THESE TERMS GOVERN YOUR USE OF THIS DOCUMENT

Transcription

1 THESE TERMS GOVERN YOUR USE OF THIS DOCUMENT Your use of this Ontario Geological Survey document (the Content ) is governed by the terms set out on this page ( Terms of Use ). By downloading this Content, you (the User ) have accepted, and have agreed to be bound by, the Terms of Use. Content: This Content is offered by the Province of Ontario s Ministry of Northern Development and Mines (MNDM) as a public service, on an as-is basis. Recommendations and statements of opinion expressed in the Content are those of the author or authors and are not to be construed as statement of government policy. You are solely responsible for your use of the Content. You should not rely on the Content for legal advice nor as authoritative in your particular circumstances. Users should verify the accuracy and applicability of any Content before acting on it. MNDM does not guarantee, or make any warranty express or implied, that the Content is current, accurate, complete or reliable. MNDM is not responsible for any damage however caused, which results, directly or indirectly, from your use of the Content. MNDM assumes no legal liability or responsibility for the Content whatsoever. Links to Other Web Sites: This Content may contain links, to Web sites that are not operated by MNDM. Linked Web sites may not be available in French. MNDM neither endorses nor assumes any responsibility for the safety, accuracy or availability of linked Web sites or the information contained on them. The linked Web sites, their operation and content are the responsibility of the person or entity for which they were created or maintained (the Owner ). Both your use of a linked Web site, and your right to use or reproduce information or materials from a linked Web site, are subject to the terms of use governing that particular Web site. Any comments or inquiries regarding a linked Web site must be directed to its Owner. Copyright: Canadian and international intellectual property laws protect the Content. Unless otherwise indicated, copyright is held by the Queen s Printer for Ontario. It is recommended that reference to the Content be made in the following form: <Author s last name>, <Initials> <year of publication>. <Content title>; Ontario Geological Survey, <Content publication series and number>, <total number of pages>p. Use and Reproduction of Content: The Content may be used and reproduced only in accordance with applicable intellectual property laws. Non-commercial use of unsubstantial excerpts of the Content is permitted provided that appropriate credit is given and Crown copyright is acknowledged. Any substantial reproduction of the Content or any commercial use of all or part of the Content is prohibited without the prior written permission of MNDM. Substantial reproduction includes the reproduction of any illustration or figure, such as, but not limited to graphs, charts and maps. Commercial use includes commercial distribution of the Content, the reproduction of multiple copies of the Content for any purpose whether or not commercial, use of the Content in commercial publications, and the creation of value-added products using the Content. Contact: FOR FURTHER INFORMATION ON The Reproduction of Content The Purchase of MNDM Publications PLEASE CONTACT: BY TELEPHONE: BY MNDM Publication Services MNDM Publication Sales Local: (705) Toll Free: , ext (inside Canada, United States) Local: (705) Toll Free: , ext (inside Canada, United States) Crown Copyright Queen s Printer Local: (416) Toll Free: (inside Canada, United States) Pubsales@ndm.gov.on.ca Pubsales@ndm.gov.on.ca Copyright@gov.on.ca

