THESE TERMS GOVERN YOUR USE OF THIS DOCUMENT

Transcription

1 THESE TERMS GOVERN YOUR USE OF THIS DOCUMENT Your use of this Ontario Geological Survey document (the Content ) is governed by the terms set out on this page ( Terms of Use ). By downloading this Content, you (the User ) have accepted, and have agreed to be bound by, the Terms of Use. Content: This Content is offered by the Province of Ontario s Ministry of Northern Development and Mines (MNDM) as a public service, on an as-is basis. Recommendations and statements of opinion expressed in the Content are those of the author or authors and are not to be construed as statement of government policy. You are solely responsible for your use of the Content. You should not rely on the Content for legal advice nor as authoritative in your particular circumstances. Users should verify the accuracy and applicability of any Content before acting on it. MNDM does not guarantee, or make any warranty express or implied, that the Content is current, accurate, complete or reliable. MNDM is not responsible for any damage however caused, which results, directly or indirectly, from your use of the Content. MNDM assumes no legal liability or responsibility for the Content whatsoever. Links to Other Web Sites: This Content may contain links, to Web sites that are not operated by MNDM. Linked Web sites may not be available in French. MNDM neither endorses nor assumes any responsibility for the safety, accuracy or availability of linked Web sites or the information contained on them. The linked Web sites, their operation and content are the responsibility of the person or entity for which they were created or maintained (the Owner ). Both your use of a linked Web site, and your right to use or reproduce information or materials from a linked Web site, are subject to the terms of use governing that particular Web site. Any comments or inquiries regarding a linked Web site must be directed to its Owner. Copyright: Canadian and international intellectual property laws protect the Content. Unless otherwise indicated, copyright is held by the Queen s Printer for Ontario. It is recommended that reference to the Content be made in the following form: <Author s last name>, <Initials> <year of publication>. <Content title>; Ontario Geological Survey, <Content publication series and number>, <total number of pages>p. Use and Reproduction of Content: The Content may be used and reproduced only in accordance with applicable intellectual property laws. Non-commercial use of unsubstantial excerpts of the Content is permitted provided that appropriate credit is given and Crown copyright is acknowledged. Any substantial reproduction of the Content or any commercial use of all or part of the Content is prohibited without the prior written permission of MNDM. Substantial reproduction includes the reproduction of any illustration or figure, such as, but not limited to graphs, charts and maps. Commercial use includes commercial distribution of the Content, the reproduction of multiple copies of the Content for any purpose whether or not commercial, use of the Content in commercial publications, and the creation of value-added products using the Content. Contact: FOR FURTHER INFORMATION ON The Reproduction of Content The Purchase of MNDM Publications PLEASE CONTACT: BY TELEPHONE: BY MNDM Publication Services MNDM Publication Sales Local: (705) Toll Free: , ext (inside Canada, United States) Local: (705) Toll Free: , ext (inside Canada, United States) Crown Copyright Queen s Printer Local: (416) Toll Free: (inside Canada, United States) Pubsales@ndm.gov.on.ca Pubsales@ndm.gov.on.ca Copyright@gov.on.ca

2 LES CONDITIONS CI-DESSOUS RÉGISSENT L'UTILISATION DU PRÉSENT DOCUMENT. Votre utilisation de ce document de la Commission géologique de l'ontario (le «contenu») est régie par les conditions décrites sur cette page («conditions d'utilisation»). En téléchargeant ce contenu, vous (l'«utilisateur») signifiez que vous avez accepté d'être lié par les présentes conditions d'utilisation. Contenu : Ce contenu est offert en l'état comme service public par le ministère du Développement du Nord et des Mines (MDNM) de la province de l'ontario. Les recommandations et les opinions exprimées dans le contenu sont celles de l'auteur ou des auteurs et ne doivent pas être interprétées comme des énoncés officiels de politique gouvernementale. Vous êtes entièrement responsable de l'utilisation que vous en faites. Le contenu ne constitue pas une source fiable de conseils juridiques et ne peut en aucun cas faire autorité dans votre situation particulière. Les utilisateurs sont tenus de vérifier l'exactitude et l'applicabilité de tout contenu avant de l'utiliser. Le MDNM n'offre aucune garantie expresse ou implicite relativement à la mise à jour, à l'exactitude, à l'intégralité ou à la fiabilité du contenu. Le MDNM ne peut être tenu responsable de tout dommage, quelle qu'en soit la cause, résultant directement ou indirectement de l'utilisation du contenu. Le MDNM n'assume aucune responsabilité légale de quelque nature que ce soit en ce qui a trait au contenu. Liens vers d'autres sites Web : Ce contenu peut comporter des liens vers des sites Web qui ne sont pas exploités par le MDNM. Certains de ces sites pourraient ne pas être offerts en français. Le MDNM se dégage de toute responsabilité quant à la sûreté, à l'exactitude ou à la disponibilité des sites Web ainsi reliés ou à l'information qu'ils contiennent. La responsabilité des sites Web ainsi reliés, de leur exploitation et de leur contenu incombe à la personne ou à l'entité pour lesquelles ils ont été créés ou sont entretenus (le «propriétaire»). Votre utilisation de ces sites Web ainsi que votre droit d'utiliser ou de reproduire leur contenu sont assujettis aux conditions d'utilisation propres à chacun de ces sites. Tout commentaire ou toute question concernant l'un de ces sites doivent être adressés au propriétaire du site. Droits d'auteur : Le contenu est protégé par les lois canadiennes et internationales sur la propriété intellectuelle. Sauf indication contraire, les droits d'auteurs appartiennent à l'imprimeur de la Reine pour l'ontario. Nous recommandons de faire paraître ainsi toute référence au contenu : nom de famille de l'auteur, initiales, année de publication, titre du document, Commission géologique de l'ontario, série et numéro de publication, nombre de pages. Utilisation et reproduction du contenu : Le contenu ne peut être utilisé et reproduit qu'en conformité avec les lois sur la propriété intellectuelle applicables. L'utilisation de courts extraits du contenu à des fins non commerciales est autorisé, à condition de faire une mention de source appropriée reconnaissant les droits d'auteurs de la Couronne. Toute reproduction importante du contenu ou toute utilisation, en tout ou en partie, du contenu à des fins commerciales est interdite sans l'autorisation écrite préalable du MDNM. Une reproduction jugée importante comprend la reproduction de toute illustration ou figure comme les graphiques, les diagrammes, les cartes, etc. L'utilisation commerciale comprend la distribution du contenu à des fins commerciales, la reproduction de copies multiples du contenu à des fins commerciales ou non, l'utilisation du contenu dans des publications commerciales et la création de produits à valeur ajoutée à l'aide du contenu. Renseignements : POUR PLUS DE RENSEIGNEMENTS SUR la reproduction du contenu l'achat des publications du MDNM les droits d'auteurs de la Couronne VEUILLEZ VOUS ADRESSER À : Services de publication du MDNM Vente de publications du MDNM Imprimeur de la Reine PAR TÉLÉPHONE : PAR COURRIEL : Local : (705) Numéro sans frais : , poste 5691 (au Canada et aux États-Unis) Local : (705) Numéro sans frais : , poste 5691 (au Canada et aux États-Unis) Local : Numéro sans frais : (au Canada et aux États-Unis) Pubsales@ndm.gov.on.ca Pubsales@ndm.gov.on.ca Copyright@gov.on.ca

