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2 LES CONDITIONS CI-DESSOUS RÉGISSENT L'UTILISATION DU PRÉSENT DOCUMENT. Votre utilisation de ce document de la Commission géologique de l'ontario (le «contenu») est régie par les conditions décrites sur cette page («conditions d'utilisation»). En téléchargeant ce contenu, vous (l'«utilisateur») signifiez que vous avez accepté d'être lié par les présentes conditions d'utilisation. Contenu : Ce contenu est offert en l'état comme service public par le ministère du Développement du Nord et des Mines (MDNM) de la province de l'ontario. Les recommandations et les opinions exprimées dans le contenu sont celles de l'auteur ou des auteurs et ne doivent pas être interprétées comme des énoncés officiels de politique gouvernementale. Vous êtes entièrement responsable de l'utilisation que vous en faites. Le contenu ne constitue pas une source fiable de conseils juridiques et ne peut en aucun cas faire autorité dans votre situation particulière. Les utilisateurs sont tenus de vérifier l'exactitude et l'applicabilité de tout contenu avant de l'utiliser. Le MDNM n'offre aucune garantie expresse ou implicite relativement à la mise à jour, à l'exactitude, à l'intégralité ou à la fiabilité du contenu. Le MDNM ne peut être tenu responsable de tout dommage, quelle qu'en soit la cause, résultant directement ou indirectement de l'utilisation du contenu. Le MDNM n'assume aucune responsabilité légale de quelque nature que ce soit en ce qui a trait au contenu. Liens vers d'autres sites Web : Ce contenu peut comporter des liens vers des sites Web qui ne sont pas exploités par le MDNM. Certains de ces sites pourraient ne pas être offerts en français. Le MDNM se dégage de toute responsabilité quant à la sûreté, à l'exactitude ou à la disponibilité des sites Web ainsi reliés ou à l'information qu'ils contiennent. La responsabilité des sites Web ainsi reliés, de leur exploitation et de leur contenu incombe à la personne ou à l'entité pour lesquelles ils ont été créés ou sont entretenus (le «propriétaire»). Votre utilisation de ces sites Web ainsi que votre droit d'utiliser ou de reproduire leur contenu sont assujettis aux conditions d'utilisation propres à chacun de ces sites. Tout commentaire ou toute question concernant l'un de ces sites doivent être adressés au propriétaire du site. Droits d'auteur : Le contenu est protégé par les lois canadiennes et internationales sur la propriété intellectuelle. Sauf indication contraire, les droits d'auteurs appartiennent à l'imprimeur de la Reine pour l'ontario. Nous recommandons de faire paraître ainsi toute référence au contenu : nom de famille de l'auteur, initiales, année de publication, titre du document, Commission géologique de l'ontario, série et numéro de publication, nombre de pages. Utilisation et reproduction du contenu : Le contenu ne peut être utilisé et reproduit qu'en conformité avec les lois sur la propriété intellectuelle applicables. L'utilisation de courts extraits du contenu à des fins non commerciales est autorisé, à condition de faire une mention de source appropriée reconnaissant les droits d'auteurs de la Couronne. Toute reproduction importante du contenu ou toute utilisation, en tout ou en partie, du contenu à des fins commerciales est interdite sans l'autorisation écrite préalable du MDNM. Une reproduction jugée importante comprend la reproduction de toute illustration ou figure comme les graphiques, les diagrammes, les cartes, etc. L'utilisation commerciale comprend la distribution du contenu à des fins commerciales, la reproduction de copies multiples du contenu à des fins commerciales ou non, l'utilisation du contenu dans des publications commerciales et la création de produits à valeur ajoutée à l'aide du contenu. Renseignements : POUR PLUS DE RENSEIGNEMENTS SUR la reproduction du contenu l'achat des publications du MDNM les droits d'auteurs de la Couronne VEUILLEZ VOUS ADRESSER À : Services de publication du MDNM Vente de publications du MDNM Imprimeur de la Reine PAR TÉLÉPHONE : PAR COURRIEL : Local : (705) Numéro sans frais : , poste 5691 (au Canada et aux États-Unis) Local : (705) Numéro sans frais : , poste 5691 (au Canada et aux États-Unis) Local : Numéro sans frais : (au Canada et aux États-Unis) Pubsales@ndm.gov.on.ca Pubsales@ndm.gov.on.ca Copyright@gov.on.ca

3 Ontario Division of Mines HONOURABLE LEO BERNIER, Minister of Natural Resources DR. J. K. REYNOLDS, Deputy Minister of Natural Resources G. A. Jewett, Executive Director, Division of Mines E. G. Pye, Director, Geological Branch A NEW CATION PLOT FOR CLASSIFYING SUBALKALIC VOLCANIC ROCKS by L.S.Jensen MISCELLANEOUS PAPER MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES

4 ODM 1976 Publications of the Ontario Division of Mines and price list are obtainable through the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Map Unit, Public Service Centre Queen's Park, Toronto, Ontario and The Ontario Government Bookstore 880 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario. Orders for publications should be accompanied by cheque, or money order, payable to Treasurer of Ontario. Parts of this publication may be quoted if credit is given to the Ontario Division of Mines. It is recommended that reference to this report be made in the following form: Jensen, L.S. 1976: A New Cation Plot for Classifying Subalkalic Volcanic Rocks; Ontario Div. Mines, MP 66, 22p. 1000,1976-Car