2 LES CONDITIONS CI-DESSOUS RÉGISSENT L'UTILISATION DU PRÉSENT DOCUMENT. Votre utilisation de ce document de la Commission géologique de l'ontario (le «contenu») est régie par les conditions décrites sur cette page («conditions d'utilisation»). En téléchargeant ce contenu, vous (l'«utilisateur») signifiez que vous avez accepté d'être lié par les présentes conditions d'utilisation. Contenu : Ce contenu est offert en l'état comme service public par le ministère du Développement du Nord et des Mines (MDNM) de la province de l'ontario. Les recommandations et les opinions exprimées dans le contenu sont celles de l'auteur ou des auteurs et ne doivent pas être interprétées comme des énoncés officiels de politique gouvernementale. Vous êtes entièrement responsable de l'utilisation que vous en faites. Le contenu ne constitue pas une source fiable de conseils juridiques et ne peut en aucun cas faire autorité dans votre situation particulière. Les utilisateurs sont tenus de vérifier l'exactitude et l'applicabilité de tout contenu avant de l'utiliser. Le MDNM n'offre aucune garantie expresse ou implicite relativement à la mise à jour, à l'exactitude, à l'intégralité ou à la fiabilité du contenu. Le MDNM ne peut être tenu responsable de tout dommage, quelle qu'en soit la cause, résultant directement ou indirectement de l'utilisation du contenu. Le MDNM n'assume aucune responsabilité légale de quelque nature que ce soit en ce qui a trait au contenu. Liens vers d'autres sites Web : Ce contenu peut comporter des liens vers des sites Web qui ne sont pas exploités par le MDNM. Certains de ces sites pourraient ne pas être offerts en français. Le MDNM se dégage de toute responsabilité quant à la sûreté, à l'exactitude ou à la disponibilité des sites Web ainsi reliés ou à l'information qu'ils contiennent. La responsabilité des sites Web ainsi reliés, de leur exploitation et de leur contenu incombe à la personne ou à l'entité pour lesquelles ils ont été créés ou sont entretenus (le «propriétaire»). Votre utilisation de ces sites Web ainsi que votre droit d'utiliser ou de reproduire leur contenu sont assujettis aux conditions d'utilisation propres à chacun de ces sites. Tout commentaire ou toute question concernant l'un de ces sites doivent être adressés au propriétaire du site. Droits d'auteur : Le contenu est protégé par les lois canadiennes et internationales sur la propriété intellectuelle. Sauf indication contraire, les droits d'auteurs appartiennent à l'imprimeur de la Reine pour l'ontario. Nous recommandons de faire paraître ainsi toute référence au contenu : nom de famille de l'auteur, initiales, année de publication, titre du document, Commission géologique de l'ontario, série et numéro de publication, nombre de pages. Utilisation et reproduction du contenu : Le contenu ne peut être utilisé et reproduit qu'en conformité avec les lois sur la propriété intellectuelle applicables. L'utilisation de courts extraits du contenu à des fins non commerciales est autorisé, à condition de faire une mention de source appropriée reconnaissant les droits d'auteurs de la Couronne. Toute reproduction importante du contenu ou toute utilisation, en tout ou en partie, du contenu à des fins commerciales est interdite sans l'autorisation écrite préalable du MDNM. Une reproduction jugée importante comprend la reproduction de toute illustration ou figure comme les graphiques, les diagrammes, les cartes, etc. L'utilisation commerciale comprend la distribution du contenu à des fins commerciales, la reproduction de copies multiples du contenu à des fins commerciales ou non, l'utilisation du contenu dans des publications commerciales et la création de produits à valeur ajoutée à l'aide du contenu. Renseignements : POUR PLUS DE RENSEIGNEMENTS SUR la reproduction du contenu l'achat des publications du MDNM les droits d'auteurs de la Couronne VEUILLEZ VOUS ADRESSER À : Services de publication du MDNM Vente de publications du MDNM Imprimeur de la Reine PAR TÉLÉPHONE : PAR COURRIEL : Local : (705) Numéro sans frais : , poste 5691 (au Canada et aux États-Unis) Local : (705) Numéro sans frais : , poste 5691 (au Canada et aux États-Unis) Local : Numéro sans frais : (au Canada et aux États-Unis) Pubsales@ndm.gov.on.ca Pubsales@ndm.gov.on.ca Copyright@gov.on.ca

3 Ontario Ministry of Northern Development and Mines ONTARIO GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Open File Report 5758 Ontario Geoscience Research Grant Program Grant No. 173 Sedimentary Rocks and Strata-Bound Mineralization in the Cobalt Region By J.A. Donaldson, F. Michel, B.R. Rust and D.H. Watkinson 1991 Parts of this publication may be quoted if credit is given. It is recommended that reference to this publication be made in the following form: Donaldson, J.A., Michel, R, Rust, B.R. and Watkinson, D.H Sedimentary Rocks and Strata-Bound Mineralization in the Cobalt Region, Ontario Geoscience Research Grant Program, Grant No. 173; Ontario Geological Survey, Open File Report 5758, Queen's Printer for Ontario, 1991

