WERP: How an Obsolete Levee and an Abandoned Jetport Hold the Key to a Rain-Driven Swamp
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1 WERP: How an Obsolete Levee and an Abandoned Jetport Hold the Key to a Rain-Driven Swamp
2 WERP: How an Obsolete Levee and an Abandoned Jetport Hold the Key to a Rain-Driven Swamp
3 WERP: How an Obsolete Levee and an Abandoned Jetport Hold the Key to a Rain-Driven Swamp
4 WERP: How an Obsolete Levee and an Abandoned Jetport Hold the Key to a Pre-Drainage Swamp
5 WERP: How an Obsolete Levee and an Abandoned Jetport Opened thea Door to a Pre-Drainage Swamp
6 WERP: How an Obsolete Levee and an Abandoned Jetport Opened thea Door to a Pre-Drainage Swamp
7 WERP: How an Obsolete Levee and an Abandoned Jetport Opened thea Door to a Pre-Drainage Swamp
8 WERP: How an Obsolete Levee and an Abandoned Jetport Opened thea Door to a Pre-Drainage Swamp About the authors
9 Robert V. Sobczak 1, Michael J. Duever 2, Kelly J. Keefe 3, Antonio J. Pernas 1, John F. Meeder 4 1 Big Cypress National Preserve, Ochopee, FL, USA 2 Natural Ecosystems, Naples, FL, USA 3 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Jacksonville, FL, USA 4 Southeast Environmental Research Center, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
10 Robert V. Sobczak 1, Michael J. Duever 2, Kelly J. Keefe 3, Antonio J. Pernas 1, John F. Meeder 4 1 Big Cypress National Preserve, Ochopee, FL, USA 2 Natural Ecosystems, Naples, FL, USA 3 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Jacksonville, FL, USA 4 Southeast Environmental Research Center, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
11 Robert V. Sobczak 1, Michael J. Duever 2, Kelly J. Keefe 3, Antonio J. Pernas 1, John F. Meeder 4 1 Big Cypress National Preserve, Ochopee, FL, USA 2 Natural Ecosystems, Naples, FL, USA 3 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Jacksonville, FL, USA 4 Southeast Environmental Research Center, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
12 Robert V. Sobczak 1, Michael J. Duever 2, Kelly J. Keefe 3, Antonio J. Pernas 1, John F. Meeder 4 1 Big Cypress National Preserve, Ochopee, FL, USA 2 Natural Ecosystems, Naples, FL, USA 3 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Jacksonville, FL, USA 4 Southeast Environmental Research Center, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
13 Robert V. Sobczak 1, Michael J. Duever 2, Kelly J. Keefe 3, Antonio J. Pernas 1, John F. Meeder 4 1 Big Cypress National Preserve, Ochopee, FL, USA 2 Natural Ecosystems, Naples, FL, USA 3 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Jacksonville, FL, USA 4 Southeast Environmental Research Center, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
14 Robert V. Sobczak 1, Michael J. Duever 2, Kelly J. Keefe 3, Antonio J. Pernas 1, John F. Meeder 4 1 Big Cypress National Preserve, Ochopee, FL, USA 2 Natural Ecosystems, Naples, FL, USA 3 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Jacksonville, FL, USA 4 Southeast Environmental Research Center, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
15 What do we mean Pre-drainage?
16 What do we mean Pre-drainage?
17 Answer:
18 Answer: Prior to Post-Drainage
19 Answer: Prior to Post-Drainage
20
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22 watershed An area of land that drains to a particular point
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24 The preserve is a self-contained rain driven watershed that flows unfettered as sheetflow to the mangrove coast
25 The preserve is a self-contained rain driven watershed that flows unfettered as sheetflow to the mangrove coast
26 The preserve is a self-contained rain driven watershed that flows unfettered as sheetflow to the mangrove coast
27 The preserve is a self-contained rain driven watershed that flows unfettered as sheetflow to the mangrove coast
28 sole input: rainfall Sky view of watershed
29 Sky view of watershed sole input: rainfall sole output: estuarine coast
30 Sky view of watershed Rain-driven swamp
31 Ground view of watershed
32 Ground view of watershed Natural flow ways called strands and sloughs flow uncontrolled by gates to estuaries in downstream ENP
33 Ground view of watershed Natural flow ways called strands and sloughs flow uncontrolled by gates to estuaries in downstream ENP
34 Ground view of watershed Natural flow ways called strands and sloughs flow uncontrolled by gates to estuaries in downstream ENP
35 Ground view of watershed Natural flow ways called strands and sloughs flow uncontrolled by gates to estuaries in downstream ENP
36 Ground view of watershed Natural flow ways called strands and sloughs flow uncontrolled by gates to estuaries in downstream ENP