5 CONTENTS Page Abstract v Introduction l Theory Use of the Jensen Cation Plot Discussion Acknowledgments References TABLES 1 Chemical analyses for Stoughton-Roquemaure Group Rocks Chemical analyses from Kinojevis Group Rocks Chemical analyses for Blake River Group Rocks FIGURES 1 Jensen Cation Plot Jensen Cation Plot comparing komatiitic, tholeiitic, and calc-alkalic rocks Jensen Cation Plot comparing other komatiitic, tholeiitic, and calc-alkalic rocks Stratigraphic section AFM Plots showing variation patterns AFM Plots showing other variation patterns Jensen Cation Plot for Stoughton-Roquemaure Group Jensen Cation Plot for Kinojevis Group Jensen Cation Plot for other Kinojevis Group Rocks Jensen Cation Plot for Blake River Group Jensen Cation Plot for other Blake River Group Rocks

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7 ABSTRACT A new cation plot (Jensen Cation Plot) is proposed as an alternative method for classifying subalkalic volcanic rocks. It is a ternary plot relating the cation percentages of A^OS, FeO + Fe-iO^ + TiO?, and MgO. On this plot, it is possible to recognize and discriminate between differentiation trends of komatiitic, tholeiitic, and calc-alkalic suites of volcanic rocks, encompassing such types as peridotitic and basaltic komatiite, magnesium-rich and iron-rich tholeiitic basalt, tholeiitic andesite, tholeiitic dacite, and tholeiitic rhyolite, and calc-alkalic basalt, calc-alkalic andesite, calc-alkalic dacite, and calc-alkalic rhyolite. A relative rock colour that approximates the original fresh rock surface is provided with each plot to facilitate correlation in the field. Six separate suites of volcanic rocks from around the world, plus a detailed vol canic sequence of Early Precambrian (Archean) rocks are used to illustrate the use of the Jensen Cation Plot and to show the deficiency of more widely used volcanic rock classifications, in particular, those involving the AFM diagram.

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9 A NEW CATION PLOT FOR CLASSIFYING SUBALKALIC VOLCANIC ROCKS by L. S. Jensen 1 INTRODUCTION Several methods have been proposed for chemically classifying volcanic rock; the most recent noteable one being that of Irvine and Baragar (1971), who suggested a series of calculations and plots to distinguish 21 vol canic rock-types. The author's [Jensen] ex perience is that this classification is difficult to use in distinguishing rock-types, strati graphic units, and differentiation trends found in terrains of subalkalic volcanic rock. Unless a chemical classification scheme relates directly back to field and petrographic observations, a rock analysis can only represent a pointlocation at which the rock-type is known. Under normal conditions, this point is limited to the area of a single outcrop. Even where the number of samples collected is high and a great deal of chemical analytical work has been done, detailed stratigraphic interpretations are found to be unreliable because features such as colour and texture are used in isolation and are not related to chemical classifications, and similar appearing rock-types cannot be reliably correlated with one another in the field. Rocks of similar appearance can have widely different chemistry and vice versa. For example, medium grey-green volcanic rock may be tholeiitic basalt, calc-alkalic andesite, calc-alkalic basalt, or basaltic komatiite (olivine basalt), whereas, a black volcanic rock may be tholeiitic basalt, tholeiitic andesite, or peridotitic komatiite (picrite basalt). This becomes a major problem in volcanic terrains where medium grey-green volcanic rock and dark green to black volcanic rock occur together. Geologist, Precambrian Geology Section, Geological Branch, Ontario Division of Mines, Toronto. Manuscript approved for publication by the Director, Geological Branch 25 August When chemical classifications such as those proposed by Irvine and Baragar (1971), Miyashiro (1974), and Church (1975) are used in isolation, no volcanic rock-type can be reliably extended beyond its sampling point Ḣowever, it has been the author's ex perience that thick sequences of tholeiitic, komatiitic, and calc-alkalic volcanic rock do contain distinctive units which can be traced for ten's of kilometres. These units, although distinctive in colour in the field, cannot be recognized from one another by major-element chemical analyses. For example, medium greygreen units of tholeiitic basalt 100 to 1,000 metres thick alternate with comparable units of black tholeiitic basalt in the Abitibi Belt, yet the chemical analyses indicate only a 'monotonous sequence of tholeiitic basalt' which is difficult to use for stratigraphic purposes. Other serious problems occur in rock classifications because they rely on amounts of alkalis, calcium, and silica f or f in aide termination of rock-type. For example, Irvine and Baragar's (1971) main criteria for the final recognition of a rock-type is by its normative colour index and plagioclase composition. As Church (1975) pointed out, error in determination of Na2 O automatically increases about eight times in calculation of normative albite and errors in CaO amplify five times in normative anorthite. Study of rocks even of low regional quartzprehnite-pumpellyite facies metamorphic rank and less, shows evidence of alkali, calcium, and silica alteration. Secondly, alkalis, calcium, and silica show little appreciable or systematic change in mafic and ultramafic rock-types. As a result, many important features in the mafic and ultramafic rocks are overlooked and mixed suites of these rocks are commonly described as a 'monotonous sequence of tholeiitic basalt'. Komatiitic volcanic rock and volcanic rock of similar composition occur in many Early Precambrian (Archean) greenstone belts