4

5 Ontario Geological Survey OPEN FILE REPORT Open File Reports are made available to the public subject to the following conditions: This report is unedited. Discrepancies may occur for which the Ontario Geological Survey does not assume liability. Recommendations and statements of opinions expressed are those of the author or authors and are not to be construed as statements of govern ment policy. This Open File Report is available for viewing at the following locations: (1) Mines Library Ministry of Northern Development and Mines 8th floor, 77 Grenville Street Toronto, Ontario (2) The office of the Regional or Resident Geologist in whose district the area covered by this report is located. Copies of this report may be obtained at the user's expense from a commercial printing house. For the address and instructions to order, contact the appropriate Regional or Resident Geologist's offices) or the Mines Library. Microfiche copies (42x reduction) of this report are available for S2.00 each plus provincial sales tax at the Mines Library or the Public Information Centre, Ministry of Natural Resources, W-1640, 99 Wellesley Street West, Toronto. Handwritten notes and sketches may be made from this report. Check with the Mines Library or Regional/Resident Geologist's office whether there is a copy of this report that may be borrowed. A copy of this report is available for Inter-Library Loan. This report is available for viewing at the following Regional or Resident Geologists' offices: Algonquin,Box 190,Main St.,Dorset POA 1EO Cobalt, Box 230,Presley St.,Cobalt POJ ICO Porcupine,60 Wilson Ave.,Timmins P4N 2S7 The right to reproduce this report is reserved by the Ontario Ministry of Northern Development and Mines. Permission for other reproductions must be obtained in writing from the Director, Ontario Geological Survey. V.G. Milne, Director Ontario Geological Survey in

6

7 ONTARIO GEOSCIENCE RESEARCH GRANT FUND Final Research Report Foreword This publication is a final report of a research project that was funded under the Ontario Geoscience Research Grant Program. A requirement of the Program is that recipients are to submit final reports within six months after termination of funding. A final report is designed as a comprehensive summary stating the findings obtained during the tenure of the grant, together with supporting data. It may consist, in part, of reprints or preprints of publications and copies of addresses given at scientific meetings. It is not the intent of the Ontario Geological Survey to formally publish the final reports for wide distribution, but rather to encourage the recipients of grants to seek publication in appropriate scientific journals whenever possible. The Survey, however, also has an obligation to ensure that the results of the research are made available to the public at an early date. Although final reports are the property of the applicants and the sponsoring agencies, they may also be placed on open file. This report is intended to meet this obligation. No attempt has been made to edit the report, the content of which is entirely the responsibility of the author(s). V.G. Milne Director Ontario Geological Survey - v -

8

9 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract Outline Summary of Results Ancillary and Subsequent Research Access to Theses and Publications Acknowledaements References Appendices: Appendix A Appendix B - Appendix C - Appendix D - Publications Mustard, P.J. and Donaldson, J.A. 1987: Substrate Quarrying and Subglacial Till Deposition by an Early Proterozoic Ice Sheet: Evidence from the Gowganda Formation at Cobalt, Ontario, Canada; Precambrian Research, Vol. 34, p Mustard, P.J. and Donaldson, J.A. 1987: Early Proterozoic Ice-Proximal Glaciomarine Deposition: The Lower Gowganda Formation at Cobalt, Ontario, Canada; Geological Society of America Bulletin, Vol. 98, p Rainbird, R.H. and Donaldson, J.A. 1988: Nonglaciogenic Deltaic Deposits in the Early Proterozoic Gowganda Formation, Cobalt Basin, Ontario; Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 25, p Goodz, M.D., Watkinson, D.H., Smejkal, V., and Pertold, Z. 1986: Sulphur Isotope Geochemistry of Silver-Sulpharsenide Vein Mineralization, Cobalt, Ontario; Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 23, p vii