37 Where did we get this story?
38 Origin myth
39 Everglades Jetport From Miami Times: Fiery Debate Over Miami Air Show in Everglades, by Jessica Weiss, 2015
40 Everglades Jetport From Miami Times: Fiery Debate Over Miami Air Show in Everglades, by Jessica Weiss, 2015
41 Everglades Jetport From Miami Times: Fiery Debate Over Miami Air Show in Everglades, by Jessica Weiss, 2015
42 Promotional Brochure
43 Promotional Brochure
44 Promotional Brochure
45 Promotional Brochure
46 Promotional Brochure
47 Promotional Brochure L-28
48 Promotional Brochure L-28
49 Promotional Brochure Miami-Collier Training and Transition Airport (TNT) L-28
50
51 Intervention by Conservationists
52 Intervention by Conservationists Joe Browder
53 Intervention by Conservationists Marjory Stoneham Douglas Joe Browder
54 Carved out as watershed that feeds downstream estuarine arm of Everglades National Park
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65 Everglades Nat l Park
66 Big Cypress Swamp Everglades Nat l Park
67 Big Cypress Swamp Everglades Nat l Park
68 Big Cypress Swamp Everglades Nat l Park
69 Big Cypress Swamp Everglades Nat l Park
70 Success, right? Big Cypress Swamp Everglades Nat l Park
71 Success, right? Big Cypress Swamp Everglades Nat l Park
72 Factors that fed the myth
73 The top of the Big Cypress Swamp s historic watershed was the southern toe of the Immokalee Rise
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76 Geographically separate from highly-managed Everglades to the east
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79 Swamp mosaic contains smaller and less connected flow systems than the river of grass
80 Big Cypress Everglades
81 Hydrologically much less impacted that Kissimmee-Okeechobee- Everglades (KOE) ecosystem
82
83 Lies outside the USACE/SFWMD Central and Southern (C&SF) project area
84
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86 Swamp is as close as you get to a pre-drainage condition in south Florida
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88 Psychologically the myth worked
89 It made us feel good
90 It was expedient
91 It was expedient
92 It was what we were told
93 Who told us this story?
94
95 Audubon USGS US Congress NPS
96 Klein Report, 1970
97
98 Klein Report, 1970
99 How was the watershed determined? Klein Report, 1970
100
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102 Davis, 1943
103 Parker, 1955
104 Parker, 1955
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107 Myth of rain driven swamp is born
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110 Jetport Advisory Board Report, 1971
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113 547,000 acres
114 Tamiami Trail National Parkway
115 Everglades-Big Cypress Recreation Area
116 Big Cypress National Freshwater Reserve
117 Big Cypress Conservation Act, 1973
118 Big Cypress Area of Critical Concern (state law)
119 Public Law , 1974
120 Big Cypress Area of Critical Concern (state law) Big Cypress National Preserve (federal law)
121 Big Cypress Area of Critical Concern (state law) Big Cypress National Preserve (federal law)
122 Enabling Legislation
123 Legislative History of Public Law
124 More Legislative History
125 Reality
126 What actually happened
127 Construction Chronology
128 Construction Chronology
129 Construction Chronology
130 Construction Chronology
131 Construction Chronology
132 Construction Chronology
133 Construction Chronology
134 Construction Chronology
135 Construction Chronology
136 Construction Chronology
137 Construction Chronology
138 Construction Chronology
139 Construction Chronology
140 Construction Chronology
141 Construction Chronology
142 Construction Chronology
143 Construction Chronology
144 Construction Chronology
145 Construction Chronology
146 Construction Chronology
147 Construction Chronology
148 Construction Chronology 1968
149 Big Cypress inherited an altered Landscape Map View
150 Big Cypress inherited an altered Landscape Map View
151 Big Cypress inherited an altered Landscape Map View
152 Big Cypress inherited an altered Landscape Map View
153 Big Cypress inherited an altered Landscape Map View
154 Big Cypress inherited an altered Landscape Map View
155 Big Cypress inherited an altered Landscape Map View
156 Big Cypress inherited an altered Landscape Map View
157 Big Cypress inherited an altered Landscape Map View
158 Big Cypress inherited an altered Landscape Map View
159 Big Cypress inherited an altered Landscape Map View
160 Big Cypress inherited an altered Landscape Map View
161 Big Cypress inherited an altered Landscape Map View
162
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164 Not a selfcontained rain-driven watershed
