `i g a PÊvj n jv A ú k PÊvjk cpvbvs Zz ewnmö vgvr cöwzkªqt AccvÎvð KZ e v ab glvs k M` fg& (10/51) e½vbyev`: PÊvj, k cp cöf wz RvwZi evm vb n e MÖv gi evb i GBme RvwZ K ÔAccvÎÕ K i w` Z nq; KzKzi Ges Mvav n e Zv `i ab ^iƒc (AccvÎ n jv h cv Î fvrb Ki j Zv Avi ms vi Øviv ï Kiv Pj e bv, Zv cwiz vmb Ki Z n e A_ev Zviv h cvî úk K i _vk e Zv Z Abœ-k³z cöf wz `qv Pj e bv; wkš cvîwu gvwui Dci i L w` j wksev Ab KvbI jvk Zv nv Z K i a i _vk j Zvi Dci fvz-qvzz cöf wz w` q gvwui Dci i L w` j Zviv H Lv` MÖnY Ki e Ab A _ fvov cvî K AccvÎ e j ) evmvswm g Z Pjvwb wfbœfv Êly fvrbg& Kvò vqmgj¼vit cwieªr v P wbz kt (10/52) e½vbyev`: g Z jv Ki Kvco G `i Av Qv`b ( cvlvk) n e; Giv fvov cv Î fvrb Ki e; G `i Aj¼vi n e jšnwbwg Z; Ges Giv mkj mg q wfbœ wfbœ v b Ny i eov e A_ vr GKB v b evm Ki e bv Lye mvaviyfv e m¼i RvwZ _ K m¼i RvwZiB Rb nq Avi kv vbyhvqx Rb `vl h nzz cörb µ gb vqx `vl, hv _ K ei niqvi Kv bv iv v bb, ZvB hlv b bivag I A ú k i Quvqv c o mlv b ciez x esk ci úivq A ú k -m¼i RvwZiB DrcwË n Z _v K Gfv e Wvjcvjv we Z Ki Z Ki Z me Á gby Zuvi k¼ivqb-kv K G ZvUvB RwUj ch v q wb q M Qb h klch š kz kz Aš R-AQz r m cö`vq ev RvwZ Mvwôi wekvj GK Rb MvwôB mlv b euvav c o hvq, hviv g~jz kªgrxex mgv Ri MwZPµwU K GivB aviy K i A_P GivB n q hvq ew`k mgv Ri eªvz Rb MvwóÑ AQz r, A ú k, `wjz ev wbh vwzzi gbymswnzvq GB eªvz Rb Mvwôi DrcwË wba viyµ g m ó h RvwjKvweb vm, Gi my`xn ZvwjKv `L j ixwzg Zv Avur K IV Z nq! cövmw½k wn m e `y qkwu D`vniY cöwyavb hvm, hgb- h _e k~ `ªv eªvþy vs evn s Rš s cöm~q Z Z_v evn Zis evn ðvzz e Y cöm~q Z (10/30) e½vbyev`: k~`ª hgb eªvþyx x Z evn A_ vr wbk ó PÊvj bvgk mš v bi Rb `q, mbikg m~z ( wîq cyi l _ K eªvþyx x Z RvZ mš vb m~z) cöfwz Ab vb evn RvwZ (ˆe `nk, PÊvj, gvma, Ëv Ges Av qvme) A_ vr wbk órvzxq cyi l Pvie Y i bvix Z AviI ewk evn A_ vr wbk órvzxq mš vb Drcv`b K i wblv `v gvm er m~ Z `vks bškg Rxwebg& KeZ wgwz hs cövûivh vez wbevwmbt (10/34)

25 e½vbyev`: Av qvmervzxq (k~`ª cyi l _ K ˆek bvixi Mf RvZ mš vb n jv Av qvme) bvix Z wblv`rvzxq cyi l (eªvþy KZ K k~`ªv bvix Z RvZ mš vb K wblv` e j) ÔgvM eõ bvgk m¼i m wó K i _v K Zv `i `vm ejv nq; Avh vez wbevwmmy Zv `i ˆKeZ bv g AwfwnZ K ib Zviv bšk g i Øviv RxweKvR b K i ( bškg n jv bškv Pvjvb, Zvi Øviv Rxeb aviy Kiv ) Kvive iv wblv`vëz Pg Kvit cöm~q Z e `wnkv`ü«g `Š ewnmö vgcöwzkª qš (10/36) e½vbyev`: wblv` cyi l _ K Ô e `nxõ bvix Z (ˆek cyi l _ K eªvþyrvzxqv x Z Drcbœ mš vb K ˆe `n e j) ÔKviveiÕ RvwZ R b ; Giv Pvgovi KvR K i Kvivei Ges wblv`rvzxqv bvix Z Ô e `wnkõ cyi l _ K ÔAÜ«Õ Ges Ô g`õ GB `yb ey m¼i m ó nq; MÖv gi evb i G `i evm vb PvÊvjr cvêy mvcvkš K&mvie envievb& AvwnwÊ Kv wblv `b ˆe `n v ge Rvq Z (10/37) e½vbyev`: PÊvjRvZxq cyi l _ K ˆe `nrvzxq bvix Z ÔcvÊy mvcvkõ bvgk eym¼ ii DrcwË; Giv euvk _ K Svov-Pze&ox cöf wz ˆZqvi K i RxweKv wbe vn K i wblv` cyi li Ji m H Ô e `nxõ bvix ZB ÔAvwnwÊKÕ RvwZi DrcwË (Zv `ii H GKB e wë ) wblv` x Zz PvÊvjvr cyîgš vemvwqbg& k kvb MvPis m~ Z evn vbvgwc Mwn Zg& (10/39) e½vbyev`: wblv`rvzxqv bvix PÊvjRvZxq cyi l _ K ÔAš vemvqxõ bvgk mš vb cöme K i; m k kv bi Kv R wbhy³ nq; m wbk órvwzii wbw `Z Aš R RvwZ Mvwôi Drcv`binm wb q GiKg fywifywi ` óvš - k vk gbymswnzvq e vckfv e Qwo q Av Q GB m¼ivqb-cöwµqvq Abš cökvi ey m¼i Drcbœ n Z cv i e j Lv` kv KviB G AwfgZ e ³ K ib ZvB ev e GB AQz r ey m¼i Pbvi Dcvq ev cöwµqv Kx n e, G cökœ Lye ^vfvwekfv eb Avm Z cv i nq Zv G m QI bb j cweî gbymswnzvq GiKg k vk Avm Zv wk? m¼ i RvZq Zvt wcz gvz cö`wk Zvt cö Qbœv ev cökvkv ev ew`ze vt ^Kg wft (10/40) e½vbyev`: wczv-gvzvi bvg wb ` kc~e K GBme nxb m¼irvwzi K_v ejv n jv; GQvov hv `i wczv-gvzvi bvg Rvbv hvq bv, Ggb hviv ßfv e ev cökvk fv e ey m¼iiƒ c Drcvw`Z nq, Zv `i RvwZcwiPq Zv `i wµqvkjvc _ K Rvb Z n e KviY- wcî s ev fr Z kxjs gvzz eÿ vfq ge ev

26 b K_Âb `y h vwbt cök wzs ^vs wbh QwZ (10/59) e½vbyev`: Rb MZ `vlhy³ e w³ wczvi `yó ^fve A_ev gvzvi wbw `Z ^fve A_ev Df qib ^fv ei AbyeZ x nq h jvk `y h vwb A_ vr ey m¼irvz wbw `Z e w³, m KL bv wbr R b i KviY A_ vr wczvgvzvi ^fve K Mvcb Ki Z cv i bv ^v_ M a&byzvq gzv`c x ˆew`K eªvþy Z_v ^ NvwlZ D PeY avix ^v_ v š^lx MvwôUv Kx RNY ey we Ølx n Z cv i gbymswnzvq D Z Dc iv³ Aek -cvjbxq k vk jv Gi DrK ó cögvy GiKg kz-mnmª ey we Ølx k vk MvUv gbymswnzv Ry o cvzvq cvzvq Qwo q Av Q grvi e vcvi n jv, ˆew`K ev Avh -mf Zvi evb i Avi Kvb ` k ev mf Zvq ey kªô eªvþ Yi Aw Z gbymswnzvq ^xkvi Kiv nqwb nq Zv GUvB gbyk Z GKgvÎ mz evw`zv ev ev ezv ^xkvi Z e Avh -mf Zvi evb ii c w_ex Z h Av iv eû `k i q Q ev _vk Z cv i Zv nq Zv A ^xkvi Kivi Dcvq wq jv bv d j mme ` ki kvmk m cö`vq _vk e GUvB ^vfvwek Ges Zv `i Aw Z KI ^xkvi Ki Z n q Q wkš gzvi ` Giv G ZvB GK `k`k x wq jv h, gbymswnzv Abyhvqx kvmk kªyx wîq n ji mme ` ki kvmk K D Pe Y i wîq e j MÖnY Kiv msmz bq KviY Dcbqbvw`-ms vi cvjb bv Kiv Ges ÔeªvþYÕ bvgk e`vs k wewnz wewawb la j Nb K i Iiv k~`ª n q M Q gbykv Abyhvqx- cšêªkv ðšwª`ªweovt Kv ^vrv hebvt kkvt cvi`v cýevðxbvt wkivzv `i`vt Lkvt (10/44) e½vbyev`: cšêªk, DWª, `ªvweo, Kv ^vr, heb, kvk, cvi`, cn e, Pxb, wkivz, `i` I LkÑ GB me ` kv e wîqmy Zv `i Kg `v l k~`ªz cövß n q Q Kx Zv `i Kg `vl? kb K wµqv jvcvw`gvt wîqrvzqt e ljz s MZv jv K eªvþyv`k bb P (10/43) e½vbyev`: IB mg wîqrvwzmy cyi lvbyµ g Dcbqbvw`, wbz vwmœ nvî I mü ve `bv cöf wz wµqvi Abyôvb bv Kivq Ges ÔeªvþYÕ bvgk e`vs k wewnz wewawb la j Nb Kivq µ g µ g e ljz A_ vr k~`ªz cövß n q Q 07 ag xq gvo K m ez eªvþy ev`b c w_exi cövpxbzg ey ev`x `k b Ges e`-wbh vm wn m e ^xk Z gby wz ev gbymswnzv hw` G `k bi ZvwË K I cö qvwmk wfwëg~j nq Zvn jb ej ZB nq, GUv Kb m ú~y gvbezv-we ivax GKUv Amf `k b n e bv? GKUv mg Rb Mvwô K RNY Zg ey vkª g wefvwrz Kiv Ges GKRb KvíwbK m wókz v eªþvõi bvg w` q mgv Ri Drcv`bmswk ó e nëi Rb Mvwô K gzvq Avmxb kvmk Mvwôi cöwzf~ ey kªô eªvþy bv gi GK ^v_ v š^lx ci fvrx kªyxi mev`vm evwb q djv h GKUv PZzi ivrbxwz, Zv evakwi ejvi A c v iv L bv G ivrbxwzi cq b h Mfxi I m~² K~Uvfvl jywk q Av Q Zv n jv wbk óey k~`ªmswk ózvq KZK jv ey ewnf~ Z Aš R ev A ú k m cö`v qi m wó ey vkª gi gva g PZze Y m wó K i MvUv Rb Mvwô K cö_ g `y Uv kªyx Z fvm K i djv n jv- D P kªyx I wbgœ kªyx gzvwjáy kvmk ev gzvmxbiv DrK ó ev D P kªyxfy³ Avh, Avi kªgrxex kvwmziv n jv wbk ó ev wbgœ kªyxi Abvh

