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1 Name: Class: Date: geology ch 7 test 2008 Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which of the following is true about ice sheets? a. They are the smallest type of glacier. b. They flow in all directions. c. They usually flow down valleys. d. They are found only in high mountain areas. 2. The Antarctic Ice Sheet in the Southern Hemisphere. a. is the only true ice sheet that remains on the planet b. holds almost one-half of Earth s salt water c. holds almost two-thirds of Earth s fresh water d. contains about one-fourth of the world s ice 3. A thick ice mass that forms over the land from the accumulation, compaction, and recrystallization of snow is a. a. fjord b. glacier c. drumlin d. cirque 4. Currently, about what percent of Earth s land surface is covered by glaciers? a. 70% b. 25% c. 10% d. 40% 5. Which of the following is NOT true about glaciers? a. They originate on land. b. They exist only in the Northern Hemisphere. c. They show evidence of past or present flow. d. They form from the recrystallization of snow. 6. Where do glaciers form? a. only at the poles b. only in high mountains c. only in oceans d. in areas where more snow falls than melts 7. The loosening and lifting of blocks of rock by glaciers is called. a. plucking b. wastage c. abrasion d. till 8. Material deposited directly by a glacier is called. a. a kettle b. rock flour c. till d. stratified drift 9. Icebergs are produced when large pieces of ice break off from the front of a glacier during a process called. a. wastage b. plucking c. accumulation d. calving 10. What is the term for all sediments of glacial origin? a. till b. stratified drift c. glacial drift d. loess 11. One characteristic of glacial movement is that. a. all glaciers, regardless of size, move at about the same rate b. new snowfall accumulates in a zone at the bottom of the glacier c. the zone of wastage is at the top of the glacier d. the movement depends on the balance between accumulation and wastage 12. What is the zone above the snowline on a glacier called? a. zone of accumulation b. zone of melting c. zone of wasting d. zone of crevasses 13. A bowl-shaped depression at the head of a glacial valley is a(n). a. glacial trough b. arête c. horn d. cirque 1

2 Name: 14. What feature is labeled B in Figure 7-1? a. kame b. esker c. drumlin d. end moraine 15. What features are labeled A in Figure 7-1? a. kames b. eskers c. drumlins d. end moraines 16. What features are labeled F in Figure 7-1? a. kames b. eskers c. kettle lakes d. drumlins 17. What feature is labeled G in Figure 7-1? a. end moraine b. kame c. kettle lake d. outwash plain 18. What features, illustrated in Figure 7-1, were deposited by streams flowing in tunnels beneath the ice? a. kames b. eskers c. drumlins d. kettle lakes 19. What is the moraine called that marks the farthest advance of a glacier? a. lateral moraine b. terminal end moraine c. medial end moraine d. ground moraine 20. During the most recent ice age, what percentage of Earth s surface was covered by glaciers? a. 90% b. 30% c. 75% d. 10% 21. Which one of the following is NOT an effect that Pleistocene glaciers had on the landscape? a. changes in river drainage b. climate changes c. worldwide changes in sea level d. extinction of the dinosaurs 22. Which of the following features was formed by glacial erosion? a. the Mississippi River b. the Basin and Range c. the Great Lakes d. the Missouri River 2