10

11 Abstract Mapping in the Cobalt area at a scale of 1:2000 has led to reinterpretation of both the Coleman and Firstbrook Members of the Gowganda Formation (Huronian Supergroup). The Coleman Member exhibits evidence of initial deposition beneath a grounded ice sheet (locally preserved regolith and basal breccia; relic paleoscarps with evidence of southward plucking) that gave way to a partially floating ice sheet during deposition of the uppermost diamictite that contains intercalated rhythmites and dropstones. The overlying Firstbrook Member, in contrast to the Coleman Member, shows marked lateral continuity, widespread diagenetic red coloration and evidence of deltaic accumulation in an environment transitional to a shallow-marine basin. Uninterrupted delta progradation is suggested by a single coarsening-upward sequence. Trends of ore veins in the Gowganda Formation are similar to joint trends, with 03O 0, 110 0, and being the most abundant, suggesting that the silver-bearing veins formed by the infilling of dilatent joints, probably soon after emplacement of the Nipissing diabase. Mineralogical, textural and isotopic data suggest that sulphide minerals within the Huronian strata were deposited from vein-related fluids rather than being remobilized from detrital sulphides in the sediments. At the Beaver-Temiskaming mine, mineralogical, textural and isotopic data for Archean mafic volcanic rocks and intercalated sedimentary rocks rich in base-metal sulphides have served to establish the paragenetic succession: silicates, arsenidessulpharsenides, silver-sulphosalts, sulphides and carbonates. In addition, these data have established depositional temperatures in the range: 13O C. Ag-Bi-Co-Ni-As veins commonly are in close spatial association with Archean interflow sedimentary rocks in the Cobalt area, but clear evidence that these sediments were the source of these metals is lacking. Most stratiform base-metal sulphides and Fesulphides, however, are predominantly syngenetic. Minor epigenetic sulphides occur as veinlets and as replacements associated with silicification, chloritization and minor carbonatization. ix

12

13 GRANT 173 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS AND STRATA-BOUND MINERALIZATION IN THE COBALT REGION FINAL REPORT Principal Applicant: J.A. Donaldson Co-Applicants: F. Michel B.R. Rust D.H. Watkinson Ottawa-Carleton Geoscience Centre Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6 September 15, 1990 Manuscript approved for publication September 21, This report is published with the permission of V.G. Milne, Director, Ontario Geological Survey.

14

15 Out: line The objectives of this project were: to re-examine sedimentary strata of the Cobalt Group (uppermost component of the Huronian Supergroup) as a basis for developing and refining sedimentological models; to improve the data base for these strata in the Cobalt area by means of detailed field mapping and measurement of sections; to investigate the nature of the Archean-Proterozoic unconformity; and to evaluate possible controls of ore deposition in the Proterozoic strata and in the underlying Archean basement rocks of the Cobalt region. The methods of investigation for this project included: creation of a bibliography of previous work; selection of areas for field study; mapping of the selected areas at a scale of 1:2000; systematic measurement of sections and collection of samples in the field (co-applicants, five graduate students and three undergraduate field assistants) ; analysis of field and laboratory material, emphasizing the study of mineralized polished slabs and thin sections (petrographic and electron probe studies), S and C isotope analyses; and the preparation of thematic maps (correlation of ore deposits and sedimentary facies, paleogeography and dispersal patterns) as well as stratigraphic sections. During the three-year project, we developed and tested models for deposition of the Gowganda Formation in the vicinity of Cobalt.

16 Particular attention was directed at comparisons utilizing recent studies of Quaternary and Recent glacial deposits, especially those in glacio-marine settings. We concentrated our efforts on the Trethewey open pit, Little Silver Vein and the area of well-exposed regolith immediately east of Cobalt Lake. Donaldson and Rust, in collaboration with M.Se. students P. Mustard and R. Rainbird, Ph.D. student G. Burbidge, and Honours B.Se. students E. Dodd and R. Scammell, worked on sedimentological and stratigraphic problems; Michel and Watkinson studied Cobalt mineralization, in collaboration with M.Se. students M. Goodz, M. Smyk and B. Wilson. Summary of Results The sedimentological studies have resulted in reinterpretations of both the Coleman Member and the Firstbrook Member of the Gowganda Formation. Mustard (1985) and Mustard and Donaldson (1987a,b) summarized the evidence for southerly movement of a grounded ice sheet, including lee-side plucking of paleoscarps and widespread preservation of preglacial regolith. In the final year of this project, G. Burbidge (Ph.D. student supervised by Rust), initiated a regional study of this regolith. Rainbird (1985) and Rainbird and Donaldson (1988) have demonstrated that, in contrast to the glaciogenic Coleman Member, the Firstbrook