3 OMNR-OGS 1982 Ontario Ministry of Natural ReSOUrCeS W. T. Foster Deputy Minister ONTARIO GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Open File Report 5392 Aggregate Resources of the Fonthill Kame The Town of Pelham Regional Municipality of Niagara 1982 This report was prepared jointly by staff of the Aggregate Assessment Office of the Ontario Geological Survey, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, 900 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario, MSS 1Z7, Telephone (416) and staff of the Niagara District Office, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Hwy. 20, Box 1070, Fonthill, Ontario, LOS 1EO, Telephone (416) Project Supervisor: Dale W. Scott Text prepared by: J.Z. Fraser and G. Jones Geophysical Traverse Data by: Dr. L.D.G. Thompson Compilation and Drafting by: Staff of the Aggregate Assessment Office and the Niagara District Office Parts of this publication may be quoted if credit is given. is recommended that reference to this report be made in the following form: Ontario Geological Survey 1982: Aggregate Resources of the Fonthill Kame, The Town of Pelham, Regional Municipality of Niagara; Ontario Geological Survey Open File Report 5392,118p., 6 Appendices, 34 Figures, l map in back pocket It Every possible effort is made to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this report but the Ministry of Natural Resources does not assume any liability for errors that may occur. Source references are included in the report and users may wish to verify critical information

4

5 Ontario Geological Survey OPEN FILE REPORT Open file reports are made available to the public subject to the following conditions: This report is unedited. Discrepancies may occur for which the Ontario Geological Survey does not assume liability. Recommendations and statements of opinion expressed are those of the author or authors and are not to be construed as statements of government policy. Open file copies may be read at the following locations: Mines Library Ontario Ministy of Natural Resources 8th Floor, 77 Grenville Street, Toronto The office of the Regional or Resident Geologist in whose district the area covered by this report is located. Handwritten notes and sketches may be made from this report. Check with the Library or Region al or Resident Geologist's office as to whether there is a copy of this report that may be borrowed. The Library or Regional or Resident Geologist's office will also give you information on copying ar rangements. A copy of this report is available for Inter-Library Loan. l This report is on file in the Regional or Resident Geologists' office(s) located at: ^ Yonge Street 1106 Dearness Drive Richmond Hill, Ontario London, Ontario L4C 3C9 N6E The right to reproduce this report is reserved by the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Permission for other reproductions must be obtained in writing from the Director, Ontario Geological Survey. E.G. Pye, Director Ontario Geological Survey iii

6

7 FOREWORD The Niagara Peninsula contains limited natural sand and gravel resources. The deposit known as the Fonthill Kame y situated in the Town of Pelham is the only sizeable deposit in the Niagara Peninsula. The Fonthill Kame has been analysed in somewhat more detail than usual in order to assess the quantity and quality of the material in the deposit so that the deposit can be managed to the greatest effect to the benefit of the landowner and the contractor (and the Ministry) This report contains a description of the unconsolidated glacial sediments revealed in several test holes placed in the kame. The sediments exposed have been analyzed to outline their suitability for various aggregate uses and related to other existing sources of surface and subsurface data. Such information is important in assessing the distribution and quality of the road-building and construction aggregate present in the kame. E.G. Pye, Director Ontario Geological Survey

8

9 Vll CONTENTS Abstract Previous Work Purpose Method Geology Discussion Summary References Appendices Figures Appendix l - Summary of Test Hole Data, Fonthill Kame 19 Appendix 2 - Aggregate Grading Curves, Fonthill Kame 41 Appendix 3 - Aggregate Grading Curves Simulating 86 Washing of Selected Samples, Fonthill Kame Appendix 4 - Cumulative Aggregate Grading Curves, 94 Fonthill Kame Appendix 5 - Magnesium Sulphate Soundness Test Results, 101 Fonthill Kame Appendix 6 - Summary of Geophysical Data (Seismic 103 Data), Fonthill Kame 1 - Key Map Showing Location of the Town of Pelham ^x 2 - Generalized Internal Structure of the Fonthill 6 Kame (Southwest Ridge) 3 to 34- Aggregate Grading Curves (see Appendices , 3 and 4) Map (back pocket) l - Map 1: Town of Pelham, Scale 1: Map 2: Fonthill Area, Scale 1: Cross-sections, Fonthill Kame

10

11 ABSTRACT Figure l - Key Map Showing Location of the Town of Pelham, Scale 1: The Fonthill Kame is a large glacial deltaic complex of sand and gravel located in the Town of Pelham, Regional Municipality of Niagara. It is an important aggregate source for the region and has been the site of considerable extractive activity in the past. In the present study, a series of 14 rotary auger test holes, as well as previous drilling information were studied to gain a better understanding of the texture, distribution and suitability of use of the sediments in the deposit. Interpretation of both the drill logs and the size distribution of more than 50 sand and gravel samples taken from the test holes indicates that the deposit may generally be divided into three areas of significantly different potential. IX

12 The higher elevation upper terrace in the eastern portion of the deposit is the largest remaining source for coarse aggregates on the kame and contains the fine sediments best suited for the production of fine aggregates including concrete sand. Some washing and screening of this material will be required, however, to produce acceptable aggregate. The lower elevation main terrace of the kame, which includes most of the yet-unexploited land south of Highway 20, consists of considerably finer-grained sediment which is generally not well suited for most fine aggregates without extensive washing and screening to remove excess fines. The geology of a smaller esker-like ridge which extends to the northwest from the main body of the kame is not well understood, but limited bore hole and sample data indicate that significant amounts of coarse and fine aggregates could be produced with some beneficiation.

13 - l - AGGREGATE RESOURCES of the FONTHILL KAME 1 PREVIOUS WORK A number of previous investigations covering the deposit known as the Fonthill Kame have been completed. These investigations have dealt with the physiography and Quaternary geology and/or the industrial mineral resources of the area. The physiography and general geological history of the area have been described in a regional study by Chapman and Putnam (1966). More recently, detailed work concerning the Quaternary geology and industrial minerals of the area has been carried out by Feenstra (1972 a, b; 1981). Data related to the industrial minerals, with special reference to aggregate resources in the area, are also included in several other studies. Two commercial sand and gravel operations in the Fonthill Kame were described by Hewitt and Karrow (1963) and again by Hewitt and Cowan (1969). For the Town of Pelham, possible extractive areas have been recommended by Feenstra (1975), and Deike (1978) has evaluated the aggregate suitability. A comphrehensive inventory of the aggregate resources of the Town of Pelham was published in 1980 (Ontario Geological Survey 1980). An inventory of aggregate resources in the Fonthill area is also contained in a report concerning the industrial mineral resources in the Niagara Escarpment Planning area (Telford and Narain 1980). On a more local basis, three areas within the kame have been tested to evaluate their aggregate potential (Gartner Lee and Associates 1978, 1980; McGlone and Associates Limited 1980). Manuscript accepted for publication by Chief Engineering and Terrain Geology Section, November 22, This paper is published with the permission of E.G. Pye, Director, Ontario Geological Survey.

14 -2- PURPOSE The present study was undertaken to provide subsurface information not previously available to the Ministry of Natural Resources to permit a more comprehensive evaluation of the resources of the Fonthill Kame. This report should be read in association with the previously published report on the aggregate resources of the Town of Pelham (Ontario Geological Survey 1980). METHOD During June and September of 1982, fourteen test holes were placed in the Fonthill Kame in areas where little pre existing data were available. The locations of the test holes are shown on Map 2. Nine of these holes, were drilled with a CME 75 rig equipped with hollow stem augers. Samples were collected using a standard-size split-spoon sampler, at approximate 5-foot (1.5-m) intervals and/or upon penetrating a change in materials. The remaining test holes were drilled using a small portable drill rig, equipped with solid stem augers. In this case, samples were taken at the desired depth, by first allowing the augers to rotate above the sampling level (to clean out the hole) and than lowering the augers into the material to be sampled.

