Government College University, Lahore. 66

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4 THE ECONOMIC REACH OF LAHORE Dr. Ali Iqtadar Mirza Head OF Department, The pace of urbanization in the Lahore metropolitan area had been undergoing rapid changes with the galloping trends of population increase in Pakistan. The cities, mostly, are located in relatively fertile areas to meet with the growing need of food. An urban area cannot be planned in isolation. The map shows the catchment area of Lahore district in the province of Punjab or even of the country. The metropolitan area of Lahore is most densely populate area as mentioned by LDA (1997), about 75% of the total population of Lahore is living within 10 km radius of the city center. There are three catchment waves which are generally controlled by daily, weekly and monthly migrants. The Lahore having a rich centrality, which defines the economic reach of the metropolitan area as indicated and shown in the map. The first catchment wave comprises of the districts of Kasur, Nankana Sahib, Sheikhupura, Narowal, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Hafizabad, Fasialabad and Okara, apart from a large number of rural settlements. This catchment area of Lahore urban center is located in the immediate vicinity which controlled by cyclic migrants, people almost coming daily for the purpose of job, and for other desired demands. The second catchment wave comprises of the districts like Gujrat, Mandi Bahudin, Sargudha, Jhang, Toba Take Singh, Sahiwal, Pakpattan, etc. from where the commuters are connected on weekly or even daily basis. The third catchment wave of the Lahore district in general and Lahore metropolitan area in particular, is comprises of Rawalpindi, Khushab, Leiah, Multan, Ludhran, Bahawalpur, etc. from these districts the commuters are connected with Lahore being the Provincial capital on monthly basis. Lahore has a vast area of influence beyond the district/provincial/country boundaries. This gravity model has a wider context of the services available in the catchment area of Lahore. The metropolitan boundary which was created by Lahore Development Authority in 1975 was extended towards south of the city in 1988, based on the growth trends in the southern corridor. In 68 years since independence, Lahore's growth and expansion has resulted towards the south, south east and southwest directions. Lahore's expansion on the east is in slow pace due to Indian border. This city is known for its specialization in educational, health, architects, economic activities, information flow and recreational facilities, etc. UNLOCKING THE FUTURE; HEALTH GEOGRAPHY Muhammad Nauman Gondal Associate Editor, The Scientific Ravi is the key, the crucial accident of birth. A piece of protein could be a snail, a sea lion, or a systems analyst, but it had to start somewhere. This is not science; it is merely metaphor. And the landscape in which the protein "starts" shapes its end as surely as bowls shape water. Annie Dillard The past three decades have witnessed the emergence of a particular field of human geography initially known as medical geography, more Government College University, Lahore. 66

5 recently re categorized and recast as health geography. Broadly concerned with the spatial dimensions of health and disease, research foci have expanded over time to encompass a wide variety of medical and healthcare issues. Because the 'parent' discipline of human geography is so diverse, health geography is not practiced universally in all schools/departments of geography and centres for geographical research in different locations first engaged with health as long as twenty five years ago in work of Antoine Ballas, who first described most of the problems linking medical and geography, many of those are still relevant today. Human health and wellbeing remains relatively understudied in geography and only few researchers have dealt with it aptly. However with the increasing prominence with the agenda, the geographers, have with the time being tilted towards possible to avenues for research in Health. Health or medical geography, like many others is an emerging subfield of. It actually enables us to examine the effect of Geographic environment on the health of population in different areas. By using Geographic information system we can analyse the nature of different disease in various locations. By analysing same diseases in distinct areas, we could see how environment of the particular is putting hazardous effects and seeding germs of the disease. It has been observed that many diseases are confined to particular areas, for example, yellow fever occurs in countries of South America and Africa, and cholera occur in India and its neighbouring countries in Asia. The diseases which are almost universally distributed also vary in their frequency in different regions around the Globe. Medical