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3 ONTARIO DIVISION OF MINES GEOLOGICAL BRANCH Open File Report 5172 KINLOSS TOWNSHIP SOUTHERN ONTARIO by Parts of this publication may be quoted if credit is given to the Ontario Division of Mines. It is recommended that reference to this report should be made in the following form: Frazer, J. Z. 1976: Aggregate Resources in Kinloss Township 9 Southern Ontario, Ontario Div. Mines OFR approximately 20p. Accompanied by l map.

4 INTRODUCTION This report presents results of fieldwork undertaken in the summer of 1975* the purpose of which was to delineate aggregate reserve areas in several townships in Southwestern Ontario, and to estimate their quality and quantity. Reserve estimates were usually made only for those deposits which contained gravel in excess of 15 percent and only where reliable surface, and/or subsurface information was available. No attempt was made to estimate reserves of bedrock derived aggregate. METHODS 1) FIELDWORK Fieldwork involved the examination of natural and man-made exposures of granular material, including sand and gravel pits, road cuts, stream banks, and excavations. Pit locations were obtained from Ministry of Transport and communications files, and from unpublished surficial geology maps of the area, (Cowan, in preparation). The main pit features examined and measured are shown on Table I, among which face height, gravel content, clast size and composition were of major importance in estimating aggregate quality and quantity. Local geology and topography, from maps and air photos were interpreted in estimating the extent,

5 continuity and thickness of the granular deposits. II) MAP PREPARATION The aggregate resources map which accompanies the report was prepared from portions of National Topographic System map sheets at a scale of 1:50,000. Air photos were used extensively to delineate reserve areas, in unmapped portions of the township, within large undifferentiated ice-contact stratified drift deposits, and to aid estimating the thickness and continuity of deposits, especially outwash terraces. The map legend indicates methods used to identify reserve areas and their thickness. Water well drilling records, maintained by the Ontario Ministry of the Environment were consulted, and wells penetrating granular material were marked on the map. In many cases however, well logs were not used because of ambiguities or suspected errors in material identification, in the context of other evidence in the vicinity. III) RESERVES CALCULATION The volume of a granular deposit can be approximated if its areal extent and average thickness are known. The area in acres, of each deposit listed on Table III was determined using a Compensating Polar

6 Planimeter (accuracy is - 5^; slightly more for areas of less than 40 acres). The thickness values shown on Table III represent an approximation of average thickness based on various data, described above, but where possible, based on face heights, in feet, of pits developed in the deposit. Gross tonnage values were calculated by multiplying the volume of the deposit by 2,500 tons - the weight of a one foot section of sand and gravel (specific gravity l.#) one acre in extent. calculation can be summarized as follows: The Gross tonnage = 2,500 Tons (XAcres) (Y feet) acre Foot LI l- l J ~ 2,500 XY Tons As shown on Table III, correction factors were successively subtracted from the gross tonnage figures to account for aggregate previously extracted, and aggregate unavailable for extraction due to the presence of cultural features such as housing developments, parks, power lines, roads and railways. The specific amount subtracted in each case was based on field observation and air photo examination. It should be noted that the available tonnage and gravel tonnage figures shown on Table III represent "possible" reserves. Possible Reserves estimates are

7 "based largely on broad knowledge of the geologic character of the deposit and for which there are few if any samples or measurements. The estimates are based on assumed continuity or repetition for which there are reasonable geological indications." (The Association of Professional Engineers of Ontario,.1972). It should be kept in mind that the total reserves figure, shown on Table III, is the total only of those deposits for which estimates were made.. No estimates were made for deposits which consisted of more than #5 percent sand size aggregate. Estimates were made only for those parts of ice-contact deposits for which reliable information was available, because of their highly variable nature, and finally, no estimates were made for buried deposits. IV) QUALITY ANALYSIS Aggregate test data shown on Table II comes from MTC files. The range of values for each seive size shown for the seive analysis represents data from at least five sample analyses. The largest and smallest in each group were discarded before establishing the range. The results for the other four tests shown were determined by averaging the results of at least five samples.