27 k~`ª GB kªyxwe f` ˆZwi K ib vš nqwb Giv h nzz kvwmzivb msl vwa K wecyj, ZvB my KŠk j G `i g a Avevi ˆZwi Kiv n jv welv³ we f `i GK fqvbk wew QbœZv AvRe GK mëvi Rb `qv n jv- hvi bvg A ú k (Untouchable) gvivwv fvlvq hv K ejv nq Ô`wjZÕ, A_ vr wbh vwzz a g i A jšwkk gvo K NUv bv GB ivr bwzk K~UPv j Lye ^vfvwekfv e aivkvqx n jv wekvj GK Rb Mvwô jlvcov ev kv Aa q bi AwaKvi _ K wpiz i ewâz K i Zv `i K wpikv ji AÜ evwb q ivlvi lohš I Lye fv jvfv eb wb úbœ n jv GKUv cövpxb mg mf Zvi mvgvwrk KvVv gv K f OPz i `yg ogyp o Zvi RvqMvq ax i ax i Kvh Ki Kiv n jv GKUv Zxeª ey we Ølx e e v eªªvþy ev` hvi bvg ˆew`K ev Avh mf Zv Gfv eb cövpxb fvize l ewnivmz jyébkvix Avh `i Pvwc q `qv Uª vwrk Ae`vb eªvþy ev` Gici kz mnmª eqi a i cöwzcvwjz GB welv³ ey `k b wg k M jv cör b i ci cörb a i GB fvize l i Av_ -mvgvwrk I ag xq KvVv gvi Aek cvjbxq DcvPvi I ms wzi i ³ Zv _ K Avi gy³ n Z cv iwb GB mgvr gy³ niqv GL bv h m e nqwb Zvi cögvy ez gvb evsjv I fvizxq wn `y mgv Ri ey ev`x ag xq I mvgvwrk Abyl½ jv weev n, cöqv b, mvgvwrk Abyôv b GB ey vkª gi welv³ _vev Av Rv Avw`iƒ cb ez gvb hw`i Zv ` k gvb ^iƒ c Z ZvUv AvµgYvZ K bq, wkš Aš M Z Ae v b Kvbfv eb Kg wµqvkxj bq eªvþy ev `i wfwëg~j GB gbymswnzv Aa q b ^vfvwek KvÊÁvb LiP Ki jb Gi Zxeª duvwkuv aiv c o hvq Lye mn RB Ggb gvbewe Ølx welv³ weavb Kvb mªóv bvgxq A jšwkk gyl _ K wbtm Z n Z cv i wkbv Zv m `n Kiv A hšw³k n e wk? niqvi cökœb Av m bv mgkvjxb mvgvwrk ev ezv I we Ølg~jK RxebvPv ii cö qvr bb Gi k vk jv wewfbœ mg q iwpz n q Q e j g b nq f~wg wb q we iv ai cöw Z wkfv e Rwg I evm v bi mxgvbv wba viy Ki Z n e, mxgvbvq Kx MvQ ev Dw ` ivcb Ki j vbpz Z nevi m vebv _vk e bv wksev h jvk Ave Rj mªv Zi euva f O `q Zvi e vcv i Kx e e v wb Z n e A_ev gv_vq e vw` eób K i ev Pg cv`ykv c i fvrb Kiv n j cwiywz Kx n e; bzzev Kvb& e Dò Ae vq, Kvb& e VvÊv Ae vq, Kvb& `ªe wzbw`b c ii Lv` wn m e MÖnY Kiv hv e, imyb Kviv L Z cvi e, KLb jey wewµ Kiv hv e bv ev ivrv `ezvi cöwzwbwa BZ vw` weavb ipbvq Kvb A jšwkk Drm _vkvi `vex GKvš B nvm Ki g b nq cöwzw` bi RxebhvÎvi LywUbvwU DcvPvi I KZ e cvj bi h cšbcywbk A bwz wewa iwpz n q Q Zv Z GUv g b Kiv A hšw³k n e bv h gbymswnzvi GK ev GKvwaK kv ipwqzviv Avm j Pjgvb cwi ek-cöwz e kb jvwjz-cvwjz ^ Qv-Aš ivjez x Kvb e w³ ev Mvwô Zey GUvB Aek cvjbxq ag xq mvgvwrk Avh weavb wn m e fvizxq mgvr e e vq cöwzwôz n q M Q MŠZg ey GB AbvPv ii wei cö_g cöwzev`x n ji Gi ci my`xn Kvj GB eªvþy ev `i wec Avi Uz-kãwU Kivi g Zv KD `uvov Z h cv i wb, Zvi KviYI hy M hy M GB eªvþy ev `i cöwzf~ ey ev`x bz Z i wbj ¾ AvµgYvZ K ` wófw½ I mykwvb mvgvwrk ˆØZ-KvVv gv G eo k³ `~M G mewkqz we epbvq wb j GUv fvev wk Lye A hšw³k n e h Rvi K i Pvwc q `qv ey ev`x k L j Ave Kv bv wbh vwzz k~`ª ev A ú k Rb Mvwô KL bvb Zvi mgkvjxb mgvr K `ywlz K iwb, eis GK KvíwbK mªóv eªþvi bv g Kv bv PZzi ^v_ v š^lx gzvwjáy Mvwô KZ K m ó

28 gvbezvwe ivax eªvþy ev`b Avgv `i GB cövpxb gvbe mgvr K fq¼ifv e `ywlz K i w` q Q? hvi welv³ bxj Qvej cweî gvbevz v KB jvwãz I Kjw¼Z K i Q AZtci Av ik we `ªvnxi DÌvb kvk gywy MŠZg ey i cöqv bi `xn AvovB nvrvi eqi ci Zuvi Avi GK mv_ K wec ex AbyMvgxi Avwef ve n jv GB fvize l B whwb gbyõi gvbezvwe ivax kv avix wn `y `i cöpwjz RvZ-cv Zi e e v K A ^xkvi K i ` p K É NvlYv Ki jb- ÔgbymswnZv K wn `y a g i AvPiYwewai cweî MÖš iƒ c MY Kiv nq gby wz K eªvþy RM`xk i e j AvL vwqz Kiv n q Q, k~ `ªi m ú` AR b K Aciva wn m e MY Kiv n q Q Ges eªvþ Yiv k~ `ªi m úwëi b vqm½z AwaKvix e j ^xk Z n q Q h Kvb e Y i bvix eªvþy `i Dc fv Mi e MÖš wu eªvþy ev `i KvjvKvbyb Ges mf mgv Ri Kj¼ Kv RB MÖš wu K Awej ^ f xf~z Kiv cö qvrb Õ ey ev `i Amf Drm wn `y mgv Ri msweavb e j L vz gbymswnzv h Av `Š Kvb ag MÖš n Z cv i bv, wkqz KzPµx ^v_ v š^lx jvfx fê cözvik gvby li kvl Yi nvwzqvi Kej, Av ^`KiB cö_g D PviY Ki jb Zv Ges Lye úófv e BwZnvm N U N U hyw³ I cögvy mnkv i Ggb Zxeª I úó e³e Gi Av Mi my`xn AZx Z Avi Kv iv gyl _ K D PvwiZ n Z ïbv hvq wb wkš Pjgvb ev ezv KI A ^xkvi Kivi Dcvq bb Zuvi ZvB wzwb GI e jb- Avgvi Kv Q Avgvi Rxeb A c v Avgvi ` ki ^v_ A bk eo Avgvi Amnvq Ges wbh vwzz `wjz mgv Ri ^v_ Zvi P q eo wk v msnwz I msm«vgx HK B k~`«, `wjz- kvwlz mgv Ri gyw³ Avb Z cv i Zvgiv msne ni AwaKvi Av`vq K i ji wzwb Dcgnv ` ki KvwU KvwU jvwãz, `wjz I gvbwek AwaKvinxb RbM Yi gyw³`vzv, mviv we k gvbevwakvi hv v bv g L vz GK `wjz cyi l evev mv ne W. fxg ivi ivgwr Av ^`Ki (Baba Saheb D. Bhima Rao Ramji Ambedkar) wzwb wq jb GKB m ½ mgvr weávbx, ivó«weávbx I A_ bxwzwe` Zuvi úó e³e - Ô`w Y Gwkqvi ivr bwzk I mvgvwrk w wzkxjzvi Rb G AÂj _ K ey - elg kvly wbg ~j Kiv `ikvi...`w Y Gwkqvq mgvr wekv ki kîy nj e«vþy ev`, mvgš ev` I cyuwrev` Õ Zuvi G K_v ejvi bc_ kw³ wzwb cörvzš x fvi Zi msweavb c«yzv wksev fvi Zi cöv³b AvBbgš x ev we k i Ab Zg k«ô cwûz I gbxlx e j bq wzwbb fvi Zi c«_g `wjz (Dalit) M«vRy qu whwb Zuvi MvUv RxebUvB KvwU q w` jb `wjz Rb Mvwôi gyw³i j ey ev`x AbvPv ii wei hy Avi Av `vj bi ga w` q g Zz i AvM-gyn~Z ch š whwb GB hy _ K GK cvõi wcqz n Vbwb Av` k i cö kœ Q o K_v e jbwb fvi Zi ey ev`x wn `y `i KÆi cöwzwbwa gnvz v MvÜxi PvZzh c~y ivr bwzk v UevwR KI Av ^`Ki gnvz v MvÜxi 'nwirb' (harijan) kãwu K evwzj K i `b GB hyw³ Z h, MvÜxi (Gandhi) GB c` c wbzvš B nvkvix mgvr-ms vig~jk

29 duvkv eywj gvî৷ MvÜxi D Ïk `wjz `i gyw³ bq, eis msmwvz `wjz `i RvUe Av `vjb K wfbœlv Z cöevwnz Kivi K~U-ivRbxwZ Dcgnv ` ki wbcxwoz `wjz m cö`v qi gyw³ we ivax MvÜxi Gme ivr bwzk KŠk ji mv _ KL bvb Av cvl K ibwb Av ^`Ki MvUv fviz Ry o me ZvgywL GK `wjz Av `vj bi m~îcvz NUvb wzwb Zuvi nvz w` qb `wjz mvwnz bv g GK gvwuewz mvwn Z i Rb nq, hvi gva g wzwb wn `y ey ev `i gy Lvk D b vpb K i `wjz Av `vj b ZvwË Kfv e cöz I c iv kw³ hy³ K i mdj Av `vj bi bz Z w` q hvb 1927 mv ji 25 ww m ^i Zvui bz Z `wjziv nvrvi eq ii wbmo f O ey wn `y `i msiw Z PvfvKi jk ev PŠ`vi cykzi _ K Rjcvb K ib, AmsL `wjz Abymvix wb q wzwb fvizxq ey ev `i AvKiMÖš 'gbymswnzv' cywo q Gi gvbezvwe ivax Ae v bi cöwz m ú~y cözxkx I cöz Abv v cökvk K ib `wjz `i wk vi c«wz e vck ` wó w` q, hv Gi Av M KíbvI Kiv hvq wb, Zuvi cö Póvq 1928 mv j MwVZ ÔwW cömw K v km GWy Kkb mvmvbwuõi gva g 1946 mv j ev ^ Z wm v_ K jr I 1951 mv j AvIi½ev ` wgwj ` K j Ri c«wzôv Zvui avivevwnk c«póvi dmj৷ Zvui bz Z `wjziv wb R `i ms wzi c«wz m PZb n q I V fvizxq mgvr I ivrbxwz Z Av ^`K ii GB wecyj Ae`vb, hv ms c e j kl niqvi bq Av ^`Ki Avi `wjz Av `vjb GKB cözxkx e Äbvq D vwmz Zuvi DÌvbI GB nvrvi eq ii AZ vpvwiz AQz r `wjz m cö`vq _ KB eªvþy ev `i wecix Z `uvwo q Zuvi i ³ gvs m g b gb b `wjz nevi KóB e R M Q AvRxeb wkš nvrvi nvrvi eq ii Mfxi wkk o cövw_z cvnv oi g Zv R K emv Ggb GKUv Amg AUj e e vi wecix Z Zuvi QvÆ Rxe bi me më K ZvUzKz Avi! MvUv `k Ry o Zxeª GK So DVv ji Ujv Z cv ibwb wzwb GB Amg e e v K klch š ey i g ZvB ey vü wn `y mgvr I bz Z i wei Av ikwu mvgvwrk we `ªv ni m~pbvi w` KB GwM q M jb, j j `wjz Abymvix wb q wzwb Ø _ nxb K É NvlYv K ib- Ò...wbh vwzz kªyxi gvbyl `i wn `y n qi hw` mg AwaKvi _ K ewâz _vk Z nq, wemz 15 eqi a i wewfbœ Av_ -mvgvwrk, wk v, ivr bwzk kvly, eâbvi wei Av `vjb ev msmövg K ii Zv `i KvQ _ K we `ygvî b vq ev ai cwipq cviqv bv hvq Zvn j wbh vwzz mgvr K fvj K i f e `L Z n e ZvB `xn ev e AwfÁZvi Av jv K Avgv `i K AvZ m vb I gvbwek AwaKvi jvf Ki Z n j wn `y ag _ K wew Qbœ n Z n e... Avgvi Pig `yf vm h, A ú k mgv R R b wq e j Avgv K AvZ m vbnxb AcgvbRbK mgvr e e vi g a w`b KvUv Z n Q Ó Ges ` pk É NvlYv K ib- ÒAvwg A ú k n q Rb MÖnY Ki ji A ú k n q gi ev bv Ó AZtci `vk wbk w izv w` q gvby li mv g i RvqMvUv K Lyu R M Qb AvRxeb gnviv óªi AZ š Mixe I G Kev i wbpz Zjvi GK `wjz gvnvi (Mahar) ev Pg Kvi cwiev i me Kwbô mš vb wn m e Rb Av ^`K ii gnviv óª A bk jv `wjz m cö`v qi evm n ji G `i g a gvnviivb wq jv msl vmwiô wkš gvnvi `i Avjv`v Kvb MÖvg ev cj x wq jv bv cöwzuv wn `y MÖv gi Dcv š ev cövš mxgvq `y-pvi Ni gvnvi _vk Zv MÖv gi cöavb GjvKvi evb i Ni eu a