also aids us to predict the extent of influence on populations as result of man's transformation of nature. By defining the location of origin of different infections disease and their spatial distribution we could develop medico-geographic maps which may assist us to better diagnose and nurse these disease. With having a view of and spatial data relationship we can also study the location between social behaviours of human beings and environment: e.g. People living in equatorial zoon are more aggressive in their aptitude than those living in tropics and polar areas. It means attitude is also effected owing to variation in physical patterns. Medical has emerged as an advanced interdisciplinary study of health, culture, Geographic location and climate pattern. It is hence dire need of the day to conduct research to explore new, informative instructive and revealing horizons in both Medical and. THE IMPACT OF BRIDGES ON RIVER MORPHOLOGY Hamiyun Ahmad Khan BSC (Hons), year 3 Communication is a dire need of our modern society. And transport is an essential component of our communication. Three channels can be followed for transport; air, water and land. Transport by land is done through Roads and Railways. Sometimes the route has an obstruction in the form of waterway, for example Rivers and Canals. Bridges are constructed over these waterways for convenient communication. Although the construction of bridges facilitates the transport but it impacts the flow of water. These impacts in some cases can prove to be tragic. Bridges are built through proper planning. First of all the mathematical modelling of the project is done. The consequences of the construction are identified and steps are taken to ensure that minimum damage is done. When a bridge is to be built over a river, the first thing kept in mind is to keep its length as short hhas possible. Hence, when a bridge is built it narrows the flow of the river from that area. A sudden constriction on the width of the river decreases the surface area of river bed and increases the water pressure in that area. High pressure gives rise to erosion. The river erodes the silt around the bridge region. This disturbs the flow of water permanently. A river has an active flood plain on its both sides. It flows through this region and often changes its path due to meandering and other processes. After the construction of the bridge, the river is confined to that particular path and it is unable to flow from anywhere else because the rest of the region is blocked due to the construction of embankments for the safety of the bridge. Now in normal days the process of erosion under the bridge is slow. However during floods this process is triggered causes great damage. In the times of flood, the volume of water is much more than the normal stream. Hence the pressure Government College University, Lahore. 67

6 also increases under the bridge. The active flood plain is filled with flood water and it has to flow downstream. When this water approaches the bridge area, it has no other way to pass but from under the bridge. Hence the water hits the embankments and turns towards the bridge. The depth under the bridge is already greater than the normal river bed hence the slope gradient is much more. Due to this reason the water rushes more speedily towards the bridge. And in this speed it tears large chunks of land and takes them away with it, leaving very large depressions. After flowing out of the narrow region, the water suddenly gets large area to spread again. This sudden spread breaks down the pressure and the river deposits the eroded sand and silt on the downstream side of the bridge. This deposition of sand damages the fertility of the cultivable land present in that area. This problem of land erosion in flood times can be dealt with by leaving gaps in the embankments to provide diversion paths for the water when it flows out of the river. PTOLEMY THE ROMAN GEOGRAPHER Sarim Ali BSC (Hons), Year 3 Right when people in push of learning break their bones through astonishing effort and persistent work they get the chance to be undying, as they transform into a great bit of the brilliant history. At whatever point we examine in its credible perspective, we keep running over various scientists. If we look down our information and postponement at Roman period, the obvious name that ascents is Ptolemy. Considered as a Greek and acquired up as a Roman, the kindred was named as Claudis (Roman) Ptolemy (Greek). Considered in Ptolemias Hermion, a town in Thebaid. He contributed a considerable amount of his vitality in Egypt. Further history does not give much about his introductory life. Whatever is found is an immediate aftereffect of his work that he later performed. It was his work that made him to be known as a Great scientist of his time. Ptolemy was a multi-disciplinary scientist. He was a convincing