Hydrologic budget of the ORW mitigation wetland, 2002
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1 Billabong Hydrology Hydrologic budget of the ORW mitigation wetland, 2002 Li Zhang and William J. Mitsch School of Natural Resources, The Ohio State University Introduction Understanding the hydrologic processes of mitigation wetlands is a fundamental key in effective ecosystem restoration and creation (Mitsch and Gosselink, 2000). One indicator of success for constructed wetlands is the fufillment of the hydrology criterion (National Research Council, 1995). Hydrologic budgets, therefore, provide valuable information to meet restoration and creation goals. The 3-ha mitigation wetland (the billabong) at the Olentangy River Wetland Research Park, constructed in the summer of 1996, is a freshwater, oxbow wetland that receives water from the Olentangy River. When the river level is higher than the wetland, water passively flows into the wetland through a check valve and eventually returns to the Olentangy River through a control weir. Previous hydrologic budgets from the beginning were presented in Wang et al. (1997), Johnson et al. (1998), Zhang and Mitsch (2000, 2001, 2002). This paper presents monitoring hydrologic budgets for Methods Location of the inflow and outflow of the billabong is shown in Figure 1. A twice-daily reading (staff gauges) was used to measure the surface water level of the Olentangy River and mitigation wetland. The following equation (Mitsch and Gosselink, 2000) was used to determine hydrologic budgets for the mitigation wetland: Inflow S i = ah 1/2 ( 2) a = D D D 3 (3) = cross sectional area, ft L r = L s (4) where D = water depth in pipe at weir box (ft) = min (d, max (0, L r 723.5)) h = head causing flow (ft) = max (0, min (L r - L m, L r 0.6D 723.5) L r = river water level (ft above MSL) L s = staff gauge reading, ft L m = mitigation wetland water level (ft above MSL) Pipe Inflow weir box Basin 1 Basin 2 Check valve Olentangy River V/ t = Q in + Q out + G in/out + P reci - ET (1) where V/ t = Change of water volume in wetland over time, Q in = Inflow, Q out = Surface outflow, G in/out = Ground water exchange, P reci = Precipitation, ET = Evapotranspiration. All parameters (water inflows, outflows, water volume, precipitation and evapotranspiration, and groundwater) in equation (1) were calculated by the following equations (Wang et al., 1997): N 200 ft Swale Mitigation wetland Out flow Figure 1. Location of the mitigation wetland at ORWRP.
2 82 The Olentangy River Wetland Research Park Outflow S 0 =10.16h 0 (5) where h o = L m (L m >724.2) = 0 (L m <724.2) Surface water volume Surface water volume was based on relationships between surface area, volume, and elevation. A detailed modeling approach was given by Wang et al. (1997). The following equation was used to calculate water volume (V, ft 3 ) of the mitigation wetland: V = x 10 4 L m x10 7 (0<L m <723.5) = x x10 7 L m x 10 4 L m (723.5<L m <727.0) (6) Daily precipitation and ET Daily precipitation and evapotranspiration data were extracted from Ohio State University and the weather station (Mitsch et al., 1995) at ORWRP. Evapotranspiration data was used from the year 1999, because of absent data from both weather stations in Groundwater exchange The difficulties of evaluating groundwater seepage for the mitigation wetland were presented in Wang et al. (1997). The residuals, however, were used to estimate groundwater indirectly after balancing all other components of the hydrologic budgets (eqn. 1). Results and Discussion Figure 2 shows the hydroperiod of the wetland and the Olentangy River for General water level trends of the billabong follow a pattern of high water levels in the early growing season, followed by drier conditions in late summer. This early flooding followed by summer drawdowns is typical of midwest marshes (Mitsch, 1992). There appear to be 4 independent flood events between January and June 2002 into the wetland. These flood events provide nutrients and introduce seeds and small organisms from across a watershed. Figure 3 presents the relationships between surface water level (ft above MSL) and wet area (%) of the total mitigation wetland area, and wet periods (days) during two growing seasons (a: from April 20 to Oct. 20; and b: from May 1 to Oct. 31 during the period A summary of the wet days and wet area for the two growing seasons is given in Table 1. The wet periods are considerably longer than the hydrologic critical days which were given by National Research Council (1995) for wetland delineations and indicate that the design of this wetland was successful in establishing appropriate hydrologic conditions for a Midwest oxbow wetland. Table 2 shows the annual hydrologic budgets for Daily values are given in Appendix A. By comparison, total inflow 7.0 m/yr from the river in 2002 was higher than the total inflow 6.8 m/yr from the river in 2001 but was lower than the inflows of m/yr in 2000 and 9.25 m/yr in 1999 (Zhang and Mitsch, 2000, 2001, 2002). References Johnson, S.A., W.J. Mitsch and N. Wang Surface water level (ft, above sea level) growing season River Billabong 723 J F M A M J J A S O N D Months Figure 2. Daily surface water level (ft above sea level) in 2002.
