TUTORIAL B1.31 TB 538

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1 TUTORIAL B1.31 TB 538 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR TESTING OF SUPERCONDUCTING CABLES Cnvener: D Lindsay (US) Secretary: T Masuda (JP) Page 1 Cpyright DISCLAIMER Ownership f a CIGRE publicatin, whether in paper frm r n electrnic supprt nly infers right f use fr persnal purpses. Are prhibited, except if explicitly agreed by CIGRE, ttal r partial reprductin f the publicatin fr use ther than persnal and transfer t a third party; hence circulatin n any intranet r ther cmpany netwrk is frbidden. Page 2 1

2 Prir Cigre TB n Supercnducting Cables 1. TB 199, Supercnducting Cables. Impact n Netwrk Structure and Cntrl (2002) 2. TB 229, High Temperature Supercnducting (HTS) Cable Systems (2003) 3. TB 418, Status f Develpment and Field Test Experience with High-Temperature Supercnducting Pwer Equipment (2010) Page 3 Scpe f this Brchure Prvides recmmendatins fr Type Testing and After Laying tests fr AC supercnducting cables High Temperature supercnductrs nly. Excluded are lw temperature materials. Vltages up t 150 (170) kv Included as an Annex is infrmatin and guidelines related t crygenic system perfrmance, specificatins and safety. Page 4 2

3 Technical Brchure Outline EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Sectin 1 Sectin 2 Sectin 3 Sectin 4 Sectin 5 Sectin 6 Intrductin Tests fr Engineering Infrmatin Type Tests n Cable Systems Factry / Rutine Tests After Laying Tests Bibligraphy / References Annex A Abbreviatins Annex B Critical Current (I c ) Measurement B.1 Critical Current Measurement Test Annex C Crygenic System Cnsideratins Page 5 Key Definitins (1/2) AC Lss Fr HTS cables, this term is used t describe the heat lad generated by hysteretic lsses assciated with alternating current cycles in the supercnducting materials. This heat must be accunted fr in the thermal budget f the verall system design. HTS cables perating in direct current (DC) circuits d nt generate AC lsses. Cld Dielectric (CD) A type f supercnducting cable in which the dielectric material perates within the crygenic envirnment. Critical Current (I c ) The current in a supercnducting material that results in an electric field f 1 µv/cm. Fr I>I c the supercnductr perates in a resistive (nrmal) state. Page 6 3

4 Key Definitins (2/2) Crystat An apparatus designed t cntain and thermally insulate a crygenic envirnment. High Temperature Supercnductr (HTS) Supercnducting materials that achieve the supercnducting state at temperatures greater than 20 K (-253ºC). Typically, HTS materials are used in supercnducting pwer applicatins that can be cled with liquid crygens. Mst cmmn is liquid nitrgen at 77 K (-196 ºC) due t its availability, cst and dielectric prperties. Lw Temperature Supercnductrs (LTS) Supercnducting materials that achieve the supercnducting state at temperatures belw 20 K (-253ºC). Examples f cmmn LTS materials are Nibium-Titanium and Nibium-Tin allys. Page 7 Types f HTS Cables Single Cre Cable One electrical phase per crystat HTS wires fr phase cnductr and cncentric neutral f the cable May r may nt include cpper wires t shunt shrtcircuit currents t prtect HTS wires Page 8 4

Types f HTS Cables Three Cre Cable Three single-phase cable cres inside a

HTS wires fr phase cnductr and cncentric neutral f the cre May r may nt

Types f HTS Cables Triaxial Cable Three electrical phases are cncentric n

5 Types f HTS Cables Three Cre Cable Three single-phase cable cres inside a cmmn crystat. HTS wires fr phase cnductr and cncentric neutral f the cre May r may nt include cpper wires t shunt shrtcircuit currents t prtect HTS wires Page 9 Types f HTS Cables Triaxial Cable Three electrical phases are cncentric n a cmmn cre inside a cmmn crystat Vltage acrss dielectric layers are phase-t-phase Cable screen/neutral may be cpper r HTS wires Page 10 5

Glbal Experience HTS Installed in Pwer Grids Cuntry & Utility In-service Date Vltage Designed

Pwer Grid 2004 35 kv 120 MVA 33.5 m Warm Dielectric, Single Cre* USA, Natinal Grid 2006 34.

2 kv 69 MVA 200 m Triaxial USA, LIPA 2008 138 kv 574 MVA 600 m Single Cre KR, KEPCO 2011 22.