30 _vk Z n Zv Zv `i KvR wq jv MÖvg cvnviv `qv, MÖv gi giv cï AcmviY Kiv, MÖvg-cÖavb ev gvoj `i ûkzg Abyhvqx mgv Ri mvgwók Kv R emvi LvUv, gqjv cwi vi Kiv BZ vw` gvnvi `i AmsL KZ e _vk ji Kvb RxweKvi e e v wq jv bv ey wn `y `i evwoi Gu Uv Kywo q, KvUv Zi cwiz ³ dmj Kywo q, giv cïi Pvgov Qvwo q wewµ K i, Avi giv cïi gvsm L q Rxeb KvUv Z n Zv Zv `i৷ G `i A ú k Zv G ZvUvB Zxeª wq jv h, Zv `i Qvuqv jvm j, GgbwK Qvqv gvov ji D P k«yxi úk `vl NUZ৷ ey wfwëk mgv R Giv k~ `ªiI Aag GK mg q Zv `i Mjvq gvwui cvî evua Z eva Kiv n Zv, hv Z Zv `i _yzy gvwu Z c o `~ly m wó bv K i৷ Av ikwu eva evakzv wqj, cqb w` K Svoy eu a ivlv hv Z Ab `i Pv L covi Av M Zv `i cv qi Qvc gy Q hvq৷ GiKg GKwU cwiev i Rb wb q fwel r h Kv_vq wba vwiz n q hvq Zv KíbviI evb i wkš h AQz r RvwZi Rb GKRb Av ^`Ki K c Z n e Zv `i cö_g ^cœ ˆZwi n Z, wb Ri w` K wd i ZvKv Z, AvZ gyw³ NUv Z, Zv `i ešw K DËiY NUv Z, Zv `i Rb GKRb Av ^`K ii Rb n q hvq wvkb zjrxe bi ïi ZB wn `y mgv Ri ey ev`x RvwZ f` cö_v Z_v A ú k Zvi Awfkv ci e`bv`vqk AwfÁZv Zuvi wkïgb g g g g Dcjwä Ki Z _v K QvÎRxe bi AcgvbRbK `ye envi I AZ vpvi Zuvi ms e`bkxj Kvgj ü` q Mfxi ilvcvz m wó K i hv ciez xkv j wn `yag m ú K Zuvi g b cöej N Yvi m wó K i A ú k i mš vb e j z j eâuz ji cwie Z K v ki G Kev i cq b Qvjvi P U Zuv K em Z `qv n Zv eªvþy cwê Ziv Zuvi eblvzv úk Ki Zb bv, _y_yi Quvqvq evzvm `ywlz n e e j Zuv K K v m Kvb cov wrávmv Kiv n Zv bv, GgbwK LwogvwU AcweÎ n q hv e GB kskvq Zv K ev W ch š wjl Z `qv n Zv bv z j ^n Rj cvb Ki Z cvi Zb bv Zuvi gy Li Dci cvî DuPz K i Rj X j `qv n Zv DuPz e Y i mncvwv `i wuwdb e jvq hv Z Zuvi Kvbiƒc Quvqv bv jv M mrb mveav b `~ i mwi q ivlv n Zv GiKg eû wbg g NUbv Zuv K cöwzwbqz `» K iwq jv Aek B wkš GmeB GKRb gyw³kvgx Av ^`K ii D b l NUvq A ú k `i gyw³i w`kvix `wjz Av `vj bi exr n q gvbezvi Luv R ` pcöwzá K i `q Av ^`Ki K ciez xkv ji cöwzuv Av `vj bi Drm I djvdj we k ly Ki j GKUvB cöwzcv` c q hvb Avgiv, gvbezvi müvb gvbyl n q h mgv Ri gvbyl `i g a gbyl Z i jkgvî bb Zv `i cöwz N Yvq v f we `ªvnx n q I Vb wzwb cvkvcvwk LyuR Z _v Kb gvbezvi mv g i AwgqevYxi DrmUv K ÔwZbwU k ãi g a Avgvi Rxeb `k b Lyu R cvb ^vaxbzv, mvg I åvz Z hw`i Avgiv fvizxq msweav b ivr bwzk Kvi Y ^vaxbzv, mvg I åvz Z i bxwz K MÖnY K iwq e Z Avgv `i mgvr Rxe b G jvi Kvb Aw Z bb G jv Avwg ey i evyx _ K MÖnY K iwq wn `y a g ^vaxbzv, mvg I åvz Z i Kvb vb bb, ZvB ey i Av`k MÖnY Ki j fvizxq ivr bwzk I mvgvwrk Av`k ci ú ii cwic~ik n e Õ Ô Kb Avwg eš ag cq ` KwiÕ kxl K cöpvwiz GK e³ Zvq e jb- ÔAvwg wzbwu bxwzi Rb eš ag cq ` Kwi cö_gwu n jv cöáv (A jšwkk I Kzms v ii wei hyw³msmz Ávb), wøzxqwu n jv Ki Yv ( cög A_ vr mg cövyxi

31 cöwz fv jvevmv) Ges Z ZxqwU n jv mvg (mgzv A_ vr mg gvbyl K mgvb g b Kiv) Õ klch š wzwb Zuvi j j AbyMvgx wb q GB eš a g B `x v wb q A ú k Zvi Kj¼ gy Q GK berb wb qwq jb, Ges w` qwq jb Ab `i KI A ú k n q Rb v ji A ú k n q g ibwb wzwb ey i cweî Av jv ey K a i GK gnvb cvnv oi mšg w izv wb q gnvwbe v Y cö vb Ki jb AvR Av ^`Ki bb i q M Q Zuvi Kg há A_P ey vüzvi Muvovwg _ K wn `y mgvr gy³ n Z cvi jv bv Av Rv G Avgv `ib wbiš i g~l Zv, Abc bq Kj¼ GKRb Av ^`Ki K ó, hvc b, we `ªv n, mv g mvivuv Rxeb c_ `wl q M Qb wvkb Pv L AvOyj w` q `wl q Qb ZviciI hw` gnvg~l Avgiv PvL eü K ib _vwk, A avmvwgzvi cöjq wk eü n e Av `Š? GK Rxe b evev mv ne Av ^`Ki Ges... AQz r cwiev i wczv ivgrx gv jvrx kkcvj I gvzv fxgvevc-gi 14 mš v bi me Kwbô mš vb wq jb Av ^`Ki cvwievwik bvg fxgivi hw`i PŠÏRb fvb ev bi g a 5 Rb eu P wq jb, 3 fvb 2 evb ejivg, Avb `ivi, gäyjv, Zzjmx I me kl fxgivi cz K evox wqj ZrKvjxb ev ^vb c«` ki izœwmwi Rjvi Av ^`vev` M«v g wczv ivgrx kkjvj ga cö ` ki Ô gvdõ mbvwbev m PvKzwiKvjxb mg q 1891 mv ji 14 GwcÖj Av ^`K ii Rb cy Îi bvg ivlv n jv fxgivi kkcvj Av ^`Ki n jv cvk ez x GK Muv qi bvg zjrxe b cö e ki ci GK eªvþy wk K KŠZznjekZ kkcv ji j fxgivi Gi mv _ Ry o `b Av ^`Ki kãwu mb _ K

32 fxgivi kkcvj n q M jv fxgivi Av ^`Ki Zuvi c~e cyi l `i A b KB weªwuk fvizxq mbvevwnbxi ˆmwbK wq jb Zuvi wczvgn gv jvrx kkcvji mwbk wq jb _vbv Rjvi Aš M Z gyiev` MÖv gi gyiev`ki cwiev ii Zuvi gvzvgnivi wq jb mvgwik evwnbxi my e`vi- gri wczv ivgrx kkjvj gvivwv I Bs iwr Z mvaviy wk v MÖn Yi my hvm c qwq jb e j wk vbyivm I ag civqbzv Zuvi Pwi Îi Ask n q D VwQ jv d j mš vb `i K wk vmön Y DØy Ki Zb wzwb mv _ mv _ DrmvwnZ Ki Zb wn `y a g i K vwmk jv Aa q bi Rb mbvevwnbxi my e`vi wn m e mvgwik evwnbxi PvKzwi _ K ivgrx kkjvj 1894 mv j hlb Aemi bb ZLb Av ^`K ii eqm m e `yb eqi cwi q Q Gi `yõeqi c i ivgrx ev ^vb cö ` ki mvzvivi mbvevwbev mi GKwU z j PvKzwi RvMvo K i mlv b cwievi wb q emevm ïi K ib GiB g a Av ^`K ii gvzv fxgvevc gviv M jb fxgvevc qi AKvj g Zz Z kvkvwffyz ivgrx Zuvi GKgvÎ evb gxivevc K msmvi `Lvïbvi Rb k ïievwo _ K wb q G jb wzwb mvsmvwik Kv R Lye AwfÁ I Kg V wq jb B Zvg a 1898 mv j Av ^`K ii evev ivgrx kkcvj cybivq we q K ib Av ^`K ii eqm ZLb 5/6 ermi wczvi GB wøzxq we q K Av ^`K ii wkïgb wkqz ZB g b wb Z cv iwb d j AwaKvsk mgq wcmxi mvnp h B KvUv Zb gvz nviv Av ^`Ki K wzwb gvz mœ n eu a ivl Zb Q ji z j covi eqm n j mbvevwnbxi PvKzwii myev ` eû Abybq webq K i ivgrx kkjvj Zvi cyî K mikvwi z j fwz i my hvm c jb Av ^`K ii cöv_wgk z ji wk vrxeb ïi n jv mvzviv Z Avi zjrxe bi ïi ZB wn `y mgv Ri ey ev`x RvwZ f` cö_v Z_v A ú k Zvi Awfkv ci e`bv`vqk AwfÁZv ïi n jv Zuvi evj Kvj ev zj Rxeb _ K cöwz c` c hfv e wzwb mvgvwrk eâbv, wbh vzb I Ae njvi wkkvi n qwq jb ZLb _ K Zuvi g a Rxe b cöwzôv cvevi ^cœ RvMÖZ n qwq jv Zuvi Rxe bi mwâz AwfÁZv jv Zuv K Afxó j cušqv Z kw³ hywm q Q GKmgq z j jvãbv-mäbvi Kvi Y zj Ges covïbvi cöwz Nvi wez òv R b hvq Ges cövqkb zj cvjv Z _v Kb wzwb Zey j K Zuvi ` wó _ K KL bv wdwi q bbwb Gw` K wegvzv K gv UB mn Ki Z cviwq jb bv d j KwP Av e Mi ekez x n q wzwb G cwiw wz Z ^vaxb RxweKvR bi K_v wpš v K i ev ^vb Z P j hvevi wm vš wb jb wkš mlv b h Z A bk UvKv cqmvi cö qvrb Zuvi Kv Q Kvb UvKv cqmv bb AMZ v wcmxgvi Kvg i euvav _wjwui w` K fx gi bri co j GKw`b Zv fvwm q wb q _wjwu Z cöz vwkz cqmv bv c q AwZkq nzvk n q c ob Avi GB mgquv ZB Zuvi Rxe bi Avg~j cwiez b `Lv `q Zuvi K_v _ KB Rvb Z cviv hvq h, GB cwiez bi Kvi YB wzwb ciez x Z wb R K W. Av ^`Ki wn m e M o Zzj Z m g n q Qb- ÔwVK Kijvg h Avwg zj cvjv bvi Af vm Z vm Ki ev Ges covïbvi cöwz Mfxifv e g bvwb ek Ki ev, hv Z hz kxnö m e z ji cvv m i ^vaxbfv e Rxeb hvcb ïi Ki Z cvwi Õ GiB g a PvKzwii Kvi Y ivgrx kkcvj mcwiev i ev ^vb P j G jb QvÆ GKwU Ni fvov wb jb hv 6/7 Rb m` m i c Kvbµ gb gv_v MvRv m e bq Av ^`Ki K gvivvv nvb z j

