eš RvZ Ki Av jv K cövpxb fvi Zi wk ve e v I ms wzi ^iƒc A š^ly

Transcription

1 evsjv `k GwkqvwUK mvmvbwu cwîkv, PZzw sk LÐ, kxz msl v, cšl 1423/wW m ^i 2016 eš RvZ Ki Av jv K cövpxb fvi Zi wk ve e v I ms wzi ^iƒc A š^ly ˆgÎx ZvjyK`vi * mvims c G cöe Ü eš RvZ K cövß Z _ i m ½ Ab vb cvwj MÖ š cövß Z _ i Zzjbvg~jK ch vjvpbvc~e K cövpxb fvi Zi wk ve e v I ms wzi ^iƒc A š^ly Kiv n q Q wk v e e v wel q mgx vq `Lv hvq, cövpxb fvi Z `yõcökvi wk ve e v cöpwjz wqj: cövk&- eš hymxq Ges eš hymxq ˆew`K wk vb g~jz cövk&- eš hymxq wk v bv g AwfwnZ ˆew`K wk ve e vi m ½ Î we k l mv` k _vk ji eš m N cöewz Z wk ve e v e vck RbwcÖqZv I cöpvi-cömvi jvfc~e K fvizxq mgvrrxeb I wk v RM Z wecøe m wó K i KviY eš m N cöewz Z wk vi Øvi mk ji Rb wqj Db y³ G wk ve e vq ms Z fvlvi cwie Z mvaviy gvby li gvz fvlv Z_v cövk Z fvlv K wk vi gva g wn m e MÖnY Kiv n qwqj d j wekvj Rb Mvôx gvz fvlvq we` vpp vi my hvm jvf K i Ges wk vi nvi `ªæZ e w c Z _v K eš m N cöewz Z wk vi g~j K `ª wqj eš wenvi d j ˆew`Khy M cöpwjz bmi Kw `ªK wk v eš hy M iv óªi me Î Qwo q c o µ g eš wf ym Ni Kj v Y iæm ni cwie Z i köyxk cvv`vb e e v Ges we` vqzb wfwëk wk ve e v M o I V ZvQvov, bvixwk v wqj eš wk ve e vi Avi GK Awfbe m~pbv wf zyx m N cöwzôvi d j bvixwk vi nvi eû Y e w cvq Aciw` K, ms wz mgx vq `Lv hvq, ez gvb fvizxq Dcgnv ` k cöpwjz jvk ms wzi Abb Dcv`vb we klz Av gv`-cö gv`, bvp-mvb, Drme, Kjv- KŠkj ev fvrevwr cö`k b, Ljva~jv-cÖwZ hvwmzv, Lv` vf vm, ms vi, jvk wek vm cöf wz cövpxbkv ji cöpwjz wqj Dchy ³ Kvi Y aviyv Kiv nq h, cövpxb eªvþy I eš hy M cöpwjz wk v-ms wzb ez gvb fvize l i wk v I ms wzi wfwë `vb K iwqj 1. f~wgkv wk v Ges ms wz mgvrrxe bi Ab Zg `yõwu iæz c~y Dcv`vb G `ÕywU wel qi ey bv e ZxZ Kv bv RvwZi c~y v½ I cök Z BwZnvm iwpz n Z cv i bv G Kvi Y wk v K RvwZi giæ`ð wn m e Ges ms wz K RvwZi `c Y wn m e AvL vwqz Kiv nq wk v GKw` K gvby li AšÍ` wó K m úªmvwiz K i, Aciw` K RvZxq ms wz K AvZ Ki Z mn hvwmzv K i Abyiƒcfv e, ms wz gbbkxjzv K F K i gvby li g a AbšÍ m vebvi wekvk NUvq G Z evsv hvq, wk v I ms wz ci úi m úk hy³ wk v Ges ms wz Z h RvwZ hz ekx mg mrvwz wek `iev i ZZ ekx gh v`vi Avm b mgvmxb eš RvZ K cövpxb * wmwbqi mnkvix ( mwgbvi) MÖš vmvwik, cvwj GÛ eyw vwwr wefvm, XvKv wek we` vjq

2 274 evsjv `k GwkqvwUK mvmvbwu cwîkv fvi Zi wk ve e v I ms wz m ú K wew ßfv e eû Z_ cviqv hvq mme Z _ i wfwë Z cövpxb fvi Zi wk ve e v I ms wzi ^iƒc D b vpb KivB G cöe Üi gšj Afxáv 2. RvZK cwiwpwz ÔRvZKÕ kãwu ÔRvZÕ n Z D ~Z n q Q ÔRvZÕ kãwu ÔR bwzõ wµqvi AZxZKv ji wµqv evpk we kly, hvi A_ Drcbœ, D ~Z, cöm~z, Rb BZ vw` 1 myzivs, ÔRvZKÕ k ãi A_ whwb Drcbœ ev Rb jvf K i Qb wu. WweøD ixp WweWm& Ges DBwjqvg w W (T.W.Rhys Davids and Willam Stede) 2 ÔRvZKÕ k ãi eÿ rcwë I A_ K i Qb Giƒc : Jāta+ka = Jātaka, that means belonging to, connected with what has happened, a birth story as found in the earlier books; this is always the story of a previous birth of the Buddha as a wise man of old. ievu wmrvi PvBì vm (Rober Caesar Childers) iwpz Dictionary of the Pali Language 3 MÖš g Z RvZK k ãi A_ n jv : Birth, nativity; a birth or existence in the Buddhist sense; a jātaka, or story of one of the former births of Buddha. mgx vq `Lv hvq, RvZ K g~jz MŠZg ey i c~e Rxeb KvwnbxB ewy Z n q Q AZGe, Dc i ewy Z welqe ch v jvpbv K i ejv hvq, ÔRvZKÕ k ãi A_ Ôwhwb Rb MÖnY K i QbÕ Giƒc A_ evsv ji cvwj mvwn Z GKgvÎ MŠZg ey i c~e Rb e ËvšÍ evsv ZB ÔRvZKÕ kãwu e eüz n q Q MŠZg ey i AZxZ Rxe bi Kvwnbx eš mvwnz i fvðv i ÔRvZKÕ bv g AwfwnZ Kvwnbx jv h MÖ š mskwjz n q Q m MÖš I ÔRvZKÕ bv g cwiwpz eš mvwnz g Z, wm v_ MŠZg GK R b i cyy K g i d j ey nbwb ey Z ev evwaávb jv fi Rb Zuv K Rb -Rb všíi a i msmvi P µ cwiågy K i cvigx 1 mvabv Ki Z n qwqj cvwj mvwn Z D jøl Av Q, ey `k cvigx 4 PP v K i ey Z jvf K iwq jb ey Z jv fi ga w` q Zuvi RvwZ ^i Ávb Drcbœ nq RvwZ ^i Áv bi Øviv wzwb AZxZ Rxe bi Kvwnbx ej Z cvi Zb wewfbœ NUbvi cwi cöw Z ˆbwZK ev a g i M~pZË wk v`v bi Rb wzwb wkl `i Zuvi AZxZ Rxe bi Kvwnbx ej Zb ˆbwZKZv mswkøó Gme Kvwnbx AZxe wpëvkl K, g bvig Ges PgKcÖ` RvZ Ki GKwU wbw` ó MVb kjx i q Q cöwzwu RvZK cöavbz cözz rcbœ e ev ez gvb K_v, AZxZ e, mgvavb ev mgeavb G wzbwu As k wef³ 5 cö_g As k MŠZg ey KLb, Kvi D Ï k Ges wk Dcj RvZKwU fvly K iwq jb Zvi ey bv Av Q GB AskwU K RvZ Ki DcµgwYKv ev f~wgkvi ejv nq G As k MŠZgey i mgkvjxb NUbv ev welq ey bv Kiv n q Q wøzxq As k MŠZg ey i AZxZ Rb e ËvšÍ ewy Z Av Q GwUB

3 eš RvZ Ki Av jv K cövpxb fvi Zi wk ve e v I ms wzi ^iƒc A š^ly 275 n jv cök Z RvZK ev g~j Kvwnbx Z Zxq As k AZxZe Z ewy Z PwiÎ jvi m ½ cözz rcbœ e ev ez gvb Kvwnbx Z ewy Z PwiÎ jvi m úk cö`k b Kiv n q Q mgx vq `Lv hvq, MŠZg ey mỳ xn 45 eqi ag cöpvikv j fvize l i wewfbœ v b RvZK jv fvly K iwq jb G Kvi Y RvZ K wew ßfv e fvize l i Av_ -mvgvwrk cö vcu mswkøó eû Z_ cviqv hvq Gme Z_ g~jz RvZ Ki ÔcÖZz rcbœ e ev ez gvb K_vÕ bvgk As k cviqv hvq G As k ewy Z welq RvZK ipwqzvi ev RvZK fvlykvixi mgkvjxb G As ki Z_ mg~n RvZK fvlykvixi ^P cöz ev ` ó niqvq Gme Z _ i HwZnvwmK g~j Acwimxg G Kvi Y M elkmy RvZ Ki G AskwU cövpxb fvi Zi BwZnvm ipbvi Abb Drm wn m e MY Kiv _v Kb g~jz RvZ Ki cözz rcbœe As k cövß Z _ i Av jv KB cövpxb fvi Zi wk ve e v I ms wz m ú K aviyv cö`vb Kiv n e 3. Drm mgx v D jøl h, mkj RvZ K cªvpxb fvi Zi wk ve e v I ms wz msµvší Z_ cviqv hvq bv ZvB RvZK MÖš mgx vc~e K Kvb Kvb RvZ K Av jvp wel q Z_ cviqv hvq mme RvZK cö_ g wpwýz Kiv n jv Ges eübx Z jð bi cvwj U U mvmvbwu n Z cökvwkz RvZK MÖ š i LÐ msl v I c ôv b ^i cö`ë n jv : jvmkrvzk (I., pp ), Z RvZK (I., pp ), eiyrvzk (I., pp ), fxg mbrvzk (I., pp ), AmvZiƒcRvZK (I., p ), mäxervzk (I., pp ). jv½jxmrvzk (I., pp ), KUvnKRvZK (I., pp ), AjxbwPËRvZK (II., pp ), mymxgrvzk (II., pp ), AbwfiwZRvZK (II., pp ), cjvwqrvzk (II., pp ), DcvnbRvZK (II., pp ), wßjrvzk (II., pp ), exwz QRvZK (II., pp ), wzjgyu&wvrvzk (II., pp ), P~jøKvwj½RvZK (III., pp. 3-8), ZzmRvZK (III., pp ), mz KZzRvZK (III., p ), Avw`ËRvZK (III., p ), wzwëirvzk (III., pp ), RbmÜRvZK (IV., pp ), `~ZRvZK (IV., p ), myiæwprvzk (IV., p. 316), wpëm ~ZRvZK (IV., pp ), fïmvjrvz K (IV., p ), gnvbvi`km&mcrvzk (VI., pp ), gnvd M&MRvZK (VI., pp ), gnvm~z mvgrvzk (V., pp ) BZ vw` RvZK QvovI wewfbœ cvwj MÖ š cövpxb fvi Zi wk ve e v m ú K Z_ cviqv hvq Zb a cöavb Drmmg~n n jv: `xn wbkvq, gwàgwbkvq, mshy³wbkvq, A½yËiwbKvq, _imv_v, _ixmv_v, webqwcuk, a c`u&vk_v, wegvbeìyu&vk_v, _imv_vu&vk_v, _ixmv_vu&vk_v, A½yËwbKvq AU&VK_v Ges wgwj `cökœ