Mathematician and meanwhile held the data of Astronomy, and Astrology. A not too bad sentiment verse in like manner made him to be sorted in the summary of craftsmen of that period. Ptolemy got qualification in perspective of his works. He discovered theories and created books that held all that much criticalness at the time. He had performed in diverse prepares and was seen by the overall public of his time. Amongst his acclaimed theories, the one that was most recognizable was related to the arranging of Earth. As showed by the speculation, the Earth was the central body to all the perfect bodies. To him Sun, Moon, stars and other splendid bodies pivot around it. This thought delivered the term" Geocentric". As this theory was new to that time, it expanded much predominance and Astronomers religiously tailed it. Later on, after seventeenth century it faced various disputes and was exhibited incorrect. Ptolemy's work was sure to theories and additionally formed books. In the field of Astrology "Tetra biblod Syntaxis" which mean four books was one of his mind boggling responsibilities. These books relied on upon the data of Astrology and held force of Bible among the divine writers for a long time. It offered ground to grasp the control both in religious and exploratory perspective. The assurances set away in the books were maintained by wise illuminations and the material was created in a sorted out manner. These books moreover contained philosophical data of Astrology and imperative to the control described. Ptolemy's way of life as a specialist further fortified when he recorded 1000 stars amongst which 300 were as of late found. He was the first scientist to give practical speculation about "Refraction of light". He recorded his viewpoints of old Astronomy in his book "Almagest". This book was taken as reference for the supporter by the writers for quite a while. The hotspot for this book was the 800 years examination of his ancestors. This book assisted various with privilegeding bits of knowledge of universe. The Earth as round body was furthermore one of the thoughts written in this book. In the field of, he formed books overseeing projections, maps of that time and tables. He in like manner formed a Geographical associate based upon the learning of his educator Marinus, information aggregated by Roman shippers. The assistant contained six volumes of tables and structures and in this way transformed into the first Geographical Gazetter. With this the work of Ptolemy touches base at an end. 168 AD is taken as his destruction period. To be sure, even now at whatever point it comes to history of and Cartography, he is taken as a basic figure. An Government College University, Lahore. 68

7 extensive part of his work was releases later on however some in like manner safely invaded through the strong input and survived which is shortly taken as the dedication to science. In nutshell, he was a magnificent man with improvement and stand-out insights. Criticism: Ptolemy was the scholar of his time. No doubt his contributions for his era were remarkable. Without the availability of advance technology he had given the concepts of Earth positioning. Moreover is views about Astronomy were also considered correct at that time and were near to correct. Considering his time frame and comparing it with his contributions one can say he was in a true sense a Great Scholar of his time. Naveed Aslam BSC (Hons), Year 3 GLOBAL WARMING Owing to the augmenting population, contemporary world is venerable to plethora of natural and manmade calamities Global warming is one of these hazardous phenomenon. Global warming is caused by the CFC's, chlorofluorocarbons, produced by routine life electrical gadgets and appliances we use excessively. These include refrigerators, Airconditions and Owens. The CFCs react with ozone layer causing its deterioration on a threat-fully larger scale. Depletion of ozone layer is indeed very alarming for the whole world. Ozone shields the atmosphere by obstructing harmful ultraviolet rays generated by the sun. The degeneration of the vital layer has jeopardized the survival of entire global village. The depletion results into the invasion of ultraviolet rays in atmosphere which lead to a number of serious damage we are exposed to currently. Ozone breakdown paves way for Ultra violet rays that causes infectious skin diseases. The chief damage brought upon by this process is, dramatic/drastic fluctuation in temperature, which we term as global warming. Global warming is meaningfully harmful because it has endangered our livers. This process triggers many catastrophes. The sudden change in temperature causes rapid melting of glaciers that further snowballs the gravity by leading to deadly outflow of water from mountains and river names as floods. Floods cause serious economic and life losses. Furthermore, increase in temperature