33 fwz Kiv bv n jv Ges z ji AwfÁZvq AwfÁ wczvi mhzœ wk v`v b Zuvi covïbvq cöf~z DbœwZ `Lv w` jv Ab fvb `i covïbv Avi bv n ji wczv ivgrx fx gi cvv ú nv ` L Pig A_ bwzk cöwzk~jzvi g a I Zuvi Rb wewfbœ ebcî msmön K i Avb Zb covïbvq DË ivëi g bv hvm I DbœwZ j K i Zuv K ev ^vbi wel vz zj Gjwdb vb nvb z j fwz Kiv bv n jv Av ^`KiB n jb Gjwdb vb iv Wi Av kcv ki GjvKvq GLvbKvi cö_g I GKgvÎ A ú k QvÎ GB bvgkiv z j fwz n q kz Ae njv Acgv bi g a I covïbvi cöwz Zuvi g bv hvm Av iv e o M jv wkš h cwi e ki g a Zuv K covïbv Ki Z n q Q Zv fve j mwz B AevK n Z nq mevi Rb GKwUgvÎ Ni mlv b ivbœvevbœv, _vkv-lviqv, R vjvwb Kv Vi c, N ii GK Kv Y _vk Zv GKwU QvMjI _vkvi RvqMvi Afv e wczv ivgrx GKwU KŠkj ei Ki jb mü vi ci Av ^`Ki Ny gv Z hz Ges wczv ivgrx R M _ K Zuvi cvv ˆZwi K i w` Zb ivz `y Uv evr j wzwb Av ^`Ki K RvwM q Zvi RvqMvq ï q co Zb Av ^`Ki mvivivz a i wbwiwewj Z covïbv Ki Zb GKw` K cvwievwik Amyweav Ab w` K Gjwdb vb nvb z ji g Zv HwZn evnx z ji ey wn `y mncvwv I wk K `i KvQ _ K jvãbv I we lv Mvi m Ë I 1907 mv j Gjwdb vb nvb zj _ K K wz Z i mv _ cö ewkkv cix vq DËxY nb m mgqkv j GKRb A ú k gvnvi m cö`v qi Q ji cö ewkkv ev g vwuªkz jkb cvk Kiv wq jv AKíbxq e vcvi ev ^vb wek we` vj qi Aax b Gjwdb vb K j R AvBG K v k Av ^`KiB n jb fvize l i cö_g Kvb A ú k QvÎ GB K wz Z i Rb Zvui m cö`v qi c _ K GKwU msea bv mfvi Av qvrb Kiv nq, hvi cš ivwnz K ib wewkó mgvr ms vik Gm. K ev j Ges mgvr mex wk K AR yb KjykKvi, whwb `v`v KjykKvi bv g cwiwpz K wz Z i Rb D Q wmz cöksmv I D Pwk vi Rb DrmvwnZ K i AR yb KjykKvi cöxwz Dcnvi wn m e Ô MŠZg ey iõ GKwU Rxebx MÖš Av ^`K ii nv Z Zz j `b GB ebwub ciez xkv j Av ^`K ii Rxe bi i Z c~y cu cwiez b D j L hvm f~wgkv i LwQ jv m Avg j Aí eq m we qi iiqvr _vkvq cö ewkkv cvk Kivi ci Av ^`K ii AvcwË m Ë I Zuvi we qi Av qvrb Kiv n jv `v cvjxi m MvÎxq m cö`v qi wfly Iqvj¼ ii bq eqi e qmx Kb v igvevc qi mv _ fxgivi Av ^`Ki 1908 mv j gvî 17 eqi eq m weevn eü b Ave nb GB igyxi M f Zuvi wzb cyî I GK Kb vi Rb nq Kb v B `y ˆkk eb gviv hvq Ges GK cyî ivrizœ 1934 mv ji RyjvB gv m gviv hvq 1910 mv j Gjwdb vb K jr _ K AvB.G cvk Kivi ci A_ vfv e Zuvi jlvcov eü nevi Lei c q ïfvbya vqx wk K AR yb KjykKvi Av ^`Ki K wb q e iv`vi gnvivrv mqvwrivi MvB Kvqv oi m ½ `Lv K ib me ï b gnvivrv Zuvi D Pwk v MÖnYv _ hvezxq mvnvh cö`v bi cöwzkö wz `b Ges Zuv K GKB K j R we.g covi LiP RvMvb 1912 mv j mlvb _ K we.g cvk K ib Ges wvk Zvi c ii eqi 1913 mv ji 2iv deª qvwi Zuvi wczvi g Zz nq Zuvi Rxe bi Ab Zg mnvqk kw³i Drm wczvi g Zz Z wzwb AZ š kvkvwff~z n q co ji ey ev `i wkkvi n q ˆkk ei Acgvb, wbh vzb, AeÁv, AZ vpvi BZ vw`i wei AwaKvi AR bi msmövg

34 Zuv K me `vb ZvwoZ KiwQ jv Avi G ïay Zuvi wb Ri AwaKvi Av`v qi jovb bq, kz mnmª eqikvj a i wbh vwzz, kvwlz, jvwãz KvwU KvwU A ú k gvbe mš vb `i gvbyl wn m e AwaKvi cöwzôv I euvpvi jovb Zv Ki Z n e mb Kv qgx ^v_ v š^lx MvwôUvi mv _ hviv we` v, eyw, gzv, A_, K~UbxwZ, a~z Zvq, kvzvq, wnsmªzvq, ag vüzvq eû Y kw³kvjx G `i mv _ jo Z n j cö_ g wb R K mfv eb h _vchy³fv e cö Z K i Zzj Z n e GB cö wzi Rb PvB h Zv ewk m e Ávbe j ejxqvb niqv Rxe bi G ch v q G m Av ^`Ki h Avi `gevi cvî bb wzwb ` g hvbwb B Zvg a e iv`vi gnvivrv MvB Kvqv oi A_ vq b A ú k gavex QvÎ wn m e Av gwikvi Kjw ^qv wek we` vj q D Pwk vi my hvm wg j M jv kz n jv Av gwikv _ K wd i e iv`vi gnvivrvi Aax b 10 eqi PvKwi Ki eb Av ^`Ki Av gwikvq cv w` q GB cö_g hb wzwb gyw³i ^v` c jb ^ ` ki g Zv GLv b bb cöwzwbqz RvZ, cvz, ey I A ú k Zvi fêvwg mevi mv _ GK Î L Z cviv, em Z cviv, cövy Ly j K_v ej Z cviv, hb bzzb GK ^cœ jvk wek we` vj q fwz n q ivóªweávb, mgvrweávb, gvbeweávb, bxwzweávb I A_ bxwz K cv Vi welq K i wzwb K Vvifv e covïbvq wbgmœ n jb 1915 mv j ÔAncient Indian CommerceÕ wel q A_ bxwz Z Gg.G wwmöx AR b K ib Ges 1916 mv ji Ryb gv m ÔNational Dividend of India- a Historic and Analytical StudyÕ wel q Zuvi wjwlz w_wm mi Rb W± iu Dcvwa jvf K ib 1917 mv j 1g wek hy ïi n q hvq wk v k l Gi g a B wzwb RvnvR hv M ^ ` ki D Ï k iiqvbv `b Ges 1917 mv ji 24 AvM ev ^vb Z cuš Q Kg Rxe b cö ek K ib Zuvi Kg Rxe bi eûgylx Kg Kv Êi g a I wzwb cybivq 1920 mv ji RyjvB gv m D P wk v _ we jz hvb mlv b ÔLondon School of Economics and Political ScienceÕ K j R fwz nb Ges Zuvi M elyvg~jk cöeü ÔProvincial Decentralisation of Imperial Finance in British IndiaÕ wel qi Dci M.Sc wwmöx jvf K ib 1922 mv j fvizxq fvlv I ms wz wel q M elyvi D Ï k Rvg vwbi eb wek we` vj q fwz n ji A_ vfv e mev ii M elyv kl Ki Z cv ib wb 1923 mv j cybivq jû b wd i G m ÔThe Problem of the RupeeÕ bvgk cöe Üi Dci M elyv KvR Pvwj q D.Sc Dcvwa jvf K ib Gici jû b IKvjwZ ïi K ib Ges mlvb _ K Bar-at-Law wwmöx jvf K ib ^ ` k wd ib 10 eqi PvKzwi Kivi AsMxKvi Abyhvqx W. Av ^`Ki e iv`v U-G hvm`vb Ki jb gnvivrv Zuv K A_ gš xi `vwqz b Kivi wm vš wb jb Z e Zvi Av M AwfÁZv AR bi Rb cö_ g mvgwik mwpe wn m e wb qvm w` jb cö_g Kg Rxe b cö ek K ii G Zve ov c`exavix weøvb e w³ K di A ú k i mb cyi bv N Y Av b co Z n jv Awd mi wkw Z Kg KZ v _ K ïi K i wcib ch š KD Zuvi mv _ K_v ej Zv bv, Zuvi dvbj-cî Uwe ji Dci Qzu o gviv n Zv, GgbwK Awd m iw Z cvbxq Rj L Z cvi Zb bv G mg q _vkvi Kvb mye e v bv _vkvq wzwb esk cwipq Mvcb i L GK cvm x nv U j Ae vb KiwQ jb KÕw`b ci cvm x `i wkqz jvk Rvb Z cvi jv h, Zv `i nv U j Ae vbkvix jvkwu GKRb A ú k

35 kªyxfy³, m wn `y bq Z j- e b R j IV jv Zviv `je n q jvwv- mvuv wb q A c v Ki Z jvm jv Av ^`Ki Kg w`em k l nv U j cö e ki c~ e B we zä cvm x jvkrb KZ K evavmö I jvwãz n jb Gici Zviv Rvi K i Zuv K m vb Z vm Ki Z ej jv Ges Zuvi e eüz wrwbmcî I cö qvrbxq KvMRcÎvw` Qzu o d j w` jv cvðv Z i myaxgn j wecyjfv e Awfbw `Z KxwZ gvb GB QvÎwU K klch š ^ ` ki Awkw Z, gyl I Kzms viv Qbœ jvk `i Zvov L q wbivwkªz n q mvivw`b MvQZjvq e m eo welyœ gb wb q fve Z n qwq jv, A ú k iv wk wn `y bq? Av ^`Ki GB NUbvi we vwiz Rvwb q gnvivrv K wpwv wjl jb gnvivrv Zuvi `Iqvb K Gi wewnz e e v Ki Z ej j `Iqvb Zvi A gzvi K_v gnvivrv K Rvwb q w` jb Gi Aí KÕw`b c ib GK eyk Kó wb q Av ^`Ki ev ^vb wd i G jb G NUbvq wn `y mgv Ri RNb Zg iƒcwui Zuvi Kv Q úó n q M jv Gi DrmUv K wpwýz Ki ZI Zuvi Kó n jv bv A ú k Zvi wei Av `vjb... e iv`v _ K Av ^`Ki hlb ev ^vb wd i G jb Ges wm Wbn vg K jr Ae Kgvm G vû BKbwg K j R AvB bi Aa vck wn m e wbhy³ nb, GLv bi A ú k Zvi b v virbk _vev _ K wzwb gy³ wq jb bv ey wn `y QvÎiv cö_ g Zuvi K vk er b Ki jv, mnkg x wk Kiv Zuvi mv _ GK Uwe j e m Pv-cvb I Mí- Re Ki Zb bv Ges vdi gi Kjmx _ K Rj cv bi ÎI Zv `i AvcwË wq jv G mg q Pjgvb ivrbxwz Z fvi Z ^vqz kvm bi `vex Rvi`vi n q D V Q ZLb fviz mwpe g U mv cöwzk Ae v mivmwi Rvbvi Rb fvi Z Av mb wewfbœ msmvb I RvwZ Mvwô Zvi Kv Q wewfbœ `vex-`viqv ck Ki Z jvm jv GiB g a 1918 mv ji 23 I 24 gvp ev ^vb Z ww cömw K v km wgk bi c e iv`vi gnvivrv mqvwrqv MvB Kvqv ii cšiwn Z fvi Zi A bk bz e M i Dcw wz Z h gnvm jb AbywôZ nq, mlv b evjm½vai wzjk e jb h- A ú k Zv wn `y mgv Ri GKwU g eo e vwa Ges G K Aek B `~i Ki Z n e ^qs fmevb A ú k Zv K mg_ b Ki ji wzwb Ki eb bv A_P m j bi Bk Znv i hlb ejv n jv, Kvb bzv Zv `i ˆ`bw `b Rxe b A ú k Zv gvb eb bv, ZLb wzjkb mb Bk Znv i mb Ki jb bv ivrbxwzi cöv_wgk AwfÁZv ZB Ggb R vjvgqx e³e `vbkvix `i ^iƒcuv K fv jvfv e ey S wb Z fyj Ki jb bv wzwb K_vq I wb Ri RxebvPv i cöpê ^we ivax Gme Pwi Îi mv _ KL bvb Av cvlkvgx bv nevi ` pzvuv Av ^`Ki ZLbB wb Ri g a aviy K i wb jb d j bz vbxq BwÛqvb jvi wn m e W. Av ^`Ki K g U P ^m dvw widg m Gi wfwë Z wbe vpb m ú K mvd_ ev iv KwgwU Z Avgš Y Rvbv j wzwb wbh vwzz kªyxi Rb c _K wbe vpb I msl vbycv Z Avmb msi Yi K_v úófv e Rvwb q `b d j 1919 mv ji bzzb AvB b (Government of India Act 1919) wbh vwzz kªyxi ivr bwzk AwaKvi cö_g ^xk Z nq G AvB b K `ªxq AvBb mfvq wbh vwzz kªyxi ek wkqz msl K m`m Aš f y³ Kiv nq G mg q A ú k `i wk vi cömvi I RvwZMZ wewawb l ai AemvbK í Kvjvcy ii gnvivrv kvû gnvivr Avš wik Drmvn wb q GwM q G j ZuviB A_ vq b 1920 mv j W. Av ^`Ki ÔgyKbvqKÕ bvgk GKwU cwîkv cökvk K ib cö_g msl v ZB W. Av ^`Ki wn `yag xq elg bxwzi K Vvi mgv jvpbv K ib G eq ii g gv m bvmcy i kvû gnviv Ri mfvcwz Z GKwU me fvizxq A ú k m jb AbywôZ nq A ú k `i Rb GUvB cö_g me fvizxq m jb GB m j b W.