17 Member was deposited in a prograding delta in which prodelta, delta slope, delta foreslope and delta braidplain subenvironments can be recognized. In his study of the Beaver-Temiskaming mine, Goodz (1985) applied textural and isotopic evidence to demonstrate a paragenetic succession of silicates, arsenides-sulpharsenides, silversulphosalts, sulphides and carbonates. The As-bearing minerals show metal zoning in the order Ni-Co-Fe. Depositional temperatures were about C (oxygen isotopes in silicates), C (arsenopyrite composition) and C (coexisting sulphides). Carbonate isotopic data were reset by meteoric water. Fluid-inclusion data suggest that connate waters equilibrated with both Archean sulphide-rich interflow units and overlying Proterozoic detritus (Pb isotopic data) before deposition of these elements in veins. In his study of Archean interflow sedimentary rocks, Smyk mapped pelagic and exhalative units intercalated with immature turbidites, pillowed volcanic rocks and pyroclastics. He convincingly demonstrated a predominantly syngenetic origin for the base-metal sulphides, but also documented sulphide mobilization (as shown by secretion-injection structures, mineralogic zonation and other epigenetic characteristics). Wilson (1986) demonstrated that silver veins of the Cobalt area

18 occur primarily within dilated joints. Mineralogy, textures and isotopic composition of heterogeneously distributed sulphide minerals within Huronian sedimentary rocks indicate that most of the sulphides, other than some of the pyrite, were deposited from vein-related fluids that permeated rocks adjacent to the silver veins. Blastic pyrite probably resulted from the mobilization of originally detrital sulphides during diagenesis and/or emplacement of the Nipissing diabase. These data reduce the possibility that Huronian sulphides were a major source of vein elements. Most of the Grant-supported research has been summarized in annual progress reports (Donaldson et al , 1985, 1986). Ancillary and Subsequent Research In addition to the five graduate theses and the papers referred to above, honours theses were completed by summer field assistants E. Dodd (1985) and R. Scammel (1984). As an extension of their work supported by Grant 173, Goodz and Watkinson collaborated with others to publish several papers (Goodz et al., 1986a, b; Watkinson, 1986). Ancillary studies that in part built on the Grant-supported research were concurrently supervised by Watkinson (Gebert, 1985; MacQueen, 1985; MacRobbie, 1986), and led to additional publications (Smyk and MacRobbie, 1986;

19 Watkinson, 1986). A sedimentological study initiated with Grant support by Burbidge during the final year of the Grant should be completed in Access to Grant-Related Theses and Publications Copies of all theses supported by Grant 173 are available on loan from the Department of Earth Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6. A copy of Wilson (1986), for which papers have not yet been published, has been deposited in the OGS Library, Toronto. Copies of the theses by Rainbird (1985) and Scammel (1984) have also been deposited in the OGS Library. Copies of three Grant-funded papers and one ancillary paper are included in Appendices A-D. Acknowledgements j We express thanks to B.O. Dressler, A.C. Covine, and John Wood ^ (Geologists, Ontario Geological Survey), for their helpful advice during preliminary planning of this project. Leo Owsiacki (Resident Geologist, Ontario Geological Survey, Cobalt), together with his staff, provided invaluable advice and access to their library and laboratory facilities.

20 The effort, time and accessibility to the Beaver-Temiskaming and Langis mines provided by Agnico-Eagle Mines Limited, Cobalt, is greatly appreciated. Special thanks are extended to Douglas Robinson and David Marek, mine geologists for these mines. Field work was supported in part by NSERC grants to Donaldson, Michel and Watkinson.

