Physical Geography A Living Planet

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1 Physical Geography A Living Planet The geography and structure of the earth are continually being changed by internal forces, like plate tectonics, and external forces, like the weather. Iguaçu Falls at the Argentina Brazil border has 275 separate waterfalls, and is nearly three times wider than Niagara Falls. NEXT

2 Physical Geography Looking at the Earth SECTION 1 SECTION 2 SECTION 3 SECTION 4 The Earth Inside and Out Bodies of Water and Landforms Internal Forces Shaping the Earth External Forces Shaping the Earth NEXT

3 Section 1 The Earth Inside and Out The earth is the only habitable planet in the sun s solar system. The drifting of the continents shaped the world we live in today. NEXT

4 Continents landmasses above water on Earth that fit together like a jigsaw puzzle. Francis Bacon (1620) first suggested the 7 continents were once one landmass.

5 The Solar System The Earth s Neighborhood Earth is the 3rd planet from the sun Sun is medium-sized star at edge of the Milky Way galaxy The solar system includes: - sun and nine known planets - comets icy spheres orbiting the sun - asteroids large chunks of rocky material orbiting the sun

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12 The Structure of the Earth Earth s Size Circumference - about 24,900 miles Diameter - about 7,900 miles Earth s Interior The core is the center of the earth; made up of iron, nickel Outer core is liquid; inner core is solid The mantle surrounds the core: - has several layers - contains most of Earth s mass

13 Inside the Earth Magma molten rock that forms in the mantle Crust thin layer of rock at Earth s surface On and Above the Earth Atmosphere is the layer of gasses surrounding the earth: - contains oxygen - protects Earth from radiation, space debris - is the medium for weather and climate

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15 On and Above the Earth Lithosphere solid rock portion of Earth s surface, forms ocean floor Hydrosphere water elements on Earth including atmospheric water Biosphere atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere combined. - Plants and animals live within biosphere

16 Continental Drift 1912 hypothesis of Alfred Wegener: Earth was once one supercontinent; Wegener calls it Pangaea (one earth) which splits into many plates that slowly drift apart.

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18 Section 2 Bodies of Water and Landforms Water covers about 3/4 of the earth s surface. The earth s surface displays a variety of landforms. NEXT

19 Ocean Motion The ocean circulates through currents, waves, tides this motion distributes heat on the planet Waves are produced by winds and are heated/cooled by ocean water Tides are the regular rising and falling of the ocean - created by gravitational pull of the moon or sun Continued... NEXT

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21 Hydrologic Cycle cycle of water between atmosphere, oceans, earth Lakes, Rivers, and Streams Lakes hold more than 95% of the earth s fresh water Freshwater lakes, like the Great Lakes, are result of glacial action Saltwater lakes form when outlet to sea is cut off

22 Rivers and streams carry water to and from larger bodies of water Tributaries are smaller rivers/streams that feed into larger ones Drainage basin area drained by river and its tributaries Ground water water held in the pores of rock Water table level at which the rock is saturated

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24 Landforms are naturally formed features on Earth s surface Oceanic Landforms Continental shelf sea floor from continent s edge to deep ocean. has ridges, valleys, canyons, plains, mountain ranges Islands are formed by volcanoes, sand, or coral deposits

25 Continental Landforms Relief difference in landform elevation from lowest to highest point (mountains, hills, plains, plateaus) Topography the configurations and distribution of landforms NEXT

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27 Section 3 Internal Forces Shaping the Earth Internal forces reshape the earth s surface. Internal forces shaping the earth often radically alter the lives of people as well. NEXT

28 Tectonic plates are massive, moving pieces of Earth s lithosphere which ride on circulating, heated rock. 3 types of boundaries: 1. divergent boundary: by spreading, or moving apart 2. convergent boundary: collision (crashing together) & subduction (diving under another plate) 3. transform boundary: sliding past each other in a shearing motion

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32 Folds and Faults Two plates meeting can cause folding, cracking of rock Fault occurs when pressure causes rock to fracture, or crack Fault line is place where plates move past each other

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35 An earthquake occurs when plates grind or slip at a fault line. A seismograph detects earthquakes and measures the waves they create. Richter Scale numeric scale showing relative strength of earthquake.

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37 Focus is the location in the earth where an earthquake begins. Epicenter the point directly above focus on the earth s surface Tsunami, a giant ocean wave, begins at epicenter of an earthquake.

38 Ring of Fire zone around rim of Pacific Ocean where 8 tectonic plates meet. Hot spots are where magma rises to surface from mantle.

39 Section 4 External Forces Shaping the Earth Wind, heat, cold, glaciers, rivers, and floods alter the surface of the earth. The results of weathering and erosion change the way humans interact with the environment. NEXT

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41 Weathering processes that alter rock & can change landscapes over time & create soil for plant life Sediment mud, sand, silt created by weathering processes

42 Mechanical weathering processes that break rock into smaller pieces. Does not change rock s composition, only size Examples: frost, plant roots, road construction, mining

43 Chemical weathering interaction of elements creates new substance. Warm, moist climates produce more chemical weathering than cool, dry. Example: when iron rusts it reacts to oxygen in air and crumbles.

44 Weathered Material Moves Erosion when weathered material moves by winds, water, ice, gravity Example: water carries topsoil from hill to river, river narrows

45 Water Erosion Most streams erode vertically and horizontally - a valley cut by a stream gets deeper, wider; forms v-shaped valley - a river deposits sediment at ocean, creates a delta (fan-like landform)

46 Wind Erosion Wind transports sediment from one place to another Loess wind-blown silt and clay sediment; produces fertile soil

47 Glacial Erosion Glacier large, long-lasting mass of ice; forms in mountainous areas Glaciation changing of landforms by slowly moving glaciers Moraine hill or ridge formed by rocks deposited by glacier

48 Soil Formation Soil loose mix of weathered rock, organic matter, air, water. Supports plant growth; fertility is dependent on three factors: - texture - amount of humus, which is organic material in soil - amount of air and water

49 Soil Factors When geographers study soil, they look at five factors: - parent material the chemical composition of the original rock - relief the steeper the slope, the greater erosion; less soil made - organisms plants, worms, ants, bacteria loosen soil; supply nutrients - climate hot, cold, wet, dry climates produce different soils - time about 2.5 cubic cm. of soil produced each century

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