MIDDLE SCHOOL SCIENCE LABORATORY 1ST SEMESTER

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1 Name: Date: Teacher: MR. ALBERT HERNANDEZ Grade: 1 A I. Read the text below and answer the questions that follows. A) Phases of the moon. As the moon orbits around Earth, different parts of it appear to be illuminated by the Sun. The Moon does not produce any light of its own. It only reflects light from the Sun. The Moon sometimes appears fully illuminated and sometimes appears completely dark. Although it changes in appearance, the Moon is always half illuminated by the Sun. From our perspective on Earth, we see all, a portion, or none of the illuminated part of the Moon. These predictable patterns in the appearance of the Moon are referred to as phases of the Moon. Waxing Crescent A little part of the moon s right side is lit. Full Moon - The moon's entire disk is lit because the Earth is between the sun and the moon. Waxing Gibbous About ¾th of the right side moon's disk is lit. 1st Quarter - The right half of the moon's disk is lit. Waxing Getting larger. New Moon - The moon's disk facing us is dark because the moon is between the sun and the Earth. Last Quarter - The left half of the moon's disk is lit. Waning Crescent - A little part of the moon s left side is lit. Waning Gibbous - About ¾th of the left side moon's disk is lit. Waning Getting smaller. 1.-What causes the appearance of the Moon to change in a predictable? 2.-Where are the Sun, Earth, Moon positioned for full and new moons to occur? 3.-How does the Moon receive its light? Page 1/11

2 II. Using the table above, write the phases of the moon shown in each picture. B) The moon s revolution The Moon orbits counterclockwise (to the east) and the Earth also rotates counterclockwise (to the east). The time for the Moon to make one complete orbit is called the sidereal period. This is the same time as it takes the moon to rotate on its axis, and is approximately 27.3 days. As a result, the moon always keeps the same face toward earth. Solar and Lunar Eclipses There are two types of eclipses: lunar and solar. They are produced by shadows cast by the Earth and the Moon, respectively.a lunar eclipse occurs when the shadow of the Earth strikes the Moon. A solar eclipse occurs when the shadow of the Moon strikes the Earth. III. For the following diagrams, draw the sun s rays that outline the earth s and moon s shadows. Label the umbra and penumbra on each one. Be specific on the type of eclipse (partial or total, lunar or solar, etc.) Page 2/11

3 IV. Answer the next questions. 4.-What is the maximum number of lunar eclipses that can occur in a calendar year? 5.-Why does the moon turn red during a lunar eclipse? 6.-What is the duration of a lunar eclipse? 7.-What is the correct alignment during a solar eclipse? 8.-What is the maximum number of solar eclipses that can occur during a calendar year? 9.-What is the minimum number of solar eclipses that can occur during a calendar year? 10.-What is the average duration of totality in a total solar eclipse? 12.-In which type of solar eclipse can the diamond ring effect occur? 13.-How often will the same solar eclipse occur at the same place on Earth? 14.-How are solar eclipse different than lunar eclipse? 15.-What causes a solar eclipse? Page 3/11

4 V. Read the next definition and match with the correct option. Corona Umbra Solar Eclipse Lunar Eclipse Partial Eclipse 16)The shadow caused by an eclipse. 17)You can still see part of the sun or moon. 18)The visible part of the sun during a total eclipse. 19)The Earth is between the Sun and the Moon. 20)The Moon is between the Earth and the Sun, blocking out the sun. VI. Draw a diagram of a lunar eclipse in the space below showing the positions of the sun, moon and earth. What moon phase is this? VII. Draw a diagram of a solar eclipse in the space below showing the positions of the sun, moon and earth. What moon phase is this? Page 4/11

5 C) Seasons VIII. Label the diagram above with words from the word bank. Page 5/11

6 IX. Answer the next questions. 21-What things signal the coming of spring? 22.-What would it be like if Earth s axis did not tilt? 23. What would it be like if Earth did not rotate? 24.-Explain how solstices are related to the seasons. 25.-When a hemisphere experiences winter, tell what happens to the Sun s energy hitting the surface of the hemisphere. 26.-Explain how equinoxes are related to the seasons. D) The water cycle. X. Read the text below and answer the questions that follows. The Water Cycle The water molecule found in your glass of water today could have erupted from a volcano early in Earth s history. In the intervening billions of years, the molecule probably spent time in a glacier or far below the ground. The molecule surely was high up in the atmosphere and maybe deep in the belly of a dinosaur. Because of the unique properties of water, water molecules can cycle through almost anywhere on Earth. Where will that water molecule go next? Water continuously moves between living organisms, such as plants, and non-living things, such as clouds, rivers, and oceans.the water cycle does not have a starting or ending point. It is an endless recycling process that involves oceans, lakes and other bodies of water, as well as the land surfaces and the atmosphere. Page 6/11