165 Truncated and canal-drained watershed
166 But that s not what s surprising!
167 Crisscrossed with canals
168 Point discharging to tide
169 Point discharging to tide
170
171 Exacerabates saltwater intrusion
172 Headwater flows have been severed
173 Headwater flows have been severed
174 West Feeder Diversions East
175 Including OK Slough
176 L28I 41 L28
177 L28I 41 L28
178 L28I 41 L28
179 L28I 41 L28
180 L28I 41 L28
181 Again, not surprising!
182 McPherson et al, 1976
183 Vegetation Map from Davis, 1940
184 Vegetation Map from Davis, 1940 Hydrographic Interpretation of 1940 map
185 Castle of pre-drainage enlightenment
186 Castle of pre-drainage enlightenment Dragon s den of self-contained watershed
187
188 The Jelly Bean
189 The Jelly Bean Big Cypress watershed Klein, 1970 watershed to ENP s estuarine arm, 1974
190 The Jelly Bean Post-drainage Big Cypress watershed Klein, 1970 Post-drainage watershed to ENP s estuarine arm, 1974
191 The Jelly Bean Post-drainage Big Cypress watershed Klein, 1970 Post-drainage watershed to ENP s estuarine arm, 1974
192 The Jelly Bean Post-drainage Big Cypress watershed Klein, 1970 Post-drainage watershed to ENP s estuarine arm, 1974
193 The Jelly Bean Post-drainage Big Cypress watershed Klein, 1970 Post-drainage watershed to ENP s estuarine arm, 1974
194 Pre-drainage? The Jelly Bean Post-drainage Big Cypress watershed Klein, 1970 Post-drainage watershed to ENP s estuarine arm, 1974
195 Pre-drainage? The Jelly Bean Post-drainage Big Cypress watershed Klein, 1970 Post-drainage watershed to ENP s estuarine arm, 1974
196
197 Kelly s assignment to WERP class:
198 Write an essay on the swamp s connection Lake O?
199 Castle of pre-drainage enlightenment Dragon s den of self-contained watershed
200 Castle of pre-drainage enlightenment Dragon s den of self-contained watershed
201 Castle of pre-drainage enlightenment Dragon s den of self-contained watershed
202
203 Loss of headwaters to north
204 Loss of headwaters to north
205 Not just Okeechobee 10 ft
206 Not just Okeechobee 10 ft
207 Ft Thomson Falls
208 Ft Thomson Falls
209 Lake Flirt
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211
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213 Subsidence to the East
214 Usually think of just EAA
215
216 West North East South
217 West North East South
218 West North East South
219 West North East South
220 West North East South
221 West North East South
222 And not just EAA
223 In the Everglades too
224
225
226 1-2 foot of subsidence
227 The Reality
228 Klein Report, 1970
229 Klein Report, 1970
230 Klein Report, 1970
231 +10 ft
232 +10 ft +5 ft
233 +15 ft +10 ft +5 ft
234 +15 ft +10 ft Immokalee water table +5 ft
235 +15 ft +10 ft Immokalee water table +5 ft 1-3 ft
236 +15 ft +10 ft Immokalee water table +5 ft 1-3 ft
237 +15 ft +10 ft Immokalee water table +5 ft 1-3 ft
238 +15 ft +10 ft Immokalee water table +5 ft 1-3 ft
239 +15 ft +10 ft Immokalee water table +5 ft 1-3 ft
240 +15 ft +10 ft +5 ft 1-3 ft
241 +15 ft +10 ft Immokalee water table +5 ft 1-3 ft
242 +15 ft +10 ft Immokalee water table +5 ft 1-3 ft
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253 Pre-drainage Swamp Overview Pre-drainage swamp was much bigger than today s truncated watershed Pre-drainage swamp was groundwater fed by Immokalee Rise Pre-drainage swamp water Everglades fed, today it is drained into the Everglades Pre-drainage flow budget was profoundly different than today
