Rock Mechanics for Tunneling
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1 Rock Mechanics for Tunneling Discrete Fracture Approach Dr. William Dershowitz Dept of Civil Engineering University of Washington FracMan Technology Group Golder Associates Inc
2 Rock Quality -RQD
3 Rock Quality -RMR
4 Rock Quality -RMR
5 Rock Tunnel Design by RMR
6 Rock Quality Q Q System
7 Rock Quality Q Q System
8 Rock Quality Q Q System
9 Rock Tunnel Design Using Q-System Q
10 after Hoek, 2000 Rock Tunnel Design Using Q-System Q
11 Rock Dowels
12 Rock Bolts
13 Rock Bolt Design
14 Shotcrete
15 Shotcrete
16 Hallandsås Tunnel: Excitement Under (and above) Ground
17 Hallandsås
18 Hallandsås: : Swedish Tunnel Disaster
19 Hallandsås Tunnel: Original Development by Drill and Blast with Grouting
20 Shotcrete
21 Shotcrete
22 Shotcrete
23 Tunneling in Weak Rock
24 Tunneling in Weak Rock
25 Tunneling in Weak Rock
26 Tunneling in Weak Rock
27 Tunneling in Weak Rock
28 Tunneling in Weak Rock
29 Tunneling in Weak Rock
30 Hallandsås Tunnel: TBM Tunneling
31 Inland Feeder Project
32 Structurally Controlled Tunnel Stability Wedge Formation from Hoek, 2000
33 Small Wedges - Raveling from Hoek, 2000
34 Rock Bolt Design from Hoek, 2000
35 Tunneling Sequence for Wedge Stability from Hoek, 2000
36 Kinematic Stability Analysis DFN Approach 3D Discrete Fracture Network Based on Field Measurement Simulated Slope Surfaces Reflect Effect of Fracture Size Rock Bridge Failure Reflected by Selective Increasing of Fracture Size
37 Tunnel Specification
38 Fracture Generation
39 Trace Maps and Wedge Identification
40 Wedge Stability Analysis
41 DFN Approach: Tunnel Scale Modeling Integrate Hydraulic, Grout, and Geologic Data During Tunnel Advance Condition Model to Groundwater Monitoring and Grout Take Update Model to Predict Structural Intersection Events
42 Äspö Project, Sweden
43 Äspö Tunnels Swedish Granite
44 Task 5 DFN Model - Deterministic Fractures
45 30-Apr Jan Nov-96 Weir Flux Time History Boundary Condition Total Flow into Weir Aug May Feb Nov Aug May Feb Nov Aug May Feb Nov Aug May Feb Nov Aug May Feb Nov Aug Jun Mar-91 Date Weir Flow Rate (l/min)
46 Head in Monitoring Section KAS06 MA66 KAS06 MA Oct Dec Mar Jun Sep Dec Mar Jun Sep Dec Mar Jun Sep Dec-93 Measured H-8 Date Head (m)
47 Head in Monitoring Section KAS08 MA81 KAS08 MA Measured H Oct Dec Mar Jun Sep Dec Mar Jun Sep Dec Mar Jun Sep Dec-93 Date Head (m)
48 Head in Monitoring Section KAS07 MA74 KAS07 MA Measured Simulated Date Head (m)
49 Geochemistry in Monitoring Well SA0813B SA0813B 100% 90% 80% Component Percentage 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 01-Oct Mar Sep Mar Sep Mar Sep-93 Date Sim Cpt 1 Sim Cpt 2 Sim Cpt 3 Sim Cpt 4 Sim Cpt 5 Sim Cpt 6 Sim Cpt 7 Data Cpt 1 Data Cpt 2 Data Cpt 3 Data Cpt 4 Data Cpt 5 Data Cpt 6 Data Cpt 7 14-Mar Sep Mar Sep Mar Aug Feb-97
50 Geochemistry in Monitoring Well SA2783A SA2783A 100% 90% 80% Component Percentage 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% -10% -20% 01-Oct Mar Sep Mar Sep Mar Sep-93 Date Brine, Simulated Baltic Sea, Simulated Glacial, Simulated Meteoric, Simulated Brine, Measured Baltic Sea, Measured Glacial, Measured Meteoric, Measured 14-Mar Sep Mar Sep Mar Aug Feb-97
51 Grout Reliability Issues Grout Uptake to a Dominant Fracture
52 Grout Reliability Issues Subvertical Fractures Missed by Grouting and Confirmation Test Holes
53 Grout Reliability Issues Successful Confirmation Tests Signifying Nothing
54 Grout Reliability Issues Periodic/Regular Ungrouted Fractures
55 DFN Approach: Real time Modeling
56 Tunneling Model: Realistic Geology and Hydrogeology Streamline for flow and transport defined perpendicular to pressure contours Pressure Contours a) Continuum Model Source Sink b) Pathways Controlled by Fracture Geometry