15 -3- In addition, a total of fifteen bulk samples (20-to 55- Ib (9-to 25-kg)) were collected from the auger return material from a number of holes. Geologists supervised the drilling and recorded detailed descriptions of the sediments encountered. Often, the material encountered was consistent throughout several sampling intervals. Between these intervals, the samples were combined. The material in these test holes is described in drill logs here included in Appendix l and is portrayed on cross-sections included on the insert sheet at the back. The samples obtained from the test holes were analysed for grain size distribution. Analyses were performed by the Geosciences Laboratories, Ontario Geological Survey, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, and the results were plotted on grain size distribution graphs (Appendix 2). These graphs also include the gradation specification envelopes for the various products of the Ontario Ministry of Transportation and Communications viz. Granular Base Course A, B and C; Hot-Laid Asphaltic Sand Nos. 1,2,3,4,5,6 and 8; and concrete sand. By plotting the gradation curves with the specification envelopes, the suitability of the material for the various products can be readily assessed. In Appendix 3, the gradation curves of selected samples are shown after arithmetical adjustment to simulate the washing of the samples to remove undesirable fines. Appendix 4 contains the gradation curves reflecting the cumulation of sample analyses for specific test holes and Appendix 5 contains the results of the Magnesium Sulphate Soundness tests. The information obtained from the test holes was then related to other existing sources of subsurface and surficial data, the results of which are included herein.

16 4- GEOLOGY The Fonthill Kame is located at the head of the Twelve Mile Creek re-entrant valley into the Niagara Escarpment, in the northern portion of the Town of Pelham. It is a large ice-contact deltaic complex which consists of a coarsening upwards sequence of silt, sand and minor gravel. The kame was deposited by glacial meltwaters which flowed off the margin of a large ice mass located in the Lake Ontario basin during the Late Pleistocene glacial period (Feenstra 1981, p. 103). The deposit forms a broadly arcuate ridge with a local relief of 130 to 250 feet (40 to 75 m). It extends nearly 4 miles (6 km) in an east-west direction from the village of Fonthill to Fenwick in the southwest. A smaller, segmented, and partially dissected ridge, the northwest-trending ridge, extends from the main mass of the deposit to the hamlet of North Pelham. This sharp-crested ridge, which may be partially eskerine in origin, has local relief of 65 to 100 feet (20 to 30 m). The north face of the kame is a steep gradient slope, while the southern face has a significantly lower gradient and is wave modified. The upper surface of the deposit forms a generally level plateau, the main terrace, at an elevation of 775 feet (235 ra). Most of the extractive development on the Fonthill Kame has taken place along the northern margin of this wave-cut platform. A second, higher level lacustrine terrace, the upper terrace, dominates the eastern portion of the deposit at an elevation of 810 feet (245 m). The surface of this terrace is marked by several southwest-trending lacustrine beach ridges. The ridges have a maximum elevation of 860 feet (260 m), which is the highest point of land in the Niagara Peninsula.

17 -5- The generalized internal structure of the main deposit is described by Feenstra (1981, p. 103) and is summarized in Figure 2. The test hole and other subsurface data collected for the present study generally corroborate this interpretation of the geology and stratigraphy of the upper portions of the deposit. The two deltaic units and the upper beach terrace shown in Figure 2 are well exposed in pit faces throughout the deposit. The upper beach terrace, the upper deltaic sediments, and the lower deltaic sediments generally correspond to the gravelly sand, sandy gravel to coarse sand, and coarse sand to silt units, respectively, as shown on the cross-sections. Some of the upper coarse layers in the upper terrace may, however, be glaciofluvial in origin. The stratigraphy of the northwest-trending ridge is similar to the main deposit.

18 -6- SW Direction of glacier retreat Fenwick Fonthill Elevation Ft (m) 800 (240) Beach deposits sand and gravel *3^f?\ :tt^(j2a Upper deltaic unit ^;vo^ sand and gravel 600 (180) 400 (120) 200 (60) Till Till Till Horizontal distances not to scale Figure 2 - Generalized Internal Structure of the Fonthill Kame (southwest ridge). After Feenstra, 1981.

19 -7- DISCUSSION The Fonthill Kame may be sub-divided into three general areas, on the basis of its topography, geology and on the distribution and use-suitability of the various aggregate units of which it is composed. The three areas are: a) the upper terrace; b) the main terrace; and c) the northwesttrending ridge. In the following sections, these areas are discussed in terms of their use-suitability for various aggregate products. The discussions are based on test hole and sample analysis data, both from this study and previous work by local gravel companies, exposures in pits, refraction seismic lines, and water well data. It should be stressed that discussions on the usesuitability of material in the test holes is based on the analysis of unprocessed samples. Processing (i.e. sieving, blending, crushing) can alter the grain size distribution of granular materials. Different size fractions of the aggregate can be combined in such a way as to alter its gradation depending on various granular product specifications. Washing can also change grain size distributions. Washing, although feasible for products such as concrete sand, asphaltic sand and Granular Base Course (G.B.C.) A, providing the fines content is less than 20 percent, is not as economically viable for G.B.C. B and C. Several grain size distribution curves have been produced simulating a reduction in fines content to 3 percent (Appendix 3). It should also be noted, that to produce G.B.C. A requires at least 35 percent gravel of which 50 percent of the coarse fraction is crushed.

20 -8- a) Upper Terrace This terrace, which is outlined on Map 2, is located to the north of Highway 20, flanking Effingham Street. The area coincides with Selected Resource Area l in the Aggregate Resources Inventory for the Town of Pelham (Ontario Geological Survey 1980). Three test holes, FK-TH-2, FK-TH-3, and FK- TH-4, were drilled in the upper terrace for the present study. In addition, data from three test holes drilled by T.C.G. Materials Limited and one test hole drilled by Steed and Evans Limited were also studied. Cross-sections D-D 1, E-E 1, F-F' and G-G 1 intersect different parts of the upper terrace and summarize the stratigraphy of the above test holes. Test hole FK-TH-2 is located in the extreme northeast corner of the upper terrace, and provided the thickest section of coarse aggregate of any of the test holes drilled for this study. The upper 20 feet (6m) of the hole consisted of fine gravel. The grain size distribution for split-spoon sample FK-TH-2a, collected from this unit, lies within acceptable limits for G.B.C. B and C, and should be suitable for some high specification fine aggregate products if washed and blended with finer material (Figures 6a, 6b and 26). The upper unit is underlain by 25 feet (8m) of interlayered fine sandy gravel and coarse sand with some cemented coarse sand. This sequence may represent the upper deltaic unit of the deposit. Split-spoon samples of the material indicate that it is generally suitable for G.B.C. C and in some intervals G.B.C. B, as well as a range of high specification sand products with washing (FK-TH-2b, 2c and 2d; Figures 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b and 26). The material below these units is fine grained and is not considered to be of economic value for the production of aggregate.