effects ripening of crops. The drastic effects, cause damage to vegetation's also. Plants exposed to high temperature face wilting and eventually die. The degradations of plants cause death of environment friendly insects and birds. Heated environment triggers excessive evaporation of water from reservoirs like oceans, rivers and lakes this situation causes heavy rainfall that is harmful due to these effects. Heavy rainfall causes erosion, land sliding, erosion of monumental structures; heavy rainfall also bears the Acidic rain. All these effects are very lethal. And such situation if, not checked, would lead us to severe consequences. These effects and the problem itself trace its genesis in our very own actions. Increasing technology, prior to development, has done wonders, no doubt, but inflicted upon us serous indomitable effects. Rapid growth in population demands more resources of comfort. And man is striving hard to heighten the living standard. The genius and innovative lot are toiling diligently to invent novel means of luxuries and ease. Billions of rupees are being invested for this supposedly important cause and wonderful machines are emerging out of the useless scraps. But these machine, have, somewhat spoiled the nature. The imbalance in natural processes would make all the other activities futile. Therefore, use of machines must be reduced to a certain level of necessity. Because the chemicals emitted by these machines are creating havoc. Global warming needs to be addressed seriously. It is disturbing the natural processes and declining the atmosphere. This decline has affected natural habitat as well. Sincere and consistent measures are required to control this situation. And these measures must be initiated at a broader scale to save this planet and make it a worth living place for all the creatures. Asim Ali Siraj BSC(Hons),Year 3 EARTHQUAKE Earthquake is a natural phenomenon. It is a Government College University, Lahore. 69

8 destructive activity on earth. Earthquake comes due to the shaking of ground cause by the sudden breaking and movement of large section (tectonic plates) of the earth rocky outermost of the crust.the edges of the tectonic plates are marked by the faults. Most earthquake occur along the fault lines when the plates slide past each other and collide against each other. Elastic rebude theory further explain and tells about us how energy is spread during earthquakes. Elastic rebound theory in tectonic plates was introduce in 1906 by H.F Reid. According to elastic rebound theory plates are slowly moving their edges in locked in place causing bending of the crust along the plates edges when the force trying to make edges slip overcome the friction making an stick there is an earthquake, the bending of the crust is elastic rebound. When we discussed the intensity of the earth quake we discuss some basic factor, the amplitude and the duration of the shaking produce by earthquake (earthquake size, regional geology etc.) and we know about that shaking is caused by the seismic waves. These are caused of the damaging of the buildings. Level of damage is done to a structure depends on the amplitude and the duration of shaking. Earthquakes are caused by the interior of the earth and other causes. The disturbance inside the earth due to the tectonic movements. These forces brings changes on earth surface like mountain palette and valley are formed. Actually tectonic forces create tension and stress inside the earth. Most of the disastrous earth quake are caused by tectonic forces. Secondly cause of earthquake is volcanic eruptions are very violent and cause vibration in the earth crust. Earthquakes are less advantageous and more harmful to man. Earthquake is a destructive activity. Thousands of the people are killed by this activity. Many people lost their homes and property. Earthquake of oct.8, 2005 was very dangerous. Its magnitude on Richter scale is 7.8. According to World Bank report 87,000 people are dead and 100,000 are injured and 171,884 houses completely demolish.4 million people homeless in azad Kashmir. Sometimes earthquake generate tsunami in the sea and rivers also change their course due to earthquake. Earthquake activity in Pakistan is mainly concentrated in the north and western section of the country along the boundary of the Indian plate and the Iranian and afghan micro plates. The Pakistan western frontier with Afghanistan from karat, in the northern macron range past Quetta and then on to Kabul Afghanistan. Largest earthquake in Pakistan on 30 may 1935 in Quetta. Its magnitude is 8.1 and depth is 17km.close to 30,000 people were killed and the city of Quetta was divested. It is a largest earthquake in Pakistan history. NEW FUTURE HOME MARS??? Kashia Mahmood BSC (Hons),Year 4 Mars, the fourth planet from Sun, is commonly known as Red Planet. That is so because of soil, rocks, and sky