10 (Viljoen and Viljoen 1969a; McCall and Leishman 1970; Eakins 1972; Pyke, Naldrett and Eckstrand 1973). The proposed classification of these rocks by their Ca/Al ratio of greater than l on a CaO-MgO-Al2 O 3 plot by Viljoen and Viljoen (19 69a) is restricted to distinguish ing komatiite from other ultramafic and mafic rocks and cannot be used to distinguish other basaltic rocks from one another. Many komatiitic lavas are interlayered with peridotitic and basaltic lavas with Ca/Al ratios less than l and many komatiitic and peridotitic lavas are interlayered with tholeiitic lavas (Arndt 1975; Jensen 1976b). Classification schemes proposed by Irvine and Baragar (1971) and others, do not allow for komatiitic rock although they do allow for picritic basalt. The author proposes a simple ternary plot involving A12 O 3, FeO -t- Fe 2 O 3 + TiO 2, and MgO cation percentages to be used to overcome the above problems. The name Jensen Cation Plot is proposed for the ternary plot to avoid confusion with the more widely used AFM (K2 O + Na2 O, FeO total, MgO) plot. Using this new cation plot, it is possible to define all the major rock types found among sub alkalic volcanic rocks on one diagram; define and recognize three distinct differentiation trends on the same diagram, and also, from this diagram, obtain a relative colour index that can be used directly in the field (Figure 1). THEORY The theory behind the new Plot is simple. Cations of A12 O 3, FeO -*- Fe 2 O 3 + TiO 2, and MgO were selected to represent the apices of the ternary plot because of their relative stabil ity within volcanic rock; because these cations vary in inverse proportion to one another, their relationship to colour of the volcanic rocks, and because of the fact that they have nearly equal percentage ranges within the spectrum of subalkalic volcanic rock. Compared with K, Na, Ga, and Si, the elements Fe, and Mg are much less susceptable to chemical migration. Deuteric and metamorphic processes can affect the alkalic and calcium contents and therefore affect the normative content and composition of plagioclase upon which many classifications de pend. However, leaching or enriching a rock with small amounts of K 2 O, Na2 O, CaO, and SiO 2 does not greatly affect the ratio which is derived from the relative amounts of A12 O 3, FeO * Fe2 O 3 + TiO2, and MgO. If the content of Mg or one of the other selected elements has been changed relative to the other, no method of classification can be considered valid. In the komatiitic volcanic rocks, MgO varies from 10 to 34 percent and A12 O3 from 4 to about 12 percent, whereas FeO + Fe2 O 3, and TiO 2 remains a relatively constant 10 to 12 percent (Viljoen and Viljoen 1969a). Among tholeiitic basalts, FeO * Fe2 O 3 varies from 12 percent to 18 percent, or more, and MgO varies from less than 4 percent to 10 percent; A12 O 3 remains a relatively constant 13 to 16 percent in tholeiitic basalt and does not vary systematically with FeO or MgO content. In the more felsic tholeiitic rock-types A12 O 3 increases relative to FeO + Fe2 O 3 and TiO2. Among calc-alkalic volcanic rock, A12 O 3 in creases relative to MgO, FeO * Fe2 O 3 and Ti0 2 Ċation percentages rather than weight percentages are used in the Jensen Cation Plot. Weight percentages are not used because iron and titanium are heavy atoms with small volumes relative to atoms of magnesium and aluminum. Cation percentages represent a vol ume measure that to some degree can be dis cerned by the human eye. A12 O 3 largely occurs in light coloured feldspar and resulting alteration products. Pure MgO minerals such as talc, forsterite, enstatite, and tremolite are also light coloured minerals that increase in colour with increase in iron content. The oxides TiO 2 and Fe2 O3 are black. In developing the Plot, it was recognized that any proposed method for classifying subalkalic volcanic rock should be applicable to all recognized naturally occurring rock-types on a world-wide basis. More than two thousand analyses were selected from the geological literature to test and develop the Plot. In addition, more than a thousand analyses have been used to test its validity in mapping volcanic terrains in the Superior Province of the Canadian Shield. Adjustments were made to the rock-type classification boundaries on the Plot during the testing to form a 85 percent or better corres pondence to previously accepted rock names in other rock classifications such as Irvine and Baragar (1971). Difficulties were encountered in this because of differences in opinions among geologists naming volcanic rock-types. On the Jensen Cation Plot, the curved line separating the tholeiitic and calc-alkalic fields corresponds closely to those employed on the AFM diagram and the A12 O 3 versus normative