21 -9- Cross-section F-F 1 which summarizes the stratigraphy of FK-TH-2, also shows the lateral relationship of the upper terrace to the main terrace, as exemplified in the stratigraphy of test hole FK-TH-1, located approximately 1650 feet (500 m) to the south of FK-TH-2. The upper fine beach gravel is not present in the lower terrace. Test holes FK-TH-3 and 4 are located on the flank of a southwest-trending beach ridge in the central portion of the upper terrace. The holes revealed 10 feet (3m) of slightly silty, well-rounded fine beach gravel. Sample FK-TH-3a, taken from this unit, lies within the acceptability limits of G.B.C. B and C, as well as a range of fine aggregate products, especially if washed (Figures loa, lob and 28). The beach gravel is underlain by 10 feet (3m) of medium to coarse sand, over 10 feet (3m) of gravelly sand. A split-spoon sample taken from medium to coarse sand indicates that the material may be suitable for blending sand if the fines content is reduced (FK-TH-3b, Figures loa and lob). No split-spoon sample was possible from the gravelly sand unit because of the coarseness of the material. However, based on sample analysis of the corresponding unit in test hole FK-TH-2, the material may be suitable for a range of uses. The gravelly sand is underlain by a 35-foot (11-m) fining downwards sequence of lower deltaic medium to coarse sand with minor gravel, grading into silty fine sand. The medium to coarse sand is generally suitable for G.B.C. C but grades fine for asphalt and concrete sand (FK-TH-4a and 4b; Figures lla, lib and 28). The silty fine sand is unacceptable for use as aggregate (FK-TH-4c; Figures lla and lib).

22 -10- In summary, information obtained from test holes placed in the upper terrace indicate that the better quality aggregate is concentrated in the upper 30 to 55 feet (9 to 17 m) of the deposit. The underlying lower deltaic sediments are borderline to unsuitable for most high specification aggregates, Several test holes have been drilled by both Steed and Evans Limited and T.C.G. Materials Limited (Gartner Lee Associates 1978; 1979) and selective test holes are indicated on Map 2 and on cross-sections D-D 1 and E-E'. The logs for these test holes generally agree with the findings of our drilling in the upper terrace deposit. b) Main Terrace In the past, virtually all of the aggregate extracted from the Fonthill deposit has been taken from the northern margin of the main terrace which makes up most of the deposit. The large pits now operated by Steed and Evans Limited and T.C.G. Materials Limited were originally opened in sand and gravel of the upper deltaic unit along the northern icecontact face of the kame. Subsequent extraction has progressed to the south, into generally thinner and finer grained lateral equivalents of the upper deltaic unit. The southward fining and thinning of the unit reflects the northerly source and southwesterly transport direction of sediments during the development of the delta. The main terrace is defined on Map 2 and coincides with Selected Resource Area 2, described in the Aggregate Resources Inventory Report for the Town of Pelham (Ontario Geological Survey 1980). In the following discussion, the main terrace has been divided into an eastern and western area divided by Effingham Street.

23 -11- The stratigraphy of the western part of the main terrace is summarized on cross-sections A-A 1, B-B 1 and C-C 1. Four test holes (FK-TH-7, 8, 9 and 13) were drilled in this part of the terrace and the cross-sections also show the main pit face exposures at the Steed and Evans, T.C.G. and D.L. Stephens licenced properties as well as a test hole (FK(D)- TH-7) drilled by D.L. Stephens Contracting Ltd. (McGlone and Associates Ltd. 1980). Most of the terrace north of Highway 20 is presently licenced for extraction and much of the resource is depleted. The main southern face at the T.C.G. pit in this area consists of a 40-foot (12-m) sequence, showing upper deltaic medium to coarse sands and pebbly coarse sands, underlain by 6 to 10 feet (2 to 3 m) of finer-grained sands. At the D.L. Stephens pit 2500 feet (750 m) to the south, the unit consists of 20 feet (6m) of irregularly bedded, cemented coarse sand with some pebbly layers. Test holes FK-TH-7, 8, and 9 were drilled on the largest remaining unexploited portion of the main terrace, south of Highway 20. The stratigraphy of these holes is summarized on north-south cross-sections A-A 1 and B-B 1. Cross-section B-B 1 is much the same as C-C 1, both showing a gravelly sand upper unit thinning to the south and overlying lower fine to medium sands. The stratigraphy of the test holes and pit faces in cross-section A-A 1 varies from this pattern somewhat, in that the upper unit is overlain by a 12-to 25-foot (4-to 8-m) layer of medium to coarse sand. The upper gravelly to coarse sand unit thins southwards from 45 feet (14 m) at the south face of the main Steed and Evans pit to 5 and 30 feet (2 and 9 m) at test holes FK-TH-7 and FK-TH-8, respectively. The upper unit is underlain by finer-grained sediments.

24 -12- Material sampled from the upper unit in test holes FK- TH-7 and FK-TH-9 is generally suitable for G.B.C. C and some fine aggregate products if washed, but only represents 5- foot (2-m) sections in the holes (FK-TH-7c and 9a; Figures 16a, 16b, 20a, 20b, 30 and 31). Products such as G.B.C. B and C as well as concrete sand, if the material is washed, may be produced from 30 feet (9m) of the upper unit in test hole FK-TH-8 (FK-TH-Sc; Figures 19a, 19b and 31). The remaining material in the test holes may be suitable for blending sand with washing. A considerable proportion of the eastern part of the main terrace, south of Highway 20 and east of Haist Street, lies within the corporate limits of the Village of Fonthill. Four test holes (FK-TH-1, 10, 11 and 12) were drilled in the deposit outside of these limits and are summarized on crosssection F-F'. Test Hole FK-TH-1 was placed near the base of the scarp which defines the upper terrace. The topmost 10 feet (3 m) of the sediments exposed in the test hole are silty fine to medium sands with occasional pebbles. A sample from this material indicates the material may be suitable as blending sand, for which excess fines would have to be removed (FK- TH-la; Figure 3b). These sands are underlain by 30 feet (9m) of crossstratified medium to coarse sand with gravelly layers. Split-spoon samples from this material indicate it is generally suitable for G.B.C. C and, if washed, the upper 10 feet (3 m) of the unit may be suitable for some asphaltic sand products (FK-TH-lb and le; Figures 3a, 3b and 25). Underlying this gravelly medium to coarse sand unit are finer-grained sands. Samples FK-TH-le and If, taken of this material, are borderline for G.B.C. C and are too fine for high specification fine aggregates (Figures 4a and 4b). Samples FK-TH-le and If may be suitable for blending sand after washing but sample FK-TH-ld is too fine.

25 -13- Two solid stem auger test holes (FK-TH-10 and 11) were drilled in the eastern part of the main terrace, just south of Highway 20, at the Niagara District Office of the Ministry of Natural Resources. Both holes were terminated after less than 7 feet (2 m) because of the inability of the drill to penetrate a cemented fine gravel layer. The materials encountered were similar to those described above. In summary, between 5 and 30 feet (2 and 9 m) of material suitable for a range of aggregate uses is present in test holes drilled in the main terrace. The remaining material has only limited potential for use as aggregate. c) Northwest-Trending Ridge This low ridge extends to the northwest from the kame near the intersection of Moore Drive and Tice Road. The total area consists of two segments and coincides with Selected Resource Area Number 3, described in the Aggregate Resources Inventory Report for the Town of Pelham (Ontario Geological Survey 1980). There is no history of extraction in this part of the kame in the past and there are few natural exposures. Two test holes were drilled for this study in the highest relief portions of the two segments (FK-TH-5 and FK-TH-6). The stratigraphy of the test holes and the topographic relationship to the rest of the deposit is summarized on cross-sections C-C', D-D 1, A-A' and B-B 1. Test hole FK-TH-5 is located on the crest of the ridge approximately 825 feet (250 m) north of Moore Drive. Generally, the grain size and stratigraphic relationships of the sediments encountered in this test hole are very similar to those described for test holes on the upper terrace of the kame. The upper 17 feet (5m) of the test hole consists of well-rounded, fine gravel of beach origin which is underlain by 33 feet (10 m) of coarse to very coarse sand grading downwards into finer-grained sand.

