Chapter 2: Physical Geography

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1 Chapter 2: Physical Geography Pg Learning Goals for Chp2: q q q q q Explain how the Earth moves in space and why seasons change. Outline the factors that influence climate and recognize different climate zones. Understand how forces inside the Earth and on its surface affect the shape of the land. Identify different landforms & waterways. Describe the water cycle and how its availability affects life in various regions.

2 Chapter 2, Lesson 1 Planet Earth 4.6 billion years old and still changing! Pg

3 The Solar System The Sun, 8 planets, moons & satellites Earth-like planets Earth, Mercury, Venus, Mars, (Pluto?) Small, rocky, few moons, rotate slowly Jupiter-like planets Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, Uranus Large balls of gas, many moons, rotate quickly, have rings

4 Earthʼs Layers Core inner is solid, outer is molten rock Mantle made of magma (melted rock) Crust miles thick

5 4 Parts of the Earth s Physical Geography Atmosphere 100-mile thick layer of air (Mostly nitrogen & oxygen) around the earth that allows life to exist Lithosphere - land Hydrosphere water Biosphere - living things

6 Earthʼs Movement 1 day: 1 complete rotation on its axis 1 year: 365 ¼ days of revolution around the sun Leap year: every 4 years, 1 extra day is added to the year (Feb. 29) to make up for the ¼ day

7 Earth s Revolution & the 4 Seasons (Northern Hemisphere)

8 Weather & Climate: What s the difference? Weather short period of time temperature, precipitation, & wind Constantly changing Climate Typical weather over a long period of time May change very slowly over a long time

9 What causes climate? The Sun s rays & latitude Warmer near the Equator Wind (map pg. 47) Prevailing winds & doldrums ( horse latitudes ) Ocean currents

10 What causes climate? Landforms Mountains can cause rain shadows by blocking precipitation Nearby bodies of water Continental climate inland climate with temperature extremes, between mild and polar Elevation

11 World Climate Zones Based mostly on temperature and precipitation Have plants and animals unique to those regions Tropical, Desert, Humid Temperate, Cold Temperate, Polar, & High Mountain

12 Tropical Climate Zones Tropical Rain Forest - wet Tropical Savanna 2 seasons (wet & dry)

13 Desert Hot or cold

14 Humid Temperate Climate Zones Experience 4 seasons with a range of temp & precipitation

15 Cold Temperate Climate Zones Short summers and cold winters

16 Polar Climate Zones Very cold and often year-round snow cover

17 High Mountain Climate Zones Temps change rapidly as altitude increases, but usually cool to cold

18 How Humans affect Climate Global Warming Burning fuel causes high levels of certain gases in the atmosphere These gases trap more solar radiation from escaping, warming the earth Clearing of rain forests for lumber and farmland Burning trees causes air pollution Less evaporation from trees à less rain

19 Chapter 2, Lesson 2 A Changing Earth Pg

20 Forces that change Earth s landforms Plate tectonics theory that the earth s crust is made of moving plates floating on liquid rock Pangaea à

21 When Tectonic Plates Meet High mountains 2 continental plates collide Volcanoes & islands Earthquakes along fault lines Tsunamis huge waves caused by undersea earthquakes

22 Weathering The breakdown of rock at or near the earthʼs surface into smaller and smaller pieces. Produces boulders, pebbles, dust, etc.

23 Mechanical weathering Water - freezes (expands) in rock cracks and splits the rock Plants - Seeds fall into rock cracks and split rocks as they grow

24 Chemical Weathering Alters a rockʼs chemical makeup Can change one kind of rock to a completely different kind! Acid rain - water & carbon dioxide mix and dissolve rock

25 Acid Rain

26 Erosion The movement of weathered material such as gravel, soil, and sand Caused by water, wind, & glaciers

27 Water Erosion Moving water and sediment wear away rock Worn away rock and soil is deposited in flood plains or deltas Nile River delta à

28 Examples of Water Erosion Grand Canyon

29 Wind Erosion Particularly severe in dry areas with little vegetation.

30 Glacial Erosion Glacier a huge slow-moving sheet of ice Moraine ridge-like pile of debris left behind by a melted glacier Moraine in Stutsman County

31 Human Actions Mining Construction of tunnels, canals, farms Pollution Changes to the Earth by human actions are often much faster than by nature

32 Chapter 2, Lesson 3 Land and Water 70% of the earth is covered by water! Pg

33 The Water Cycle The total amount of water in the world doesn t change Water Cycle: water moves from oceansà air à ground à oceans

34 How the Water Cycle works Evaporation the sun s heat turns liquid water in the ocean into water vapor Condensation water vapor cools and changes back to a liquid Precipitation rain, snow, sleet, hail Collection precipitation flows into streams & rivers and back into the ocean

35 Types of Water Resources Saltwater 97% Oceans Seas Gulfs Bays Straits Freshwater 3% Glaciers (polar ice caps) Lakes Rivers Groundwater Desalination removing salt from the water to make it drinkable

36 Our water resources are limited!

37 Water Scarcity What causes it? Pollution Drought/dry conditions Over-irrigation Wasting/overuse

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