36 Av ^`K ii Póvq A ú k gvnvi `i AvVviwU m cö`v qi g a mw wjzfv e fv Rvrm ei gva g HK e gvnvi m cö`vq M o Zvjv nq GiciB W. Av ^`Ki we `kx eüz wgt bvfvj fv _bvi Avw_ K mn hvwmzvq e vwi vwi mb`cövß niqvi ci ^vaxbfv e AvBb e emvq b g c ob Ges wbr hvm Zvq G Z mvdj AR b K ib B Zvg a wbh vwzz kªyxi cöwzwbwa wn m e Gm. K. ev j K `ªxq AvBb mfvq GKwU i Z c~y cö ve cvk Kivb Zv n jv cykzi, Rjvkq, we` vjq, nvmcvzvj, mikvwi Awdm, KvU KvPvwi Z wbh vwzz `i mgvbvwakvi _vk e AvBbMZfv e cvk n ji ev e Zv Kvh Kwi n jv bv Gw` K MvÜxRx LjvdZ Av `vj b hvm w` q ivrbxwz Z gvi LvIqvi ci 1924 mv j ÔnwiRbÕ m cö`v qi Kj v Y KvR Kivi wm vš bb Gi cq b A ú k `i Kj v Yi P q ivr bwzk D Ïk UvB h cöavb wq jv W. Av ^`Ki Zv eys Z c iwq jb wvkb GKB eqi 1924 mv j W. Av ^`Ki A ú k `i Dci Pvwc q `qv evav wb la `~i Kivi cöqv m K `ªxq msmv bi MvovcËb Kivi D Ï k GKwU m jb AvnŸvb K ib GB m jb _ KB m vi wpgbjvj kxzjev` K mfvcwz K i 29 RyjvB Ôewn K Z wnzkvwiyx mfvõ bv g GKwU mwgwz MwVZ nq GB mwgwzi gva g 1925 mv ji Mvov _ KB `wjz m cö`v qi mnvqzvg~jk wkqz wk v I Av_ -mvgvwrk D ` vm hgb QvÎvevm wbg vy, cwîkv cökvk, wd«wiwws i g vcb, gvnvi nwk K ve MVb BZ vw` ev evqb Kiv ïi nq W. Av ^`K ii GB D ` vm `w Y fviz Zvjcvomn fvi Zi Ab vb cöv š I AvQ o c o bzzb GK Av `vj bi XD Zzj Z jvm jv GiB g a 1926 mv ji gvp gv m gv`ªv R msnwuz Avi GKwU NUbvi Lei Qwo q co j `ke vwc D ËRbvKi cwiw wzi m wó nq gy M mb bvgk GKRb A ú k hyek So-e wó Z wecyœ n q cövy euvpv bvi ZvwM ` Zv `i Rb wbwl GKwU gw ` i Xy K co j gw `i AcweÎ Kivi `v q `wêz n q D PeY jvk `i nv Z Zv K cövy w` Z nq Av ^`Ki G NUbvejx Mfxifv e ch e Y K i Zuvi ÔgyK-bvqKÕ cwîkvi m úv`kxq Z djvi K i Qvc Z _vk j Av `vj bi ZxeªZv e w c Z _v K Gici wzwb mvaviy gvby li KvZv i wm q R vjvgqx I DÏxcbvg~jK e³ Zv-wee wzi gva g A ú k `i g b GK Af~Zc~e AvZ cöz qi m wó Ki Z jvm jb AvZ wbf izv, AvZ Dbœqb I AvZ m vb, GB wzbwu g~jgš K mvg b i L AZ š cöväjfv e Zuvi e³e cökvk Ki Z jvm jb- ÔAvgv `ii Rb f~wgi Dci Ab vb `i g Zv mgvb AwaKvi i q Q, h AwaKvi _ K Avgv `i K kz mnmª eqi a i ewâz ivlv n q Q AvR gibcy msmövg K ii m AwaKvi Avgv `i Av`vq K i wb Z n e Õ wzwb Av iv ej Zb- ÔAv M wb R K RvMÖZ Ki Z n e hviv gvbyl n qi mgv R cïi P q Aag, hym hymvš i mgv Ri cövycy mev K ii wn `y mgv Ri h me a~z I cöeâ Ki `j Zv `i kz mnmª eqikvj A ú k Zvi gvjv cwo q KzKzi weov ji P qi ewk N Y K i G m Q mb mg gvbyl `i cö_g cö qvrb gvby li AwaKvi jvf Ab _vq Zv `i Rxe b ivr bwzk ^vaxbzvi Kvb wfwë bb Õ

37 PŠ`vi cykzi Awfhvb I evev mv ne L vwz AR b 1923 mv ji K `ªxq AvBb mfvq M nxz Ô ev j cö veõ Abyhvqx gvnv` wgdwbwmcvwjwu 1924 mv j PŠ`vi cykzi A ú k `i Rb gy³ Kiv n e e j NvlYv cökvk K iwq jv wkš gymjgvb I Lªx vbiv GB cykz ii Rj Aev a e envi Ki ji A ú k `i e env ii Î evav-wb la wvkb ejer ib jv Ggb Kv R NvlYvi g a A ú k `i AwaKvi mxgve _vkvi cöw Z 1927 mv j W. Av ^`Ki Gevi mivmwi Kvh Ki Av `vj b bvgvi wm vš wb jb wzwb G eq ii 19 I 20 gvp gvnv ` GKwU m jb AvnŸvb Ki jb G m j b wewfbœ Rjv _ K cövq `k nvrvi cöwzwbwa I wkqz D`vigbv ey wn `y e w³i Dcw wz Z W. Av ^`Ki GK R vjvgqx e³ Zvq e jb- ÔAvgiv hw` wb R `i gh v`v wb Riv m wó Ki Z bv cvwi KDB Avgv `i gh v`v ` e bv Ges c ` c ` Acgvb I N Yv Ki e Avgv `i cö Z K K wk vmöny Ki Z n e fwel r eskai `i hw` Avgv `i P q DbœZ i cuš Q `qvi Póv bv Kwi Z e Avgv `i m ½ cï `i cv_ K Kv_vq?Õ G m j b cö_g w` b 1924 mv j M nxz ev j cö vemg~n Awej ^ ev evq b mikvix ` wó AvKl Yi cö ve ivlv nq Ges wøzxq w` bi m jb k l cöwzwbwamy GK weivu kvfvhvîv wb q PŠ`vi cykzi Awfgy L hvb W. Av ^`Ki cö_g cykz ii Rj úk I cvb K i A ú k `i nvrvi eq ii AbwaKvi f ½ `b mv _ mv _ mnmª gvby li RqaŸwb Z cykzi cöv½y gylwiz n q I V Ges wbh vwzz kªyxi nvrvi nvrvi RbZv mg ^ i W. Av ^`Ki K Ôevev mv neõ e j AvL vwqz Ki jb Gici RbZv Avb ` wgwqj wb q wbkuez x ex ik i c v Û j wd i Av mb Gw` K KzPµx ey wn `yiv AccÖPvi Ki Z jvm jv h, A ú k iv ïay cykz ii RjB AcweÎ K i bvb, Zvi ex ik ii gw `ii AcweÎ Ki Z Avm Q d j GK`j nvgjvevr AZwK Z c v Ûj AvµgY K i G nvgjvi Lei WvK evs jv Z Ae vbiz W. Av ^`K ii Kv b cušq j wzwb `ª Z cywjk KZ c K cöwznz Kivi AvnŸvb Rvwb q K qkrb mnpi wb q `ª Z c v Ûj Awfgy L Qz U G m nvgjvkvix `i D Ï k Rvbv jb h gw `i Awfhv bi Kvb cwikíbv Zv `i bb Ggb mgq Qwo q wqwu q _vkv bz em I A ú k mvaviy RbMY Zv `i wcöq bzvi mvg b G m cvëv nvgjv Pvjvevi wb ` k `v bi Rb Av e`b Rvbv j wzwb Zv `i K AvBbvbyM e e vq wewnz e e v Ki eb e j Avk K ib Av `vj bi ZxeªZv Pviw` K Qwo q co Z jvm jv ` ki mvsevw`k eyw Rxex I ivr bwzk bz e ` `yb wkwe i wef³ n q co jv KD ga cš v Aej ^b Ki jb, KD Av ^`K ii cv k Gm `uvov jb G `i GKRb exi mvfviki whwb úó fvlvq D PviY Ki jb- A ú k Zv `~ixkiy ïay hy Mvc hvmx bxwz ev KZ e wn m eb bq, gbyl Z i b vq wepvi I wn `y a g i e nëi ^v _ i R b I Awej ^ G e vwa AcmviY Kiv `ikvi Mvei I Mvg~Î bvgk cïgj Øviv cweîki Yi wn `y e e vi N Y I nvm Ki weavb _ K wn `y ag K gy³ Kiv cö qvrb D ËRbv Zxeª n Z _vk j 1927 mv ji 4Vv AvM nvvr K i gvnv` wgdwbwmcvwjwu GK Aa v `k Rvwii gva g PŠ`vicyKziwU K A ú k `i Kv Q Db y³ ivlvi 1924 mv ji cö vewu cöz vnvi K i