3 Billabong Hydrology growing season (a) day wet area (%) Days growing season (b) Wet area (%) of the mitigation wetland surface water level (ft above MSL) Figure 3. Relationship of surface water level to wet days and wet area (%) of the billabong during different definitions of the growing seasons (a: Apr 20 - Oct 19; b: May 1 - Oct 31), Table 1. A summary of the wet days and wet area for the two growing seasons in wet area% growing seasons wet days April 20 - October May 1 - October Table 2. Estimated annual hydrologic budgets, hydrologic parameters 2002 ( m/yr) Surface inflow from river 7.0 Surface outflow 14.0 Precipitation 3.4 Evapotranspiration 2.2
4 84 The Olentangy River Wetland Research Park Hydrology of Ohio State University mitigation wetland for In: W.J. Mitsch (ed.), Olentangy River Wetland Research Park at The Ohio State University Annual Report, The Ohio State University, Columbus, pp Mitsch, W.J Combining ecosystem and landscape approaches to Great Lakes wetlands. Journal of Great Lakes Research, 18: Mitsch, W.J. and J.G. Gosselink Wetlands. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY. Mitsch, W.J., X. Wu and N. Wang Establishing a weather station at the Olentangy River Wetland Research Park. In: W.J. Mitsch (ed.), Olentangy River Wetland Research Park at The Ohio State University Annual Report, The Ohio State University, Columbus, pp National Research Council Wetlands Charateristics and Boundaries, National Academy Press, Washington, DC. Wang, N., W.J. Mitsch, S. Johnson and W.T. Acton Early hydrology of a newly constructed riparian mitigation wetland at the Olentangy River Wetland Research Park. In: W.J. Mitsch (ed.), Olentangy River Wetland Research Park at The Ohio State University Annual Report, The Ohio State University, Columbus, pp Zhang. L. and W.J. Mitsch Hydrologic budget of the ORW mitigation wetland, In: W.J. Mitsch and L. Zhang (eds.), Olentangy River Wetland Research Park at The Ohio State University Annual Report, The Ohio State University, Columbus, pp Zhang. L. and W.J. Mitsch Hydrologic budget of the ORW mitigation wetland, In: W.J. Mitsch and L. Zhang (eds.), Olentangy River Wetland Research Park at The Ohio State University Annual Report, The Ohio State University, Columbus, pp Zhang. L. and W.J. Mitsch Hydrologic budget of the ORW mitigation wetland, In: W.J. Mitsch and L. Zhang (eds.), Olentangy River Wetland Research Park at The Ohio State University Annual Report, The Ohio State University, Columbus, pp Appendix A. Estimated daily hydrologic budgets for the billabong at ORWRP, /01/ /02/ /03/ /04/ /05/ /06/ /07/ /08/ /09/ /10/ /11/ /12/ /13/ /14/ /15/ /16/ /17/ /18/ /19/ /20/ /21/ /22/ /23/ /24/ /25/ /26/ /27/ /28/ /29/ /30/ /31/
5 Billabong Hydrology /01/ /02/ /03/ /04/ /05/ /06/ /07/ /08/ /09/ /10/ /11/ /12/ /13/ /14/ /15/ /16/ /17/ /18/ /19/ /20/ /21/ /22/ /23/ /24/ /25/ /26/ /27/ /28/ /01/ /02/ /03/ /04/ /05/ /06/ /07/ /08/ /09/ /10/ /11/ /12/ /13/ /14/ /15/ /16/ /17/ /18/ /19/ /20/ /21/ /22/ /23/ /24/ /25/ /26/ /27/ /28/ /29/ /30/ /31/
6 86 The Olentangy River Wetland Research Park 04/01/ /02/ /03/ /04/ /05/ /06/ /07/ /08/ /09/ /10/ /11/ /12/ /13/ /14/ /15/ /16/ /17/ /18/ /19/ /20/ /21/ /22/ /23/ /24/ /25/ /26/ /27/ /28/ /29/ /30/ /01/ /02/ /03/ /04/ /05/ /06/ /07/ /08/ /09/ /10/ /11/ /12/ /13/ /14/ /15/ /16/ /17/ /18/ /19/ /20/ /21/ /22/ /23/ /24/ /25/ /26/ /27/ /28/ /29/
7 Billabong Hydrology /30/ /31/ /01/ /02/ /03/ /04/ /05/ /06/ /07/ /08/ /09/ /10/ /11/ /12/ /13/ /14/ /15/ /16/ /17/ /18/ /19/ /20/ /21/ /22/ /23/ /24/ /25/ /26/ /27/ /28/ /29/ /30/ /01/ /02/ /03/ /04/ /05/ /06/ /07/ /08/ /09/ /10/ /11/ /12/ /13/ /14/ /15/ /16/ /17/ /18/ /19/ /20/ /21/ /22/ /23/ /24/ /25/ /26/ /27/ /28/
8 88 The Olentangy River Wetland Research Park 07/29/ /30/ /31/ /01/ /02/ /03/ /04/ /05/ /06/ /07/ /08/ /09/ /10/ /11/ /12/ /13/ /14/ /15/ /16/ /17/ /18/ /19/ /20/ /21/ /22/ /23/ /24/ /25/ /26/ /27/ /28/ /29/ /30/ /31/ /01/ /02/ /03/ /04/ /05/ /06/ /07/ /08/ /09/ /10/ /11/ /12/ /13/ /14/ /15/ /16/ /17/ /18/ /19/ /20/ /21/ /22/ /23/ /24/ /25/
9 Billabong Hydrology /26/ /27/ /28/ /29/ /30/ /01/ /02/ /03/ /04/ /05/ /06/ /07/ /08/ /09/ /10/ /11/ /12/ /13/ /14/ /15/ /16/ /17/ /18/ /19/ /20/ /21/ /22/ /23/ /24/ /25/ /26/ /27/ /28/ /29/ /30/ /31/ /01/ /02/ /03/ /04/ /05/ /06/ /07/ /08/ /09/ /10/ /11/ /12/ /13/ /14/ /15/ /16/ /17/ /18/ /19/ /20/ /21/ /22/ /23/ /24/
10 90 The Olentangy River Wetland Research Park 11/25/ /26/ /27/ /28/ /29/ /30/ /01/ /02/ /03/ /04/ /05/ /06/ /07/ /08/ /09/ /10/ /11/ /12/ /13/ /14/ /15/ /16/ /17/ /18/ /19/ /20/ /21/ /22/ /23/ /24/ /25/ /26/ /27/ /28/ /29/ /30/ /31/
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