4 276 evsjv `k GwkqvwUK mvmvbwu cwîkv Dchy ³ Drm QvovI wewfbœ ms Z Ges HwZnvmwK AvKi MÖš, ågye ËvšÍ, cözœzvwë K Abykvmb Ges wb`k bi cövpxb fvi Zi wk ve e v I ms wz m ú K Z_ cviqv hvh Gme Z _ i m ½ RvZ K cövß Z _ i mgš^q mvabc~e K Av jvp welqwu cökwuz Kiv n e cö_ g wk ve e v m ú K aviyv cö`vb Kiv n e, Zrci ms wz wel q Av jvpbv Kiv n e 4. cövpxb fvi Zi wk ve e v 4.1. cövpxb fvi Z wk ve e vi DrcwË cövpxb fvi Zi wk ve e v M o Zvjvi Î Avh `i Ae`vb Ab ^xkvh Avh gywb- FwlivB wk vi Î cö_g f~wgkv i LwQ jb cövpxb fvi Zi BwZnvm mgx vq `Lv hvq, Avh MY bvbv ` j wef³ n q emevm Ki Zb KZK jv cwievi wb q G KKwU `j MwVZ wqj cwiev ii KZ v wq jb wczv, Aci w` K ` ji KZ v wq jb ivrv cwiev ii wk v`x vi fvi KZ vi Dci Awc Z wqj ` ji ms wzi evnk wq jb cy ivwnz ev iæ wzwb ` ji g½ ji Rb c~rv-cvv Ki Zb Ges ` ji kšh ex h i AZxZ BwZnvm YKxZ b K i ` ji mkj K exiz cö`k b DrmvwnZ Ki Zb fvi Z Avh `i emwz vc bi cö_g hy M hy `ezv B `ªi c~rv cöpwjz wqj B `ªB wqj Avh `i cök Z `ezv c i ev `ezv AwMœi c~rv cöpjb ïiæ nq 6 G mgq Dcmbvi Rb cy ivwnz ev FwlMY gš vw` ipbv Ki Z ïiæ K ib Fwl `i iwpz FM e` K gvbemgv Ri cövpxbzg MÖš wn m e MY Kiv nq FK& ev g š i mgwó e j MÖš wu K F M ` ejv nq ˆew`K m~îvbymv i F M ` Avh M Yi mß-wmüz A j emevmkv j iwpz n qwqj F M ` m~ Îi msl v 1028, hv `kwu gð j wef³ aviyv Kiv nq h, G KK Fwl ev Fwles ki ipbv G KKwU gð j msm nxz n q F M ` mskwjz n qwqj cöw_zhkv FwlMY gb bi Øviv F M `i gš mg~n aviy Ki Zb Ges myi ms hv M m jv cökvk Ki Zb Fwl cwiev ii jv Kiv G jv köey K i wz Z aviy K i ivl Zb Guiv ÔkÖæZwl Õ bv g AwfwnZ n Zb FwlMY e b emevmc~e K mij I cweî Rxebhvcb Ki Zb mgvwa _ K Zuviv mz Ávb jv f eªzx n Zb köæzwl MY Fwl `i g Zv b vq-wbô AvPiY c~e K e`gš msi Y iæz c~y f~wgkv cvjb Ki Zb Gfv e Z cve b Fwl cwiev i e` Aa qb I cv Vi gva g cövpxb fvi Z wk ve e v DrcwË I we Ívi jvf K i e j aviyv Kiv nq G cöm ½ wek Kwe iex `ªbv_ VvKz ii AwfgZ cöwyavb hvm : fvize l GB GKwU Avðh e vcvi `Lv M Q, GLvbKvi mf Zvi g~j cö ªeb kn i bq, e b fvize l i cö_gzg Avðh wekvk hlv b `L Z cvb mlv b gvby li m ½ gvbyl AZ ší Nulv Nuwl K i G Kev i wcð cvwk q I Vwb mlv b MvQ-cvjv b`x-m ivei gvby li m ½ wg j _vkevi h _ó AeKvk c qwqj, mlv b gvbyli wqj, duvkvi wqj Vjv Vwj wqj bv A_P GB duvkv fvize l i wpë K RocÖvq K i `qwb eiâ Zvi PZbv K AviI D¾ j K i w` qwqj

5 eš RvZ Ki Av jv K cövpxb fvi Zi wk ve e v I ms wzi ^iƒc A š^ly 277 fvize l i h `yb eo eo cövpxb hym P j M Q, ˆew`K I eš hym mb `yb hym K ebb avîxiƒ c aviy K i Q Kej ˆew`K Fwliv bb, fmevb ey I KZ Av ªeb, KZ eyye b Zuvi Dc `k el Y K i Qb ivrcövmv ` Zuvi vb Kzjvq wb ebb Zuv K ey K K i wb qwqj mb AiY evmwbtm Z mf Zvi aviv mg Í fvizel K Awfwl³ K i w` q Q Ges AvR ch ší Zvi cöevn eü n q hvqwb 7 Dchy ³ welq ch v jvpbv K i ejv hvq, fvize l Fwl `i cöáv jvk _ KB wk vi cö_g iwk we QzwiZ n qwqj Zrci Fwl cwiev ii gva gb Zv mgmö fvize l cwie ß nq FwlMYB wq jb fvize l i cövpxb wk K ev wk v iæ 4.2. wk ve e vi cökvi f` cvwj mvwnz cövpxb fvi Z `yõcökvi wk ve e v cöpwjz wqj e j D jøl cviqv hvq h_v : cövk&- eš hymxq Ges eš hymxq ˆew`K wk vb g~jz cövk&- eš hymxq wk v bv g AwfwnZ, hv ciez x Z eªvþy Ges eš G `yõwu avivq wef³ n q fvizxq wk ve e vi wfz M o Zz jwqj wb gœ Dchy ³ `yõwu wk ve e v m ú K Av jvkcvz Kiv n jv cövk&- eš hymxq Z_v ˆew`K wk ve e v RvZK MÖš mv `q h, ˆew`K wk v wqj g~jz bmi Kw `ªK eiyrvzk (I., p. 317), fxg mbrvzk (I., p. 356) Ges mäxervzk (I., p. 510) n Z Rvbv hvq h, AvPv h i myl vwz ï b cöz ší AÂj n Z wk v_ xiv we` v AR bi Rb bm i AvMgb Ki Zb AvPvh MY cighzœ I ` ZvmnKv i wk v_x `i wk v w` Zb D³ RvZKmg~ n Av iv D jøl Av Q h, AvPvh MY wq jb g~jz eªvþy wpëm ~ZRvZK (IV., pp. 391) cv V Rvbv hvq, ˆew`K hy M Kej eªvþy Ges wîqmyb we` v AR bi my hvm jvf Ki Zb bvix Ges k~ `ªi wk vjv fi AwaKvi wqj bv G RvZ K D jøl Av Q, wpë Ges m ~Z bvgk PÐvjøq eªvþy m R Z wkjvi GK eªvþ Yi M n we` vwk v KiwQ jb AmveavbZvekZ PÐvjfvlvq K_v ejvq Zv `i RvwZ cwipq cökvwkz n q c o d j Zv `i we` vwk v eü n q hvq Ab w` K wîq Ges ˆek iv Kej Zv `i ^Kxq wk vi g a MÐxf~Z wqj Z e m we` vi eªvþy iæi gva g AR b Ki Z n Zv G Z eªvþy cy ivwnz Z š i jvf-mrkvi e w cvq ZvQvov, wk vi GKgvÎ gva g wqj ms Z fvlv m hy Mi eûj cöpwjz K_ fvlv, A_ vr, cövk Z fvlv K wk vi gva g wn m e MÖnY Kiv nqwb G Kvi Y aviyv Kiv nq h, ˆew`K hy M wk ve e v gywó gq jv Ki g a mxgve n q c owqj Ges e nr Rb Mvôx wk vjv fi AwaKvi n Z ewâz wqj ˆew`Kmgv R Yvbymv i Kg -wefvm cöewz Z n qwqj g~jz mgv Ri bvbvikg cö qvrb wguv bvi D Ï k we klz RxebhvÎv myk Lj Kivi gvb m G e e v cöez b Kiv n qwqj ˆew`K mgvre e v g Z, cö Z K gvbyl G KKwU we kl Kg Kievi AwaKvi jvf Ki Zb

6 278 evsjv `k GwkqvwUK mvmvbwu cwîkv GB cö qvr bi ZvwM ZB ey vkög-a g i m wó n qwqj GKB Kvi Y Kg ev eªz-mön Yi Dc hvmx wk v`v bi e e vii cöpjb nq gvbwmk DrKl Abymv i ˆew`K hy M QvÎ `i wzbfv M wef³ K i wk v cö`vb Kiv n Zv: e`we` v jv f mg_ eªvþy-fwlmy DbœZ gvbwmk e wëi AwaKvix n Zb Ges Guiv ÔDËgcÖÁvÕ bv g AwfwnZ n Zb ciez x Í ii wk v_ xiv Ôga gcöávõ Ges me wbgœ Íi ÔAícÖÁvÕ bv g AwfwnZ n Zb me wbgœ Í ii e w³m Yi Rb ckvwfwëk wk vie e v Kiv n Zv G hy M Abvh MY G wk vq AwaK ˆbcyY AR b Ki Zb, hvi mv cviqv hvq AjxbwPËRvZ K (II., p. 19) G RvZK mv `q h, m~îa iiv M nwbg vykv j KvVLÐ web v mi myweav _ GK, `yb BZ vw` A¼ Kv Vi Dci wj L ivl Zb G Z aviyv Kiv hvq h, Abvh MY Z_vKw_Z nxb ckvrxexivi wk vjvf Ki Zb Z e m wk v wqj ckvwfwëk m ez Avh MY we ØlekZ Abvh MY K G wk vq eªzx Ki Zb cö_g w` K ˆew`K wk v `yõfv M wef³ wqj: civwe` v Ges Acivwe` v 8 h we` vi gva g m~ Bw `ªqMÖvn Ávbjvf Kiv hvq Zv K civwe` v e j civwe` v K eªþávbi ejv nq FwlMY civwe` v Ávb weziy Ki Z cvi Zb Ôcivwe` vbõ wqj e`-we` v jv fi Pig j Aciw` K h we` vi gva g ~j, Bw `ªqMÖvn welqmg~ n Ávbjvf Kiv hvq Zv Acivwe` v bv g AwfwnZ ms c ejv hvq, civwe` v Abyf~wZ wbf i, Acivwe` v e wbf i G `ÕycÖKvi we` v PZzivkÖ gi gva g AR b Ki Z n Zv ˆew`Kmgv R gvberxeb K Pvi fv M fvm Kiv n q Q, hv K PZzivkÖg ejv nq eªþph vkög, Mvn vkög, evycö vkög Ges hwz ev mbœ vmvkög eªþph vkög K Aa qbkvj ejv nq msmvi Rxebwbe vn Kivi mgq K Mvn vkög ejv nq msmvi Z vm K i Aa vz wpšívi mgq K evycö vkög Ges gyw³ Kvgbvq Rxe bi kl mgq AwZevwnZ Kiv K hwz ev mbœ vmvkög e j eªþph vkö g wk vi m~pbv nq iæm n G wk vi Mfxi Abykxjb ev Ph v Kiv nq Mvn vkög, evycö vkög Ges hwz ev mbœ vmvkö g eªþph vkö g wk v MÖnY k l A b K M nx msmvi Rxeb bv K ib AiY evmx n Zb Zuviv mvaviyz jvkvjq n Z `~ i wbr b v b AvkÖg wbg vy K i emevm Ki Zb Ges ÔAiY Õ bv g AwfwnZ n Zb eiyrvzk (I., pp ) Ges jv½jxmrvz K (I., pp. 447) D jøl Av Q h, cövk&- eš hy M wk v_ xmy iæm n emevm K i we` v AR b Ki Zb `wi`ª QvÎiv A _ i ev Dc UŠK bi cwie Z mevi Øviv iæ K mš ó Ki Zb Giƒc QvÎ `i Ôag v šíevwmkõ bv g AwfwnZ Kiv n Zv Aek `~ZRvZK (IV., p ) mv `q h, `wi`ª QvÎiv wk v mgvcbv ší wf v K i iæ`w Yv msmön Ki Zb Ges Zv w` q iæi FYgy³ n Zb G RvZK n Z Av iv Rvbv hvq h, evwamë iƒcx evivymxi GK eªvþy we` v mgvcbv ší wf vi Øviv iæ `w Yv msmön K ib wkš b`x cvi niqvi mgq Zv b`xi g a c o hvq Zrci