11 plagioclase composition diagram by Irvine and Baragar (1971). The lines dividing the calcalkalic rocks and tholeiitic rocks into basalt, andesite, dacite, and rhyolite are based on petrographic studies and to a major extent on chemical classifications proposed by Irvine and Baragar (1971), and Miyashiro (1974). The line dividing tholeiitic basalt into mag nesium-rich and iron-rich tholeiitic basalt cor responds closely to a natural division of these rock-types as a result of field studies in the Abitibi Belt (Jensen 1976a). This line corres ponds closely to FeO * Fe 2 O 3 * TiO 2 /MgO z l in cation percent. In weight percent, this line corresponds closely to Fetotal/Mg = 2. Normal tholeiitic basalt plot close to this line. The boundary between the tholeiitic and komatiitic fields is a natural boundary observed by the author and by Viljoen and Viljoen (1969a). This line corresponds closely to A12 O3 /MgO z l in cation and weight percent. The line dividing the komatiites into basaltic and peridotitic (ultramafic) komatiite is based on their petrographic differences. Olivine is the major mafic mineral in peridotitic (ultra mafic) komatiite and pyroxene is the major mineral in basaltic komatiite. This boundary has been recognized by Viljoen and Viljoen (1969a), Arndt (1975), and Jensen (1976b). The colour boundary lines are drawn directly from field observations and from rock descriptions of analyses taken from the litera ture. The colour boundaries apply especially well to calc-alkalic, and tholeiitic rock-types, and basaltic komatiites of middle greenschist metamorphic rank to lower metamorphic rank. The rock colour boundaries are difficult to apply to peridotitic (ultramafic) komatiite because of their great susceptibility to hydro thermal alteration. In rocks of higher grade metamorphic rank, colours tend to be darker and perceived colour must be adjusted ac cordingly. Figures 2 and 3 show six suites of sub alkalic rock plotted on the Jensen Cation Plot. Figure 2, shows komatiitic volcanic rock analy ses of the Barberton Mountain Land area in South Africa published by Viljoen and Viljoen (1969b). These rocks are used to illustrate the existence of a distinct komatiitic differentiation trend among ultramafic and mafic volcanic rocks. This komatiitic trend is distinct from the trend of the tholeiitic suite (Figure 2) repre sented by the iron enrichment gabbro trend of the primary Skaergaard liquids and granophyres (Wager and Deer 1939). Analyses from Gill (1970) of Viti Levu in Fiji Archipelago are used to illustrate the calc-alkalic trend (Figure 2). Figure 3 illustrates three similar suites of rocks. The komatiitic rocks are illustrated by analyses published from the Marshall Pool and Carnilya Hill areas of southwestern Australia (McCall and Leishman 1970); the tholeiitic rocks by analyses from Western Snake River Plain, Idaho (Stone 1967) and the calcalkalic rocks by analyses from Parcutin Volcano, Mexico (Williams 1950; Wilcox 1954). The tholeiitic basalts of Idaho have been used to show the existence of magnesium-rich and iron-rich tholeiitic basalt by Thomson (1975). USE OF THE JENSEN CATION PLOT Use of the Jensen Cation Plot can be illustrated by the Early Precambrian (Archean) volcanic rocks north of Kirkland Lake, Ontario, Canada. Here a sequence of volcanic rock approximately 30,500 metres (100,000 feet) thick is preserved along the north limb of a large east-trending synclinorium within the Abitibi Belt (Jensen 1975a; 1975b; 1976a; 1976b). The sequence consists of well-exposed volcanic rock mainly of quartz-prehnite-pumpellyite facies metamorphic rank. The sequence is shown in Figure 4 (Jensen 1976b) except for the lower 4,000 metres (13,000 feet approxi mately) in Roquemaure Township, Quebec (Eakins 1972) and the upper 7,500 metres (25,000 feet) in Dokis and Pontiac Townships to the south (Jensen 1976a ; 1976b). The volcanic rocks are divided into three groups; the Stoughton-Roquemaure Group, the Kenojevis Group, and the Blake River Group (Figure 4). The left hand side of the stratigraphic column in Figure 4 shows that the volcanic rock is mainly massive and pillow lavas with interlayered fragmental pillow-breccia and hyalo clastite (aquagene tuff). A few thin units of tuff, argillite, and chert associated with minor graphite and iron formation occur in the se quence from 11,000 to 12,000 metres above tiie base of the section (Figure 4). The right hand side of the column shows the chemical rock-type according to the Jensen Cation Plot. Chemical analyses by the Mineral Research Branch, Ontario Division of Mines, used to determine the rock name are numbered con secutively from l to 49 on Figure 4 and are shown in Tables l, 2, and 3 according to the