8 KINLOSS TOWNSHIP-LOCATION AND POPULATION Kinloss Township occupies a triangular area of approximately 73 square miles, north, of East and West Wawanosh Townships* The village of Lucknow, which is partially included along the southern boundary of the township, and the hamlets of Kinloss and Kinlough are the only population centres. Total population in 1973 was 1,256 which is a slight decrease from (Data from Ontario Municipal Directory, 1974). BEDROCK GEOLOGY AND DRIFT THICKNESS The sequence of Paleozoic sediments underlying the township is shown in the following table (after Liberty and Bolton, 1971). PALEOZOIC DEVONIAN MIDDLE DEVONIAN DUNDEE FORMATION Grey, Medium to fine grained limestone and dolomitic Limestone DETROIT RIVER FORMATION Brown fine crystalline dolomite and limestone.

9 The beds strike northwest and are relatively flat-lying, with a gentle ^20 ) regional dip to the southwest. Bedrock topography of the area (Karrow 1962 and 1964) shows a bedrock knob at and above the 900 foot A.S.L. contour along the eastern boarder of the township, south of McFarland Lake. Drift cover, consisting mainly of ice-contact stratified drift deposits,is generally 50 to 100 feet thick in this area, except for an area of relatively thin drift over the bedrock knob in the vicinity of UTM reference point 6&5V25. An outcrop of the Detroit River Formation occurs in Culross Township just east of this area. The bedrock surface slopes away on all sides of the high area and drift cover, throughout the rest of the township is such that the present land surface, though irregular has a slight westerly slope. Drift thickness increases to the north and west, ranging from 100 to 200 feet. Soft but chemically pure limestones of the Dundee, as well as the underlying Detroit River Formations have been extensively quarried for lime production thoughout southern Ontario and are presently being extracted on a large scale at St. Mary's in Perth County. Several quarries, now long abandoned were developed in the Detroit River Formation near Teeswater,in Culross Township for

10 lime production (Goudge, 193# p ). No quarrying has been done in Kinloss Township and except for the area mentioned above, extensive drift cover would prohibit such operations. PHYSIOGRAPHY AND LAND USE The physiography of Kinloss Township is characterized by two parallel, south trending moraines separated by a meltwater channel. The northern portion of the Wyoming Moraine lies at the western edge of the township and consists of a broad, smooth till-covered ridge. North and west of Holyrood several small morainic ridges stand on a gently undulating, undrumlinized till plain. Lying on the eastern edge of the Wyoming Moraine is a broad meltwater channel, now occupied by the Lucknow River, and Dickey's Creek. The high, hummocky moraine lying to the east of the meltwater channel consists mainly of sand and minor gravel in kames and eskers. The moraine grades eastwards into a rolling, slightly drumlinized till plain which is the western limit of the Teeswater Drumlin Field. The northern portion of the township is dotted with isolated ice contact stratified drift deposits mantled in places by outwash sands or by

11 swamp deposits which form the southwestern fringe of the Greenock Swamp. Approximately 65 percent of the land area in the town ship has been cleared for agriculture, three quarters of which is under cultivation, mainly to produce hay, mixed grains and silage corn. The flat, till covered areas west of County Road l are the most intensely cultivated, followed by the till plain south and east of Longside. Bush and wood lot cover is extensive and, as mentioned, swamp deposits dominate the northern part of the township. EXTRACTION AND PRODUCTION Forty sand and gravel pits have been developed, only one of which-location l - is used regularly at present. More than 60 percent of the pits are developed in small kame deposits scattered throughout the township and 25 percent are in the meltwater channel outwash deposits just north of Lucknow. No exact figures are available for aggregate extracted, but four producers, located in Kinloss, Carrick and Culross Township produced a total of 144,432 tons of aggregate in 1974, which had a total value of $88,834.