21 REFERENCES Dodd, E.M., 1985: The Origin of a Unique Sandstone Bedset in the Upper Gowganda Formation Near Haileybury, Ontario; Unpublished B.Se. Thesis, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, 42p. Donaldson, J.A., Goodz, M.D., Michel, F.A., Mustard, P.S., Rainbird, R.H., Rust, B.R., Watkinson, D.H., and Wilson, B. 1984: Sedimentary Rocks and Strata-Bound Mineralization in the Cobalt Region; Grant 173, p in Geoscience Research Grant Program, Summary of Research , edited by V.G. Milne, Ontario Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Paper 121, 252p. Donaldson, J.A., Michel, F.A., Mustard, P.S., Rainbird, R.H., Rust, B.R., Watkinson, D.H., and Wilson, B. 1985: Sedimentary Rocks and Strata-Bound Mineralization in the Cobalt Region; Grant 173, p in Geoscience Research Grant Program, Summary of Research , edited by V.G. Milne, Ontario Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Paper 127, 246p. Donaldson, J.A., Michel, F.A., Rust, B.R., Smyk, M., Watkinson, D.H., and Wilson, B. 1986: Sedimentary Rocks and Strata-Bound Mineralization in the Cobalt Region; Grant 173, p in Geoscience Research Grant Program, Summary of Research , edited bv V.G. Milne, Ontario Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Paper 130, 235p. Gebert, J.S. 1985: Base Metal Mineralization along the Archean-Proterozoic Unconformity at Drummond Cairn, Cobalt, Ontario; Unpublished B.Se. Thesis, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, 54p. Goodz, M.D. 1985: Geology and Isotope Geochemistry of the Beaver-Temiskaming Silver Mine, Cobalt, Ontario; Unpublished M.Se. Thesis, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, 246p. Goodz, M.D., Jonasson, I.R., and Watkinson, D.H. 1986: Geology and Geochemistry of Silver-Sulpharsenide Vein Deposits, Cobalt, Canada: Implications for Ore Genesis and Mineral Exploration; Geocongress '86, Geological Society of South Africa, Extended Abstracts, p Goodz, M.D., Watkinson, D.H., Smejkal, V., and Pertold, Z. 1986: Sulphur Isotope Geochemistry of Silver-Sulpharsenide Vein Mineralization, Cobalt, Ontario; Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 23, p MacQueen, J.K. 7

22 1985: Sulphide Mineralogy and Chemistry in Archean Rocks Near Silver Veins, Cobalt, Ontario; Unpublished B.Se. Thesis, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, 57p. MacRobbie, P.A. 1986: Archean Volcanic Rocks and Associated Base-Metal Sulphides, Nipissing Hill (South) Area, Cobalt, Ontario; Unpublished B.Se. Thesis, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, 52p. Mustard, P.J. 1985: Sedimentology of the Lower Gowganda Formation Coleman Member (Early Proterozoic) at Cobalt, Ontario; Unpublished M.Se. Thesis, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, 143p. Mustard, P.J. and Donaldson, J.A. 1987: Early Proterozoic Ice-Proximal Glaciomarine Deposition: The Lower Gowganda Formation at Cobalt, Ontario, Canada; Geological Society of America Bulletin, Vol. 98, p Mustard, P.J. and Donaldson, J.A. 1987: Substrate Quarrying and Subglacial Till Deposition by an Early Proterozoic Ice Sheet: Evidence from the Gowganda Formation at Cobalt, Ontario, Canada; Precambrian Research, Vol. 34, p Rainbird, R.H. 1985: Sedimentology of the Firstbrook Member of the Gowganda Formation in the Eastern Cobalt Basin, Ontario; Unpublished M.Se. Thesis, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, 157p. Rainbird, R.H., and Donaldson, J.A. 1988: Nonglaciogenic Deltaic Deposits in the Early Proterozoic Gowganda Formation, Cobalt Basin, Ontario; Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 25, p Scammell, R.J. 1984: The Geology of Precambrian Strata East of Cobalt, Ontario; Unpublished B.Se. Thesis, Carleton University, Ottawa, 7Ip. Smyk, M.C., and MacRobbie, P.A. 1986: A Preliminary Investigation of Archean Interflow Sedimentary Rocks, Cobalt Silver Area, Ontario; 22nd Western Inter-University Geological Conference, Program with Abstracts, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, January Watkinson, D.H. 1986: Mobilization of Archean Elements into Proterozoic Veins: An Example from Cobalt, Canada; Metallogenesis of the Precambrian, IGCP Project 91, Geological Survey of Czechoslovakia, Prague 1986, p