7 eš RvZ Ki Av jv K cövpxb fvi Zi wk ve e v I ms wzi ^iƒc A š^ly 279 wzwb evivymxivr eªþ`ë K ag K_v ïwb q cybivq iæ `w Yv jvf K ib Ges Zv w` q FYgy³ nb jvmkrvz K (I., pp ) D jøl Av Q h, evivymx Z cö_v Abymv i MÖvgevmxMY `wi`ª evjk `i fiy cvly I wk v`v bi e e v Ki Zb Giƒc evjkiv ÔcyY wkl Õ bv g AwfnZ n Zv jvmkrvzk Ges Z RvZK (I., pp ) cv V Rvbv hvq h, MÖvgevmxiv wbr mšívb `i wk v`v bi Rb wk K `i evm vb I ezb cö`vb Ki Zb mymxgrvzk (II., pp ) Ges wzjgyu&wvrvz K (II., pp ) D jøl Av Q, abxi cyîmy we` vi i c~ e B iæi ÔfvMÕ ev Ô`w YvÕ cö`vb Ki Zb Giƒc wk v_ x `i ÔAvPvh fvm`vqkõ ejv n Zv KUvnKRvZK (I., pp ) mv `q h, abxi cyî `i miävgvw` enb K i `vm-`vmxi mšívbivi iæm n hz Ges wb RivI jlv cov wklz wgwj `9 g Z, ixwz Abymv i GKKvjxb iæ`w Yvi cwigvy wqj GK nvrvi KnvcY Ges G KRb iæi Aax b cuvpkz R bi g Zv QvÎ we` v AR b KiZ wzwëirvzk (III., pp ) n Z Rvbv hvq, wk v_ xiv MyiæM n wzj, ZÐzj (avb- PvDj), ˆZj e vw` wb q hz AvZ xq ^Rb Ges Ab vb mgvr mekmyi iæm n ZÐzjvw`, Kvô Ges bvbv DcKiY cöiy Ki Zb Gfv e PZz úvwvi e q wbe vn n Zv _imv_v 9 MÖš cv V Rvbv hvq, we` vqzb jv cöavbz bmiøv ii wbk U Aew Z wqj G MÖ š D jøl Av Q h, bmiøv ii wbk U mwfq bvgk GK e w³i GKwU we` vqzb wqj hlv b bmievmx wkïiv wk vjvf KiZ wzjgyu&wvrvzk Ges ZzmRvZK (III., pp ) cv V Rvbv hvq h, ivrcyîmy Ges eªvþycyîmy cö_ g wbr M n we` v AR b Ki Zb, Zrci lvj eqi eq m D Pwk vi Rb Z wkjvq Mgb Ki Zb bwjbxf~ly `vm ßi g Z, cuvp n Z PŠÏ eq ii g a M ni wk v mgvß K i D Pwk vi wbwg Ë iækz j hvm w` Zb 10 webqwcuk 11 n Z Rvbv hvq, ivrkzgvi wm v_ lvj eqi eq m cöv_wgk wk v mgvß K iwq jb Z e eªvþy Ges wîqmyb cöavbz D Pwk v MÖnY Ki Zb cöpwjz cö_vbymv i m všíeskxq mšívbiv D Pwk v mgv ßi c~ e weevn Ki Zb bv Ges welqk g I nvz w` Zb bv `~ZRvZK (IV., p. 225) Ges wzjgyu&wvrvz K (II., pp ) D jøl Av Q h, D Pwk vi Rb Z wkjv, evivymx Ges cöavb cöavb bmimg~ n PZz úvwv wqj Z e Z wkjvi PZz úvwvi L vwz wqj me vwak D³ RvZØ q lvj eqi eq m ivrcyî Ges eªvþycyîmy Z wkjvq we` v AR b h Zb e j D jøl i q Q ZrKv j Z wkjvq we` v wk v bv Ki j Kv iv wk v mgvß n Zv bv e j g b Kiv n Zv myiæwprvzk (IV., p. 316) cv V Rvbv hvq, wgw_jvi ivrcyî myiæwpkzgvi Ges evivymxi ivrcyî eªþ`ëkzgvi wq jb mgeqmx Ges Df q we` vwk vi Rb Z wkjv Mgb K iwq jb MŠZg ey Ges ivrv wew ^mv ii wpwkrmk RxeK Z wkjvq Aa qb K ib e j RvZ K ewy Z Av Q P~jøK mu&wvrvzk (I., p. 114) Ges mswk PRvZK (V., p. 261) cv V Rvbv hvq h, RxeK

8 280 evsjv `k GwkqvwUK mvmvbwu cwîkv eš a g i Ab Zg Abymvix wq jb Ges GKwU e nr Av ªKvbb ey cögyl wf zms Ni Rb `vb K ib, hv ÔRxeKv ªebÕ bv g cwiwpz wqj Rvbv hvq h, D Pwk vi MÖn Yi Rb ev Kv bv 12 wel q cvi`wk Zv AR bi Rb cöwm iæi Aax b mvz eqi Aa qb Ki Z n Zv P~jøeM mv `q h, `e gjøcyî bvgk GK wf z eš ag I `k b wel q mvz eqi D Pwk v MÖn Yi ci wf z `i ZË veav bi my hvm jvf K iwq jb `xn wbkvq 13 MÖ š D jøl Av Q, ivr e` RxeK mvz eqi Z wkjvq wpwkrmvkv Aa qb K i eÿ rcwë jvf K ib webqwcuk 14 g Z, RxeK Z wkjvq wpwkrmvkv cvi`wk Zv AR bi c ib wb R ivmxi wpwkrmv Kivi `vwqz ev AbygwZ jvf K iwq jb Rvbv hvq, A_ kv cö YZv PvYK, wel vz ˆeqvKiwYK cvwywb Z wkjvi QvÎ wq jb 15 G Z evsv hvq, fvize l i wewfbœ vb n Z we` v_ xiv Z wkjvq AvMgb Ki Zb Ges wk v K `ª wn m e Z wkjvi gh v`v wqj m e v P Z wkjvi L vwz cöm ½ Gm. wm. `vm e jb (S. C. Das), ÒG wek we` vj qi L vwz cwð g cvim, DË i e vk Uwiqv Ges c~ e cövp ch ší we Í Z wqj Ó 16 wgwj ` cökœ 17 MÖ š D jøl Av Q h, Z wkjvq wî e `i cvkvcvwk AvVvi cökvi we` v wk v`vb Kiv n Zv ˆew`K hy M wî e` (FM, mvg Ges hry) wk v wqj eva Zvg~jK KviY mkv j wî e` K wk vmz hvm Zv cwigv ci cöavb gvckvwv wn m e we epbv Kiv n Zv A½yËiwbKvq, A½yËiU&VK_v, _imv_v cöf wz MÖš mv `q h, ey i mg q wc ÐvjfviØvR bvgk GK eªvþy K wîwe` vq cvi`wk Zv AR bi ci eªvþy Kzgvi `i wk v`v bi `vwqz `qv n qwqj Rvbv hvq h, wzl bvgk ivrm ni GK e w³i wî e ` cvi`wk Zv jv fi ci cuvpkz hyek K ˆew`K gš wk v`v bi AbygwZ jvf K iwq jb 18 wî e `i cvkvcvwk hy we` v, we klz aby, Ak, i_, ˆmb mâvjb cöf wzi wk v`vb Kiv n Zv Aek AwaKvsk Î wîqmyb hy we` v wk v Ki Zb GQvov, gš, köæwz, wz, mvsl, hvm, b vq, wpwkrmv (Avqy e `), A_ e e`, cyivy, BwZnvm, R vwzwe ` v, hv`ywe` v, MwYZwe` v, ZK we` v, bxwzwe` v, wbwawe` v (LwbR kv ), `erbwe` v (b Z, MxZ, wkí, weávb cöf wz), mc we` v, eªþvwe` v, f~zwe` v, Q `, Kve, e vkiy, wjlb cöf wzi wk v`vb Kiv n Zv 19 G Z aviyv Kiv hvq h, m mgq e`wk v Z_v ag xq wk vi cvkvcvwk mvaviy ev mkzj vi wk vi `vb Kiv n Zv G cöm ½ bwjbxf~ly `vm ß e jb: GB mg qi cvv-cwikíbvi welq Av jvpbv Kwi j `Lv hvb e, ey vkögfy³ mkj m úª`vq KB ag vbyôv bi Rb wkqz kv xq wk v jvf Kwi Z nbz wkš c~ e i b vq mswnzv I eªvþyfvm K AvkÖq Kwiqv wk v-ixwzi cwiez b cö qvrb nbqvwqj e vkiy cv Vi cö qvrbxqzv GB mg q we klfv e Abyf~Z nq kã-we` vq eÿ rcwë jvf Ki Z bv cvwi j Kvb wk vjvfb m e nbz bv e envwik Rxe bi c cö qvrbxq MwYZ, weávb, abywe` v, R vwzl, `k b cöf wz wel qi Abykxjb GB mg q h _ó cömvi jvf KwiwQj 20