12 RESERVE AREAS 1) OUTWASH DEPOSITS Approximately 70 percent of the township 1 s possible gravel reserves are found in the meltwater channel outwash deposits northeast of Lucknow. Location l is developed in a gravel bar deposit between the channels now occupied by the Lucknow River and Dickey 1 s Creek. The 15 foot north face exposes moderately sorted and stratified sandy fine to coarse pebble gravel, some cobble gravel and pebbly, medium to coarse sando Gravel content is approximately 65 percent and 10 percent of the clasts exceed 4 inches in size (in some sections more than 25 percent of the clasts exceed 4 inches). The 14 foot east face exposes similar material and show foreset beds dipping to the south. Unfortunately, due to road and housing development most of this deposit is unavailable for extraction. Location 4 is developed in the scarp of a terrace on the east side of Dickey's Creek. A 20 foot face in the pit consists of massive, moderately to well sorted, coarse pebble to medium cobble gravel iwth a few indistinct sandy layers. Gravel content is approximately 75 percent and more than 20 percent of the clasts exceed 4 inches.

13 No detailed geotechnical data are available for any of the pits developed in the meltwater channel deposits but field observation indicates that they may be excellent crushing prospects, although oversize clasts may have to be crushed or removed in some sections for GSC B. Chert and soft limestone clasts may limit uses of the stone in places, but testing would be required to identify specific areas. The aggregate is generally free of silt and clay so that washing is generally not required. Possible gravel reserves in the deposit as a whole are estimated to be approximately 34,000,000 tons but this figure is probably conservative 0 Subsurface data for the terrace deposits north of location 4 are lacking so that thickness estimates come mainly from airphoto interpretations. The area may be capable of sup porting a permanent pit operation, and depending on quality, could supply a wide range of aggregate products 0 II) ICE-CONTACT STRATIFIED DRIFT DEPOSITS Possible gravel reserves in eskers and kames scattered throughout the township are estimated to be in excess of 15,000,000 tons. Total available reserves of sand and gravel are approximately 32,000,000 tons.

14 These figures are probably conservative, since only those deposits with definite geomorphological expression and subsurface information were estimated. Locations 6 and 3# are located in an extensive hummocky area, delineated by a dotted line of the accompanying aggregate map. A 15 foot face in the pit exposes well sorted and stratified, cross bedded fine to coarse sand while another section of the face 20 to 30 feet away consists of moderately sorted and stratified sandy pebble gravel. Assuming 30 feet of aggregate over the entire area, reserves of sand and gravel in this deposit would be in excess of 23,000,000 tons. However, due to the extreme variability of the aggregate- which would severely hamper extraction, and because of the lack of precision in delineating the best areas, no formal estimate of reserves has been made for this deposit. Careful investigation of the morainic deposits throughout the south central portion of the township would probably disclose numerous areas of crushable aggregate, although it is doubtful that any single deposit would be extensive or continuous enough to support large scale extraction.

15 SUMMARY Total possible gravel reserves in Kinloss Township are 43,425,000 tons, an amount sufficient to supply local needs for the foreseeable future. The meltwater channel deposits are an important aggregate source and may be able to support permanent pit operations.

16 TABLE I SAND AND GRAVEL PITS LOCATION, STATUS AND CHARACTERISTICS.

17 TABLE III GRAVEL RESERVE ESTIMATES

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19 GLOSSARY OF GEOLOGICAL TERMS Definitions are adapted from the Glossary of Geology, produced by the American Geological institute. AGGREGATE Any of several hard inert construction materials such as sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag or other mineral material used for mixing in various sized fragments with a cementing or bitumenous material to form concrete, mortar, plaster, etc, or used alone as subbase course or surface course for roads or for fill. Aggregate of sand size is called fine aggregate, and that of gravel size is called coarse aggregate. ALLUVIAL/ALLUVIUM Unconsolidated material including clay silt sand and gravel deposited by running water during recent time. CLAST An individual constituent or fragment of a sediment or rock. Pebbles and cobbles are clasts. COBBLE A rock fragment larger than a pebble and smaller than a boulder, having a diameter in the range of mm ( in ).