3 Name: 23. In the desert, ephemeral streams. a. run continuously, although the amount of flow varies b. run only after it rains c. are actually dried stream beds that no longer carry water d. carry water underground 24. Dry, flat lake beds located in the center of basins in arid areas are called. a. playas b. arroyos c. alluvial fans d. desert pavements 25. A cone of debris deposited by running water at the mouth of a canyon in an arid area is known as a(n). a. delta b. arroyo c. ephemeral stream d. alluvial fan 26. What force causes most of the erosion in desert areas? a. wind b. gravity c. running water d. ice 27. Why can a heavy rain shower cause a large amount of erosion in a desert area? a. Temperatures are very high. b. Streams overflow easily. c. There is a lack of vegetation to hold the soil in place. d. Desert ground cannot absorb any water. 28. The rust-colored tint of some desert landscapes is the result of. a. chemical weathering b. mechanical weathering c. flash flooding d. the intense heat of the sun 29. What is the main type of weathering in deserts? a. chemical weathering b. physical weathering c. weathering by organic acids d. weathering by water 30. In the desert environment, the chemical weathering of rocks is generally reduced because. a. rocks are very scarce in deserts b. most rocks are buried deep within the soil c. moisture is lacking and organic acids are scarce d. the soil is so well developed 31. The weathered debris in deserts consists mainly of. a. a thick soil layer b. organic material from decaying plants c. unchanged rock and mineral fragments d. chemically altered rock fragments 32. Which of the following statements is NOT true about weathering in deserts? a. Most weathering in deserts is physical weathering. b. There are thin soils in deserts. c. The red color of soil and rocks in deserts is caused by chemical weathering. d. There is no chemical weathering in deserts. 33. Desert pavement is created as a result of. a. abrasion b. deflation c. blowouts d. water erosion 34. Abrasion changes the desert surface by. a. creating blowouts b. depositing loess across the landscape c. cutting and polishing exposed rock surfaces d. creating pinnacles and narrow pedestals in the rock 35. The action of abrasion can best be described as. a. windblown sand cutting and polishing exposed rock surfaces b. coarse sand particles rolling along the desert surface c. sand being blown high into the air to cut and carve rock formations d. the wind creating desert pavement 36. What is a blowout? a. a stony surface layer caused by deflation b. a stony surface layer caused by abrasion c. a shallow depression caused by abrasion d. a shallow depression caused by deflation 37. Deflation affected the Dust Bowl in the 1930s by. a. lowering the land b. creating rock pinnacles c. building up sand dunes d. depositing coarse sand and gravel 3

4 Name: 38. How does wind transport sand grains? a. mainly as part of the suspended load b. by saltation as part of the bed load c. Wind transports sand grains only during dust storms. d. Equal quantities are transported suspended in the air and as bed load. 39. In desert areas, what process results in the formation of a desert pavement? a. abrasion b. ephemeral stream flow c. deflation d. plucking 40. Windblown silt that blankets a landscape is called. a. a blowout b. a sand dune c. desert pavement d. loess 41. Which of the following is NOT deposited by wind? a. till b. barchan sand dunes c. loess d. longitudinal dunes 42. When wind creates a sand dune, the sheltered side of the dune. a. has no incline b. has the same incline as the windward side c. is steeper than the windward side d. has a more gently sloping angle than the windward side 43. Over time, sand dunes tend to migrate. a. in the same direction as the wind blows b. perpendicular to the movement of the wind c. toward the wind d. in random directions 44. If the steep face of a sand dune is on the southeast side of the dune, then the prevailing wind in this area is from the. a. northeast b. northwest c. southeast d. southwest 45. The thick loess deposits in South Dakota, Nebraska, and Iowa. a. had their source as glacial sediments b. are in the form of transverse dunes c. had their source in desert regions to the west d. are composed of windblown sand 46. Sand dunes that form scalloped rows of sand at right angles to the wind are called. a. star dunes b. parabolic dunes c. transverse dunes d. barchanoid dunes 47. Dunes whose tips point into the wind are called. a. barchan dunes b. longitudinal dunes c. transverse dunes d. parabolic dunes 48. Long sand ridges that are oriented more or less parallel to the prevailing wind are called. a. transverse dunes b. barchan dunes c. longitudinal dunes d. parabolic dunes 49. In Figure 7-2, which diagram illustrates barchan dunes? a. diagram A b. diagram B c. diagram C d. diagram D 50. In Figure 7-2, which diagram illustrates longitudinal dunes? a. diagram A b. diagram B c. diagram C d. diagram D 51. In Figure 7-2, which diagram illustrates the dune types that would form if the prevailing winds were steady, sand supply was plentiful, and vegetation was sparse? a. diagram A b. diagram B c. diagram C d. diagram D 52. The shape of star dunes is mostly due to. a. the amount of vegetation b. variable wind directions c. variable wind speeds d. the amount of sand 53. What type of sand dune would most likely form if the sand supply is limited, the wind direction is constant, and vegetation is sparse? a. barchan dunes b. longitudinal dunes c. star dunes d. transverse dunes 4