9 eš RvZ Ki Av jv K cövpxb fvi Zi wk ve e v I ms wzi ^iƒc A š^ly 281 A bk mgq eû kv we` vjv fi Rb wk v_ xmy AvRxeb eªþph v cvjb Ki Zb Gu `i K ÔˆbwôK eªþpvixõ ejv n Zv 21 wk KMY wk v`vb K ag xq AbyÁv wn m e MÖnY Ki Zb wk v_ xivi wk vjvf K a g i A½ g b KiZ wzjgyu&wvrvzk (II., pp ) mv `q h, Af`ª AvPi Yi Rb iæ KL bv KL bv wkl K kvixwik `Ð cö`vb Ki Zb Dcev mi gva gi `Ð`v bi weavb cöpwjz wqj 22 wkl K me wk v Z_v iæi AwaMZ mkj we` v wk v`vb KivB iæi KvR wkš DcvnbRvZK (II., pp ) Ges wëjrvz K (II., pp ) D jøl cviqv hvq h, iæiv wkl `i wkqz wkqz welq Ae vl vz i L ev Mvcb i L wk v`vb Ki Zb Gi Ab Zg KviY n Q hv Z wkl iv ZK hy ev cöwz hvwmzvq iæ K civwrz Ki Z bv cv i hme welq Ae vl vz ivl Zb ev wk v w` Zb bv Zv ÔAvPvh gywóõ bv g AwfwnZ gnvm~z mvgrvzk (V., pp ) g Z, gavex QvÎiv iæ ev AvPvh `i Aa vcbvkv h mvnvh Ki Zb Giƒc mvnvh Kvix QvÎiv Ôc ôvpvh Õ bv g cwiwpz wq jb Ges AvPvh e n j Giƒc QvÎ `i PZz úvwvi Aa wb qvwrz Ki Zb K ZKv h i m ½ wk v mgvcbv ší Kv bv QvÎ hlb evwo Z wd i AvmZ, ZLb eüz-evüe, AvZ xq- ^Rb Ges cvov-cöwz ekx cöpzi Avb `vjøvm KiZ RbmÜRvZK (IV., pp ) cv V Rvbv hvq, evivymxi ivrkzgvi wk v mgvcb K i ivrcövmv ` wd i G j ivrv Lykx Z iv R i mkj e `x `i gy³ K i `b cjvwqrvzk (II., pp ), exwz QRvZK (II., pp ) Ges P~jøKvwj½RvZK (III., pp. 3-8) n Z Rvbv hvq, wk v mgvcbv ší hkl vwz jv fi Avkvq A bk wkl `~i `~iv ší wm q cwðz `i m ½ cy evwr i L ZK hy wjß n Zb mz KZzRvZK (III., p ) mv `q h, eªvþyeskxq k Z KZz bvgk GK e w³ GK PÐv ji wbku Z K civ Í n q AcgvwYZ n qwq jb ˆew`K hy M cöv_wgk wk vq g š i weï D Pvi Yi cöwzi j ivlv n Zv D Pvi Yi ci kã, evk MVb, A_ -cöwyav bi wk v cö`vb Kiv n Zv mbvzb e e vq ïwpzv i vi Rb cö_g w` K e` ev K i wjlb wbwl wqj c i cv bi cvkvcvwk wjlbi wk v `vb Kiv n Zv GB wk ve e v wqj iæ ev AvPvh Kw `ªK Zcm vjä-hk h wkl K mg KivB wqj iæi eªz iæ wk l i AvwZ K m ú K i ga w` q PjZ Ávbmvabv iæi e w³z, DbœZ PwiÎ, mymfxi cöáv Ges Rxebv`k wqj wk l i GKvšÍ AbyKiYxq 23 AvPvh MY bzzb bzzb wk v c wz D veb K i cigh Zœ wkl `i wk v w` Zb G Kvi Y mgv R I iv óª AvPvh MY h _ó gh `vjvf Ki Zb QvÎivI AvPv h i cöwz mg Kfv e `vwqz cvjb Ki Zb Gfv e iæ-wk l i cvi úwik m ú K i ga w` q cövpxb fvi Z Z_v ˆew`K hy M ÁvbPP v Kiv n Zv

10 282 evsjv `k GwkqvwUK mvmvbwu cwîkv eš hymxq wk ve e v eš ag cªvpxb fvizxq mgvr I wk ve e vq GK bzzb w`mší D b vpb K i ˆew`K wk v e e vi m ½ Î we k l mv` k _vk ji eš hy M cöewz Z wk ve e v e vck RbwcÖqZv I cöpvi-cömvi jvfc~e K fvizxq mgvrrxeb I wk v RM Z wecøe m wó K i wb œ cvwj mvwn Z i Z_ we kølyc~e K G hy M cöewz Z wk ve e vi ˆewkó mg~n Dc vcb Kiv n jv: cö_gz, eš hy M cöewz Z wk vi Øvi RvwZ-ag -ey -wj½ mk ji Rb wqj Db y³ d j mvaviy gvbyli eªvþy mgv R MÐxf~Z _vkv wk vi AwaKvi jvf K i Gfv e eš hy M wk ve e vq MYZvwš K Av`k vwcz nq gvz½rvzk (IV., pp ) mv `q h, gvz½ bvgk GK PÐvj ÁvbvR b c~e K gvz½cwðz bv g wel vz n qwq jb wøzxqz, G hy M wk ve e vq ms Z fvlvi cwie Z mvaviy gvby li gvz fvlv Z_v cövk Z fvlv K gva g wn m e MÖnY Kiv n qwqj d j wekvj Rb Mvôx gvz fvlvq we` vpp vi my hvm jvf K i Ges wk vi nvi e w c Z _v K 24 Z ZxqZ, G hy M wk vi g~j K `ª wqj eš wenvi d j bmi Kw `ªK wk v G hy M iv óªi me Î Qwo q c o eš wenv i mgwómzfv e Rxebhvcb Kivq wk v_ xiv AvZ wbf ikxj niqvi, e w³z MV bi Ges mšnv`, m úªxwz I mšåvz Z ev a DØy niqvi my hvm jvf Ki Zb PZz_ Z, G hy M cöewz Z wk vi K `ªwe `y wqj mvaviy RbMY gvby li `ytlwbe wë w`k wb ` kbv cö`vb Kivq G wk ve e v mvaviy RbMY K mn RB AvK ó K i `ªæZ cömvi jvf Ki Z m g nq 25 câgz, eš wk ve e vq Dcva vq Ges AvPvh G `yõrb wk Ki wbku wk v MÖnY Ki Z nq Dcva vq wk v_ x K we` v weziy Ki Zb Aciw` K, AvPvh webq-e envi wel q wk v w` Zb webqwcuk 26 mv `q h, ` I AwfÁ Dcva vq I AvPvh MY wewfbœ wel q hv Z wk v_ x `i Ávb e w cvq mb D Ï k wk v_ x `i cwipvwjz Ki Zb Dcva vq Ges AvPvh Avg Zz Aa qb I Aa vcbvqiz _vk Zb Zuviv AvRxeb KŠgvh Aej ^b Ki Zb weavq wk v`v b Kv bv ikg wenœ m wó n Zv bv ZvQvov, eš wk ve e vq `yb köyxi wk K wk v `vb Ki Zb weavq wk v_ xi Yv Y j K i wk v`vb m e n Zv lôz, iæ wkl QvovI eš wk ve e vq m Ni m`m MYI iæz c~y f~wgkv cvjb Ki Zb Zuviv wk v_ xi cwic~y e w³z wekvkmva b `vwqz cvjb Ki Zb mßgz, m NbvqKMY mvaviy RbM Yi Dc hvmx D`vi cvv cwikíbv cöbqyc~e K wk v `vb Ki Zb Z¾b ewn wefvmxq we` vqzb Ges Af šíixy m N we` vqzb cöez b Kiv nq 27

11 eš RvZ Ki Av jv K cövpxb fvi Zi wk ve e v I ms wzi ^iƒc A š^ly 283 ewn wefvmxq we` vqzb wqj m Newn f~z mvaviy RbM Yi Rb Giv jšwkk welqmg~n Aa qb Ki Zb Af šíixy m N we` vqz b wf z-wf zyx Ges kögymy we` vwk v Ki Zb AógZ, mvaviy RbM Yi Avw_ K Abỳ v b eš wenvi jv wbwg Z niqvq eš `i c ô cvlkzvq cö_g fvizxq Dcgnv ` k mvaviy we` vqzb m wó nq Ges wk v_ xi msl v AwaK niqvq köyx wk ve e v M o I V begz, eš wk ve e vq eš ag -`k b wk vi cvkvcvwk e`, `k b, MwYZ, R vwzlkv, A_ kv, wpwkrmvwe` v, ZK we` v, fvlv cöf wz Rxeb Nwbó mvaviy I jšwkk wel qi wk v `vb Kiv n Zv Dchy ³ ˆewkó QvovI, bvixwk v wqj eš wk ve e vi Avi GK Awfbe m~pbv wf zyx m N cöwzôvi d j bvixwk vi nvi eû Y e w cvq d j, fvize l eš hy M bvixwk v h _ó cömvi jvf K i Gmgq bvixiv Áv bi bvbv wel q cvi`wk Zv jvf K i mybvg AR b Ki ZI m g nb cvwj mvwn Z gnvcöávm úbœv, ag Kw_Kv, webqaiv, wzm úbœv, gnvevwm, mye³v cöf wz bvbv we kly gwðzv bvixi D jøl cviqv hvq _ixmv_vi AU&VK_v 28 mv `q h, fïv KzÐj Kmv wbmé `i ag gz Abymvix wq jb, c i eš cwðz `i wbku n Z Ávbjvf K ib ZK kv wzwb mycwðz wq jb Ges Z K ey wkl mvixcyî e ZxZ Ab Kn Zuvi mgk wq jb bv wzwb Av`k wkw KvI wq jb 29 gwàgwbkvq 30 Ges A½yËi wbkv q 31 D jøl Av Q h, ey i mgq ivrm n bm ii ag w`bœv wq jb cöli wzkw³ Ges `vk wbk Ávbm úbœ G Kvi Y Zuvi myl vwz fvize l i me Î Qwo q c owqj KviY mmgq wzpviy wqj wk vi iæz c~y A½, hv Ávbvni Yi me v c v wbf i hvm c wz wn m e we ewpz n Zv _ixmv_vq 32 b `Ëiv bvgk GK wf zi D jøl Av Q, whwb wkíweávb I evwm Zvq Amxg cvi`k x wq jb cigì`xcbx bvgk AU&VK_v 33 n Z Rvbv hvq, wf zyx gv wq jb AmvaviY cözz rcbœgwz Ges mye³v wzwb wf zyx web qi cvi`k x wq jb eš a g i RwUjwelqmg~n wzwb AwZ mnr-mijfv e e vl v Ki Z cvi Zb mshy³wbkv q 34 D jøl Av Q h, wzwb ivrv cö mbwrz K câ Ü wel q a g vc `k `vb K i wegy» K iwq jb RvZ K eû wkw Z bvixi D jøl cviqv hvq fïmvjrvz K (IV., p ) D jøl Av Q, Kzgvi weo pe Kwcjve hvevi Av MB evme wîq gnvbvg K cî Øviv Rvwb q `b, Zuvi weevn inm hb Kzgvi weo pe Rvb Z bv cv i AmvZiƒcRvZK (I., p ) cv V Rvbv hvq, KvmjivR KZ K evivymxivr KiZjMZ niqvq evivymxi ivrkzgvi Kvmjiv Ri weiæ hy cö wz bb Gmgq Zuvi gvzv cî Øviv Zuv K mveavb K ib Ges Dc `k ^iƒc e jb hy i cwie Z bmi Ae iva KivB Kzgv ii Rb köq Avw`ËRvZ K (III., p ) D jøl Av Q, mšexi iv R i ivrv fi Zi mgỳ ª werqv bvgk gwnlx