26 -14- Samples from the fine gravel unit were taken from the auger returns. Samples collected in such a manner are disturbed and care should be taken when interpreting grain size distributions. However, the material is similar to the fine gravel unit of the upper terrace and may have similar use capabilities. The underlying coarse sand is suitable for some granular base course products and some high specification fine aggregate products including concrete sand with washing (FK-TH-Sc and 5d; Figures 12a, 12b, 13a, 13b and 29). The finer-grained sand is not suitable for most aggregate uses (FK-TH-5e and 5f; Figures 13a and 13b). In contrast, test hole FK-TH-6 which is located on the highest portion of the northwestern segment, exposes predominantly fine-grained sediments. As in all other test holes, the uppermost sediments are coarsest, and approximately 25 feet (8 m) of coarse sand with gravelly sand layers occur at the top of FK-TH-6. Sample FK-TH-6b from this coarse unit is suitable for G.B.C. C but borderline for G.B.C. B (Figure 15a). Products such as concrete sand and asphaltic sand may also be produced from the material if excess fines are removed (Figures 15b and 30). The material below 25 feet (8 m) has only limted potential for aggregate use (FK-TH-6c and 6d; Figures 15a and 15b). On the basis of only two holes in the northwest-trending ridge deposit, it would seem that a significant thickness of quality aggregate occurs in the portion of the deposit closest to the main body of the kame and finer material exists further to the northwest.

27 -15- SUMMARY The Fonthill Kame has been the major source of aggregate in the Niagara Peninsula for many years. The sediments are suitable for a wide range of road-building and construction products although quality limitations such as excess fines content, unsound stone lithologies and areas of cementation pose problems in extraction and processing. Large possible resources of usable material are still available in three general areas within the deposit. Individually, these areas have significantly different resource potential. The upper terrace in the eastern portion of the deposit contains the coarsest grained sediments remaining in the kame. Two test holes drilled for the present study indicate that the upper 30 to 55 feet (9 to 17 m) of sediment, combining the beach (sandy gravel) and the upper deltaic (gravelly to coarse sand) depositional units may be suitable for many fine aggregate products, including asphaltic and concrete sand if excess fines are removed by screening and washing. Products such as G.B.C. C and G.B.C. B in some sections may also be produced from these units. Gravel contents in these units range from 8 to over 50 percent and the thickest, most consistent sections of coarse aggregate may be associated with the beach ridges. Six test holes drilled in previous studies of the upper terrace generally agree with the results of our drilling in the area. Although cemented layers were not encountered in any significant quantity in the present study, reports from previous drilling indicate that cementation may pose some problems for extraction (Gartner Lee Associates 1980, p. 11). The petrography of the aggregates was not assessed quantitatively for this study but the material probably does not vary significantly from previous assessments (Deike 1978; Feenstra 1981). Magnesium Sulphate Soundness Tests on the fine aggregate (Appendix 5), which indicate the proportion of unsound lithologies in a sample, generally give values within the limits set by the Ontario Ministry of Transportation and Communications.

28 -16- The main terrace of the kame is made up of considerably finer-grained sediments than the upper terrace and hence is not suitable for as wide a range of aggregate products. Three test holes drilled in the western part of this area for the present study are summarized in Appendix 1. Usable aggregate is usually restricted to the coarse sands of the upper deltaic unit which forms a wedge, thinning southwards from 33 to 40 feet (10 to 12 m) near Highway 20, to 20 feet (6 m) or less at the southern edge of the terrace, and 10 feet (3m) at its western edge. This unit, although considerably coarser grained to the north where it has been heavily extracted, contains very little gravel-sized material south of Highway 20. Samples from this unit indicate the material may be suitable for a range of uses provided that excess fines are removed by washing or screening. The remaining material revealed in the test holes has only limited potential for aggregate use. Limited amounts of coarse aggregate may also be available in the eastern part of the main terrace. The northwest-trending ridge has not been exploited for aggregates and little information is available for geological interpretation. Two test holes drilled for the present study are summarized in Appendix 1. One hole, closest to the main body of the deposit exposed a considerable thickness of coarse sediment generally similar in origin, texture and use-suitability to that of the upper terrace sediments. The second test hole, in the lower-relief portion of the ridge, exposed considerably finer-grained sediments similar to those of the main terrace, south of Highway 20. Generally, although the information obtained from the two test holes is not sufficient to allow definitive conclusions to be made about this portion of the kame, the information indicates that significant amounts of good quality aggregate may be available.

29 -17- REFERENCES Chapman, L.J. and Putnam, D.F. 1966: The Physiography of Southern Ontario; Second Edition, Ontario Research Foundation, University of Toronto Press, 386 p. Deike, W. 1978: Aggregate Suitability Evaluation, the Town of Pelham; Aggregate Unit, Pavement Design and Management Section, Engineering Materials Office, Ontario Ministry of Transportation and Communications, Sp., unpublished report. Feenstra, B.H. 1972a: Quaternary Geology of the Niagara Area, Southern Ontario; Ontario Division of Mines, Preliminary Map P. 764, scale 1: b: Quaternary Geology of the Welland Area, Southern Ontario; Ontario Division of Mines, Preliminary Map P. 796, scale 1: : Recommendations for Sand and Gravel Extractive Areas, Town of Pelham; Ontario Division of Mines, 10 p., unpublished report. 1981: Quaternary Geology and Industrial Minerals of the Niagara-Welland Area, Southern Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey, Open File Report 5361, 260 p., Appendices A-L, 5 tables, 22 figures, 21 photographs, 6 maps, and 4 charts. Gartner Lee and Associates 1978: Fonthill Granular Study, Lots 4 and 5, Concession 6, Town of Pelham; 9 p., unpublished report for Steed and Evans Limited.

30 : Granular Evaluation of the Haun and Woodgate Properties; 11 p., unpublished report for T.C.G. Materials Limited. Hewitt, D.F. and Cowan, W.R. 1969: Sand and Gravel in Southern Ontario ; Ontario Department of Mines, Industrial Mineral Report 29, 105 p. Accompanied by Map 2184, scale 1: Hewitt, D.F. and Karrow, P.F. 1963: Sand and Gravel in Southern Ontario; Ontario Department of Mines, Industrial Mineral Report 11, 151 p. McGlone and Associates Limited 1980: Supplementary Material Evaluation, Bishops Pit Extension, Ridgeville; 6 p., unpublished report for D.L. Stephens Contracting (Niagara) Limited. Ontario Geological Survey 1980: Aggregate Resources Inventory of the Town of Pelham, Regional Municipality of Niagara; Ontario Geological Survey, Aggregate Resources Inventory Paper 4, 33 p., 6 tables, 3 maps, scale 1: Telford, P.G. and Narain, M. 1980: Industrial Mineral Resources Inventory of the Niagara Escarpment Planning Area, Ontario Geological Survey, Open File Report 5313, 310 p., 18 Tables, l Figure, Map P in back pocket and 55 accompanying maps.

31 -19- APPENDIX l SUMMARY OF TEST HOLE DATA FONTHILL KAME TOWN OF PELHAM NOTE; Unless otherwise specified, samples were collected using a standard-sized split-spoon sampler. Often, the material described was similar throughout several sampling intervals. Between these intervals, the samples were combined. Combined samples have the same sample number throughout their respective sampling intervals. Descriptions are based on visual examination. More detailed test hole logs are on file at the Aggregate Assessment Office Engineering and Terrain Geology Section, of the Ontario Geological Survey.