20 DIRT A general informal term used to describe particles in an aggregate which- are finer than the #200 seive. Also known as fines, these particles are in the silt and clay size range. The two terms are common in M.T.C. sample descriptions. DRUMLIN A low, smoothly rounded, elongated and oval hill, mound or ridge of glacial till built under the margin of an ice sheet and shaped by its flow. ESKER Along narrow, sinuous steep-sided ridge composed of irregularly stratified sand and gravel deposited by a stream flowing in an ice tunnel at the base of a retreating glacier. GLACIOFLUVIAL Pertaining to the meltwater streams flowing from wasting glacier ice and especially to the deposits and landforms produced by such streams, for example a meltwater channel is produced by glaciofluvial processes.

21 ICE-CONTACT STRATIFIED DRIFT Stratified sand, silt, gravel and till deposited in contact with melting glacier ice, and characterized by abrupt changes in grain size and post depositional structural features such as slumping and faulting. Eskers, kames, and hummocky moraines are ice-contact deposits. KAME A steepsided hill, mound, knob, hummock or ridge composed chiefly of poorly sorted and stratified sand and gravel deposited in contact with melting glacier ice. MELTWATER CHANNEL A broad, shallow, often terraced depression produced by meltwaters flowing from melting glacier ice. MORAINE A mound, ridge, or other distinct accumlation of unsorted, unstratified glacial drift, predominantly till, deposited chiefly by direct action of glacier ice in a variety of land forms.

22 Hurnmocky moraine refers to an area of knob and kettle topography consisting predominantly of ice-contact stratified drift deposited at a melting icefront or around masses of stagment ice. OUTWASH Stratified sand and gravel removed or "washed out" from a glacier by meltwaters and deposited beyond the margin of the glacier. OUTWASH TERRACE A dissected or incised bench like deposit extending along a valley, consisting of sand and gravel. Terraces are found in the channels of present streams as well as in meltwaters channels. PEBBLE A rock fragment larger than a granule and smaller than a cobble, having a diameter in the range of 4-6/uran. ( un ). PLEISTOCENE An epoch of the Quaternary period including the time from approximately 1.3 million years before present to approximately.01 M.Y.B.P.

23 PROXIMAL FACIES OUTWASH A poorly to moderately sorted and stratified sediment consisting of coarse elastics deposited in close proximity to the source area. TILL Unsorted and unstratified drift, generally unconsolidated, deposited directly by and underneath a glacier, consisting of a heterogenous mixture of clay sand gravel and boulders. TILL PLAIN An extensive area, with a flat to gently rolling surface underlain by till. In some area, drumlins are built on the till plain.

24 CALEY, J.F REFERENCES Paleozoic Geology of the London area, Ontario. Geological Survey of Canada, Memoir 237 Department of Energy Mines and Resources, Ottawa 171 p. CHAPMAN, L.J. AND PUTNAM, D.F The physiography of Southern Ontario Ontario Research Foundation University of Toronto, Press, 3&0 p. CLARKE, M.R The sand and gravel Resources of the country around Briantree, Essex, Britain. Mineral assesment Report. 16 Institute of Geological Sciences, London, 111 p. COWAN, W.R. In Preparation Surficial Geology of the Lucknow, Wingham and Walkerton NTS sheets, scale 1:50,000 Ontario Division of Mines. GOUDGE, M.F Limestones of Canada: Their occurence and characteristics. Part IV- Ontario Canada, Department of Mines and resources 360 p.

25 HEWITT, D.F. AND VOS. M.A The limestone industries of Ontario Ontario Division of Mines, Industrial Mineral Report 39. Ministry of Natural Resources, 79 p. HEWITT, D.F. AND KARROW, P.F Sand and gravel in Southern Ontario Ontario Department of Mines, Industrial Mineral Report No. 11, Toronto 151 p. KARRCM, P.F Lucknow-Wingham Sheet, Bedrock Topography Series Ontario Department of Mines, Preliminary Map p. 296 Geological Series, scale 1:50,000. KARROW, P.F Kincardine- Walkerton Sheet, Bedrock Topography Series Ontario Department of Mines, Preliminary Map. p. 165 Geological Series, Scale 1:50,000. LIBERTY, B.A. AND BOLTON, T.E Paleozoic Geology of the Bruce Peninsula Area, Ontario, Geological Survey of Canada, Memoir 360. Department of Energy, Mines and Resources, 163p.