12 284 evsjv `k GwkqvwUK mvmvbwu cwîkv wq jb mycwðz Ges ÁvbeZx wzwb ^vgx K m`yc `k w` q me `v mvnvh Ki Zb gnvbvi`km&mcrvz K (VI., pp ) D jøl Av Q h, iærv bv œx GK we`ylx kv Á ivrkb v wq jb, whwb hyw³z K wczvi Kzms vi I wg_ v ag wek vm Ac bv`b K ib gnvd M&MRvZ K (VI., pp ) Agiv `exi Zx è eyw i cwipq cviqv hvq, whwb ^wjwlz cögvyvw` Dc vcbc~e K PviRb mfvcwð Zi PvjvKx Ac bv`b K iwq jb P~jøKvwj½RvZ K (III., p. 3-8) wewfbœ gzev ` cvi`k x ˆekvjxi eû we`ylx igyxi D jøl Av Q, huviv gvzv-wczvi wbku bvbv gzev ` eÿ rcwë jvf K iwq jb D³ RvZK cv V Av iv Rvbv hvq, ˆekvjxi mbme we`ylxiv cy Ki Zb, Z K Kv bv M nxi wbku civ Í n j Zuvi czœx n eb, Avi cwieªvr Ki wbku civ Í n j Zuvi wkl v n eb Rvbv hvq h, cövpxbkv j cyiæ li b vq bvixivi PŠlwÆ cökvi Kjvwe`v i AšÍM Z eû wel q wkw Z n Zb 35 hme wel q bvix AwaK wk v AR b Ki Zb Zb a wb œv³ welqmg~n 36 D jøl hvm : msmxzkv : b Z -MxZ-ev` bvu kv : Awfbq mvrm¾v : cy úm¾v, gvjvmöš b, D` vb ipbv, mš `h ea K A½ivMvw`, cvlvkcwi Q`, mypxwkí, M nm¾v AjsKiY, vcz -fv h, g rwkí cöf wz KŠkj welqk : B `ªRvj ev hv`ywe` v, fvrwe` v, cö nwjkvgq evk ev auvauv k welqk : Z jvqvi, mokx, ek v, aby cöf wz Pvjbv A½we` v : kixipp v, ^v welqk flr Ávb, Kvgm~Î ev A½ welqk wk v cövyx-wk v cöyvjx : gl, wzwgi c x I gvim K jovb q cö Z Kiv, Ges gqbv, ZvZv cöf wz K eywj klv bv cöf wz wk v cöyvjx we` v welqk : mvs KwZK wjlb cöyvjx, wewfbœ fvlv wk v, wpîv¼b BZ vw` cvwj mvwnz cv V aviyv R b h, M n Kb v A c v eviewyzvmyb AwaK msmxz wk v Ki Zb KviY cövpxbkv j D P köyxi eviv½bviƒ c ^xk wz cviqvi Rb ïay iƒc- hšebb bq, bvbvwea Kjvwe` v ZI cvi`wk Zv AR b Ki Z n Zv webqwcuk 37 MÖš mv `q h, ivrm ni kvjezx bvgk GK eviewyzv wq jb, whwb bvp, Mvb Ges eskxev` b cvi`k x wq jb _ixmv_v MÖš wu wewfbœ we`ylx bvixi ipbvi mskjb MÖš wu mgx v Ki j `Lv hvq, ey i mgqkv j bvixiv ixwzg Zv wkw Zv I ms wz m úbœv wq jb Zuv `i iwpz Mv_v jv Z hme iæm xi A_ evak kã, Dcgv Ges iƒc Ki D jøl cviqv hvq Zv Z cözxwz R b h, Zuviv eš ag -`k bi cvkvcvwk jšwkk wel qi cövá wq jb köx wegjvpiy jvnv Ges exyv P Ævcva vq Zuv `i iwpz MÖ š eû wkw Z igyxi D jøl

13 eš RvZ Ki Av jv K cövpxb fvi Zi wk ve e v I ms wzi ^iƒc A š^ly 285 K i Qb 38 ey eû wel q Ávb AR b K ÔDËg g½jõ wn m e AwfwnZ K i Qb 39 G Z evsv hvq, eš hy M ag xq wk vi cvkvcvwk jšwkk wel qi Ávb AR b DØy Kiv n Zv eš hy M D Pwk vi K `ª wn m e Z wkjv wek we` vj qi myl vwz me Î we Í wz jvf K i Z wkjv wqj MvÜv ii ivravbx ˆew`KhyM n ZB Z wkjv wek we` vj qi myl vwz wqj 40 GwU cö_ g eªvþy kv vw`i K `ª wnmv e L vwz jvf K i eš hy M eš wk v ^Zš wk v e e vq cwiyz n j Z wkjv eš wk v K `ª wn m ei cöwmw jvf K i e envwik wk v`vb G wek we` vj qi Ab Zg D Ïk wqj GLv b lvokel eqtcövwß n j fwz niqv hz Ges fvize l i wewfbœ vb n Z GLv b we` v AR bi Rb wk v_ xiv AvMgb Ki Zv 41 cödzjøp `ª Nv li 42 g Z, g~jz Z wkjvq cvv Avi bq, cvv mgvwßi Rb B hviqv n Zv wzjgyu&wvrvz K (II., pp ) D Pwk vi vb wn m e Z wkjv wek we` vj qi myl vwz ewy Z Av Q wk v Î Z wkjv wek we` vj qi Ae`vb m ú K cödzjøp `ª Nv li AwfgZ cöwyavb hvm : cövpxb fvi Zi wk v Î Z wkjv wek we` vjq h DbœZ gvb vcb KwiqvwQj Zvnv wpšív Kwi j fvizxq wk v-e e vi gšwjkz m ^ Ü Kvb m `n _v K bv PvYK I cvwywbi MÖš mg~n wepvieyw -cöm~z wk v-c wzi cwiyz dj GB wek we` vj qi Ab vb K Zwe` v QvÎ `i D jøl bv Kwi ji Bnv ^xkvi Kwi Z nb e h, RxeK, cvwywb I KŠwUj, Z wkjvi GB wzbrb QvÎ h Kvb ` ki, h Kvb hy Mi kö vi cvî 43 ciez xkv j Z wkjvi Av` j eš wk v K `ª wn m e bvj `v, weµgwkjv, mvgcyix, kvjeb, ejfx, mvibv_ cöf wz we` vqzb M o I V `k-we ` ki Gme we` vqz bi myl vwz Qwo q c owqj Ges `k-we ` ki we ` vrmvnx wk v_ xmy Gme wek we` vj q we` v AR bi Rb AvMgb Ki Zb ˆPwbK ågye ËvšÍ n Z Rvbv hvq h, ˆPwbK cwieªvrk dv-wn qb, wnd qb mvs, Br-wmsmn eû we`» cwðz Dchy ³ we` vqz mg~ n wk vjvf K iwq jb cövpxb fvi Zi ms wz ms wz n Q GKwU RvwZi gvckvwv ms wzi gg evyx n jv RxweKvi cöqvm Pvjvb gvbyl bvbv ckv I welq Aej ^b K i RxweKv wbe v ni cö Póv Pvjvq bvp, Mvb, evrbv, µxov- KŠZzK, AvPvi-Abyôvb cöf wz G `i AšÍM Z 45 mvs wzk Abyôvb bvbvfv e gvby li g b cöiyv hvmvq d j huviv ms wz PP v K ib Kej Zuv `i gbbkxjzv Ges iæwp eva mg nq Zv bq, huviv Dc fvm K ib Zuv `ii gbbkxjzvi DbœwZ NUvq cvwj mvwn Z AmsL ms wz cöwgk msmxzá, Awf bzv, Awf bîx, bu-bux, ev`k, µxovwe `i D jøl cviqv hvq d j aviyv Kiv hvq h, cövpxbkv j fvizel ms wzi ÎI Pig DrKl jvf K iwqj wb P cövpxb fvi Zi mvs wzk Ae v m ú K aviyv cö`vb Kiv n jv :

14 286 evsjv `k GwkqvwUK mvmvbwu cwîkv 5.1. Av gv`-cö gv` I Drmevw` HwZnvwmK AvKi MÖš mv `q h, cövpxbkv j fvize l bvbvikg Drm ei cöpjb wqj RvZK cv V Rvbv hvq, evi-wzw_-b Îi Ae vb Abymv i Drmemg~n cvwjz n Zv Ges fixevwr q Drm ei mgq NvlYv Kiv n Zv `y arvzk (I., p. 259) g Z, Drm ei mgq MÖvg-bMi my `ifv e mvrv bv n Zv mymxgrvz K (II., pp ) ewy Z Av Q h, Drm ei mgq RuvKRgKc~Y kvfvhvîvi Av qvrb Kiv n Zv Ges kvfvhvîvq bvbvfv e mw¾z K i nvwz e envi Kiv n Zv D v`šíxrvzk (V., p ) g Z me c v cöavb Drme cvwjz n Zv KvwZ K gv m, we klz KvwZ K c~wy gvq, hv KvwË Kvrme bv g cwiwpz wqj eækrvzk (I., pp ) mv `q h, KvwË Kvrme mvzw`b ev mßvnkvj vqx n Zv G QvovI cvwj mvwn Z Av iv bvbvikg Drme Ges gjvi Av qvrb Kiv n Zv e j D jøl cviqv hvq wzwëirvzk (III., p. 538), webqwcuk 46 Ges a c`u&vk_vq 47 D jøl Av Q h, Rbmvavi Yi Av gv`-cö gv `i D Ï k ivrm n bm ii GK ce Zi Dci cöwzeqi ÔwMiM&Mmg¾Õ bvgk GK cöwm gjvi Av qvrb Kiv n Zv RvZK Ges `xn wbkvq 48 MÖš mv `q h, Gme Drm e bvbv ckvi wkíx wkí ` Zv cö`k b K i RbmvaviY K Avb ` `vb Ki Zb Ges A_ DcvR b K i RxweKv wbe vn Ki Zb we klz bvp-mvb-evrbv, hv`y, KŠZzK, Kzw Í, gywóhy, `Ðhy, bvbvikg Kjv KŠkj ev Ljv, wewfbœ cövyxi jovb cöf wz wqj Drm ei g~j AvKl Y fixev`rvzk (I., p ), wëjrvzk (II., pp ), c`kzmjgvbervz K (III., pp ) Drm ei mgq bvp, Mvb Ges ev` cwi ekb K i RbmvaviY Avb ` `vb c~e K A_ DcvR bi K_v ewy Z Av Q wpëm ~ZRvZK (IV., pp ) cv V Rvbv hvq h, PÐv jiv bm ii cö ekc _ euvk-b Z cö`k b K i A_ DcvR b KiZ bvix-cyiæ li GK Î RuvKRgKc~Y MvwjPvi Dci AvKl Yxq b Z -MxZ cwi ek bi K_v ewy Z Av Q P~jøeM MÖ š 49 mkv j cö Z K abvx e w³i evwo Z MvwqKv Ges b Z wkíx _vkz Z e ckvavix wkíxiv bvbv v b wkí-kzkjzv cö`k b K i A_ DcvR b Ki Zb b PRvZ K (I., p. 207) bvp Mvb cwi ek bi mgq exyv, Xvj (AvZZ, wezz), KiZvj, Lvj (mywciv) cöf wz ev` hš evrv bvi K_v D jøl i q Q ey i mgqkv j Av ªcvwj Ges mvjezx bvp-mvbevrbvq mywbcyyv wq jb e j Rvbv hvq Zuv `i iƒc- hšeb Ges wkí-ˆbcy Y AvK ó n q `k-we ` ki eû ivrv Ges abvx e w³ Zuv `i m½jv fi Avkvq Qz U Avm Zb Zb a gmaivr wew ^mvi wq jb Ab Zg 50 mvjkrvzk (II., pp ) Ges Awn wðkrvz K (III., pp ) D jøl Av Q h, Drm ei mgq wewfbœ Rbc ` mvcy oiv mvc I evbi wb q bvbv Kjv KŠkj cö`k bc~e K `k K `i Avb ` `vb K i A_ DcvR b Ki Zb mvc I evbi wb q Kjv KŠkj cö`k bc~e K A_ DcvR bi welqwu fvizxq Dcgnv ` k ez gv bi `Lv hvq cyc&diërvzk (I., pp ) Ges M½gvjRvZ K