7 1. Label the parts of the water cycle Page 7/11

8 E) Gravity and motion. Earth revolves around the sun in a nearly circular orbit. The moon orbits Earth in the same way. But what keeps Earth and the moon in orbit? Why don't they just fly off into space? The first person to answer these questions was the English scientist Isaac Newton. Newton told a story about bow watching an apple fell from a tree in 1666 had made him think about the moon's orbit. Newton realized that there must be a force acting between Earth and the moon that kept the moon in orbit. A force is a push or a pull. Newton hypothesized that the force that pulls an apple to the ground also pulls the moon toward Earth, keeping it in orbit. This force, called gravity, attracts all objects toward each other. In Newton's day, most scientists thought that forces on Earth were different from those elsewhere in the universe. Although Newton did not discover gravity, he was the first to realize that gravity occurs everywhere. Newton's law of universal gravitation states that every object in the universe attracts every other object. The strength of gravity is measured in units called newton s, named after Isaac Newton. The strength of the force of gravity between two objects depends on two factors: the masses of the objects and the distance between them. According to the law of universal gravitation, all of the objects around you are pulling on you. Why don't you notice this pull? Because the strength of gravity depends, in part, on the masses of the objects. Mass is the amount of matter in an object. Because Earth is so massive, it exerts a much greater force on you than a book does. Similarly, Earth exerts a gravitational pull on the moon, large enough to keep the moon in orbit. The force of gravity on an object is known as its weight. An object's weight can change depending on its location. For example, on the moon, you would weigh about one-sixth of your weight on Earth. This is because the moon is much less massive than Earth, so the pull of its gravity on you would be much less. XII. Answer the following questions in the spaces provided How are gravity and weight related? 45.-How does Newton's law of universal gravitation apply to Earth and the moon? 46.-Use Newton's first law of motion to explain why a basketball rolls across the court. Page 8/11

9 47.-How does distance affect the strength of the force of gravity? XIII. Write a brief description of each of the following. 48.-force 49.-gravity 50.-law of universal gravitation 51.mass 52.-weight 53.-inertia 54.-Newton's first law of motion F) The atom The atom can be broken down into three constituent s parts protons, neutron, and electrons. Each of these parts has an associated charge, with protons carrying a positive charge, electrons having a negative charge, and neutrons possessing no net charge. In accordance with the Standard Model of particle physics, protons and neutrons make up the nucleus of the atom, while electrons orbit it in a cloud. XIV. Answer placing the names of each part f the atom in its place. Page 9/11

10 XIV. Answer the next vocabulary crossword. G) Earth s water Earth s Water Reservoirs Water can be found in many different locations on the Earth. It can be found in oceans, clouds, puddles or living things. Each of these locations is called a reservoir. Oceans Most of Earth s water is stored in the oceans. In fact, 97% of the Earth s water is in this reservoir. Water can remain in the ocean for hundreds or thousands of years. Or it can evaporate in days or hours. Atmosphere When water absorbs energy it will change from a liquid to water vapor. The Sun s energy can evaporate water from the ocean surface or from lakes, streams, or puddles on land. The water vapor remains in the atmosphere until it condenses to become tiny droplets of liquid. The droplets gather in clouds, Page 10/11

11 which are blown about the globe by wind. As the water droplets in the clouds collide and grow, they fall from the sky as precipitation. Precipitation can be rain, sleet, hail, or snow. Sometimes precipitation falls back into the ocean and sometimes it falls onto the land surface. Streams and Lakes When water falls from the sky as rain it may enter streams and rivers that flow downward to lakes and oceans. Water that falls as snow may sit on a mountain for several months. Snow may become ice in a glacier, where it will remain for hundreds or thousands of years. Snow and ice slowly melt over time to become liquid water, which provides a steady flow of fresh water to streams, rivers, and lakes. A water droplet falling as rain could also become part of a stream or a lake. At the surface, the water will eventually evaporate and reenter the atmosphere. Soil A significant amount of water seeps into the ground. Soil moisture is an important reservoir for water. Water trapped in soil is important for plants to grow. Groundwater Water may seep through dirt and rock below the soil and then through pores infiltrating the ground to go into Earth s groundwater system. Groundwater enters aquifers that may store fresh water for centuries. Alternatively, the water may come to the surface through springs or find its way back to the oceans. Water can remain in this reservoir for hundreds or even thousands of years. Biosphere Plants and animals depend on water to live. Plants and animals are another place water is stored. Plants take up water from the soil and release large amounts of water vapor into the air through their leaves in transpiration. Water will move quickly through this reservoir. With the text you just read above. Highlight the most important parts and answer the following questions. 1. Explain how energy from the Sun affects the movement of water through the water cycle. 2. What is a water reservoir? List 3 examples of water reservoirs. 3. Describe how water can change states as it moves through the water cycle? 4. Where do you think the water you are drinking today has been? Page 11/11