32 -20- Test Hole Number: Location: FK-TH-1 Approx. 165 feet (50 m) east of Lookout Street and 1300 feet (400 m) north of Highway 20 Elevation: Approx. 790 feet (240 m) a.s.l. Date: September 7, 1982 Depth Feet (metres) 0-5 (0-2) 5-10 (2-3) (3-5) (5-6) (6-8) Sample No. FK-TH-la as above FK-TH-lb as above FK-TH-lc Bulk Sample:Fk-TH-l-Bl (8-9) (9-11) (11-12) FK-TH-lc (continued) as above as above Bulk Sample: FK-TH-1-B (12-14) FK-TH-lc (continued) Description - fine to medium sand - slightly silty, horizontally stratified, fine to medium sand - relatively clean, horizontally stratified, medium to coarse sand with rare gravel - horizontally stratified medium to coarse sand with frequent fine gravel layers - thinly laminated, slightly silty, fine to medium sand slightly cemented silt units - between 20 and 25 feet (6-8 m) silty medium to coarse sand with abundant fine gravel - laminated, medium to coarse sand with a few open worked coarse sand layers - coarse sand with some gravelly layers - medium to coarse sand with very thin open work and matrix rich layers - between 35 and 40 feet, red brown slightly silty medium to coarse sand with rare gravel - medium sand with some coarse sand

33 FK-TH-ld (14-15) FK-TH-le (15-17) as above (17-18) FK-TH-lf (18-20) (20-21) as above as above (21-23) Bulk Sample: FK-TH-1-B3 - - sand similar to previous samples underlain by massive to faintly stratified fine to medium sand with some silt - medium sand with some coarse sand layers and some gravelly layers and some very thin silty layers - medium to coarse sand with some gravel and ripple laminated slightly silty fine to medium sand - medium sand with well developed laminations of thin silt layers - slightly silty fine to medium sand - massive medium sand between 70 and 75 feet, brown uniform, medium sand with rare gravel

34 -22- Test Hole Number: Location: Elevation: FK-TH-2 Bell Microwave Relay Tower, Lookout Street Approx. 820 feet (250 m) a.s.l. Date: September 8, 1982 Depth Feet (metres) Sample No. 0-5 FK-TH-2a (0-2) 5-10 (2-3) (3-5) Bulk Sample: FK-TH-2-B1 Description - open work, clay coated, fine gravel with little sand matrix - no split spoon sample was possible because of the coarseness of the material - no split spoon sample was possible because of the coarseness of the material - between 10 and 15 feet (3-5 m) very fine gravel with coarser gravel interlayers (up to l") (5-6) Bulk Sample:FK-TH-2-B (6-8) (8-9) FK-TH-2b as above Bulk Sample:FK-TH-2-B (9-11) FK-TH-2b (continued) Bulk Sample:FK-TH-2-B (11-12) FK-TH-2C - no sample was possible from split spoon - between 15 and 20 feet (5-6 m) fine gravel with a higher matrix content than previous sample - fine gravel with a fine to medium sand matrix - very dense, probably cemented, very fine gravel with fine sand and silt matrix - between 25 and 30 feet (8-9m), slightly dirty fine gravel - massive, fine gravel and coarse sand with a fine sand matrix - between 30 and 35 feet (9-11 m) fine gravel with minor fine sand matrix - clean medium to coarse sand

35 (12-14) (14-15) (15-17) (17-18) (18-20) FK-TH-2d FK-TH-2e a s above FK-TH-2f as above Bulk Sample:FK-TH-2-B (20-21) (21-23) FK-TH-2g as above fine gravel with a fine sand matrix clean, massive, medium sand over very silty fine sand horizontally stratified very silty fine sand very fine silty sand with contorted clayey and medium to coarse sand layers contorted, clayey silt layers in massive, slightly clayey, silty fine sand with some cleaner fine sand layers taken between 60 and 65 feet (18-20 m) medium to coarse sand and silty medium sand - clean, massive, medium sand

36 -24- Test Hole Number: FK-TH-3 Location: Approx feet (600 m) north of Highway 20 and 1300 feet (400 m) west of Lookout Street Elevation: Approx. 830 feet (253 m) a.s.l. Date: September 8, 1982 Depth Feet (metres) 0-5 (0-2) 5-10 (2-3) (3-5) (5-6) (6-7) Sample No. FK-TH-3a Bulk Sample: FK-TH-3-Bl - FK-TH-3b as above Description - oxidized, clay coated, open work, fine gravel with coarse sand matrix no split spoon sample attempted due to coarseness of the material gravel up to 3.5" (8.9 cm) along with larger broken clasts. The bulk sample was taken between 8 and 12 feet (2-4 m) clean, medium to coarse sand with some thin silty layers clean, horizontally stratified medium to coarse sand with layers of silty fine sand of variable thickness. between 20 and 23 feet (6-7 m), gravel was observed coming off auger. The hole was terminated at 23 feet (7 m) because of the presence of coarse material

37 -25- Test Hole Number: Location: Elevation: FK-TH-4 10 feet (3 m) west of test hole FK-TH-3 Approx. 830 feet (253 m) a.s.l. Date: September 8, 1982 Depth Feet (metres) (6-8) (8-9) Sample No. Description - no material was described untill the 20 foot level since the material was the same as that seen at FK-TH-3 Bulk Sample:FK-TH-4-Bl (11-12) (12-14) (14-15) (15-17) (17-18) (18-20) FK-TH-4a FK-TH-4b as above as above as above FK-TH-4C as above - no split spoon sample collected. A very small amount of very silty coarse sand and rounded fine gravel was retained. The material may be slightly cemented - no split spoon sample taken - between 25 and 30 feet (8-9 m), slightly silty, medium to coarse sand with abundant sub-angular, fine gravel - very dirty, coarse sand with abundant fine gravel over medium to coarse sand with a few thin silty layers - medium to coarse sand very similar to previous sample - medium to coarse sand with occasional thin silty layers - stratified coarse sand - medium sand with a l" (3cm) thick silt seam at depth - alternating l to 2" (3-5 cm) thick layers of fine sand and fine sandy silt - massive fine sand with silty layers

38 -26- Test Hole Number: Location: Elevation: FK-TH-5 Approx feet (350 m) north of Moore Drive and west of Effingham Street Approx. 765 feet (233 m) a.s.l. Date: September 10, 1982 Depth Feet (metres) 0-5 (0-2) 5-10 (2-3) Sample No. FK-TH-5a (from auger returns) FK-TH-5b (from auger returns) as above as above Description - medium to coarse sand with some gravel - at 7 feet (2m), well rounded, fine gravel with little sand matrix - at 9 feet (3m), very fine gravel - at 10 feet (3m), well rounded, open work fine beach gravel Bulk Sample: (3-5) FK-TH-5-B (5-6) (6-8) (8-9) (9-11) FK-TH-5b (continued) FK-TH-5C as above as above as above - between 10 and 15 feet (3-5 m), clean open work, fine gravel with coarse sand - at 17 feet (5m), open work, r ound ed gr avel - split spoon sample at 20 feet (6m), revealed red-brown, very tightly packed, coarse sand - coarse sand - massive, clean, very coarse sand. Shale granules are present - stratified coarse sand

39 (11-12) (12-14) (14-15) (15-17) (17-18) (18-20) (20-21) (21-22) as above FK-TH-5d as above FK-TH-Se FK-TH-5f as above as above as above - stratified coarse sand - coarse sand - stratified coarse sand grading down to massive medium sand - medium to coarse sand - stratified medium sand silty fine sand over clay, silt and silty fine sand stratified, medium to coarse sand stratified, medium to coarse sand overlain by massive, slightly silty, medium sand with clay balls and contorted laminations