6 Glbal Experience HTS Installed in Pwer Grids Cuntry & Utility In-service Date Vltage Designed Pwer Level Length DK kv 30 m Design Warm Dielectric, Single Cre* CN, China Suthern Pwer Grid kv 120 MVA 33.5 m Warm Dielectric, Single Cre* USA, Natinal Grid kv 48 MVA 350 m Three Cre USA, AEP kv 69 MVA 200 m Triaxial USA, LIPA kv 574 MVA 600 m Single Cre KR, KEPCO kv 50 MVA 500 m Three Cre JP TEPCO kv 200 MVA 250 m Three Cre Page 11 Glbal Experience Pictures Pictures frm TB frm 418Cigre TB418 Page 12 6

7 Glbal Experience HTS Tested in Labratries and Industrial Applicatins Cuntry Dates Vltage Designed Pwer Level Length Design JP Super-GM kv 133MVA 500 m Single Cre US - Carrlltn kv 27 MVA 30 m Single Cre KR - KEPRI kv 48 MVA 100 m Three Cre MX kv 80 MVA 100 m Three Cre DE / ES kv 17 MVA 30 m Single Cre DE / ES kv 133 MVA 30 m Single Cre Russia kv 104 MVA 200 m Single Cre KR kv 1000 MVA 100 m Single Cre Page 13 Sectin 2: Tests fr Engineering Infrmatin AC lss Heat invasin f crystat Electrical parameters Shrt circuit tests (Fault current) Page 14 7

8 AC Lss Resistive lsses in HTS wires due t hysteretic lsses f AC cycles Infrmatin needed t prperly size crygenic system Measured frm 0 t 1.2x rated current Methds: Electrical Calrimetric Vaprizatin f Liquid Crygen Calrimetric Liquid Crygen Mass Flw AC lsses in each phase f a Triaxial design may be different. Therefre each phase shuld be measured. Ideally they shuld be measured simultaneusly Page 15 Heat Invasin f Crystat Heat leak int the crystat is always present and represents significant lad n crygenic system Infrmatin used t prperly size crygenic system Methds: Calrimetric Vaprizatin f Liquid Crygen Calrimetric Liquid Crygen Mass Flw Page 16 8

9 Electrical Parameters The inductance, capacitance and tan delta will be tested n a cable sample f a 1 m (r lnger). The tests will be perfrmed at rated crygenic temperature. Cables with a Triaxial design will have different electrical parameters in each phase. The electrical parameters will be measured fr each phase. Tan delta and capacitance will be determined at U 0 t determine the dielectric lsses. Page 17 Shrt Circuit Tests Thermal management and mitigatin during shrt circuit events is critical t system perfrmance Fault Current Limiting Cables are in develpment Parameters t test: temperature and pressure reactin t limited event (implying pressurized liquid nitrgen system) level and wave frm f the limited current recvery time Page 18 9

10 Sectin 3: Type Tests n Cable Systems Range f Apprval Summary f Type Tests Type tests n cmplete cable systems Type Tests n Cable Type Tests n Accessries Page 19 Range f Apprval U, U 0 and Um fllw IEC Type Tests are valid under the fllwing cnditins: The vltage grup is nt higher than that f the tested cable system (cmmn U m ) The nminal current is nt larger than that f the tested cable The cable and the accessries have the same r similar cnstructins as that f the tested cable system(s) Page 20 10

11 Summary f Type Tests Min cable length = 10 m Min cable length between accessries = 5 m Accessries shall be installed after the bending test n the cable Cable and accessries shall be assembled in the manner specified by the manufacturer's instructins Page 21 Type Tests n Cmplete Cable Systems Tests and Sequence f Tests a) Bending test n the cable and I c measurement tests b) Pressure test n the assembly c) Lad cycle vltage test n the assembly d) AC vltage test n the assembly e) Lightning impulse vltage test fllwed by AC vltage test n the assembly f) Partial discharge tests n the assembly Page 22 11

12 Bending Test Bending perfrmed at ambient temperature 3 times reverse bend withut axial rtatin Cable cre(s) shall be inside crystat r similar crrugated tube Page 23 Lad Cycle Vltage Test 20x lad cycles 8 h ON + 16 h OFF Vltage = 2U 0 during whle test perid Page 24 12

13 Vltage Tests 2.5U fr Triaxial Cables Page 25 Partial Discharge Test NOTE: At the time f this writing, nt all manufacturers have access t screened HV test rms that als supprt the required crygenic systems needed fr HTS cables. Achieving 5 pc partial discharge sensitivity is difficult in these situatins. The test shall be perfrmed in accrdance with IEC 60840, the sensitivity being 5 pc r better. A test may be acceptable up t 10 pc, but samples f cable and accessry dielectric cmpnents must be tested t 5 pc sensitivity Page 26 13

14 Type Tests n Cables Bending Test Bending per test required prir t system assembly Min 95% retentin f critical current f cable Partial Discharge n Cable (if 10 pc n System Level PD) Cable sample tested t max 5 pc Same vltage, temperature & pressure as system level test Page 27 Type Tests n Accessries Partial Discharge n Accessry Cmpnents (if 10 pc n System Level PD) Accessry sample tested t max 5 pc Same vltage, temperature & pressure as system level test Page 28 14

15 Sectin 4: Factry / Rutine Tests AC Vltage test fr cable AC Vltage test fr accessry I c measurement test Vacuum leak test Pressure test Page 29 AC Vltage Test fr Cable One sample frm each shipping reel shall be taken and subjected t the vltage test. In case several shipping reels are created by cutting cable length that was prduced in the same manufacturing batch, the number f samples t be tested shall be such that ne sample in each 500 meter sectin will be tested Min 1 m sample 30 min at 2.5 U 0 PD Test after withstand 1.75 U 0 fr MV 1.5 U 0 fr HV Page 30 15