12 three divisions. Location of previous analyses by Baragar (1968) are also shown in Figure 4. Several of the analyses listed in Tables l, 2, and 3 are partial analyses in which the total iron content of the sample is reported as Fe 2 O 3. Before determination of the cation percentages this total iron, weight percent figure Fe 2 O 3 * was apportioned as weight percent FeO and Fe 2 O 3 using the following calculation method: a =%TiO (Irvine and Baragar 1971, p. 526) = (7oFe 2 O 3*- TiO 2-1.5) x Using the classification system of Irvine and Baragar (1971) all the rocks from O to 20,000 metres (O to 60,000 feet) would be classified as tholeiitic basalt except for a few obviously recognized ultramafic rocks toward the base of the sequence (Figure 5). From 20,000 metres (60,000 feet) upward, the rocks would be called tholeiitic basalt mixed with calc-alkalic basalt and andesite except for minor dacite and rhyolite (Figure 6 this report; and Baragar 1968). The Jensen Cation Plot reveals a more complex stratigraphic sequence. Figure 7 shows that the Stoughton-Roquemaure Group con sists of peridotitic (ultramafic) komatiite, basaltic komatiite, and magnesium-rich tho leiitic basalt. Minor iron-rich tholeiitic basalt occurs as well. These rocks can be recognized by their colours and textures in the field as well as from their chemistry. With the aid of the chemistry, the volcanic rock-types can be followed as distinct units several kilometres along the south shore and adjacent islands of Lake Abitibi (Jensen 1976b). The peridotitic (ultramafic) komatiites are dark green to black, olivine-rich lava flows; the basaltic komatiites are grey -green to dark grey -green, actinoliterich lava flows; and the magnesium -rich tho leiitic flows are grey-green andesitic-looking lava flows. The few iron -rich tholeiitic basalts are dark green basaltic-looking rocks. The Kinojevis Group consists of alternating units of grey and green magnesium-rich tholeiitic basalt and dark green to black iron-rich tholeiitic basalt (Figure 8). Analyses from Baragar (1968) can be related to the stratigraphy directly from their positions on the Jensen Cation Plot (Figure 9 this report; and Jensen 1976b). Little or no tholeiitic andesite, dacite, and rhyolite occur in the Kinojevis Group in the vicinity of the cross-section in Figure 4. How ever, they do occur near the top of the Kinojevis Group farther west (Jensen 1976a). The Blake River Group consists of calcalkalic basalt, andesite, dacite, and rhyolite with most of the dacite and rhyolite concentrated near the top of the sequences in Dokis Township south of Marriott Township. The lower 2,600 metres (7,300 feet) of the Blake River Group exposed in Marriott Township (Figure 4) is represented by samples 46 and 49 and these are plotted in Figure 10 along with samples from Dokis Township to the south. Samples from the Blake River Group in Marriott and Dokis Townships from Baragar (1968) are shown in Figure 11. The important features revealed by the Jensen Cation Plot in the volcanic rocks north of Kirkland Lake are: I. A distinct 'komatiitic' trend occurs in the Stoughton-Roquemaure Group that cannot be recognized in the AFM diagram (Figure 5). In the AFM diagram the komatiite trend is subdued and classified as a tholeiitic trend. On the Jensen Cation Plot the komatiitic trend is distinct from the tholeiitic trend (Figures 7 and 8). Rock analyses of the Stoughton- Roquemaure Group (Table 1) show the Fe content calculated as Fe 2 O 3 is from 9 to 12 percent except for samples 2 and 11. This variation in iron is small compared with the variation of A1 2 O 3 from 4.40 to percent and MgO from 3.84 to percent. The general consistency of the komatiitic trend is evident on comparison of Figures 2, 3, and 7. The komatiitic trend is herein defined on the Jensen Cation Plot as a line having a slope of less than +1 extending from the MgO apex to the centre of the diagram (Figure 2). 2. A distinct tholeiitic trend occurs in the Kinojevis Group on Figures 8 and 9 similar to that seen on Figures 2 and 3 for the Skaergaard liquids and the Snake River Plain basalts. The variation of iron can be seen in the Kino jevis Group (Table 2). Iron varies from 9.0 to percent Fe 2 O 3 and MgO varies from 2.50 to Although A12 O 3 varies from II.30 to percent, the A1 2 O 3 content in the rocks does not systematically increase or decrease with iron or magnesium contents. Therefore, the tholeiitic trend can be recog nized and redefined on the Jensen Cation Plot as a line having a subvertical slope left of the diagram centre extending from near the base of the diagram upward toward the FeO +

13 Fe2 O 3 + TiO 2 apex where it turns sharply to the left (Figures 2 and 3). 3. A distinct calc-alkalic trend occurs in the Blake River Group. This trend can be seen and compared with the Fiji trend (Figure 2) and the Paricutin trend (Figure 3). The calc-alkalic trend is defined on the Jensen Cation Plot by a line sloping away from the centre of the dia gram toward the A1 2 O 3 apex with a slope between O and Magnesium-rich tholeiitic basalt is a rocktype common to all three groups of volcanic rock and can be part of a calc-alkalic sequence, a tholeiitic sequence, or a komatiitic sequence. The recognition of magnesium-rich tholeiitic basalt does not necessarily indicate a tholeiitic volcanic sequence (see Figures 2, 3, 7, and 10). 5. The pattern of differentiation in the volcanic rock is from komatiitic to tholeiitic to calc-alkalic. This may be a common pattern elsewhere, not only in Early Precambrian volcanic terrains, but in all volcanic and intru sive rocks where ultramafic rock and picritic and olivine basalt are recognized. DISCUSSION The Jensen Cation Plot forms a convenient method for studying and comparing subalkalic volcanic rocks either on an outcrop scale or a world-wide scale. A single analysis can be plotted and classified according to rock-type, and approximate fresh surface colour. By selecting a few representative analyses from a given restricted area, komatiitic, tholeiitic, and calc-alkalic trends become evident, and a stratigraphic pattern for the area is obtained. This becomes useful when searching for more poorly exposed rock-types of possible economic interest. Where a large number of analyses are made from a large area such as that north of Kirkland Lake, a complete description of the subalkalic volcanic rock can be made from one diagram and direct comparisons can be made with subalkalic volcanic rock on a world-wide basis. The Jensen Cation Plot distinguishes a distinct komatiitic trend from the tholeiitic and calc-alkalic trends. The komatiitic trend has not been generally recognized. Because of this, mafic volcanic rocks are still poorly understood. Many areas of volcanic rock considered to be of tholeiitic composition having a tholeiitic chemical trend may not have been derived by tholeiitic differentiation but by komatiitic differentiation or possibly by calc-alkalic dif ferentiation. Presently used methods of volcanic rock classification are relatively insensitive to the mafic and ultramafic volcanic rock-types. The AFM diagram can be misleading in discerning rock chemical trends. The AFM diagram disguises the komatiite trend as a tho leiitic trend. In addition, the AFM plot tends to show a poor discrimination between tho leiitic and calc-alkalic chemical trends. This is because magnesium-rich tholeiitic basalt is generally common to both chemical suites of volcanic rock as well as the komatiitic suite. Magnesium-rich tholeiitic basalt can usually be related to one of the three chemical trends on the Jensen Cation Plot. All three distinctive chemical trends start or end in the magnesiumrich tholeiitic basalt field of the Jensen Cation Plot and thus serve to point out the group of rocks to which the magnesium-rich tholeiitic basalts belong. At this point, the author would like to point out work is continuing on refining the Jensen Cation Plot and several other uses for the Jensen Cation Plot are being considered. Studies are being made on the feasibility of using the Plot on alkalic volcanic rocks in the Kirkland Lake Area (Jensen, in preparation). Similar differentiation trends do occur in the alkalic volcanic rocks. However, because their alkali content is used as a means of recognizing these rock-types, the Jensen Cation Plot should not be used to classify alkalic volcanic rock without further study. The Jensen Cation Plot is independent of K 2 O, Na2 O, Ca2 O, and SiO 2. Statistical work is now in progress to use this diagram to detect zones of enrichment and depletion of these elements. Such zones may indicate zones of economic mineralization. Except for initial recognition of sub alkalic volcanic rocks, the Jensen Cation Plot is independent of other parameters used in previously proposed rock classifications, and as such, can be used as an independent check on other methods of classification or it can be used alone. Used alone it serves as a re placement for the AFM diagram and as a means of classifying volcanic rocks. In addition, it provides a relative colour chart that may be useful for field mapping.