15 eš RvZ Ki Av jv K cövpxb fvi Zi wk ve e v I ms wzi ^iƒc A š^ly 287 (III, p ) D jøl Av Q h, abx-mixe wbwe k l ˆewPÎ I myiwäz cvlvk Ges mymwü gvj `ªe cwiavb K i Drm e hvm`vb Ki Zb M½vgvjRvZ K D jøl Av Q, GK gryi Drm e wm q mwâz A _ i GK Ask Øviv gvj, GK Ask Øviv MÜ Ges GK Ask Øviv myiv µq K i myivcvb RvZ K (I., p ) bvbv v b cvbvmvi _vkvi K_v Ges Gme cvbvmv i myivcvqxiv wm q wccvmv wbe Z KiZ e j D jøl Av Q G Z evsv hvq, cövpxbkv j Drm ei mgq myivrvzxq gv`k`ªe cvb Kivi ixwzi cöpwjz wqj 5.2. Kjv- KŠkj I fvrevwr cö`k b RvZK Ges wewfbœ cvwj MÖ š D jøl Av Q h, Drme QvovI bvbv v b bvbv ckvi jvk Ges feny iiv fvrevwr Ges Kjv KŠkj cö`k b K i Avb ` `vb c~e K AwR Z A _ RxweKv wbe vn KiZ `mbœkrvz K (III., pp ) bvbv ikg Kjv- KŠkj cö`k bi K_v ewy Z Av Q G RvZK GK KŠkj cö`k bkvix evivymxi ivrcöv½ Y jv Ki mgv e k ZwÎk A½ywj `xn Ges myzx è Zievix wm j jvk g b we q m wó Ges Avb ` D `ªK Kivi K_v D jøl Av Q `yeÿprvzk (I., pp ) cv V Rvbv hvq h, evwamë evivymxivr eªþ` Ëi mgq evivymx Z j Nb-bË KKz j Rb MÖnY K i GK AvPv h i wbku kw³j Nbwe` v wk v K ib Ges AvPv h i m ½ bvbv v b kw³j Nbµxov cö`k bc~e K A_ DcvR bi Ki Zb wzwëirvz K (III., pp ) D jøl Av Q, feny iiv bvbv v b Ny i Ny i KL bv cy weµq, KL bv `Ðhy AskMÖnY Ges cïea K i RxweKv wbe vn KiZ f`ªnurvz K (II., pp ) b Uiv abvx e w³i mšívb `i kvly K i RxweKvwbe vn KiZ e j mv cviqv hvq G RvZ K ewy Z Av Q, evwam Ë i g Zz i ci Zuvi cyî g` vm³ n q j NbbU, avek, MvqK, bu cöf wz K mn ª mn ª gỳ ªv w`z Ges Db Ëi b vq Kv_vq MxZ, Kv_vq b Z, Kv_vq ev` n Zv mme v b Ny i eovz Ges Gfv e m Pwjøk KvwU gỳ ªv Ges Ab vb m úwë webó K i Z e Dw QU&VfËRvZK (II., pp ) mv `q h, b Uiv Giƒc K ii m ú`kvjx n Z cviz bv Ges KL bv KL bv wf v K i RxweKv wbe vn KiZ RvZ K bvu vwfb qi K_v Zgb D jøl cviqv hvq bvv, Z e myiæwprvz K (IV., pp ) ` k Kve vwfb qi g Zv bvbvikg b Z, kvixwik KmiZ Ges nv m ÏxcK A½fw½ cö`k b K i `k K `i wpëiäb c~e K A_ DcvR bi welq D jøl Av Q RvZ K h mkj b Ui D jøl Av Q, Zviv b Z -Mx Zi cvkvcvwk B `ªRvjwe` vqi cvi`k x wqj e j mv cviqv hvq myiæwprvz K (IV., pp ) fðzky Ges cðzky bvgk `yõrb b Ui AwZ we qki H `ªRvwjK µxovi ey bv Av Q G RvZ K ewy Z Av Q h, fðzky gyn~ Z i g a GKUv wekvj Av ªe m wó K i Zvi kvlv j K i GKUv m~îwcð D aÿ wb c KiZ m~ Îi GKcÖvšÍ H kvlvq msjmœ n j m Zv aviy K i Dc i DVZ Ges

16 288 evsjv `k GwkqvwUK mvmvbwu cwîkv ZLb h iv Zvi `n LÐ-weLÐ K i gvwu Z d j w`z Ab vb b Uiv Zvi LÐ-weLÐ `nvsk GK v b R ov K i Zv Z Rj wmâb Ki j fðzky Zr Yvr cy ú Av Qvw`Z n q cyye vi Avwef~ Z n q b Z KiZ Zrci cyðky R jší KvôL Ði Av b Svc w`z Ges Av b wbt kl n j Ab vb b Uiv QvBf i Dci Rj wmâb KiZ ZLb cyûyky cy úvei Y f~wlz n q cyye vi Avwef~ Z n q b Z KiZ G Z evsv hvq, b Uiv fvrfvwr Z ek cvi`kx wqj a c`u&vk_vq 51 DM&M mb bvgk ivrm ni GK köwôcy Îi D jøl Av Q, whwb hv`ywe` vq cvi`k x GK bvixi cö g c o Zv K weevn K ib Ges weev ni ci hv`ywe` v K ckv wn m e MÖnY K ib µ g wzwb m ckvq cvi`wk Zv AR bc~e K ivrm n bmixi GK wekvj Rbmgv e k hv`ywe` v cö`k b K i cöpzi myl vwz AR b K ib 5.3. Ljva~jv I cöwz hvwmzv cövpxbkv j cöwz hvwmzv wqj we bv` bi GK iæz c~y Ask G Z ivrv, ivbx, ivr cwiev ii m`m Ges AvgZ MY AskMÖnY Ki Zb mvaviy RbMYI e vck DÏxcbvi m ½ Ask MÖnY KiZ msmxz, wezk Ges Ljva~jv wqj we bv` bi Pz ^K Ask wëjrvz K (II., pp ) GK g bvá msmxz cöwz hvwmzvi ey bv cviqv hvq G Z D jøl Av Q h, evwamë evivymxivr eªþ` Ëi ivrz Kv j GK MvÜ e es k Rb MÖnY K ib ZLb Zuvi bvg nq wëjkzgvi wzwb h_vkv j MvÜ e we` vq cvi`wk Zv AR b K ib Ges Zuvi myl vwz me Î Qwo q c o Zuvi exyvi my ii gyq bvq wegy» n q evivymxivr Zuv K cövmv ` wkíx wn m e wb qvm`vb K ib g~wmj bvgk GK exyvev`k Zuvi wbku msmxz wk v K i cvi`wk Zv AR b K ib wkš g~wmj wq jb jvfx, Kzeyw I nxbgvbwmkzv m úbœ d j wëj e qve n j wzwb evivymxi ivrcövmv ` wkíx wn m e Kg jv fi Rb iæ wëj K cxovcxwo Ki Z _v Kb Ab b vcvq n q iæ wëj welqwu ivrv K ÁvZ Ki j ivrv cöwz hvwmzv Av qvr bi gva g Zuvi msmxz wbcyyzv wbiæcy Ki Z B QzK nb d j evivymxi ivrv ivrcövmv `i ZviYcv k iæ-wk l i GK cöwz hvwmzvi Av qvrb K ib GK mßvn c~ e wzwb ivrkg Pvixi gva g fixevwr q cöwz hvwmzvi K_v cöpvi Kivb cöwz hvwmzvi Rb gðc wbg vy Kivb ivrcwiev ii m`m Ges AgvZ mn ivrv Ges bvbv köyx ckvi bi-bvix g bvig e k mw¾z n q cöwz hvwmzv Dc fv Mi Rb Dcw Z nb cöwz hvwmzvq iæ wë ji wbku wkl g~wmj civwrz nb P~jøKvwj½RvZK (III., p. 1) cv V Rvbv hvq h, ey i mgqkv j `vk wbk Ges wkw Z mgv R wezk LyeB RbwcÖq wqj G RvZK mv `q h, ey i mgqkv j ˆekvjxi wj Qexiv wezk LyeB fvjevm Zb GK`v wj QexivR câkz gzev ` eÿ rcbœ GK wbmöš Ges wbmöš xi g a wezk Av qvrb K ib wepv i Df q mgvb cvi`wk Zv cö`k b K ib d j Df qi Mf RvZ mšívb gnvcwðz

