Changes over Time: Destructive Processes

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1 1 Name Date Changes over Time: Destructive Processes Earth s surface is always changing. Blowing wind and flowing water causes some changes. Moving rock deep inside Earth causes other changes. These processes wear Earth s surface down in some places and build it up in others. Constructive Processes: build Earth s surface up. Destructive Processes: wear Earth s surface down. Both kinds change Earth s landforms, or surface features. These processes build up mountains and carve out valleys. They create many other kinds of landforms.

2 Destructive Processes 2 Weathering: the breaking down of rock at or near Earth s surface. o Wind and water can carry sand and other small pieces of rock. o Sand and pebbles carried by moving water also weather rock. On rocky coast, ocean waves break down rock cliffs in this way. o Rain causes weathering- rainwater can seep into cracks in rock and in the winter the water may freeze. It then expands, or takes up more space. The ice in the cracks pushes against rock. Over time, repeated freezing and thawing of water may split the rock apart. This is called ice wedging. o Plants causes weathering. The roots can grow into cracks in rocks. As the roots become larger, they push on the rock and may break it apart. o Wind, water and sometimes plants work together to weather rock. Over long periods of time, weathering breaks rocks into smaller and smaller pieces. Small pieces include pebbles, sand and smaller rock. Small pieces of rock, along with material from living things, make up soil. Soil is the material in which most plants grow.

3 Erosion Erosion: the process by which weathered rock is picked up and moved. o Wind picks up sand and moves it. Strong winds can bounce and roll larger pieces of weathered rock along the ground. o Flowing rivers pick up soil, sand, and pebbles from the riverbanks and river bottoms. Rivers may carry this material over long distances. Over time, river valleys form. In some cases, rivers cut deep canyons. The Colorado River carved out the Grand Canyon over millions of years. Ocean waves too, pick up and move sand and other pieces of weathered rock. o Glaciers: huge sheets of ice that move slowly over land. As they scrape over Earth s surface, they erode rock and soil. Can pick up boulders the size of cars. Can form in narrow valleys. As they move, they widen and deepen these valleys. Can also scoop out holes in the ground. These holes can later fill with water to form lakes. 3

4 o Erosion would not happen without gravity. 4 Gravity is the force that pulls all objects toward each other. On Earth, gravity pulls everything down toward the center of the planet. Gravity makes water flow and winds blow. Sometimes gravity causes erosion directly, by pulling pieces of rock downhill. The sudden movement of rocks and soil down the side of a hill is called a landslide. o The activities of animals can speed up erosion. Animals such as rabbits and moles dig burrows and tunnels in the ground. Then rain can wash the soil away more easily. o Humans clear land to build cities, towns, and roads.

5 Earthquuakes 5 o Some destructive processes start deep inside Earth. o Pressure builds up in rock far below the surface, the pressure becomes so great that rock breaks and moves suddenly. The ground shakes. This shaking of the ground is is an Earthquake. Wide cracks may open in the ground. Strong earthquakes can destroy buildings, roads, and bridges. Volcanoes o is an opening in Earth s surface that lets hot, melted rock and gases escape. o A sudden espcape of these materials is called an eruption. An eruption can blow the top off a volcanic mountain. Melted rock flows out, and ash settles on the ground. Trees, plants and animals die. Earthquakes and volcanoes are destructive, but they can also build landforms.

6 Vocabulary Words to Know 6 1. landform- a surface feature of Earth, such as a mountain. 2. Weathering- the breaking down of rock at or near Earth s surface. 3. Soil-the material in which most plants grow. 4. Erosion-the process by which weathered rock is picked up and moved. 5. Glacier-huge sheets of ice that moves slowly over land. 6. Gravity-a force that pulls all objects toward each other. 7. Landslide-the sudden movement of rocks and soil. 8. Earthquake a shaking of the ground that happens when rock breaks and moves suddenly. 9. Volcano-an opening in Earth s surface that Created lets by: hot, Cammie s melted Corner rock and gases escape.

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