38 bq G NUbv W. Av ^`K ii Rb GKwU P v jä n q `Lv w` jv Gi cöwzwµqv ^iƒc wzwb 1927 mv ji 11B m Þ ^i ev ^vb qi `v gv`i n j GK wekvj Rbmfvi Av qvrb K ib G Z gvnv` wgdwbwmcvwjwui A ea cö v ei Zxeª wb `v Ávcb Kiv nq Ges me m wzµ g GB Ab vq Av ` ki wei msmövg Pvwj q hviqvi wm vš M nxz nq GLvb _ KB 25 I 26 k ww m ^i PŠ`vi cykz i mz vmön cvj bi wm vš bqv nq Pig D ËRbvi ga w` q 25 k ww m ^i c bi nvrvi mz vmönxi Dcw wz Z m jb ïi n jv B Zvg a K qkrb e w³ cykziwu K Zv `i e w³mz `vex K i Kv U KvMRcÎ `vwlj K iwq jv ZvB KvU KZ K cykziwu me mvavi Yi m úwë wn m e cögvwyz bv niqv ch š mlv b mz vmön g~jzex ivlvi Rb Rjv g vwr óª Ui Aby iv ai cöw Z mz vmön wmz ivlvi cö ve M wnz nq GB m j bb W. Av ^`Ki wn `ya g i cweî MÖš ÔgbymswnZvÕi Zxeª mgv jvpbv K i e jb- ÔgbymswnZv K wn `y a g i AvPiYwewai cweî MÖš iƒ c MY Kiv nq gby wz K eªvþy RM`xk i e j AvL vwqz Kiv n q Q, k~ `ªi m ú` AR b K Aciva wn m e MY Kiv n q Q Ges eªvþ Yiv k~ `ªi m úwëi b vqm½z AwaKvix e j ^xk Z n q Q h Kvb e Y i bvix eªvþy `i Dc fv Mi e MÖš wu eªvþy ev `i KvjvKvbyb Ges mf mgv Ri Kj¼ Kv RB MÖš wu K Awej ^ f xf~z Kiv cö qvrb Õ Zuvi GB e³ e i cöw Z m j bi D ËRbv e w c jv d j GB m jb _ KB cö_g gvbevwakv ii GK mb`cî cvk Kiv bv mn wn `ya g i cweî MÖš gby wzi cö¾ jb msµvš cö ve M nxz n jv Ges me m wzµ g 25 ww m ^i ivz 9Uvq mv Pvi wa vi I wecyj Avb `aÿwbi ga w` q me mg Ôgby wzõi eýy rme Kiv nq Gw` K ciez x wzb eqi a i Pjv PŠ`vi cykz ii gvgjvq klch š A ú k ivb Rqjvf Ki jv Avi GB gvnv` Av `vj bi djkö wz ZB Aí mg qi g a W. Av ^`K ii c mviv fvi Z Zdmxwj ev `wjz Av `vjbi M o Zvjv m e n jv mvbgb Kwgkb wi cvu 1928 mv ji cö_g mßv n fvi Zi mgm vejx mgx v Kivi Rb m vi Rb mvbg bi bz Z mvz m` m i GKwU e wuk cöwzwbwa `j ev ^vb Av m hv ÔmvBgb KwgkbÕ (Simon Commission) bv g cwiwpz GLv b Kvb fvizxq K Aš f y³ bv Kivq fvizxq Kvb ivr bwzk `jb GB Kwgkb K ^vmz Rvbvqwb GB mgq Ks MÖm KZ K wn `y, gymjgvb, cvm x, wkl, `ªvweo I G vs jv BwÛqvb cöf wz cöwzwbwa `i wb q GKwU me fvizxq m jb Avn~Z n ji GB m j b wbh vwzz kªyxi Kvb cöwzwbwa K Avgš Y Rvbv bv nqwb Z e mvbgb Kwgk bi Kv R mnvqzv Kivi Rb AvBb mfvi m`m `i wb q cö Z K cö ` ki MwVZ KwgwU Z ev ^vb _ K Av ^`Ki g bvbxz nb wbh vwzz kªyxi 16wU ms v mvbgb Kwgk bi Kv Q c _K wbe vp bi `vex Rvbvq W. Av ^`Ki Zuvi Ôewn K Z wnzkvwibx mfvõi c _ K msiw Z Avm b hy³ wbe vpb e e v Ges wbh vwzz kªyxi Rb c _K Avmb `vex K ib klvewa Kwgk bi mv _ HKg Z Avm Z bv c i wzwb `k I RvwZi e nëi Kj vy I H K i cöwz AwaKZi i Z Av ivc K i Avjv`vfv e wi cvu

39 ck K ib GB wi cvu cökvwkz nevi ci W. Av ^`Ki mwz Kvi `k cöwgk I `~i` wóm úbœ ivrbxwzwe` wn m e cwiwpwz cvb 1930 mv ji AvM gv m Av ^`K ii mfvcwz Z AbywôZ me fvizxq wbh vwzz `i wb q bvmcy i GK m jb mfvq wzwb e jb- ÔRvwZag wbwe k l ALÊ RvZxqZv ev ai gva g fvizxq `i c ^vaxb mikvi MVb m e Z e msweavb ˆZwiKvjxb mg q wewfbœ RvwZi myweav Amyweavi w`kmg~n we epbvi `vex iv L... GK ` ki Dci Ab ` ki kvmb hgb ei`v Kiv hvq bv, Zgwb Kvb RvwZ ev kªyxi kvmb K fvj e j g b biqv hvq bv Õ gw `i cö ek Awfhvb Av ^`K ii D `qv `wjz Av `vjb fvize vcx Qwo q co j wewfbœ v b GB Av `vjb wbh vwzz `i kz kz eq ii wbwl _vkv gw ` i cö e ki AwaKvi Av `vj bi GKvZ n q c o Gme Av `vj bi cöw Z wewfbœ v b gw `i I c~rv KwgwU A ú k `i c~rvgê c cö e ki AbygwZ w` Z eva nq Kv_vI Kv_vI msn l i iƒc bq B Zvg a ey ev`x wn `y cöwzwbwa MvwÜRx gw `i cö e ki Gme Av `vjb K evbpvj Kivi Rb wewfbœ K~U KŠkj cö qvm Ki Z jvm jb Av ^`Ki eys Z cviwq jb h MvwÜRxI Avm j nwirb `i gw `i cö e ki Abkb Av `vj bi bv g GK K~U-ivRbxwZ ïi K i w` q Qb ZvB Zvi AbyMvgx mevb K mzk K i w` q e j w` jb h Kvb gvby li g a AZz ¾ j myß cöwzfvi wekvk NUv Z `L j Zv K mvaviy gvbyl _ K Avjv`v f e AeZv i cwiyz KivB wn `y ag vej ^x `i cöpwjz iiqvr Zviv A ú k iv hb KLbI Zuvi (Av ^`Ki) Dci `ez Av ivc bv K ib GKgvÎ ivr bwzk gzvb Zv `i cvw_ e `ytl `y` kvi nvz _ K i v Ki Z cv i wzwb Av iv e jb- ÔfMev bi cöwz fw³, Kvb gnvz vi cq b QvUv, Zx_ Mgb, Abkb ev Dcev m gyw³ wgj ebv, gyw³ wgj e ivr bwzk cöwzôvi gva g Õ jû b Mvj Uwej ˆeVK fvi Zi ^vaxbzv Av `vj bi BwZnv m jû b AbywôZ 1930 I 1931 mv ji cö_g I wøzxq Mvj Uwej ˆeVK (Round Table Confarence) h _ó Zvrch c~y wq jv GLv b gnvz v MvÜx, gn ` Avjx wrbœvn, G K drjyj nk, wkl bzv D¾j wms cögyl fvi Zi me ivr bwzk ` ji cöwzwbwa I wewfbœ iv R i fvizxq ivrb e M i mv _ fvi Zi eojvu KZ K GB cö_g `wjz cöwzwbwa wn m e W. Av ^`KiI Avgwš Z nb mlv b gnvz v MvÜx wbh vwzz kªyxi RbM Yi mgm v K gvgywj e vcvi e j D c v Ki Z PvB ji Av ^`Ki `wjz m cö`v qi c ev e Ae v we k ly K i Kov hyw³mnkv i wewfbœ `vex `viqv DÌvcb K ib klch š GB Mvj Uwej ˆeVK Kvb wm vš QvovB g~jzwe n q M jv HwZnvwmK cybv Pzw³

40 1932 mv ji Rvbyqvwi Z Ôd«vÝvBR KwgwUÕi AvnŸv b KwgwUi m`m `i mv _ Av ^`Ki fvi Zi wewfbœ cö `k cwiågykv j me ÎB Zuvi D ` v M wbh vwzz kªyxi jv Kiv KwgwUi Kv Q Zv `i c _K wbe vp bi `vex Rvwb q Qb ZLb K `ªxq AvBb mfvq wbh vwzz kªyxi cöwzwbwa wq jb Gg.wm ivrv wzwb cö_ g W. Av ^`K ii c _K wbe vp bi mwµq mg_ K n ji ciez x Z W. gy Äi mv _ GK Î msiw Z Avm bi wfwë Z hy³ wbe vp bi `vex Rvwb q weª U bi cöavbgš xi Kv Q vikwjwc cöiy K i Av ^`Ki K weeªzki Ae vq d j w` jb W. Av ^`Ki c~ e msiw Z Avm b hy³ wbe vp bi c cvzx wq jb Ges mvbgb Kwgk b D³ `vex K iwq jb wkš Av ^`K ii GB `vex MvwÜRx g b wb Z AcivMZv cökvk Kivq wbh vwzz RbmvaviY we zä n q I V Ges W. Av ^`KiI c _K wbe vp bi Rviv jv `vex Zv jb GB `vexi mg_ b mviv fvi Z cöpê D ËRbv `Lv `q Ges wbh vwzz kªyxi A bk msmvb GB `vexi mg_ b GwM q Av m 1932 mv ji 1jv g Ôd«vÝvBR KwgwUÕi Awa ekb kl nq GB KwgwU KZ K wbh vwzz kªyx ej Z Kv `i K eysv e Zvi GKwU my úó msáv ˆZwi Kiv nq Zv Abymv i wn `y mgv Ri h mg kªyxi gvbyl K A ú k wn m e MY Kiv nq ZvivB Ôwbh vwzz kªyxõ (Depressed Classes) bv g wpwýz n e G cöw Z 7 g bvmcy i 15/20 nvrvi jv Ki mgv e ki ga w` q me fvizxq `wjz ev wbh vwzz kªyxi gnv m jb AbywôZ nq G Z W. Av ^`K ii `vex K mg_ b K i wbh vwzz `i c _K wbe vp bi `vex mgw_ Z nq Ges ivrv-gy Ä d v± K wbh vwzz kªyxi ^v_ we ivax e j NvlYv Kiv nq Gw` K Gg.wm ivrvi wwmevrxi Kvi Y wepwjz Av ^`Ki weªwuk cöavbgš xi mv _ e w³mzfv e hvmv hvm Kivi cö qvrbxqzv Abyfe K ib Ges kxnöb jû bi c _ hvîv K ib 1932 mv ji 7 Ryb jû b cuš Q `vex m ^wjz 22 c ôvi GK vikwjwc weªwuk Kwe b U ck K ib Ges D P ch v qi Kg KZ v `i mv _ hvmv hvm K i wbh vwzz kªyxi A bk welqvw` m ú K Zv `i AewnZ Kivb 1932 mv ji AvM gv m weªwuk cöavbgš x KZ K mv cö`vwqk e U bi ivq NvwlZ nq G Z cðvrc` kªyxi Rb cöv `wkk AvBb mfvq c _K wbe vpb e e v Ges ˆØZ fvuvwakv ii e e vi ^xk Z nq GB ˆØZ fvu c wz n jv- GKwU fvu wb R `i cöv_ x K Ges Ab wu mvaviy cöv_ x K cö qvm Ki Z cvi e GQvov fvi Zi Ab vb msl vjny m cö`v qi R b I c _K wbe vpb e e v ^xk Z nq d j cvj v g U wn `yiv msl vjwnó n q covi Avk¼vq wn `y ^v_ mswk ó cîcwîkv jv mv cö`vwqk e U bi wei Zxeª AvµgYvZ K Lei Qvc Z _v K G Z me P q ewk AvNvZcÖvß n jb cybvi hvi e`v R j Ae vbiz ey wn `y `i cöavb ^v_ i vkvix cöwzf~ gnvz v MvÜx GB mv cö`vwqk e U bi d j Zuvi ivr bwzk Rxe bi mg cö Póv e _ Zvq ch ewmz n Z P j Q GB aviyvi ekez x n q wbh vwzz kªyxi eû cöz vwkz weªwuk mikvi KZ K Aby gvw`z c _K wbe vpb e e vi wei GB cö_g MvwÜRx AvgiY Abk bi kl A cö qvm Ki jb