17 eš RvZ Ki Av jv K cövpxb fvi Zi wk ve e v I ms wzi ^iƒc A š^ly 289 n e Giƒc f e ivrv Dfq K weevn eü b Ave Kivb Kvjµ g Zuv `i PviKb v Ges GK cyî Rb MÖnY K ib cö Z K gvzvi wbku cuvpkz Ges wczvi wbku cuvpkz gvu mn ª gzev` wk v K i gnvevm xiƒ c L vz nb wkš köve Íx Z mn ª mn ª jv Ki Dcw wz Z Av qvwrz GK wezk cöwz hvwmzvq Pvi evb ey wkl mvwicy Îi wbku civ Í n q cöeªr v MÖnYc~e K wf yyxa g `xw Z nb Abyiƒc GK wez K ey ÔwbMÚ m PKÕ bvgk GK cwieªvrk K civ Í K iwq jb e j D jøl cviqv hvq, hlv b wj Qex KzgviMY Dcw Z _ K D³ wezk ch e Y K iwq jb 52 µxov cöwz hvwmzvi g a cövyxi jovb, Kzw Í, gywóhy, `Ðhy cöf wz LyeB RbwcÖq wqj e j RvZ K D jøl cviqv hvq NURvZ K (III., pp ) Kzw Í cöwz hvwmzvi ey bv i q Q G RvZ K ewy Z Av Q h, GK`v GK ivrv GK Kzw Í Ljvi Av qvrb K ib GK mßvnc~e _ K wzwb mkj cökvi cö wz MÖnY Ki Z _v Kb Ges fixevwr q mkj K Kzw Í Ljvi msev` ÁvZ Kivb ivrcövmv `i mvg b e ËvKv i cövpxi wbg vyc~e K Ljvi vb cö Z Kivb wba vwiz w` b ÔPbyiÕ Ges ÔgywËKvÕ bvgk `yõrb Kzw ÍMx ii g a cöwz hvwmzv AbywôZ nq werqx K nl aÿwy cö`vb K i Drmvn cö`vb Kiv n Zv gwàgwbkvq 53 MÖ š D jøl cviqv hvq h, AwfRvZ köyxi jvk `i g a cvkv Ljv cöpwjz wqj Ges ivrkb vmy Ges AwfRvZ m úª`v qi Kb vmy ÔKzÐzKÕ (ej) Ges ÔwfUvÕ (nwkrvzxq) Ljv Lj Z fvjevm Zb we`~icwðzrvz K (VI., p. 281) Kvôdj K Giƒc Ljv n Zv e j ewy Z Av Q AÐf~ZRvZ K (I., pp ), wjërvzk (I., pp ) Ges we`~icwðzrvz K (VI., pp ) cöf wz Z A µxovi ey bv cviqv hvq AÐf~ZRvZ K (I., pp ) D jøl Av Q h, evwamë evivymxivr eªþ` Ëi AMÖgwnlxi M f Rb MÖnY K ib eqtcªvwßi m ½ m ½ wzwb me we` vq cvi`wk Zv AR b K ib AZtci ivr jvf K i h_vag cörvcvjb Ki Z _v Kb wzwb Zuvi cy ivwn Zi m ½ cy evwr i L `~ Zµxov Ki Zb Ges irzdj Ki Dci myey cvkk djvi mgq R qi Avkvq we kl gš Ave wë Ki Zb d j cöwzevwr ZB ivrv Rqjvf Ki Zb G Z cy ivwnz KcÏ K k~b n q c o ZvQvov mvaviy jv Kiv wek vm KiZ h, gš we k li Øviv Ljvq Rqjvf m e n Zv iæiærvzk (IV., p ) Ges we`~icwðzrvz K (VI., pp ) D jøl Av Q, mvaviy jv KivI cy i L evwr aiz Ges c Y n i mg q mg q me ^vší n Zv `xn wbkvq 54 MÖš mv `q h, cövpxbkv j fvize l nvwz, Nvov, gwnl, e l, AR, gl, gvim cöf wz cïcvlxi jovb cöpwjz wqj wkš ey cövyx `i cöwz wb` q AvPiY g `Kvh wn m e AwfwnZ Kivq ey hy M Gme Abyôvb n«vm c Z _v K 5.4. Lv` vf vm

18 290 evsjv `k GwkqvwUK mvmvbwu cwîkv mš ervzk (II., pp ) cv V Rvbv hvq h, hv Ges fvz wqj cö`vb Lv` Z e Drm ei mgq cv qm ˆZix Kiv n Zv Ges cv q m cöpzi N Z, gay I kk iv wgwköz Kivi ixwz wqj BjøxmRvZK (I., pp ) Ges myav fvrbrvzk (V., p. 383) g Z, ZÐzj (PvDj), N Z Ges o w` q wcôk cö Z Kiv n Zv Z jvev`rvzk (II., p. 262), wb MÖvaRvZK (IV., pp ), gywykrvzk (I., pp ), kvj~krvzk (II., pp ), ZzwÐjRvZK (III., pp ), gnvkwcrvzk (III., pp ), gnv evwarvzk (V., pp ), ivgkrvzk (II., pp ) cöf wz Z cövpxbkv j fvize l h gvsm LvIqvi ixwz cöpwjz wqj Zv D jøl cviqv hvq gywykrvzk (I., pp ) Ges kvj~krvz K (II., pp ) ewy Z Av Q h, jv Kiv gvs mi Rb k~ki cvjb KiZ ZzwÐjRvZ K (III., pp ) MÖvg k~k ii gvsm LvIqvi K_v ewy Z Av Q gywykrvzk g Z, ÔKzUzw ^KÕ Z_v MÖvg f~ ^vgx k~ki cvjb Ki Zb G Z evsv hvq, k~ki gvsm AšÍ R köyx Ges AwfRvZ köyx Df q f Y KiZ gnv evwarvzk (V., pp ) n Z gk Ugvsm fvr bi K_v Rvbv hvq gnvkwcrvz K (III., pp ) D jøl Av Q h, GK`v evivymxiv Ri Av ªi m ½ evbigvsm f Yi B Qv n qwqj wkš meÿ`vvrvz K (II., pp ) D jøl Av Q h, jv K evbigvsm K ALv` e j g b KiZ ivgkrvz K (II., pp ) cvivez Z_v K cv Zi (NyNyi) gvsm f Yi K_v ewy Z Av Q bv½yu&vrvzk (I., p. 494) n Z Rvbv hvq h, evivymxi e vaiv GK Zc ^xi Miæ nz v K i Zvi gvsm f Y K iwqj MncwZRvZ K (II., pp ) D jøl Av Q h, GK`v Kvkxiv R `ywf `Lv `q mmgq MÖvgevmxiv c i g~j cwi kva Ki e Giƒc k Z MÖvg fvrk n Z Miæ avi wb q Zvi gvsm f Y K i RxebaviY K i gnvm~z mvgrvz K (V., pp ) GK bigvsmvkx ivrvi K_v D jøl i q Q mmcwðzrvzk (III., pp ) Ges g QRvZK (I., pp ) cv V grm f Yi K_v Rvbv hvq RvZ K djg~ ji D jøl _vk ji wbw` ófv e d ji bvg LyeB Kg D jøl cviqv hvq, Z e Av ªd ji D jøl AwaK cviqv hvq G Z evsv hvq, cövpxbkv j djg~j LvIqvi ixwzi cöpwjz wqj 5.5. ms vi I wek vm RvZK cv V Rvbv hvq h, cövpxbkv j fvize l bvbv ikg ms vi I wek vm cöpwjz wqj GK cökvi jvk wqj hviv wewfbœ j Y ev wbwgë ` L ïfvïf wby q Ki Zb, Guiv ÔwbwgËcvVKÕ bv g L vz wq jb Avevi, GK köyxi jvk wqj huviv A½j Y ` L fwel Zi ïfvïf MYbv Ki Zb 55 ey cöpwjz Giƒc eû ms v ii weiæ Ae vb MÖnY K ib gnvg½jrvz K (IV., pp ) D jøl Av Q h, mkv j Nyg _ K I V mv`v is Oi e l, ivwnz grm, be mwc t, bzzb e, cv qm Ges Mwf ezx x `L j ïfdj cövwß N U

19 eš RvZ Ki Av jv K cövpxb fvi Zi wk ve e v I ms wzi ^iƒc A š^ly 291 PÐv ji gyl `k b Ag½j m~wpz nq Giƒc wek vmi cöpwjz wqj e j gvz½rvzk (IV., pp ) mv `q g½jrvz K (I., p. 373) gywlk-`ó e cwiavb Ki j esk wbe sk n q hvq Giƒc wek v mi K_v D³ Av Q bk&lërvz K (I., p. 258) wzw_ b Îi cöfv e g½j-ag½j m~wpz nq Giƒc wek v mi ey bv cviqv hvq G RvZ K Av iv D jøl Av Q, mmgq wzw_-b Î wepvi K i weev ni w`b avh Kiv n Zv Z e g½jrvzk Ges gnvg½jrvz K wbwgëvw`i AmviZv cö`wk Z n q Q ey bk&lërvz K hviv MÖn-b Îi Kvi Y ïfvïf wbav iy K i Zv `i K g~l wn m e AwfwnZ K i Qb gnvmywcbrvzk (I., pp ), jvnkzw RvZK (III., pp ) Ges AU&VmÏRvZ K (III., pp ) D jøl Av Q, me PzZ há m úv` bi gva g `yt ^cb mȳ ^ cœ cwiyz Kiv hvq Giƒc wek vm Rbmvavi Yi g a cöpwjz wqj jvnkzw RvZK (III., pp ) mv `q h, me PzZ h Á nw Í, Ak, e l, gbyl, PUK-cvLx cöf wz PviwU PviwU K i ea K i AvZ ûwz `Iqv n Zv LÐnvjRvZ K (VI., pp ) `Lv hvq, ivrvi ^M jv fi Rb GK cy ivwnz me PZz há K iwq jb, hv Z ivrvi cyî Ges gwnlx `i KI ewj`vb Kiv n qwqj Z vwirvz KI (IV., p ) vcz wbg v Y wenœwbeviy Ges g½jvpi Yi Rb biewj cö`v bi D jøl Av Q Giƒc wek vm ez gv bi cöpwjz `Lv hvq GL bv Giƒc aviyv cöpwjz Av Q h, e nr mzz wbg v Yi mgq biejx Avek K GL bv Ô Q jaivõ m ` n eû wbivciva jvk K AvNvZ I nz v Ki Z `Lv hvq RvZK cv V Av iv Rvbv hvq h, jv Kiv g b KiZ gš e j A bk Amva mvab Kiv hvq KvgbxZRvZ K (II., pp ) Kw_Z Av Q, jv Kiv wek vm KiZ fyzvweó jvk gš e j wbivgq n Zv e`e&frvz K (I., pp ) gš e j AvKvk n Z izœ ewl Z n Zv Giƒc wek vm I ms v ii D jøl Av Q GQvov, meÿ`vvrvz K (II., pp ) gš e j c w_ex Rq Kiv, eªnvqërvz K (III., pp ) gš e j ßab jvf Kiv hvq Giƒc ms vi I wek vmv cöpwjz wqj e j D jøl cviqv hvq P~jøK mu&wvrvzk (I., pp ), AmvZgšÍRvZK (I., pp ) Ges mš vervzk (II., pp ) cöf wz Z ewy Z Av Q, jv K wek vm KiZ cöeªr v MÖnY ev mbœ vm Aej ^b Ki j esk cweî nq, G Kvi Y gvzv-wczv Ges Ab vb AwffveKiv evjk `i mbœ vm Aej ^ b ev cöeªr v MÖn Y DØy Ki Zb wemešírvz K (I., pp ) ewy Z Av Q, jv Ki gv S Giƒc wek vm cöpwjz wqj h, gš e j Ges Jla cö qv M welai mv c KvUv ivmx K mȳ Kiv hvq, GgbwK gš e j h mv c `skb K i mb mvc K G b wel D Ëvjbc~e K ivmx K Av ivm Kiv hvq K QcRvZK (II., pp ) Ges A ^RvZ K (IV., pp ) D jøl Av Q, jv Kiv gnvgvwi ev msµvgk e vwa Ac `ezvi cöfve e j wek vm KiZ RvZKø q Av iv D jøl Av Q h, Giƒc ivm `Lv w` j jv Kiv MÖvg Z vm K i vbvší i Mgb Ki Zb RvZ K ivm wbivg qi bvbv ms v iii D jøl cviqv hvq `waevnbrvz K (II., pp )