5 Name: Completion Complete each sentence or statement. 54. The small glaciers that exist in high mountainous areas are called. 55. The only that exist today are found covering Greenland and Antarctica. 56. In a process called, glaciers smooth and polish the bedrock below, creating a pulverized substance called rock flour. 57. Material deposited directly by glacial ice is called. 58. The way a glacier moves depends on the balance, or lack of balance, between and wastage. 59. A(n) is a streamlined asymmetrical hill composed of till. 60. A(n) is a U-shaped valley produced by the erosion of a valley glacier. 61. is unsorted sediment laid down by glacial meltwater. 62. The Pleistocene ice sheets greatly affected patterns over large regions of North America. 63. A(n) is a cone of debris left at the mouth of a desert canyon. 64. Most weathered debris in a desert is the result of weathering. 65. The lifting and removal of loose material by wind is called. 66. Desert rock surfaces are cut and polished by windblown sand in a process known as. 67. Deposits of windblown silt are called. 68. Most sand dunes have a gently sloping side. 69. Long sand ridges oriented at right angles to the wind form dunes. Short Answer 70. Compare and contrast valley glaciers and ice sheets. 71. Why are the uppermost 50 meters of a glacier referred to as the zone of fracture? 72. What is a glacial horn? 73. What are some of the results of the last ice age? 74. Why is erosion after a rainfall a concern in desert areas? 75. What type of weathering is the most important in desert areas? 76. Describe the two ways that wind causes erosion. 77. What are the sloping layers called that are formed when sand is deposited in dunes? 5

6 geology ch 7 test 2008 Answer Section MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. ANS: B 2. ANS: C 3. ANS: B 4. ANS: C 5. ANS: B 6. ANS: D 7. ANS: A 8. ANS: C 9. ANS: D 10. ANS: C 11. ANS: D 12. ANS: A 13. ANS: D 14. ANS: D 15. ANS: C 16. ANS: C 17. ANS: D 18. ANS: B 19. ANS: B 20. ANS: B 21. ANS: D 22. ANS: C 23. ANS: B 24. ANS: A 25. ANS: D 26. ANS: C 27. ANS: C 28. ANS: A 29. ANS: B 30. ANS: C 31. ANS: C 32. ANS: D 33. ANS: B 34. ANS: C 35. ANS: A 36. ANS: D 37. ANS: A 38. ANS: B 39. ANS: C 40. ANS: D 41. ANS: A 1

7 42. ANS: C 43. ANS: A 44. ANS: B 45. ANS: A 46. ANS: D 47. ANS: D 48. ANS: C 49. ANS: A 50. ANS: D 51. ANS: B 52. ANS: B 53. ANS: A COMPLETION 54. ANS: valley glaciers 55. ANS: ice sheets 56. ANS: abrasion 57. ANS: till 58. ANS: accumulation 59. ANS: drumlin 60. ANS: glacial trough 61. ANS: Stratified drift 62. ANS: drainage 63. ANS: alluvial fan 2

8 64. ANS: physical 65. ANS: deflation 66. ANS: abrasion 67. ANS: loess 68. ANS: windward 69. ANS: transverse SHORT ANSWER 70. ANS: Both are types of glaciers; valley glaciers exist in high mountains and flow down valleys, while ice sheets are huge ice masses that flow in all directions. 71. ANS: The upper part of a glacier consists of brittle ice that is subjected to tension when the ice flows over irregular terrain, resulting in cracks called crevasses. 72. ANS: a sharp pyramid-shaped mountain peak, formed when several cirques surround a single high mountain 73. ANS: Possible answer: Results of the last ice age include changes in sea level, changes in river drainage patterns, and changes in climate beyond the glacial margins. 74. ANS: There is little vegetation in the desert, so rain runs off the land quickly, causing flash flooding; and with the lack o f vegetation, the soil is not held in place and can erode quickly and easily. 3

9 75. ANS: physical weathering 76. ANS: Deflation is the lifting and removal of loose particles, and abrasion occurs when windblown sand cuts and polishes exposed rock surfaces. 77. ANS: cross beds 4

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