57 DFN Tunneling Model: Prediction of Difficult Ground DFN Incorporates Flow Barrier and Conductive Structures Correlate Geology, Grout Take and Hydraulic Response to Upcoming Structures Predict Structure Intersections Direct Interaction with Contractor
58 Tunneling Model Demonstrate Grout Effectiveness Tunnel Impact Modeling without Grout Grouting Simulation Phreatic Surface Impacts at Distance Tunnel Inflows and Chemistry w/ and w/o Grouting
59 Monitoring Model: Establish Seasonal/ Diurnal Variations Site 910 Model Natural Variation in Phreatic Surface Establish Criteria for Identifying Potential Tunnel Effects Model Phreatic Surface as Tunneling Progresses Date Elevation (ft, MSL)
60 Monitoring Model Correlation to Tunnel Advance Head (m) Measured Simulated KAS07 MA Date Simulate Head Reponse (Predictive) at different tunnel inflow rates Update Model as tunnel advances Correlate phreatic responses to Tunnel Advance (if any)
61 Concluding Remarks DFN Approach can provide a methodology for: Constructing a realistic hydrogeological model of local and regional scale responses Predicting grout efficiency Predicting inflows into the tunnel Mitigating reduction in the groundwater table
GAMINGRE 8/1/ of 7
FYE 09/30/92 JULY 92 0.00 254,550.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 254,550.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 254,550.00 AUG 10,616,710.31 5,299.95 845,656.83 84,565.68 61,084.86 23,480.82 339,734.73 135,893.89 67,946.95
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Climate Division: CA 6 NWS Call Sign: Month (1) Min (2) Month(1) Extremes Lowest (2) Temperature ( F) Lowest Month(1) Degree s (1) Base Temp 65 Heating Cooling 1 Number of s (3) Jan 67.5 42. 54.8 92 1971
Climatography of the United States No
Climate Division: CA 5 NWS Call Sign: Month (1) Min (2) Month(1) Extremes Lowest (2) Temperature ( F) Lowest Month(1) Degree s (1) Base Temp 65 Heating Cooling 100 Number of s (3) Jan 56.6 36.5 46.6 81
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Climate Division: CA 5 NWS Call Sign: Month (1) Min (2) Month(1) Extremes Lowest (2) Temperature ( F) Lowest Month(1) Degree s (1) Base Temp 65 Heating Cooling 100 Number of s (3) Jan 44.8 25.4 35.1 72
Climatography of the United States No
Climate Division: CA 4 NWS Call Sign: Month (1) Min (2) Month(1) Extremes Lowest (2) Temperature ( F) Lowest Month(1) Degree s (1) Base Temp 65 Heating Cooling 100 Number of s (3) Jan 49.4 37.5 43.5 73
Climatography of the United States No
Climate Division: CA 6 NWS Call Sign: Month (1) Min (2) Month(1) Extremes Lowest (2) Temperature ( F) Lowest Month(1) Degree s (1) Base Temp 65 Heating Cooling 100 Number of s (3) Jan 69.4 46.6 58.0 92
Climatography of the United States No
Climate Division: CA 4 NWS Call Sign: Month (1) Min (2) Month(1) Extremes Lowest (2) Temperature ( F) Lowest Month(1) Degree s (1) Base Temp 65 Heating Cooling 1 Number of s (3) Jan 58.5 38.8 48.7 79 1962
Climatography of the United States No
Climate Division: CA 4 NWS Call Sign: Month (1) Min (2) Month(1) Extremes Lowest (2) Temperature ( F) Lowest Month(1) Degree s (1) Base Temp 65 Heating Cooling 100 Number of s (3) Jan 55.6 39.3 47.5 77
Climatography of the United States No
Climate Division: CA 1 NWS Call Sign: Month (1) Min (2) Month(1) Extremes Lowest (2) Temperature ( F) Lowest Month(1) Degree s (1) Base Temp 65 Heating Cooling 100 Number of s (3) Jan 57.9 38.9 48.4 85
Climatography of the United States No
Climate Division: CA 1 NWS Call Sign: Month (1) Min (2) Month(1) Extremes Lowest (2) Temperature ( F) Lowest Month(1) Degree s (1) Base Temp 65 Heating Cooling 1 Number of s (3) Jan 57.8 39.5 48.7 85 1962
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