20 292 evsjv `k GwkqvwUK mvmvbwu cwîkv ewy Z Av Q h, cvðz ivm n j `wa me bi Ges Kn wel cvb Ki j egb Kwi q egbv ší N Z, gay I kk iv LvIqv bvi ms vi cöpwjz wqj wjërvzk (I., pp ) I kvwjëkrvz K (I., pp ) D jøl Av Q, wcöq½y ev wcàwj wgwköz Rj cvbc~e K welcvbkvix K egb Kiv bv n Zv Gme welq we epbv K i ejv hvq, ez gvb Kv ji b vq cövpxbkv ji fvize l bvbv ms vi I wek vm cöpwjz wqj 6. Dcmsnvi Dchy ³ welq ch v jvpbv K i ejv hvq, FwlMYB wq jb cövpxb fvi Zi wk v I ms wzi g~j Drm Fwl `i cöáv jvk _ KB fvize l wk vi cö_g iwk we QzwiZ n qwqj Ges Fwl cwiev ii gva gb Zv mgmö fvize l Qwo q c owqj RvZxq ms wz K AvZ KivB wqj cövpxb fvizxq wk ve e vi Ab Zg ˆewkó RvZxq ms wzi cöwz c~y wek vm vcb K i G K i v Kivi D Ïk I cövpxb fvizxq wk ve e vq j Kiv hvq we` v_ x K AvZ -cöz q m úbœ, ^vej ^x, mev-eªz civqy I mvgvwrk KZ e ev a DØy KivB wqj GB wk vi we kl ˆewkó cövpxb fvi Z wk v Ges ag K Awfbœ `Lvi d j fvizxq wk vq me `vb Ava vwz K m ú` cövavb jvf K i GQvov, wk K I Qv Îi g a AvwZ K m úk we` gvb _vkvq wk vq mvaviyz Kv bv msku m wó n Zv bv gvbwmk DrKl, iæwp I cöeyzv Abymv i welq I e wë wk v e e v Ges cvv c wz wba viy; A ezwbk, AvevwmK Ges Kg Kw `ªK wk vi cöez b cöf wz wqj cövpxb fvizxq wk ve e vi Abb Dcv`vb wk ve e v cwipvjbvq mgv Ri cö Z K köyxi `vwqz MÖn Yi ` óvší cövpxb fvizxq wk ve e vq hiƒc j Kiv hvq Zv Avi Kv bv ` k j Kiv hvq bv eš ag cövpxb fvizxq wk ve e vq GK ˆecøweK hy Mi m~pbv K i ˆew`Khy M h wk v e e v wqj eªvþy mgv Ri MwÐf~Z, eš hy M Zv RvwZ-ag -ey -wj½ mk ji Rb Db y³ n q c o d j mvaviy gvbyli wk vi AwaKvi jvf K i Gfv e eš hy M wk ve e vq MYZvwš K Av`k vwcz nq wøzxqz, ey cöewz Z wk ve e vq ms Z fvlvi cwie Z mvaviy gvby li gvz fvlv Z_v cövk Z fvlv K cövavb `Iqv n j wekvj Rb Mvôx gvz fvlvq we` vpp vi my hvm jvf K i G Î eš wenvi jv we` vj qi f~wgkv cvjb Kivq mgmö fvize l wk vi nvi `ª yz e w c Z ïiæ K i Ges eš wf zm Ni Kj v Y iæm ni cwie Z köyxk cvv`vb Ges we` vqzb wfwëk wk ve e v M o I V G Kvi Y ˆew`Khy M iæm n I eš hy M m N wqj Rbmvavi Yi M e i e G jvb fvizxq wk v I ms wz K F K iwqj Ges Abb ˆewkó `vb K iwqj ms wz mgx vq `Lv hvq, RvZ K cövpxb fvizxq ms wzi Dcv`vb we klz Av gv`-cö gv`, Drme, Kjv- KŠkj ev fvrevwr cö`k b, Ljva~jv-cÖwZ hvwmzv, Lv` vf vm, ms vi, jvk wek vm cöf wzi h cwipq cviqv hvq, Zv fvizxq Dcgnv ` k ez gv bi j Kiv hvq G Kvi Y ejv hvq,

21 eš RvZ Ki Av jv K cövpxb fvi Zi wk ve e v I ms wzi ^iƒc A š^ly 293 cövpxb eªvþy I eš wk v Ges ms wzb ez gvb fvize l i wk v I ms wzi wfwë `vb K iwqj Z_ wb ` k 1 kvšíiw Z gnv wei (mskwjz), cvwj-evsjv Awfavb, eš ag xq Kj vy Uªv, XvKv 2001, c. 668; kªxnwipiy e ` vcva vq, e½xq kã Kvl, cö_g LÐ, mvwnz AvKv `gx, KwjKvZv 1966, c T. W. Rhys Davids, Pali-English Dictionary, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, New Delhi 1975, p Robert Caesear Childers, A Dictionary of the Pali Language, Rinsen Book House, Kyoto, pp `k cvigx : `vb, kxj, ˆb Œg, exh, vwší, ˆgÎx, mz, fvebv, Awaôvb Ges D c v cöf wzi PP v 5 ez gvbkv ji M elkmy, we klz DBwjqvg MvBMvi, Gg. DB UvibxU&m, wr. wc. gvjvjv m Kiv, ImKvi fb wn bvevi, K. Avi. bigvb, KvbvB jvj nvriv cögyl Av iv `yõwu Ask hy³ K i RvZK K gvu cuvpwu Ask wef³ K ib Aci `ywu Ask ev wefvm n jv: Mv_v I eq vkiy; Wilhelm Geiger, Pali Language and Literature, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, New Delhi 1991 (3rd ed.), p. 30; M. Winternitz, History of Indian Literature, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, New Delhi 1996 (reprint), vol. 2, p ; G. P. Malalasekera, Pali Literature of Ceylon, Karunaratne & Sons Ltd., Kandy 1994, p. 120; Oskar von Hinuber, A Handbook of Pali Literature, Walter de Gruyter, New York, 1966, p. 56; K. R. Norman, A History of Pali Literature, Wiesbaden 1983, p. 279; Kanai Lal Hazra, Pali Language and Literature, D. K. Printworld (P) Ltd., 1994, p. 311; köx CkvbP `ª Nvl, RvZK, 1q LÐ, KiæYv cökvkyx, KwjKvZv 1389 evsjv (cybg `ªY), c. f~wgkv `ªóe 6 bwjbxf~ly `vk ß, ˆew`K I eš wk v, cökvk feb, KwjKvZv, 1398, c. 8 7 iex `ª ipbvejx, ÔZ cvebõ 7g LÐ, wek fvizx, 125Zg iex `ª RqšÍx Dcj cökvwkz ms iy, cšl 1403 (cybgỳ ªY), c köx kvwšíkzmyg `vk ß, ey I eš ag Ges cövpxb eš mgvr, gnv evwa eyk G RwÝ, KwjKvZv 1998, c wei (Aby.), _imv_v, i½yb eš wgkb cöm, 1935, Mv_v bs ˆew`K I eš wk v, cöv ³, c Herman Oldenberg (ed.), Vinaya Pitaka, London, P. T. S , vol. I., p Vinaya Pitaka, op. cit., vol. II, p T. W. Rhys Davids, and J. Estin Carpenter, (ed.), Dīgha Nikāya, London, P. T. S. 1890, vol. I, p Vinaya Pitaka, op. cit., vol. I, p ˆew`K I eš wk v, cöv ³, c S. C. Das, Hindustan Review, March 1906, p. 188

22 294 evsjv `k GwkqvwUK mvmvbwu cwîkv 17 cwðz ag vavi gnv wei (Aby.), wgwj ` cökœ, ag vavi eš MÖš cökvkbx, KwjKvZv, 1995, c A. P. de Zoysa, Indian Culture in the days of the Buddha, Colombo 1955, p R. K. Mookerji, Ancient Indian Education, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, New Delhi, 1986, p. xxxiii 20 ˆew`K I eš wk v, cöv ³, c A. S. Altekar, Education in Ancient India, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, New Delhi, 1967, p ˆew`K I eš wk v, cöv ³, c ey I eš ag Ges cövpxb eš mgvr, cöv ³, c cö evap `ª evmpx, eš ag I mvwnz, gnv evwa eyk G RwÝ, KjKvZv, 1989, c cöv ³, c Vinaya Pitaka, op. cit., vol. I., pp AbyKzjP `ª e `vcva vq, eš mvwnz I wk v-`x vi iƒc ilv, dvg v K GjGg cövb fu wjwg UW, KwjKvZv, 1989, c. 47; Education in Ancient India, op. cit., p F. L. Woodward (ed.), Paramattha-dīpanī Therigathā-Aţţhagathā, The Commentary of Dhammapālācariya, London, P. T. S. 1940, vol. II., op. cit., pp. 87, I. B. Horner, Women under in Primitive Buddhism, Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd., London, 1930, p V. Trenckner and R. Chalmers (ed.), Majjhima Nikāya, London, P. T. S , vol. I, p R. Morris and E. Hardy (ed.), Aǹguttara Nikāya, London, P. T. S. London 1885, vol. I, p wf z kxjf`ª (Aby.), _ixmv_v, gnv evwa eyk G RwÝ, KwjKvZv, 1357 evs, Mv_v bs: Paramattha-dīpanī Therigathā-Aţţhagathā, The Commentary of Dhammapālācariya, vol. II., op. cit., pp L. Feer, London (ed.), Saɱyutta-Nikāya, P. T. S. London, 1898, vol. IV, p Education in Ancient India, op. cit., p evyx P Ævcva vq, cvwj mvwn Z bvix, cybð, KwjKvZv 1990, c. 62; köx wegjvpiy jvnv, eš igyx, gnv evwa eyk G RwÝ, KwjKvZv 1999 (wøzxq gỳ ªY), c Vinaya Pitaka, op. cit., vol. IV., p eš igyx, cöv ³, c ; cvwj mvwn Z bvix, cöv ³, c H. Smith (ed.), The Kuddakapāţha. P. T. S. London 1915, p. 89 Òeû m P wmàâ, web qv P mywmk&wl Zv, myfvwmzv P hv evpv, GZs g½jgyëgs 40 H. C. Roychaudhuri, Political History of Ancient India, Motilal Baranasidash, New Delhi, 1973, p Ancient Indian Education, op. cit., p cödzjøp `ª Nvl, cövpxb fvizxq mf Zvi BwZnvm, cwðe½ ivr cȳ ÍK cl `, KwjKvZv, 1998, c H, c ôv 9

23 eš RvZ Ki Av jv K cövpxb fvi Zi wk ve e v I ms wzi ^iƒc A š^ly Thomas Watters, On Yuan Chwang s Travels in India, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 1996, pp. 140ff 45 KiæYvb ` wf z, cvwjmvwn Z bmiweb vm I bmirxeb, evsjv GKv Wgx, 1994, c Vinaya Pitaka, op. cit., vol. II, p H. C. Norman (ed.), The Commentary on the Dhammapada, P. T. S. London, 1906, vol. I, p Digha Nikāya, op. cit., vol. I., p Vinaya Pitaka, op. cit., vol. II., p Digha Nikāya, op. cit., vol. II., p The Commentary on the Dhammapada, vol. IV, op. cit., pp P~jøKvwj½RvZK (Vol. III, p. 1) 53 Majjhima Nikāya, op. cit., vol. I, p Digha Nikāya, op. cit., vol. I, p köx CkvbP `ª Nvl, RvZK, 2q LÐ, KiæYv cökvkbx, KwjKvZv 1389 evsjv (cybg `ªY), c. f~wgkv `ªóe