41 MvwÜRxi AvgiY Abk bi wm vš Ks MÖm bzvkg x `i g a ek D ËRbvi m wó Ki jv MvwÜRxi Rxeb i vi Rb KD KD W. Av ^`K ii HKvwš K mn hvwmzv Kvgbv Ki jb AmsL UwjMÖvg I cî gvidz KD mv cö`vwqk e U bi `vex Z v Mi Aby iva Ki Z jvm jb, KD ev W. Av ^`K ii Rxebbv ki ûgwk w` Z jvm jb, Avevi KD mv cö`vwqk e U bi wm v š AUj _vkvi Aby iva Rvbv jb Av ^`Ki Zuvi wm v š AwePj ib jb wbh vwzz RbM Yi AwaKvi K zyœ Ki Z wzwb bvivr jû b AbywôZ Mvj Uwej ˆeV K wbh vwzz kªyxi RbM Yi mgm v K h MvwÜRx gvgywj e vcvi e j D c v K iwq jb, A_P AvR wzwb mb gvgywj mgm vi Rb Kb AvgiY Abkb cvj bi wm vš wb jb? W. Av ^`Ki cökœ Zv jb- MvwÜRx Zv Bs ir `i `k Qvo Z, gymjgvb ev Ab vb msjny `i c _K wbe vp bi wei ev mgvr _ K wpiz i A ú k Zvi g~ jvrcvub Ki Z Kvbw`b AvgiY Abk b hvbwb Avm jb wzwb k³ gvwu Z c`vnvz Kivi gz gyl bb Ab vb msl vjny `i c _K wbe vp b hw` fvi Zi RvZxqZv bó bv nq Zvn j A ú k `i c _K wbe vp b fvi Zi RvZxqZv bó n e Kb? c~e wm vš Abyhvqx MvwÜRxi AvgiY Abkb ïi n q M j 1932 mv ji 19 m Þ ^i ev ^vb qi ÔBwÛqvb gv P Um P ^vi n jõ cwêz g`b gvnb gvj e i mfvcwz Z ey ev`x wn `y `i GKwU m jb AvûZ nq GB cö_g GiKg GKwU m j b W. Av ^`Ki Avgwš Z n jb G mfvq Ab vb `i g a huviv Dcw Z wq jb W. gy Ä, W. mvjvswk, wpgb jvj kxzjev`, W. iv R `ª cömv`, W. `kgyl, W. mvfviki, gvby my e`vi, Kgjv b ni, ZR evnv`yi mcö, ˆPZ ivg, A vwb emvš, V i, K buivrb I wc.i wm`iqvbx cögyl D j L hvm mfvcwzi Aby ivaµ g cö_ g W. Av ^`Ki Zuvi bvwz`xn e³ Zvq e jb-...guv `yt Li welq h, MvwÜRx wbh vwzz kªyxi RbM Yi ^v _ i wei AvgiY Abkb ïi K i Qb mk j h Zuvi g~j evb Rxeb i vi Rb e vkzj n eb GUvB ^vfvwek Avcbviv nq Zv Avgv K wbkuzg j v ú cv Szwj q wj K i gvi Z cv ib, wkš Avwg h cweî `vwqz I KZ e fvi MÖnY K iwq Zv _ K Avvwg wepz Z n Z cvi ev bv MvwÜRx Kvb wekí cö ve bv ivlvq Avwg GB mgm vi mgvavb Lyu R cvw Q bv Avcbviv eis MvwÜRx K GK mßv ni Rb Abkb eü ivl Z Aby iva Rvbvb Ges GB mg qi g a Kvb bv Kvb GKUv mgvavb Lyu R cviqv hv e cö ve PvjvPvwj ïi n jv wkš `yc i Kv iv cö ve KD MÖnY Ki Z cvi Qb bv Gw` K MvwÜRxi kvixwik Ae v µ gb Lviv ci w` K hv PQ welqwu W. Av ^`Ki K wpwš Z K i Zzj jv Kbbv Kvb `yn Ubv N U M j MvwÜRxi g Zz K K `ª K i fvi Z A ú k wbh vwzz kªyxi Dci mv cö`vwqk `v½v I e vck nzvnz nevi Zxeª m vebv `Lv w` Z jvm jv Dcvqvš i bv ` L W. Av ^`Ki 24 m Þ ^i AbywôZ ˆeV K GKUv Av cvl idvq P j Avmvi wm vš wb jb GB Av cvl Pzw³ Z MvwÜRx h f~wgkvq AeZxY n jb Zv Awfbe Kv h v v ii Rb cig kî i Kv QI cig wg Îi Awfbq Kivi ` Zv d j e wukivr KZ K mv cö`vwqk e U bi fvu

42 c wz Z ew UZ 78 wu Avm bi cwie Z wbh vwzz kªyxi Rb GLb 148 wu Avm b e w Kiv n jv e U, wkš me P q D j L hvm welq n jv Zv `i KvQ _ K wøzxq fvuvwakvi niy K i bqv n jv hvi gva g A ú k iv mn RB c _Kfv e wb RivB wb R `i cöwzwbwa wbe vpb K i mvaviy wbe vpb K cöfvevwš^z Ki Z cvi Zv, mb c_ cy ivcywi eü K i `qv n jv GB Pzw³ fvi Zi BwZnv m ÔKzL vz cybv Pzw³Õ (Poona Pact) bv g wpwýz n q Av Q xwe qvm 1935 mv j ev ^vb mikvwi AvBb K j R Aa wn m e hvm`vb K ib `yõeqi wzwb G c ` AwawôZ _v Kb Gw` K QvUKvj _ K jvjb K i Avmv myß ^cœwu K Gevi ev evqb NUv Z jvm jb ev ^vbi `v`v ii wn `y K jvbx Z wb Ri g Zv K i GKwU my `i evwo ˆZwi Ki jb hvi Dci Zjvq n jv 50 nvrv iii AwaK cy K cwic~y GKwU e w³mz jvb eªix evwoi bvg ivl jb ÔivRM nõ h bvgwui mv _ eš a g i cövpxb BwZnvm RwoZ wkš G myli mb jv bv Zuvi G eq ib 1935 mv ji 27 k g `xn ivm fv Mi ci Zuvi xwe qvm n jv Zuvi Rxe bi mvd j i bc _ h ag civqyv, cwzcivqyv I mvsmvwik Kv R Kg wbô Z vmx gwnjvi Ae`vb ci Z ci Z RwoZ, Rxe bi AwaKvsk mgq covïbv, mvgvwrk, mvsmvwbk I ivr bwzk Kg Kv Ê e _vkvq h cwiev ii cöwz Zgb bri `qvi my hvm nqwb, Zuvi g Zz Z Av ^`Ki eo wbtm½ I Amnvq n q co jb d j w`b w`b Av iv ewk K i wewfbœ Kg Kv Ê m Pó n Z jvm jb xi A bkw` bi ^cœ wq jv GKevi cvüvicyi Zx_ åg Y hviqvi Av ^`Ki evievi Gwo q wm q e jwq jb eªvþy ev `i A ú k Zv gy³ n q hw`b GK bzzb cvüvicyi evbv Z cvi eb mw`bb Zv K wb q Zx _ hv eb wzwb wkš mb ^cœ ey K wb qb xi g Zz n jv ey ev `i KwVb wbmo _ K GL bv wn `y mgvr gy³ n Z cv iwb Gevi wzwb ey ev`x wn `y mgv Ri K~cgÊyKZv, AmwnòzZv, Muvovwg, fêvwgi wei Zxeª mgv jvpbvq gyli n q IV jb d j ey wn `yivi AZ š wb` q I KUzfv e A ú k Zuvi wei we Ø li wel Qov Z jvm jv Gi cöw Z Gevi wzwb B qvjv m j bi WvK w` jb B qvjv m jb 1935 mv ji 13 A ±vei B qvjv m j bi w`b avh nq Avmbœ B qvjv m j b W. Av ^`Ki ag cwiez bi wm vš b eb e j Äb kvbv h Z jvm jv wbw` ó w` b Abyôvb ïi n jv Af _ bv KwgwUi mfvcwz ^vmz fvl Y e jbfvi Z wn `y a g i bv g Pj Q eªvþy ag, mg cökvi my hvm myweavi cvkvcvwk e e v KivB eªvþy ev `i g~j K_v, ÔfvM Ki I kvmb KiÕ GB bxwz eªvþy ev `i gšwjk KŠkj GB bxwz K a g i ms M hy³ K i Ges Zv wpi vqx Kivi Rb ey vkª gi cöwzôvc~e K eªvþy `i ey kªô e j NvlYv Kiv nq Zv `i Avi GKwU KŠkj `e- `exi m wó, `e- `exi D Ï k f³ `i `vbxq e `e- `exi c MÖnY K i eªvþy cy ivwnz KZ K AvZ mvrkiy GB Abyôv b W. Av ^`Ki Zuvi `xn fvl Y e jb-

43 ...wbh vwzz kªyxi gvbyl `i wn `y n qi hw` mg AwaKvi _ K ewâz _vk Z nq, wemz 15 eqi a i wewfbœ Av_ -mvgvwrk, wk v, ivr bwzk kvly, eâbvi wei Av `vjb ev msmövg K ii Zv `i KvQ _ K we `ygvî b vq ev ai cwipq cviqv bv hvq Zvn j wbh vwzz mgvr K fvj K i f e `L Z n e ZvB `xn ev e AwfÁZvi Av jv K Avgv `i K AvZ m vb I gvbwek AwaKvi jvf Ki Z n j wn `y ag _ K wew Qbœ n Z n e... Avgvi Pig `yf vm h, A ú k mgv R R b wq e j Avgv K AvZ m vbnxb AcgvbRbK mgvr e e vi g a w`b KvUv Z n Q wzwb ` pk É NvlYv K ib- Avwg A ú k n q Rb MÖnY Ki ji A ú k n q gi ev bv GB m j b M nxz i Z c~y wm vš n jv- 1) A ú k `i mvgvwrk mgzv jv fi Av `vj bi cöwz D Pe Y i wn `y `i D`vmxbZv A_ev we ivwazv K GB m j b K Vvi fvlvq wb `v Rvbvq 2) wn `y ag vej ^x `i HK e I kw³kvjx Kivi Rb wemz 15 eqi a i D Pe Y i wn `y `i m ½ wbh vwzz kªyxi wn `y `i mgvb mvgvwrk AwaKvi jv fi wbwgë h Av `vjb I msmövg Zviv Pvwj q Avm Q Zv GLb _ K eü Kiv n e 3) AZtci Zviv mgv R m vbrbk I mgvbvwakvi jv fi Rb fvi Zi Ab h Kvb ag MÖnY Ki e B qvjv m j bi wm vš jv cökvwkz niqv gvî gymwjg, wlª vb, eš, wkl cöf wz wewfbœ a g i bz e M i KvQ _ K G `i ^- ^ ag MÖn Yi Rb AvnŸvb cî Avm Z jvm jv Ges W. Av ^`K ii ag cwiez bi wm v š mviv fvi Z cöpê Av jvob m wó Ki jv Gi cöwzwµqvq bvbv R bi bvbv gz e ³ n Z jvm jv MvwÜRx I mggbv bz e ` wpš v Ki jb A ú k iv hw` wn `y mgvr _ K wew Qbœ n q hvq Zvn j wn `yi msl v K g hv e Ges GB Abycv Z Ks MÖ mi kw³ n«vm cv e A b K AvksKv Ki jb W. Av ^`Ki hw` Zvi AbyMvgx `i wb q Bmjvg ag MÖnY K i Zvn j fvi Z gymjgvb `i kw³ e o M j wn `y `i Rb gvivz K ûgwk n q `uvov e d j wn `y wgkbvix bzviv Av ^`K ii mv vz cöz vkv Ki jb Av ^`Ki úó fvlvq Rvbv jb- ÔGKUv wbw` ó mg qi g a hw` D Pe Y i wn `yiv wn `yag _ K A ú k Zv Zz j bq Z e Zviv wn `y ag Z vm Ki eb bv wkš ey wn `y `i Kv Q G cö ve Kvb i Z c jv bv ciez x Z Aa vck Gb. wkeiv Ri mfvcwz Z AbywôZ m j b wkeivr Av ^`K ii wm vš K mg_ b Rvwb q e jb- Ôwn `y ag AvR cöwzwµqvkxj P µi Kv qgx ^v _ i NuvwU Z cwiyz n q Q AZGe GB ag cwiz vm Kiv Qvov wbh vwzz `i Avi Kvb Dcvq bb Õ GKB m j b W. Av ^`Ki e jb- Ôwn `y a g i cybr xe bi Avi Kvb m vebv bb, ZvB AZxe `yt Li mv _ Avgv `i K wn `y ag _ K m úk wqbœ Kivi wm vš wb Z n Q Õ ivr bwzk e vwß