colour in this planet. For centuries, people have believed about the possibility of life on Mars. But there was no strong evidence of its existence. Recently NASA, a space agency, announced it had found evidence of liquid water on the surface of the planet. NASA said that liquid water flows on the planet surface. The evidence came from the dark streaks appear on the surface of red planet. For there is life, there is need to be liquid water. During last week of September 2015, NASA shared a picture taken by the HiRISE camera aboard the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, showing flow of water. This discovery caused to declare that life had been found on mars. Although Nasa has found evidence of water on mars many times before; water under the surface, ancient lakes, old riverbeds, and even a large ocean covering the northern hemisphere. A new find of liquid water make hopes that life can be existed on the red planet. Evidence of water on the red planet first came to observance in 2000, with the appearance of gullies. Here a number of questions may arise, where did all of the liquid water go? Why? How much is it still there Based on observations it may be indicated that oceans and rivers have been important features in its earliest history. Billions of years ago, mars were a wet and warm world. It could have some supported some microbe's life in certain regions. Mars is in fact smaller than earth, with thinner atmosphere and less gravity. Over time, as liquid water evaporated, more as more of it escaped into space. Liquid water indicates to flow from steep slope on Martian surface. The dark streaks appear seasonally on mars slopes lead scientists to declare Government College University, Lahore. 70

9 they are caused by salty liquid water. There are also evidences of frozen water lies beneath the surface of the planet. There is race to find life on the planet. NASA, Europe and Russia all have missions planned for next five years. In 2018, Exomes will launch rover to the red planet. This rover will be able to drill 2 meters below the surface of the planet. It may be best way for finding proof of life on the planet. Current life on mars is a remote possibility because of its harsh, dry and bombarded radiation. If there life existed, it is most possible to be below the surface of the planet. Exomes rover will take the samples of soil from mars and test it for signs of life. According to Dr Mathew Blame of Open University: "If we find life on Mars and it can be shown to be of a different origin to that on Earth, then that essentially means that the Universe is teeming with life. It seems almost impossible that life could spring up by chance on two adjacent planets if life was rare." If we compare our planet to the Mars we find a number of similarities between them. Each planet has almost same surface area in the solar system. Both are made of water ice. Both also have history of changes in climate. A geologist from Old Dominion University, Nora Muffle, finds similarities between two neighbouring planets. In journal Astrobiology, she analyses similarities between Martian sedimentary structures in the Gillespie and microbial structure on earth. She highlighted unique shapes including pits, domes, roll-ups, and cracks. The size of these shapes varies in earth from centimetres to kilometres. She also fined morphological commonalities between Martian sediments and terrestrial structures. There are number of images on NASA's Mars Curiosity Rover which shows life on the red planet. There is picture that shows a bear or any other four legged mammal walking on the surface of the planet. There is also an image which shows 'crab. There have been statues, ancient ruins, stone faces, pyramids and many other features of earth on mars. An applicant recently called for United Nations investigation into Discoveries of life on Mars. From above discussion it may be concluded that salty water occasionally flows on the Martian surface, as even today. In earth, actually wherever we find water, we find life. There may be life different from earth in some ways; What We'll Eat, Drink and Breathe on Mars. In its mid-latitudes, temperature is blow then 60 degrees F. The red planet can make Antarctica like place which is good for a picnic. Despite the fact, we are likely to have human settlements on Mars sooner than you think AN ALARMING SITUATION FOR GROUND WATER RESERVES OF PAKISTAN: Dr Ali Iqtadar Mirza Head OF Department, Rub Nawaz BSc (Hons), Year 4 Key Words: Aquifer: it is the layer of unconsolidated rocks beneath earth surface where the water is accumulated after seeping from surface. Water Table: it is the upper portion of accumulated water in the aquifer. MAF: Mean annual flow Ground water resource is emerged as an exceeding fresh water resource and its demands for domestic and agricultural use has enhanced its significant than other water resources. It is more purified and its contamination level is also very low. It contributes about 0.5% in the total water resources. It is being utilized at high rate as compared to other resources. In the developing countries like Pakistan, this Government College University, Lahore. 71

