Freshwater-Tidal Gradients: Eco-geomorphology Linkages to Watershed-Estuarine Dynamics
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1 Freshwater-Tidal Gradients: Eco-geomorphology Linkages to Watershed-Estuarine Dynamics Kathy Boomer (The Nature Conservancy) Scott Ensign (Stroud Research) Greg Noe (USGS)
2 Concluding Speculations: It s all about micro-topography/bathymetry! Degree of Certainty Tidal freshwater river corridors provide critical riverestuarine linkage. Capture large portions of watershed sediment and nutrients. Shape of tidal freshwater reaches may indicate primary hydrodynamic controls. Altered hydrologic conditions affects triblet ecogeomorphology and capacity for wetland migration Some triblets may be sediment starved!
3 Sequestration Phosphorus sedimentat (g-p m -2 yr -1 ) Background: Floodplain Function along the Pocomoke 1 0 Phosphorus sedimentation rate (g-p m -2 yr -1 ) 2 Cypress Del. Xing Willards Porters 1 0 Current Post-Restoration Prediction Channelized Restored Cypress Del. Xing Willards Porters Modified from Noe and Hupp (2005) Site (Location) Floodplain Area (km 2 ) Watershed Area / Local Contributing Area (km 2 ) Channelized headwater /0.7 Channelized mainstem / 1 Restored headwater / 0.6 Restored mainstem /6.7 Restored mainstem / 4.3 Natural mainstem / 0.2
4 Sequestration Phosphorus sedimentat (g-p m -2 yr -1 ) Background: Floodplain Function along the Pocomoke 1 0 Phosphorus sedimentation rate (g-p m -2 yr -1 ) 2 Cypress Del. Xing Willards Porters 1 0 Current Post-Restoration Observed Channelized Restored Cypress Del. Xing Willards Porters Modified from Noe and Hupp (2005) Site (Location) Floodplain Area (km 2 ) Watershed Area / Local Contributing Area (km 2 ) Channelized headwater /0.7 Channelized mainstem / 1 Restored headwater / 0.6 Restored mainstem /6.7 Restored mainstem / 4.3 Natural mainstem / 0.2
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6 The tidal freshwater rivers and wetlands extend far upstream from the saline portion of the estuaries. 2/32
7 METHODS Sediment accretion was measured along the tidal freshwater through oligohaline estuary on four rivers. Piedmont versus Coastal Plain River progressive versus standing waves Choptank River, MD Savannah River, GA Waccamaw River, SC Pocomoke River, MD 11/32
8 METHODS Sediment accretion was measured along the tidal freshwater through oligohaline estuary on four rivers.
9 Sediment accretion was highest at the upper extent of tidal influence and in the oligohaline marshes. Savannah Waccamaw Choptank Pocomoke 19/32
10 Carbon accumulation was greatest at the head-of-tide and oligohaline marsh. 12/32
11 Nitrogen accumulation was greatest at the head-of-tide and in oligohaline marshes. 21/32
12 1. Tidal freshwater river corridors provide critical river-estuarine linkage. Bukaveckas, P.A., L.E. Barry, M.J. Beckwith, V. David, and B. Lederer, Factors Determining the Location of the Chlorophyll Maximum and the Fate of Algal Production within the Tidal Freshwater James River. Estuaries and Coasts 34:
13 Higher Suspended Sediments near Estuarine Mouths Indicate Open Water Source
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15 Triblet Channel Shapes Indicates Predominant Hydrologic Drivers affecting Sediment Deposition and Wetland Accretion. Ahnert, F Estuarine Meanders in the Chesapeake Bay. American Geographical Society 50(3):
16 2. Shape of tidal freshwater reaches may indicate primary hydrodynamic controls. Meander Shape Balance of fluvial and tidal flow dynamics (affected by geology, tide variation) Funnel Shape More fluvially influenced.
17 3a. Channelization and other hydrologic alterations likely compacted freshwater tidal gradients downstream and can exasperate impacts from sea level rise upstream, if not restored. Hardened landscapes and hydrologic alterations have altered watershed hydrologic regimes. Salinity gradients shifted and concentrated downstream. Tidally influenced meander patterns occur upstream head-of-tides. Restoration along lower river corridors likely to facilitate coastal wetland migration, especially with sea level rise.
18 3.Channelization and other hydrologic alterations likely compacted freshwater tidal gradients downstream and can acsaserbate impacts from sea level rise upstream, if not restored.
19 Concluding Speculations: It s all about micro-topography/bathymetry! Degree of Certainty Tidal freshwater river corridors provide critical riverestuarine linkage. Capture large portions of watershed sediment and nutrients. Shape of tidal freshwater reaches may indicate primary hydrodynamic controls. Altered hydrologic conditions affects triblet ecogeomorphology and capacity for wetland migration Some triblets may be sediment starved!
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22 Water depth Lateral and longitudinal flow velocities Friction coefficient Roughness coefficient Salinity F(tide amplitude, estuary morphometry, sediment supply)
23 Triblet function revealed by tidal freshwater wetland studies Known estuarine-freshwater gradients, less often considered freshwater tidal gradients Tidal flow patterns Outer vs Inner Coastal Plain Strength of tidal influence Stage of estuary evolution (given trends in sea level) Effects on bathymetry Flow effects on nutrient and sediment dynamics Temperature patterns? Relevance to management?
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