40 -28- Test Hole Number: Location: Elevation: FK-TH-6 Approx. 980 feet (300 m) east of the hamlet of North Pelham Approx. 725 feet (221 m) a.s.l. Date: September 13, 1982 Depth Feet (metres) 0-5 (0-2) 5-10 (2-3) (3-5) (5-6) (6-8) (8-9) (9-11) (11-12) Sample No. FK-TH-6a FK-TH-6b as above as above as above FK-TH-6C as above as above Description - very silty to clayey coarse sand and fine gravel with little matrix material - stratified coarse sand with some medium sand layers and some thin, very fine gravel layers - clean, stratified, open work, coarse sand to very fine gravel with thin medium to coarse sand layers. Abundant shale clasts are present in some grain sizes - thinly layered, medium sand with a fine sand interbed containing contorted clay balls and some silty, very fine gravel - thinly laminated coarse sand - thinly laminated, medium to coarse sand with a few clay balls - ripple laminated fine sand, with some silt layers - ripple laminated fine sand with silt layers and one cemented fine sand layer

41 as above - massive, silty fine sand (12-14) containing a cemented layer over ripple laminated fine sand with silt layers as above - ripple laminated, silty fine (14-15) sand with some horizontally laminated sand FK-TH-6d - horizontally stratified medium (15-17) sand with minor clayey layers as above - crossbedded, finely laminated, (17-18) medium sand as above - horizontally laminated medium (18-20) sand

42 -30- Test Hole Number: Location: Elevation: FK-TH-7 Approx. 490 feet (150 m) south of Highway 20 and 1300 feet (400 m) west of Centre Street Approx. 775 feet (236 m) a.s.l. Date: September 13, 1982 Depth Feet (metres) 0-5 (0-2) 5-10 (2-3) (3-5) (5-6) (6-8) (8-9) (9-11) (11-12) (12-14) (14-15) Sample No. FK-TH-7a as above as above FK-TH-7b as above FK-TH-7c FK-TH-7d as above as above FK-TH-7e Description - horizontally stratified coarse sand - horizontally stratified medium sand with occasional gravel - finely layered, horizontally stratified medium to coarse sand - massive medium sand over massive coarse sand containing a thick cemented layer - horizontally stratified medium to coarse sand with occasional fine to medium sand interbeds. A cemented coarse sand layer and some large clay balls are present - clean, massive coarse sand containing larger gravel clasts - fine to medium sand - fine to medium sand - horizontally laminated medium sand with a thin cemented layer - massive, irregularly cemented coarse sand

43 (15-17) (17-18) FK-TH-7f as above Bulk Sample: FK-TH-7-B (18-20) FK-TH-7f (continued) massive medium sand which coarsens slightly downwards extremely well sorted, massive medium to coarse sand between 55 and 60 feet (17-18 m), a bulk sample was taken of the material that accumulated between the 4O-to 6O-foot (12-to 18-m) interval - fine sand

44 -32- Test Hole Number: Location: Elevation: FK-TH-8 Approx feet (700 m) south of Highway 20 and 1300 feet (400 m) west of Centre Street Approx. 775 feet (236 m) a.s.l. Date: September 14, 1982 Depth Feet (metres) 0-5 (0-2) 5-10 (2-3) (3-5) (5-6) (6-8) (8-9) (9-11) (11-12) ) (14-15) Sample No. FK-TH-8a as above as above FK-TH-8b FK-TH-Sc as above as above as above as above as above Description - relatively clean medium to coarse sand - uniform, well sorted, massive, medium sand with shale clasts - relatively clean, horizontally stratified medium sand - alternating layers of fine silty sand to coarse sand - dirty medium to coarse sand underlain by relatively clean, slightly cemented, massive medium to coarse sand grading into medium sand - coarse sand with one small gravel layer grading downwards to medium to coarse sand - medium to coarse sand grading into coarse sand with gravel over coarse sand - clean coarse sand with rare gravel-sized clasts - clean, massive coarse sand - clean, medium to coarse sand grading downwards into medium sand

45 FK-TH-8d - clean medium sand (15-17) as above - medium sand with ripple laminated (17-18) layers as above - medium sand grading into fine (18-20) to medium sand

46 -34- Test Hole Number: FK-TH-9 Location: Near Centre Street, approx feet (400 m) south of Highway 20 Elevation: Approx. 780 feet (238 m) a.s.l. Date: September 15 b 16, 1982 Depth Feet (metres) 0-5 (0-2) 5-10 (2-3) (3-5) (5-6) Sample No. FK-TH-9a FK-TH-9b as above as above Bulk Sample:FK-TH-9-Bl (6-8) (8-9) (9-11) (11-12) FK-TH-9b FK-TH-9C as above FK-TH-9d Description - relatively clean, massive coarse sand - clean medium sand - uniform, clean medium sand - dirty medium sand over horizontally laminated to ripple laminated fine to medium sand - between 15 and 20 feet (5 to 6 m), the material sampled was similar to the samples above - slightly dirty, massive fine to medium sand containing minor fine gravel over dirty fine sand with a cemented layer over relatively clean medium sand - dirty, massive fine to medium sand grading into cleaner fine to medium sand - medium sand with some thin coarse sand layers and fine to medium sand layers - clean, massive medium to coarse sand

47 (12-14) (14-15) (15-17) FK-TH-9e as above FK-TH-9f as above (17-18) alternating layers of medium to coarse sand and fine to medium sand clean medium sand over crossstratified fine to medium sand relatively clean, massive, well sorted, uniform medium sand massive fine to medium sand over cross-stratified fine sand and medium sand

48 -36- Test Hole Number: Location: Elevation: Date: June 28, 1982 FK-TH-10 Approx. 330 feet (100 m) south of Niagara District Office (M.N.R.) Approx. 770 feet (235 m) a.s.l. Depth Sample Description Feet No. (of materials returned on augers) (metres) 0-5 FK-TH-lOa feet (0-.6m) of topsoil (0-2) over silty medium to coarse sand between 5-7 feet (2m), silty (2) fine to medium sand with lower silt content than above sample. Hole was terminated at 7 feet (2 m) because augers were unable to penetrate any further. Possible coarse or cemented layer

49 -37- Test Hole Number: Location: Elevation: Date: June 29, 1982 FK-TH-11 Approx. 165 feet (50 m) south of Niagara District Office (M.N.R.) Approx. 770 feet (235 m) a.s.l. Depth Sample Description Feet No. (of materials returned on augers) (metres) 0-5 FK-TH-lla - slightly silty, gravelly (0-2) coarse sand increasingly silty medium (2) sand with minor gravel tightly packed, fine gravel (2) and coarse sand

50 -38- Test Hole Number: Location: Elevation: Date: June 29, 1982 FK-TH-12 Approx. 165 feet (50 m) east of Lookout Street and 1300 feet (400 m) north of Highway 20 Approx. 780 feet (240 m) a.s.l. Depth Sample Description Feet No. (of material returned on augers) (metres) material described between (0-5) this interval was similar to that described in the upper part of test hole FK-TH-1

51 -39- Test Hole Number: FK-TH-13 Location: Elevation: Date: June 28, 1982 Pit floor of D.L. Stephens licenced property Approx. 700 feet (215 m) a.s.l. Depth Sample Description Feet No. (of material returned on augers) 0-5 FK-TH-13a - fine to medium sand with (0-2) occasional gravel, fairly low silt content. The material became siltier at 5 feet (2 m) and a sample was taken of this material 5-8 as above - clean, fine to medium sand (2) with little gravel 8-11 as above - uniform, slightly to moderately (2-3) silty, medium sand with some coarse sand and little gravel as above - very uniform, slighlty silty (3-4) medium sand with little gravel FK-TH-13b - medium to coarse sand containing (4-6) some silt as above - uniform fine to medium sand with (6-8) some gravel as above - slightly silty, medium to coarse (8-10) sand FK-TH-13c - silty medium to coarse sand (10-12) as above - silty medium sand with some (12-13) coarse sand as above - clayey silty, medium to coarse (13-15) sand below the water table