254 Pre-drainage Swamp Overview Pre-drainage swamp was much bigger than today s truncated watershed Pre-drainage swamp was groundwater fed by Immokalee Rise Pre-drainage swamp water Everglades fed, today it is drained into the Everglades Pre-drainage flow budget was profoundly different than today
255 Pre-drainage Swamp Overview Pre-drainage swamp was much bigger than today s truncated watershed Pre-drainage swamp was groundwater fed by Immokalee Rise, not just rain Pre-drainage swamp water Everglades fed, today it is drained into the Everglades Pre-drainage flow budget was profoundly different than today
256 Pre-drainage Swamp Overview Pre-drainage swamp was much bigger than today s truncated watershed Pre-drainage swamp was groundwater fed by Immokalee Rise, not just rain Pre-drainage swamp water Everglades fed, today it is drained into the Everglades Pre-drainage flow budget was profoundly larger than today
257 Post-drainage Swamp Overview Dredging of and draining into the Caloosahatchee was first and biggest impact Pre-drainage swamp was ground-water fed, today it is ground-water drained OK Slough sadly does not flow into Fakahatchee Strand The swamp is managed as a fireshed, not as a watershed as envisioned by founders
258 Post-drainage Swamp Overview Dredging of and draining into the Caloosahatchee was first and biggest impact Pre-drainage swamp was ground-water fed, today it is ground-water drained OK Slough sadly does not flow into Fakahatchee Strand The swamp is managed as a fireshed, not as a watershed as envisioned by founders
259 Post-drainage Swamp Overview Dredging of and draining into the Caloosahatchee was first and biggest impact Pre-drainage swamp was ground-water fed, today it is ground-water drained OK Slough sadly does not flow into Fakahatchee Strand The swamp is managed as a fireshed, not as a watershed as envisioned by founders
260 Post-drainage Swamp Overview Dredging of and draining into the Caloosahatchee was first and biggest impact Pre-drainage swamp was ground-water fed, today it is ground-water drained OK Slough sadly does not flow into Fakahatchee Strand The swamp is managed as a fireshed, not as a watershed as envisioned by founders
261 Today s conservation lands are a derelict ruins of pre-drainage past
262 What do we mean by derelict ruins?
263 Think of pre-drainage swamp as a hydrologic cathedral
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279 OK Slough Status Quo Inadequate upstream flood control Polluted water Polluted water No flow of OK Slough into Panther Refuge or Fakahatchee Canal diverts flow from natural flow paths Point discharge to coast
280 With Keystone in Place Water is cleaned in STAs and FEBs Pump provides flood control Historic headwater flows from OK Slough into Panther Refuge and Fakahatchee are reestablished Clean water is distributed into Big Cypress National Preserve Cessation of point discharge to coast
281 Closer look
282 Halfway Creek Status Quo
283 With Keystone in Place
284 Recommendations (1) Rain-driven self-contained swamp mentality has imperiled Everglades Restoration
285 Recommendations (1) Rain-driven self-contained swamp mentality has imperiled Everglades Restoration (2) We can rebuild the Big Cypress Swamp ruins by strategic restoration at critical keystone spots
286 Status Quo isn t free
287 Status Quo isn t free
288 Status Quo isn t free $70,000,000
289 $70M = $0
290 $70M = $0 for increasing swamp s long-term natural resilience to fight drought
291 Drought vulnerable
292 Drought vulnerable
293 Drought resistant
294 Questions
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