14 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am indebted to my colleagues, particu larly Dr. D.R. Pyke, of the Ontario Division of Mines for many stimulating discussions. Dr. Pyke, through his expertise of ultramafic vol canic rock contributed much to the author's final development of this classification. Special thanks is extended to Dr. F.F. Langford. This paper forms part of a Ph.D. thesis under his direction at the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. His final critical review of this paper is greatly appreciated. Thanks are also extended to Dr. T. Pauk of the Ontario Division of Mines for computer programming the Jensen Cation Plot, to R. Balgalvis and A. Rodriquez for drafting the line diagrams and to the Mineral Research Branch of the Ontario Division of Mines, Ministry of Natural Resources, for the chemical analyses. This paper is published with permission of the Director, Geological Branch, Ontario Divi sion of Mines, Ministry of Natural Resources.

15 FeO + Fe Ti0 2 Rock sample colour (approximate Black Medium greer/ \~*p- \.^\ Magnesium grey 7 \^ \^vc- w \Tholentic AI 92^3 0 MgO Figure 1 Jensen Cation Plot involving the cation percentages of Al 2 O 3, FeO + Fe 2 O 3 H-TiO 2,and MgO.

16 FeO * F62O3 * SOUTH AFRICA 4- VITI LEVU, FIJI SKAERGAARD A LIQUIDS A GRANOPHYRE AI 203 MgO Figure 2 Jensen Cation Plot comparing the patterns of variation of komatiitic, tholei itic, and calc-alkalic rock suites. Arrowed lines serve to indicate recognized patterns; solid lines serve to separate komatiitic, tholeiitic, and calc-alkalic rock suites; dashed lines separate rock-types; dotted lines serve as colour boundaries (see Figure 1). Oxides are calculated in cation percent.

17 FeO + Fe Ti0 2 MARSHALL POOL AND CARNILYA HILL AREAS, S.W.AUSTRALIA SNAKE RIVER PLAIN IDAHO, U.S.A. PARICUTIN REGION, MEXICO * VOLCANIC ROCKS x XENOLITHS AI MgO Figure 3 Jensen Cation Plot comparing the patterns of variation of komatiitic, tho leiitic, and calc-alkalic rock suites. Solid lines serve to separate komatiitic, tholeiitic, and calc-alkalic rock suites; dash lines separate rock-types; dotted lines serve as colour boundaries (see Figure 1). Oxides are calculated in cation percent.

18 Figure 4 Stratigraphic section of Stoughton-Roquemaure, Kinojevis, and Blake River Groups in Marriott and Stoughton Townships, Ontario (Jensen 1976b); a) Chemical analyses numbers refer to chemical analyses numbers used in the report; b) Chemical rock-types are according to the Jensen Cation Plot. 10

19 STOUGHTON-ROQUEMAURE GROUP KINOJEVISGROUP Figure 5 AFM Plots comparing the patterns of variation of the Stoughton-Roquemaure Group and Kinojevis Group. A = Na 2 O + K 2 O; F = FeO Fe 2 O 3 ; M z MgO, all in weight percent. Solid line serves to separate tholeiitic and calc-alkalic compositions (after Irvine and Baragar 1971). Samples l to 43 are shown in Figure 4 and Tables l and 2. 11

20 BLAKE RIVER GROUP * MARRIOTT TOWNSHIP (from Figure 4) DOKISTOWNSHIP M Figure 6 AFM Plot showing the pattern of variation in the Blake River Group. A = Na2 O + K 2 O; F = FeO Fe 2 O 3 ; M = MgO, all in weight percent. Solid line serves to separate tholeiitic and calc-alkalic compositions (after Irvine and Baragar 1971). 12

21 FeO + Fe Ti0 2 STOUGHTON-ROQUEMAURE GROUP AloO 2^3 MgO Figure 7 Jensen Cation Plot showing pattern of variation in Stoughton-Roquemaure Group. Samples l to 23 are shown in Figure 4 and Table 1. 13