52 -40- Test Hole Number: Location: Elevation: Date: June 29, 1982 Depth Feet (metres) 0-5 (0-2) 5-8 (2) 8-14 (2-4) (4-7) (7-8) FK-TH-14 Pit floor of Steed and Evans Ltd. western licenced property, south of Highway 20 Approx. 680 feet (207 m) a.s.l. Sample No. FK-TH-14a as above FK-TH-14b as above as above Description (of material returned on augers) - medium to coarse sand with some gravel and silt - same material as described above - uniform medium sand - uniform, silty fine sand - silty fine to medium sand with minor gravel (8-10) FK-TH-14c - uniform, silty fine sand Bulk Sample:FK-TH-14-B1 - bulk sample taken of material returned on the auger flights between O and 32 feet (0-1Om)

53 -41- APPENDIX 2 AGGREGATE GRADING CURVES FONTHILL KAME TOWN OF PELHAM Figures 3 to 24 NOTE; Information portrayed by gradation curves refers strictly to a specific sample taken at the time of field investigation. Because of the inherent variability of sand and gravel deposits care should be exercised in extrapolating such information to the rest of the deposit. The curves plotted with respect to the granular base course specification envelopes are based on the analysis of the total aggregate contained in unprocessed samples. The sand fraction of the unprocessed, sampled material (material passing the 4.75 mm sieve) has also been analyzed and plotted with respect to the asphalt and concrete sand specification envelopes. Caution should be taken when interpreting grain size distributions for samples taken from the auger returns, including bulk samples, because these samples are disturbed. Bulk samples tend to have a higher fines content than corresponding, relatively less disturbed, split-spoon samples.

54 -42- Q3NIV13U in3dh3d to m u. -H ONISSVd in3da3d

55 -43- Q3NIVi3il.Q m Cn H ONISSVd

56 -44- E 2 ONISSVd

57 -45- d) S-l 3 Cn H ONISSVd ln3di!3d

58 -46- (O in Cn H ONISSVd

59 -47- ln3dh3d.q in H b ONISSVd

60 -48- UJ U U U XXX Ml CO flo CO l t H- as o o o x. ± en -H ONISSVd

61 -49- ONISSVd

62 -50- (d r- 0) ONISSVd!N3DM3d

63 -51- Q3NIV13a r- 0) tn H ONISSVd

64 -52- Q3NIV13a uj U U U X vi co ea ea "T *~ *~ O O O g ^ Jf (O oo Cn H CM ONISSVd!N3Di(3d

65 -53- in3dh3d -Q oo d) in H ONISSVd

66 -54- H b ONISSVd

67 -55- Q3NIV13H ln3dd3d d) 8 ONISSVd

68 -56- ONISSVd

69 -57-!N3DH3d (U n 3 tn H EL, ONISSVd

70 -58- Q3NIVi3a ln3dcl3d uj U U U (/t CO CD CO sg o o o s: v: 1 ONISSVd!N3Dd3d

71 -59- Q3NIV13a!N3DH3d S 8 8 R s g o H h ONISSVd in3dd3d

72 -60- Q3NIV138 in3dh3d uj u u u i i i tn co aa co {z ;± p" g O O O O O C 8 (d cs Z VH ONISSVd

73 -61- Q3NIV13a ONISSVd

74 -62- Q3NIVi3a ra ro (U in 3 Cn H ONISSVd in3dd3d

75 -63-03NIV13U in3dh3d,q ro (U S-l 3 Cn H ONISSVd

76 -64- Q3NIV13H Q} M 3en H ONISSVd

77 -65- en H b ONISSVd

78 -66- in3dh3d (d IT) Q) J-l 3 Cn -H b ONISSVd

79 -67- Q3NIV13a in3di)3d.q ID Cn H ONISSVd!N3Da3d

80 -68- (U Cn H ONISSVd

81 -69- Q3NIVi3a vo ONISSVd ln3dm3d

82 -70- d r* d) z -H ONISSVd in3dh3d

83 -71- Q3NIVi3a r- rh d) H b ONISSVd ln3dh3d

84 -72- (d oo d) en H ONISSVd in3dh3d

85 -73- oo ONISSVd

86 -74- in3du3d (d en Cn H ONISSVd in3dd3d

87 -75- wo ter Q3NIV13a!N3Dil3d o tn 8 9 o"o s g g g l o n o -o * - -a"*: 5 1,8:83 o CN~ * ^ j.jg i 5 o.-i-i-'* s 1^^^^ ^ * -r r r *.Oxsi^^ IA ^f "B* ^* ^M b fi L l* ^ ^ W( ^ LI ^^ a\ H 0) H b ONISSVd!N3Da3d

88 -76- Q3NIV13a!N3Dil3d (d o M Cn H ONISSVd in3dh3d

89 -77- Q3NIV13a o (N OJ M 3 D^ H ONISSVd in3da3d

90 -78- ONISSVd!N3Da3d

91 -79- s l 0) Cn H b ONISSVd

92 -80- in3dh3d CN O) ONISSVd

93 -81- C3NIV132I 8 S 8 8 CN d) tn H ONISSVd

94 -82- (d m CM O).T -H ONISSVd in3dd3d

95 -83- S o o o o "* oo ONlSSVd!N3Da3d.3 ro CN 0) M 3 tn H

96 -84- ln3dil3d g l (N Q) S-l ONISSVd in3dm3d

97 -85- CN (D ONlSSVd

98

99 -86- APPENDIX 3 AGGREGATE GRADING CURVES SIMULATING WASHING OF SELECTED SAMPLES FONTHILL KAME TOWN OF PELHAM Figures 25 to 31 NOTE; Information portrayed on these curves is based on the analysis of the unprocessed samples. The results of these sample analyses were arithmetically adjusted to simulate fines reduction to three percent and plotted with respect to the asphalt and concrete sand specification envelopes.

100

101 -87- in CN d) Cn H 8 ONISSVd

102 -88- Q3NIV13y JLN3DH3d CN d) H ONlSSVd

103 -89- Q3NIV13a ln3dh3d o o (I) M ^ en H ONISSVd in3dm3d

104 -90- oo fnl (D Cn H ONISSVd in3dh3d

105 -91- ONISSVd in3dh3d

106 -92- ln3dd3d 8 ONISSVd ln3dd3d o ro 0) IT" H

107 -93- CO 0) Cn H ONISSVd

108

109 -94- APPENDIX 4 FONTHILL KAME TOWN OF PELHAM Figures 32 to 34 NOTE; Information portrayed on these curves reflect the cumulation of sample analyses for specific test holes. The material sampled was assumed to be constant throughout the sampling interval and the sample analyses were combined on the basis of the depth which each sample represents. In sections of some test holes it was not possible to take split-spoon samples. In these cases, sample analyses from material returned on the auger flights, including bulk samples, were used. The total depth to which these curves are representative was based on the depth of material which is considered suitable for possible aggregate use. For test holes FK-TH-2, FK-TH-3 and 4, FK-TH-5 and FK-TH-6, depths of 45, 55, 55 and 25 feet were used, respectively. In the remaining test holes the total depth of the hole was used.

110

111 -95- C3NIV13U (d CN CO 0) ONISSVd

112 -96-03NIV13* in3dh3d CM m (1) ONISSVd in3dj13d

113 -97- (d CO m d) H PM ONISSVd in3dd3d

114 -98- CO CO d) ONISSVd

115 -99- (d T* CO 0) ONISSVd