Nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in restored riverine floodplains in intensively managed watersheds
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1 Nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in restored riverine floodplains in intensively managed watersheds Sara McMillan 1, Alex Johnson 1, Celena Alford 1, Greg Noe 2, Venkatesh Merwade 1, Sayan Dey, 1 Siddharth Saksena 1 1 Purdue University, 2 U.S. Geological Survey
2 Floodplain Restoration Exchange between floodplain and river -> gradients in moisture, soil properties, vegetation and nutrient cycling Floodplain restoration through reconnection seeks to reestablish these gradients and improve function Potential consequences (+/-) - Increased inundation creates anoxic conditions that increase N removal via denitrification BUT can also facilitate P release - Connectivity leads to greater sedimentation and particulate nutrient trapping BUT the net effect on dissolved constituents is unclear
3 GOAL: Determine the functional relationships between sources and sinks of nutrients 1. Quantify how hydrologic connectivity varies across spatial and temporal scales 2. Characterize the relative role of hydrodynamic versus biogeochemical processes on the N & P biogeochemistry 3. Determine the cumulative effect on the retention or release of N & P at the system scale
4 Wabash-Tippecanoe River Confluence Upper Wabash River Basin is intensively managed for row crop agriculture Project site is located at Prophetstown State Park: restored prairies and floodplain wetlands on the western side Floodplain restoration (completed ~2003) removed drainage tile, seeded with native prairie species, fire management. WR-Mit WR-Ag
5 WR-Ag WR-Prairie Tipp-Prairie WR-Mit
6 Methods: nutrient biogeochemistry Seasonal denitrification & respiration P1 & P2: Modified slurry assays using Membrane Inlet Mass Spectrometry (MIMS, Reisinger et al 2016) Seasonal nutrient & carbon flux P1: 24-hr intact flow-through cores P2: 21-day core incubations P2: Sediment/soil properties: bulk density, TC, TN, microbial P, sequential P P2: Sediment & nutrient loading Turf mats (sediment) and resin bags (inorganic nutrients)
7 Methods: hydrodynamics Hydrodynamic model 2D HEC-RAS model built with detailed bathymetry 3 gaging stations and one high-resolution velocity profiler to calibrate Extract connectivity metrics, velocity profiles through the floodplain and groundwater contributions Wabash Tippecanoe
8 P1: Hydrodynamic connectivity Geomorphology More topographic variance at Tippecanoe River site Levee/ridge at Wabash River site Flood frequency Threshold for higher frequency of flooding TIPP = near river WR = entire floodplain
9 Hydrodynamic connectivity Tippecanoe Prairie Wabash - Agriculture 90 th % 99 th % Wabash - Prairie 95 th % 99 th % Wabash - Mitigation 90 th % 98 th % 75 th % 95 th %
10
11 P1: Sediment characteristics More bioavailable carbon at Tipp (12.8±0.95) than at WR (16.1±0.82) Patterns in total carbon vary laterally Tipp: historical channel near river edge WR: levee + hillslope seep Carbon greatest at lower elevation Tippecanoe Wabash Soil carbon (%) Landscape position
12 P1: Hydrologic connectivity & biogeochemistry Flood frequency appears to be important control on carbon quantity (r=0.677, p<0.0001) Moderate control on denitrification (r=0.416, p=0.013) Soil carbon is a likely process control, but soil, microbial, etc. are also possibilities (r=0.399, p=0.018) No control on respiration
13 P2: Sediment biogeochemistry carbon pools Soil Carbon (%) b a ab a Greater soil carbon at restored WR sites WR-Prairie driven by high C in hillslope seepage wetland WR-Ag lower than all restored sites; similar to other croplands in the region Soil Carbon (%)
14 P2: Sediment biogeochemistry 21 day core incubations SRP Restored sites: Delayed release WR-Ag: immediate release NO 3 High variability Restored sites: Initial increase, followed by decrease WR-Ag: sustained high concentrations NH 4 Slow increase early in incubation at restored sites WR-Mit: many cores with high concentrations likely because of C-rich soils WR-Ag: immediate increase and sustained high concentrations
15 Take home message from our early data Spatial variability in floodplain topography creates distribution of flooding frequencies and these are different for each site. Hydrodynamic connectivity influences soil carbon cascading effects on denitrification Nutrient flux function of current land use and level of intervention
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This paper was peer-reviewed for scientific content. Pages 732-736. In: D.E. Stott, R.H. Mohtar and G.C. Steinhardt (eds). 2001. Sustaining the Global Farm. Selected papers from the 10th International