23 Wilson, B. 1986: A Sulphur Isotope and Structural Study of the Silver-Vein Host-Rocks at Cobalt, Ontario; M.Se. Thesis, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, 156p. 9

24 APPENDIX A Appendix A consists of a paper by P.S.Mustard and J.A.Donaldson entitled "Substrate Quarrying and Subglacial Till Deposits by an Early Proterozoic Ice Sheet: Evidence from Gowganda Formation at Cobalt,Ontario; Precambrian Research,Vol.34,p

25 APPENDIX B Appendix B consists of a paper by P.J.Mustard and J.A.Donaldson 1987,entitled:"Early Proterozoic Ice-Proximal Glaciomarine Deposition:The Lower Gowganda Formation at Cobalt,Ontario, Canada; Geological Society of Amerca Bulletin,Vol 98,p

26 APPENDIX C Appendix C consists of a paper by R.H.Rainbird and J.A.Donaldson 1988,entitled:"Nonglaciogenic Deltaic Deposits in the Early Proterozoic Gowganda Formation,Cobalt Basin,Ontario; Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences,Vol.25,p

27 APPENDIX D Appendix D consists of a paper by M.D.Goodz,D.H.Watkinson, V.Smejkal and Z.Pertold 1986,entitled:"Sulphur Isotope Geochemistry of Silver-Sulpharsenide Vein Mineralisation", Cobalt,Ontario; Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences,Vol.23, p

28 CONVERSION FACTORS FOR MEASUREMENTS IN ONTARIO GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PUBLICATIONS Conversion from SI to Imperial 57 Unit Multiplied by Gives 1 mm 1 cm 1m 1m 1 km 1 cm2 1m2 1km2 lha 1 cm3 1m3 1m3 1L 1L 1L lg lg 1kg 1kg 1 t ' 1kg It Ig/t Ig/t l ounce (troy) per ton (short) l pennyweight per ton (short) LENGTH inches 1 inch inches A inch feet 1 foot chains 1 chain miles (statute) 1 mile (statute) AREA square inches 1 square inch square feet 1 square foot square miles 1 square mile acres 1 acre VOLUME cubic inches 1 cubic inch cubic feet 1 cubic foot cubic yards 1 cubic yard CAPACITY pints 1 pint quarts 1 quart gallons 1 gallon Conversion from Imperial to SI Imperial Unit Multiplied by Gives MASS ounces (avdp) 1 ounce (avdp) ounces (troy) 1 ounce (troy) pounds (avdp) 1 pound (avdp) tons (short) 1 ton (short) tons (short) 1 ton (short) tons (long) 1 ton (long) tons (long) 1 ton (long) CONCENTRATION ounce (troy)/ 1 ounce (troy)/ ton (short) ton (short) pennyweights/ 1 pennyweight/ ton (short) ton (short) OTHER USEFUL CONVERSION FACTORS Multiplied by pennyweights per ton (short) ounces (troy) per ton (shorl) Note: Conversion factors which arc in bold type are exact. The conversion factors have been taken from 01 have been derived from factors given in the Metric Practice Guide for tlte Canadian Mining and Metallurgical Industnes, published by (lie Mining Association of Canada in co-operation widi the Coal Association of Canada. mm cm m m km m2 km2 ha cm3 m3 m3 L L L g g kg kg t kg t g'l