22 FeO * Fe Ti0 2 KINOJEVISGROUP AI MgO Figures Jensen Cation Plot showing pattern of variation in Kinojevis Group. Samples 24 to 43 are shown in Figure 4 and Table 2. 14

23 FeO + Fe H-Ti0 2 ANALYSES OF KINOJEVIS GROUP (BARAGAR 1968, SAMPLES 1-39) MgO Figure 9 Jensen Cation Plot showing pattern of variation in Kinojevis Group. Samples are from Baragar's Duparquette Section (Baragar 1968). 15

24 FeO 4- Fe f Ti0 2 BLAKE RIVER GROUP MARRIOTT TOWNSHIP (from Figure 4) DOKISTOWNSHIP AI MgO Figure 10 Jensen Cation Plot showing pattern of variation in Blake River Group. Sam ples 44 to 49 are shown in Figure 4 and Table 3. Dots represent samples higher in Blake River Group from Jensen (1976). 16

25 FeO H- Fe H- Ti0 2 ANALYSES OF BLAKE RIVER GROUP (BARAGAR 1968, SAMPLES 40-53) AI MgO Figure 11 Jensen Cation Plot showing pattern of variation of Blake River Group. Sam ples 40 to 53 are from Baragar's Duparquette section (Baragar 1968). 17

26 TABLE 1 CHEMICAL ANALYSES FOR STOUGHTON-ROQUEMAURE GROUP ROCKS. Sample No Component Si0 2 A Fe FeO MgO CaO Na2 O K 2 O TiO 2 P 2 Os S MnO C02 H 2 O* H 2 O * * * * * * * * * * * Total Sample No Component SiO 2 A Fe FeO MgO CaO Na 2 O K 2 O TiO 2 P^OS S MnO CO 2 H2 O+ H2 O * * * * * < * * * * < Total *Total iron reported as Fe2 O 3. Sample No. Rock Description Grey, 2 to 3 mm grained, massive, high-magnesium tholeiitic basalt. 2 Dark green, l to 2 mm grained, massive, high-iron tholeiitic basalt. 3 Grey, fine-grained, pillowed, tholeiitic basalt. 4 Grey, fine-grained, pillowed, basaltic komatiite. 5 Grey, pillowed, basaltic komatiite. 6 Grey, 0.5 mm grained, basaltic komatiite. 7 Green, basaltic komatiite tuff-breccia. 8 Green, basaltic komatiite pillow-breccia. 9 Grey, 2 to 3 mm grained, high-magnesium, tho leiitic basalt. 10 Dark greenish grey, fine-grained, tholeiitic basalt. 11 Black, fine-grained, massive, high-iron tholeiitic basalt. 12 Dark green, 2 to 3 mm grained, massive, tholei itic basalt Grey, pillowed, basaltic komatiite. 14 Grey, fine-grained, massive, basaltic komatiite. 15 Dark grey, fine-grained, pillowed, ultramafic komatiite. 16 Black, l mm grained, massive, ultramafic koma tiite. 17 Grey, pillowed, basaltic komatiite. 18 Green, l mm grained, massive, basaltic komatiite. 19 Green, l to 2 mm grained, massive, basaltic komatiite. 20 Greenish grey, 2 mm grained, massive, basaltic komatiite. 21 Greenish grey fine-grained, pillowed, high-mag nesium tholeiitic basalt. 22 Grey, 2 to 3 mm grained, massive, high-magnesium tholeiitic basalt. 23 Grey, fine-grained, pillowed, high-magnesium, tholeiitic basalt.

27 TABLE 2 CHEMICAL ANALYSES FROM KINOJEVIS GROUP ROCKS. Sample No Component SiO A12 O Fe2 O * 13.00* 16.30* 13.00* 11.90* FeO MgO CaO Na2 O K 2 O < 0.10 TiO P 2 O 5 S MnO CO H H2 O- Total Sample No Component SiO 2 A12 O Fe2 O * 15.40* 14.10* 11.80* 9.12* FeO MgO CaO Na2 O K2 O TiO P S - MnO C H 2 On H 2 O- Total *Total iron reported as Fe2 O 3. Sample No. Rock Description Dark green to black, 3 to 4 mm grained, massive, high-iron tholeiitic basalt Dark green, 1 to 2 mm grained, massive, high-iron tholeiitic basalt Dark green to black, 1 mm grained, massive, highiron tholeiitic basalt Dark green to green, 1 tholeiitic basalt. mm grained, massive, Dark green, pillowed, high-iron tholeiitic basalt Grey fine-grained, high-magnesium tholeiitic basalt. 30 Grey fine-grained, pillowed, high-magnesium tho- 40 leiitic basalt. 31 Dark green, 1 to 2 mm grained, massive, high -iron tholeiitic basalt Grey, fine-grained, high -magnesium tholeiitic ba- 42 salt to calc-alkalic basalt pillow-breccia. 33 Green to dark green, 2 to 3 mm grained, massive, 43 tholeiitic basalt * 12.60* 12.70* 11.40* 13.80* ^.10 ^.10 ^ * Dark green to black, 1 to 2 mm grained, massive, magnetic, high-iron basalt. Dark green to black, 0.5 mm grained, massive, magnetic, high-iron basalt. Dark green, 2 mm grained, tholeiitic basalt. Green to dark green, 1 mm grained, massive, tholeiitic basalt. Grey, fine-grained, pillowed, high-magnesium tholeiitic basalt. Dark green, hyaloclastite (high-iron tholeiitic basalt). Black, 0.1 to 2 mm grained, massive, magnetic, high-iron tholeiitic basalt. Black, fine-grained, pillowed, high-iron tholeiitic basalt. Grey, fine-grained, high -magnesium tholeiitic basalt. Dark green, 0.5 mm grained, high-iron tholeiitic basalt. 19