16 AC Vltage Test fr Accessries The main insulatin parts f each prefabricated accessry shall underg vltage and partial discharge test at ambient temperature accrding t either 1) r 2) belw : 1) by using a hst accessry int which a cmpnent f an accessry is substituted fr test; 2) by using a simulated accessry rig in which the electrical stress envirnment f a main insulatin cmpnent is reprduced. The test vltage shall be selected t btain electrical stresses at least the same as thse n the cmpnents in a cmplete accessry when subjected t the test vltages specified. 30 min at 2.5 U 0 PD Test after withstand 1.75 U 0 fr MV 1.5 U 0 fr HV Page 31 I c Measurement Test Critical current (I c ) f the cable cres in the test cable shall be measured fr supercnducting prperties t check the damage f the supercnducting wires due t bending. The measured I c shall be mre than 95 % f the designed I c in cnsideratin f LN2 temperature, magnetic field and s n. The measured I c is defined as the current which generates 1 µv /cm vltage rise acrss the sample. Page 32 16

17 Vacuum Leak Test The vacuum leak test at ambient temperature shall be carried ut in accrdance with lcal specificatin fr all finished cables and cmpnents where the vacuum seal is made at the factry The test cable r cmpnents shall be evacuated by a vacuum pump system. The leak rate f tracer gas t the vacuum area thrugh the uter and inner wall shall be detected by a helium leak detectr (mass spectrmeter). The final leak rate fr a given test cable r cmpnents shuld be recgnized as the sum f all individual leaks measured Page 33 Pressure Test Pressure test shall be perfrmed as a rutine factry testing n specific cmpnents at request f custmer r ptin f manufacturer. The test shall be carried ut in accrdance with lcal regulatins fr pressure equipment r engineering best practice Pressure test shall be carried ut n cmpnents where pressurized gas r liquid must be cntained. The cmpnents shall be made as a pressure vessel fllwing lcal standards. The cable shall be pressurized with gas until the test pressure higher than predetermined value. The hlding time shall fllw t the lcal regulatins Page 34 17

18 Sectin 5: After Laying Tests General Tests in warm cnditins Tests in cld cnditins Additinal tests after cmmissining Page 35 Tests in Warm Cnditins Vacuum Test Pressure Test (Accrding t Lcal Pressure Regulatin Standards) Page 36 18

19 Tests in Cld Cnditins DC Critical Current (I c ) Test Page 37 Tests in Cld Cnditins Vltage Test; ptins a) AC Vltage ( Hz) b) DC Vltage c) VLF Page 38 19

20 Tests in Cld Cnditins Verify System Operatinal Cntrl Parameters The cable system shall be in stabilized cnditins and the cling system shall be perating with the nminal mass flw and nminal supply temperature. The integratin f cntrl signals with the utility Supervisry Cntrl and Data Acquisitin (SCADA) system shall be verified. The selectin f signals t be verified shall be at the discretin f the custmer. As a minimum requirement thse signals relevant fr the cable system trip lgic must be verified. The ttal temperature increase and the pressure drp f the cling medium shall be measured. The measured values shall be in gd agreement with the design values. Dielectric Sak Test (ptinal if vltage test perfrmed) Page 39 Additinal Tests after Cmmissining Shielding Test applicable fr single cre cables nly Measure f induced current frm phase layer int neutral layer HTS wires A symmetrical current system shall be applied t the cable system by means f cnnecting the system t the grid. The current system shall be cnsidered symmetric if the amplitude f each current f the three phases des nt deviate by mre than 5% frm any f the ther tw phases current amplitudes and if the phase angle between the three currents is equal t 120. Page 40 20

21 Annex B Critical Current Measurements V V 0 I 0 I V-I Curve, HTS Only V-I Curve, HTS + Cu Cmpnent Page 41 Annex C: Crygenic System Cnsideratins Intrductin Refrigeratin Functinal Requirements Specificatin Guide fr End User Safety Page 42 21

22 Refrigeratin Blck Diagram T w Q w W R Q w Q c W Q c T c Page 43 Basic Cling System Cmpnents Page 44 22

23 Lss Cmpnents 1. AC Lss 2. Thermal Lss (heat leak) 3. Jule Lss (resistive in Cu cmpnents) 4. Hydraulic Lss Page 45 Functinal Requirements Temperature Range T min, T max, dt Pressure P in, P ut, dp Cable design influence n P Transients Relief prtectin Flw Rate Buffer vlume Cntrl system Redundancy Alarms Warning Cnditins Emergency Cnditins Efficiency f system Input Pwer Variable Ratings (turn-dwn) Envirnmental Issues Nise Crygens Ambient req. fr equipment SCADA integratin Cmmunicatins Page 46 23

$(brittle fracture f materials) Over pressure in equipment Thermal Stress (thermal cntractin) Page 47 Page 48$

24 Safety issues Physilgical Hazards Cld Burns (Frstbite) Hypthermia Asphyxiatin Mechanical Hazards Embrittlement (brittle fracture f materials) Over pressure in equipment Thermal Stress (thermal cntractin) Page 47 Page 48 24

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