26 LIBERTY, B.A Geology of the Bruce Peninsula, Ontario. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper Department of Energy Mines and Resources, 7 p. SANDORD, B.V Geology of the Toronto- Windsor area, Ontario. Geological Survey of Canada, Map l263-a, Scale 1:250,000. Department of Energy Mines and Resources. TURNER, A.K.F The Formation, Distribution and Engineering uses of Sand and gravel in parts of York and Ontario countries, Province of Ontario, Canada. Unpublished MSC Thesis, Columbia University 126 p.

27 quf^'ms^ ^ta^ ^ f^kjfli-^ T..." r-f ^5--i. ' v ^~ "V U^. -. "*/A y *. *.---r.,^ -^ N ^- f f *1 U*L **^ "l - \ i V- IU* du. MM x WUb fc i *t-

28 12 TWcknsss nitres littflto. uwuwj current f*]", fads \ ma Grain Size

29 TABLE I MTC No. Kinloss Township Name of Owner or Operator Lot Con. SAND AND GRAVEL PITS - LOCATION. STATUS AND CHARACTERISTICS UTM Origin of Deposit c tt CO T3 W x-x?h CD 43 3 fi CD f X (0 fn 0 # (D -H ^ ^ r** S J5 OH P j* fao-^ H P tt tt X tt CH CO 1' ' o cd [i, Td fi CO CO ^ Estimated H tt CO k o ^. Composition * ^ p P S S. CO Q) H -3- X cfl CO A AV CO H CH ^ S Ov-x ^ ^. : a i,- - ^^^^^^^^^.. Pebble; Lithology (percent) 0 'O n -H co? C fi -H W p S fi C P pococdpco P p W CO -J! CQ S k H 73 W CO -O p Q) CO "S S rh fi H VWVJ3^2 K^ Q CO COP-.(XCX,OCO.^ VI9-174 iv) INACTIVE R. Forster P. Barr PITS cont' d ICSD ICSD-Kame ICSD-Ridge U L ~ - - V.M ^ ^ K*.M ^ *^ *^ m^ - -^ i ICSD-Kame ICSD S , , ~ v) ABANDONED PITS i-jl-9 Brown A ICSD-Kame M* mm -M V9-76 J9-30 A. McLeod Weaver ICSD-Esker ICSD ~ V/9-100 V/9-153 McLeod Mcintyre ICSD-Kame Outwash ~. - - ^. - - L L3-24 More J. Kerr Outwash Outwash Regraded Regraded

30 TABLE I Kinloss Township SAND AND GRAVEL PITS - LOCATION, STATUS AND CHARACTERISTICS MTC No. Name of Owner or Operator Lot Con. UTM Origin of Deposit c 0) W T3 W ^ ro Jrf (D 0) -H -^ O E-i -P bo*"~* H -P IT-I O 0) W n\ Q/ O T) rt CO ^ Estimated H o) rt O V. Composition * H A V. : P P.5. CO 0) -r x rt o A rt H'H V. S" i Pebble Lithology (percent) o *o ^ 17-* vj.-j 'ri to /rt QJ y -, CC-rlW+i M *-i C P p Ortd)4ifl)*U n ^ "^ M -cai 03 ^ f^ J^ J3 J Q CO W. -O, ' (X, pi, 0 C/5 0) i) COMMERCIAL PITS ii) ACTIVE PITS Robert Sym.es Ltd. 59 iii) ACTIVE ON DEMAND 1 PITS Outwash N S Wl-10 DHO P-334 J. Kerr ICSD-Kame ICSD-Kame Outwash , 1.0 ^ "* -.^ iv) INACTIVE PITS ICSD-Kame 1. ICSD-Kame 0. 5 N 0 W ~ ^ " -~ -~ ^ ~ Wl-36 -R. Elliot Va-111 L. Sutton W9-109 W9-162 Whytock , ICSD-Ridge ICSD-Kame ICSD-Esker ICSD-Kame i.^ M i