28 TABLE 3 CHEMICAL ANALYSES FOR BLAKE RIVER GROUP ROCKS. Sample No Component Si0 2 A1 2 O 3 Fe FeO MgO CaO Na2 O K 2 O TiO 2 P 2 0 S S MnO C0 2 H 2 O* H 2 O- Total *Total iron reported as Fe 2 O j Sample No. 44 Light Rock Description greenish grey, fine-grained, calc-alkalic 47 basalt Light grey, cherty, sericitized, rhyolite to dacitetuff with quartz Greenish grey, rock. phenocrysts. fine-grained, massive, calc-alkalic * * Grey, fine-grained, calc-alkalic andesite. Grey to light grey, calc-alkalic basalt breccia. Light grey, calc-alkalic andesite-tuff. pillow- 20

29 REFERENCES Arndt, N.T. 1975: Ultramafic Rocks of Munro Town ship and Their Volcanic Setting; Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Uni versity of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, 192p. Baragar, W.R.A. 1968: Major-Element Geochemistry of the Noranda Volcanic Belt, Quebec- Ontario; Canadian J. Earth Sci., Vol.3, p Church, B.N. 1975: Quantitative Classification and Chemical Comparison of Common Volcanic Rocks; Geol. Soc. Amer ica Bull., Vol.86, p Eakins, P.R. 1972: Roquemaure Township, Abitibi- West County, Quebec; Quebec Dept. Natural Resources, Geol. Rept. 150, 69p. Accompanied by Map 150, scale l inch to 2,000 feet. Gill, J.B. 1970: Irvine, T.N. 1971: Geochemistry of Viti Levu, Fiji, and Its Evolution as an Island Arc; Contr. Mineral, and Petrol., Vol. 27,p.l and Baragar, W.R.A. A Guide to the Chemical Classifi cation of the Common Volcanic Rocks; Canadian J. Earth Sci. Vol.8, p Jensen, L.S. 1972: Geology of Melba and Bisley Townships, District o f Timiskaming; Ontario Div. Mines, GR103, 27p. Accompanied by Map 2252, scale l inch to lh mile. 1975a: Geology of Clifford and Ben Nevis Townships, District of Cochrane; Ontario Div. Mines, GR132, 55p. Accompanied by Map 2285, scale l inch to lh. mile. 1975b: Geology of Pontiac and Ossian Townships, Districts of Cochrane and Timiskaming; Ontario Div. Mines, GR125, 40p. Accompanied by Map 2296, scale l inch to V6 mile. 1976a: Geology of Thackeray, Elliot, Tannahill, and Dokis Townships, District of Cochrane; Ontario Div. Mines, OFR5159, 120p. Accom panied by Prelim. Maps P.705, P.706, P.707 and P.843, Geol. Ser., scale l in eh'to 1A mile. 1976b: Geology of Marriott and Stoughton Townships, District of Cochrane; Ontario Div. Mines, OFR5183, 134p. Accompanied by Prelim. Maps P.823 and P.824, Geol. Ser., scale l inch to V4 mile. in prep. Stratigraphy of the Kirkland Lake area, Districts of Cochrane and Timiskaming; Ph.D. Thesis, Uni versity of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. McCall, G.J.H., and Leishman, J. 1970: Clues to the Origin of Archean Eugeosynclinal Peridotites and the Nature of Serpentinization; Geol. Soc. Australia, Spec.Pub.3, p Miyashiro, A. 1974: Volcanic Rock Series in Island Arcs and Active Continental Margins; American J. Sci., Vol.274, p Pyke, D.R., Naldrett, A.J., and Eckstrand, O.R. 1973: Archean Ultramafic Flows in Mun ro Township, Ontario; Geol. Soc. America Bull. Vol.84, p Stone, G.T. 1967: Petrology of Upper Cenozoic Basalts of the Western Snake River Plain; Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado. 21

30 Thompson, R.N. 1975: Primary Basalts and Magma Genesis II: Snake River Plain, Idaho, U.S.A., Contr. Mineral Petrol. Vol.52, p Viljoen, M.J., and Viljoen, R.P. 1969a: Evidence for the Existence of a Mobile Extrusive Peridotitic Magma from the Komati Formation of the Onvermacht Group; Geol. Soc. South Africa Spec. Pub.2, Upper Mantle Project, p b:The Geology and Geochemistry of the Lower Ultramafic Unit of the Onverwacht Group and a Proposed New Class of Igneous Rock; Geol. Soc. South Africa Spec. Pub.2, Upper Mantle Project, p Wager, L.R., and Deer, W.A. 1939: The Petrology of the Skaergaard Intrusion, Kangerdlugssuag, East Greenland; Medd. Gronland, Vol. 105,No.4, p Wilcox, R.E. 1954: Petrology of Paricutin Volcano, Mexico; United States Geol. Surv., Bull. 965-C,p Williams, H. 1950: Volcanoes of the Paricutin Region Mexico; United States Geol. Surv., Bull. 965-B, p

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