10 natural resource is being exploited at great pace without considering the requirements of future generation. The agricultural activities in rural areas and rapid growth of population are the fundamental factors behind its exploitation. The surface water has been contaminated due to industrial waste, so the directions are put towards the utilization of aquifer. The primary factors behind the shrinking of ground water resources is descripted below. 1. Population growth has increased the use of water at domestic level. 2. Business activities ranging from industrialization to tourist activities have also exerted an extra burden on ground water quantity. 3. Due to climatic change, hydrological cycle is also disturbed. Some areas receive more precipitation while some remain drier. 4. Due to the expansion of human activities, the competition for water is growing and most of the world aquifers are depleting. 5. India has constructed dams on the passage of rivers to Pakistan, so rivers cannot compensate the requirements of recharge in downstream i.e. Pakistan. 6. Contamination of surface water has diverted the attention of people towards ground water, which is more purified to use. 7. Mining ground water is also the major contributor in the shrinking of ground water resources. Ground water is recharged by canal irrigation and the precipitation. Indus basin is the major source of recharge in the areas of Punjab and Sindh while summer and winter monsoon are the major contributor in the rest of the country. Population growth, water contamination and the mismanagement are the significant factors behind the exploitation of ground water. Large quantities of water is being extracted as compared to its return. Tube wells were installed for the purpose of irrigation, soon after the trauma of independence. But, later on tube wells were installed by the private sectors which aggravated the situation. Punjab is leading the other provinces at higher pace in the respect of ground water extraction. About 30 MAF is being extracted for agricultural purposes in the province. In Sindh is about 3.5 MAF, in KPK is about 2 MAF and minimum in Baluchistan is about 0.45 MAF per year. The main sources of ground water in Punjab lies in the four hydrological zones i.e Potohar Plateau, Salt range, alluvial plains and in the area of Cholistan. The rainfall recharge in this area is about 15% while sub-surface inflow by irrigation is about 23%. In the province of Sindh, thar and indus plain are the major zones of ground water. The recharge by precipitation is about 2% and by canal irrigation is about 30%. In the province of KPK, the main zones of ground water are metamorphic and igneous rocks of Northern Mountains and Mesozoic of S-E part of the province. The rainfall recharge is about 0.7 MAF while by canal is about 1.0 MAF. In Baluchistan, the ground water resources are in the six basins of province are Hambone, Lora, Kachin, Nair, Pashing and Hob. The amount of recharge by rainfall is about 1.21 MAF while by irrigation is about 0.37 MAF. Due to the absence of ground water management, anyone can install a tube well anywhere in the land and extract amount of water according to his desire without any consideration of negative impacts. The water balance is estimated on the basis of recharge and discharge of aquifer. The difference between the recharge and discharge of an aquifer can be used as an initial guide to the sustainable development of this water reserve. If discharge is more than recharge then it means that shrinking of water resource is happening. If the pumping of water is equal to the amount of recharge the water table depth is stabilized. Uneven ground water development and pumping through the private tubewells is exerting a stress on the aquifer in the form of excessive draw out. Following strategies should be adopted in order to protect this natural reserve. 1. Ground water regulatory frame work should be adopted and implemented for the sustainability of ground water use. 2. Recharge of ground water should be increased by increasing the canal diversions. 3. Crops require less amount of water should be preferred on high water delta crops. 4. Saline water should be used for saline agro forestry. 5. Energy charges should be proportional to the use of ground water. 6. Water meters should be used to analyse the use of water. 7. Grey water should be used for the purpose of watering the lawn and to wash the cars instead to exert pressure on the ground water. 8. Drip irrigation system should be used to water the crops in order to save the water. Government College University, Lahore. 72