44 1936 mv j W. Av ^`Ki ÔBbwW c Û U jevi cvwu Õ cöwzôv K ib 1937 mv ji wbe vp b GB cvwu K `ªxq AvBb mfvq 15 wu Avmb jvf K i G mgq Av ^`Ki The Annihilation of Caste bv g GKwU eb cökvk K ib G eb q wn `y a g i ey cö_v I mswk ó bz e `i Zxeª mgv jvpbv K ib G Z wzwb A ú k m cö`vq K MvÜx KZ K ÔnwiRbÕ (Ck ii mš vb) bv g AwfwnZ Kivi Ks MÖmxq wm v š i Zxeª cöwzev` K ib 1939 mv ji cö_g w` K fvbmiq Zuvi mikv ii wm vš gvzv ek fvizxq hy³ivóª MV bi cö ve `b GB c wz Z iv R i cöwzwbwaiv hvm`vb Ki e, wkš iv R Kvb `vwqz kxj mikvi _vk e bv g bvbq bi wfwë Z cöwzwbwa Kiv n e GB cö ve K cöz vl vb K i wee wz `b Ks MÖm mfvcwz bzvrx myfvl P `ª emy, gymwjg jxm Ges BwÛ c Û U jevi cvwu i c W. Av ^`Ki wn `y gnvmfv GB cö ve K ^vmz Rvbvq fvizxq hy³ivóª MV bi GB cö ve wb q wewfbœ gn j Av jvpbv mgv jvpbv Pj Z jvm jv G mgq Ks MÖ mi g a Aš Ø Ø I MvwÜRxi m~² loh š myfvl P `ª emy mfvcwzi c` I Ks MÖm Z vm K ib B Zvg a BD iv c wøzxq wek hy ïi n j fvbmiq fvizxq hy³ivóª MV bi cwikíbv AvcvZZ wmz iv Lb ZrKvjxb fvizxq fvbmiq jw wjb wj_ Mv A ±vei gv m fvizxq bz e M i mv _ mv v Z wgwjz nb G `i g a MvwÜRx, bni, W. Av ^`Ki, wrbœvn, mvfviki, ej f fvb c v Uj, iv R `ª cömv`, myfvm emy we klfv e D j L hvm G mv v Z W. Av ^`Ki e jb- cybv Pzw³i djvd j Zviv LyeB zä Ges fwel Z fvizxq msweavb msµvš Av jvpbv n j Zv `i Av iv e³e Av Q wkqzw`b ci fvbmi qi wee wz cökvwkz n j Ks MÖm Amš wó cökvk K i Ges mg cö `k _ K Zv `i gš xmfv cöz vnvi K i biqvi K_v Rvwb q `q G NUbvi ci W. Av ^`Ki wee wz w` jb h, MvwÜRxi GKbvqK Z i g bvfveb fvi Z msl vjny mgm v mgvav b me P q eo Aš ivq 1939 mv ji b f ^ i Ks MÖ mi cöv `wkk gš xmfv mg~n K c`z v Mi wb ` k `q G w`bwu K wrbœvn mv ne Ôgyw³ w`emõ wn m e cvjb K i 1940 mv j gvp gv m jv nv i AbywôZ m j b gymwjg jxm gymjgvb msl vmwió AÂj wb q ^vaxb cvwk vb ivóª MV bi cö ve `q GwcÖj gv m ivgm o AbywôZ Ks MÖ mi m j b fviz wefvm K Kvbµ gb ei`v Kiv n e bv e j NvlYv K i wn `y-gymjgv bi wø-rvwzz Ë i wfwë Z fviz fv Mi G cö ve K wn i gymwjg jxm I Ks MÖ mi g a gz ØaZv evo Z jvm jv 1940 mv j W. Av ^`K ii Thoughts on Pakistan ebwu cökvwkz n j fvizxq ivrbxwz Z ebwui cöwzcv` welq K K `ª K i gvivz K S ov nviqvi m wó nq G MÖ š i mvik_v n jv, m ú~y jvk wewbgq c~e K gymjgvb `i `vexi cöw Z Zv `i Rb cvwk vb m wób fvi Zi mv cö`vwqk mgm vi GKgvÎ ev e I vqx mgvavb `ywu wfbœ wk v, ms wz I gvbwmkzv m úbœ RvwZ K wb q GKwU `k M o DV Z cv i bv h wn `yiv wb R `i GKwU Ask K nvrvi nvrvi eqie vcx N wyz I ewâz K i i L Q Zv `i Kv Q Kvb& fimvq gymjgvbiv D`viZv I mggh v`v Avkv Ki e? Av ^`K ii cö v e wrbœvn mv ne HKgZ cvly K ib wkš MvwÜRxi bz Z vaxb Ks MÖm jvk wewbg qi G cö ve K Aev e e j Dwo q `q

45 ivr bwzk APjve vi cwi cöw Z Av ^`Ki MY fvu msµvš GKwU dg~ jv mikv ii Kv Q ck K ib gymjgvb cöavb A j `yõwu MY fv Ui e e v KivB GB dg ~jvi welq cö_g MY fv U gymjgvbiv wvk Ki e Zviv cvwk vb Pvq wkbv hw` gymwjgiv cvwk vb Pvq Z e cö vwez cvwk v b Agymwjg `i MY fvu n e h Zviv cvwk v b _vk Z Pvq wkbv hw` bv Pvq Zvn j D³ cö `k Pvq wkbv hw` bv Pvq Zvn j D³ cö `k mg~ n mxgvbv Kwgkb MVb K i gymwjg msl vmwiô I Agymwjg msl vmwiô Rjvmg~n wba viy Kiv n e Ges gymjgvbiv ivrx _vk j gymjgvb msl vmwiô Rjvmg~n wb q cvwk vb Kiv h Z cv i ciez xkv j cwðg e½ I c~e cväve fvizfyw³i W. Av ^`K ii D³ dg ~jvi ev evqb hw`i 1945 mv j Thoughts on Pakistan Gi wøzxq ms iy Pakistan or Partition of India MÖ š wkqz bzzb Aa vq ms hvwrz nq ms hvwrz bzzb Aa v q ejv nqc w_ex Z Ggb wkqz wkqz `k Av Q hlv b GKvwaK RvwZ GKB iv óªi g a m ú~y ^vaxb më v wb q emevm Ki Q D`vniY ^iƒc `w Y Avwd«Kv, KvbvWv, mybrvij vû BZ vw` myzivs cvwk vb m wó bv K ii gymjgvbiv GKUv Avjv`v RvwZ wn m e ^vaxb fvi Z m ú~y c _K mëv wb q emevm Ki Z cvi e msweavb ipbvkv j Zv `i c _K mëv m ú K msweavbm Z wbivcëvi e e v ivl Z n e wkš G cö ve Avi ZrKvjxb bz e `i Kv Q M nxz nqwb 1941 mv ji RyjvB q fvbmiq K qkrb fvizxq K wb q GKwU cöwzi v civgk `vzv KwgwU Ges Gw wkdwuf KvDwÝj MV bi wm vš bb cöwzi v civgk `vzv KwgwU Z W. Av ^`Ki K Aš fy ³ Ki ji Gw wkdwuf KvDwÝ j wbh vwzz kªyxi I wkl `i ga _ K Kvb cöwzwbwa bv biqvq Av ^`Ki weªwuk mikv ii Kv Q Am š vl cökvk K ib B BwÛqv Kv úvwbi Avgj _ K ïi K i Dbwesk kzvwãi kl fvm ch š wbh vwzz kªyxi hyek `i wb q MwVZ Ôgvnvi e v UwjqvbÕ weªwuk mbvevwnbx Z ` Zv I mvnwmkzvi mv _ KvR K i Avm ji ey wn `y `i cö ivpbvq A ú k Zvi a~qv Zz j 1892 mv j Bs ir mikv ii GK Av `k e j A ú k `i mvgwik evwnbx Z wb qvm eü K i `qv nh W. Av ^`K ii AvcÖvY Póvq e wuk mbvevwnbx Z cybivq gvnvi `i (A ú k ) wb qvm`vb Pvjy Kiv nq 1942 mv ji deª qvwi gv m v dvw wµcm fvi Zi ivr bwzk APje v wbimbk í fvi Z Av mb 30 gv P GK mv vzkv i wµcm W. Av ^`Ki K BbwW c Û U jevi cvwu i bzv, bv wbh vwzz kªyxi bzv wn m e Zuvi mv _ Av jvpbv Ki Qb GB cökœ Ki j Av ^`Ki K mgm vq d j `b mw`bb wzwb Zvi AbyMvgx I Adwmjx bzv `i wb q w`j x Z GK ˆeV K em jb mviv fvi Z Zdwmjx `i wb q GKwU ivr bwzk msmvb M o Zvjvi Dci i Z v ivc Kiv nq Ges 18 I 19 RyjvB mviv fviz Zdwmjx m j bi w`b avh Kiv nq 2iv RyjvB fvbmiq Zvi Gw wkdwuf KvDwÝ j Av iv 5 Rb m`m Aš fy ³ Ki j wbh vwzz kªyxi c GB cö_g W. Av ^`Ki fviz mikv i Aš fy ³ n q K `ªxq mikv ii kªg `ß ii gš x wn m e `vwq Z Avmxb nb

46 18 I 19 RyjvB c~e NvlYv Abyhvqx bvmcy i Av qvwrz mvivfviz Zdwmjx m j b 70 nvrv ii AwaK Zdwmjx cöwzwbwai mvg b Av ^`Ki Zuvi fvl Y e jb, Zdwmjxiv wn `ya g i Aš f y³ n ji RvZxq I ivr bwzk Rxe b Zv `i GKUv c _K mëv Av Q hv wn `y `i ag MÖ š I ^xk Z MvwÜRxi g Zv ey wn `y ^v_ v š^lx Mvwôiv Zdwmjx `i c _K mëv K A ^xkvi K i AvZ mvr Kivi Pµv š wjß Zdwmjx `i c _K RvwZmËvi wfwë Z GB m j b Zv `i ivr bwzk msmvb All India scheduled castes Federation MV bi wm vš M wnz nq 1942 mv ji AvM gv m ÔfviZ QvoÕ aÿwb Zz j Ks MÖm Bs ir we ivax Av `vj bi WvK `q Ges c i `kevmxi g bv hvm AvKl Yi D Ï k MvwÜRx cybvi AvMv Luv cövmv ` 1943 mv ji deª qvwi _ K 21 w` bi Abkb ïi K ib W. Av ^`Ki ZLb Gw wkdwuf KvDwÝ ji m`m wn m e K `ªxq kªggš xi c ` AwawôZ _vkvq Zvi Dci Ks MÖmx bzv `i cöej Pvc m wó nq G Z wzwb we `ygvî wepwjz bv n q kªwgk `i Rxe bi gv bvbœq bi K_v wpš v K i KZK jv Kwgkb MVb K i wkqz D ` vm wb Z _v Kb 1945 mv ji Ryb gv m Av ^`K ii What Congress and Gandhi have done to the untouchables? bvgk GKwU MÖš cökvwkz n j Zv fvizxq ivrbxwz Z GK Af~Zc~e Av jvob m wó Ki Z mg_ nq G eqi RyjvB gv m Bsj v Ûi mvaviy wbe vp b Uvix `i fivwywe n j jevi cvwu gzvmxb nq fvbmiq jw Iqv fj 1946 mv j fvi ZI mvaviy wbe vpb Abyôv bi K_v NvlYv K ib Gi ci cib fvi Zi ivr bwzk AvenvIqv DËß n Z jvm jv wbe vp b KzL vz cybvpzw³i Kzdj Zdwmjxiv nv o nv o Ui c q M jv Av ^`K ii Zdwmjx dwv ikb Ks MÖ mi Kv Q kvpbxqfv e civ n jvv Gi AvM ch š W. Av ^`Ki 4 ermi kªggš x _vkvkvjxb bvix, wkï kªwgkmn RvwZ ag ey wbwe k l mgmö kªwgk mgv Ri Kj v Y wkqz AwaKvi ev evqb K i M Qb- 1) kªwgk `i wel q h Kvb Av jvpbvq Av M ïay mikvi c Ges gvwjkc em Zb W. Av ^`Ki kªggš x _vkvkvjxb NvlYv Ki jb kªwgk m úwk Z h Kvb Av jvpbvq kªwgk cöwzwbwai hvm`vb Ki Z cvi eb GB c wzi bvg ÔwÎ-cvw KÕ kªg Av jvpbv 2) Av gwikv I Bsj v Ûi b vq fvi ZI ÔJoint Labour Management Committee Õ ev hš_ kªg cwipvjbv KwgwU MVb K ib 3) wewfbœ Awdm, wk v cöwzôvb I KjKviLvbvq cöwzwôz kªwgk mwgwz K AwaKvi `v bi D Ï k ÔTrade Union Õ Gi ^xk wz `v bi AvBb cvk K ib 4) kªwgk `i Kv Ri mgq 10 NÈv _ K Kwg q 8 NÈv avh Kiv nq Ges 8 NÈvi ewk KvR Ki j ÔOver time salaryõ cö`v bi AvBb cvk Kiv nq 5) kªwgk `i ezb, evm vb, Lv`, wk v, cvkvk AvkvK I cöwk Y cöf wz wel q LuvR Lei ivlvi Rb Ôkªg AbymÜvb mwgwzõ MVb c~e K Zv `i Dbœq bi A bk jv AvBb cvk Kiv nq

47 6) ÔKviLvbv ms kvabx wejõ cv ki gva g wkí I KviLvbv kªwgk `i m ezb QzwUi e e v Pvjy K ib G Z cövß eq kªwgk Kg Pvixiv eq i 10 w`b Ges Acªvß eq kªwgk Kg Pvixiv eq i 14 w`b m ezb QzwU fvm Ki Z cvi eb Gi Av M mvßvwnk QzU Qvov Ab vb w`b QzwU fvm Ki j gvwjk KZ K ezb KZ b K i bq n Zv 7) bvix kªwgk Kg Pvix `i mv _ cyi l kªwgk Kg Pvix `i ezb ˆel g i we jvc mvab GB Kv Ri Rb bvix cyi l mgnv i ezb cv eb 8) Kqjv kªwgk `i Avw_ K DbœqbK í ÔKqjv Lwb kªwgk Dbœqb ZnwejÕ MV bi AvBb cvk 9) cömekvjxb ÔMaternity LeaveÕ QzwUi AvBb wewae K ib