4. What type of glacier forms in a sloping valley between rock walls? a. firn glacier b. ice sheet c. cirque d. alpine glacier
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1 Multiple Choice Questions 1. The term means the loss of snow and ice by evaporation and melting. a. sublimation b. ablation c. erosion d. abrasion 2. What condition must be met for a glacier to begin flowing downhill? a. snow compacts into granular ice b. snow compacts into hard crystalline ice c. the ice mass must become so thick that the bottom layers become plastic d. internal ablation must occur over several years 3. is a glacial erosion process caused by rock fragments that are held within the ice and scrape and grind against bedrock. a. Glacial abrasion b. Glacial ablation c. Plucking d. Glacial polish 4. What type of glacier forms in a sloping valley between rock walls? a. firn glacier b. ice sheet c. cirque d. alpine glacier 5. Layers of snow in the process of compaction and recrystallization are called a. granular ice b. crystalline ice c. horizons d. firn 6. Of the following, which is not a landform made by an alpine glacier? a. cirque b. drumlin c. medial moraine d. glacial trough 156
2 7. As the ice of a glacier thins by ablation, it looses its plasticity and may form as a result of this reduction of plasticity. a. moraines b. crevasses c. firns d. cirques 8. Where three or more cirques grow together, a sharp-pointed peak is formed called a(n) a. arête b. horn c. medial moraine d. glacial trough 9. Rock basins are formed in unevenly excavated bedrock by alpine glaciers. These rock basins are filled with lakes called a. tarns b. ponds c. mineral pools d. glacial ponds 10. Of the following locations, which is not covered by an ice sheet? a. North pole b. South pole c. Greenland d. Antarctica 11. An important glacial feature of Antarctica is the presence of great plates of floating glacial ice attached to the ice sheet and fed by the ice sheet and snow accumulation. These are called a. ice shelves b. icebergs c. floes d. leads 12. The reason why icebergs float very low in the water (about 5/6 of the bulk of an iceberg is submerged) is: a. because they are made of ice that has a high salt content b. because they are only slightly less dense than sea water c. because they have a much warmer temperature than the sea water in which they float d. because they are less dense than sea ice 157
3 13. are bodies of land ice that have broken free from glaciers that terminate in the ocean. a. Ice shelves b. Icebergs c. Sea ice d. Pack ice 14. A succession of alternating glaciations and interglaciations, spanning a period of one to 10 million years or more, constitutes a(n) a. interglacial period b. freezing epoch c. Ice Age d. interstadial 15. At the maximum spread of the last glaciation, sea level was approximately lower than it is today. a. 410 meters b. 75 meters c. 200 meters d. 125 meters 16. At the maximum of the most recent glaciation, most of Canada was covered by the a. Scandinavian Ice Sheet b. Laurentide Ice Sheet c. Canadian Ice Sheet d. Greenland Ice Sheet 17. On glacially abraded rock knob, the side from which the ice approached is usually a. irregular and blocky b. smoothly rounded c. very steep and edgy d. showing a u-shape 18. consists of sorted and layered clay, silt, sand, or gravel deposited from meltwater in stream channels, or in marginal lakes close to the ice front. a. Stratified drift b. Till c. Ground moraine d. Unstratified drift 158
4 19. The is made up of glacial till that accumulates at the terminus of an alpine glacier of at the leading edge of an ice sheet. a. medial moraine b. terminal moraine c. outwash drift d. ground moraine 20. are long sinuous ridges of coarse gravel and boulders deposited in the bed of a meltwater stream enclosed in a tunnel within stagnant ice of an ice sheet.. a. Drumlins b. Eskers c. Till plains d. Outwash plains 21. lie behind the terminal moraine and resemble smoothly rounded, oval hills. a. Drumlins b. Eskers c. Till plains d. Outwash plains 22. Streams of meltwater from a glacier can build into the standing water of marginal glacial lakes. a. drumlins b. eskers c. glacial deltas d. till plains 23. Lake Bonneville was a pluvial lake formed during the last glaciation. This lake is now a. Lake Michigan b. the Great Salt Lake c. the Finger Lake d. a marginal lake 24. Plowing the fields of New England is difficult because a. the original settlers were not good farmers b. glacial activity scraped away almost all of the soil c. the soils are extremely acidic because of glacial deposits d. glacial till is extremely stony in this region and make it hard to cultivate 159
5 25. Some glaciations occurred over the late Era, spaced at intervals of about 90,000 years. a. thirteen, Cenozoic b. thirty, Mesozoic c. twenty-five, Paleozoic d. thirty, Cenozoic 26. What factor(s) is (are) believed to cause Earth to enter into an Ice Age with its numerous cycles of glaciation and interglaciation? a. increased volcanic activity b. plate tectonics c. decreased solar output d. all of the above 27. What may be the cause for the cyclical nature of glaciation and interglaciation? a. changes in the distance between the Earth and the Sun b. changes in the tilt angle of the Earth s axis of rotation c. both a and b d. none of the above 28. The elapsed time span of about 10,000 years since the Wisconsin Glaciation ended is called the a. Holocene Epoch b. Miocene Epoch c. Paleocene Epoch d. Pleistocene Epoch 29. The Little Ice Age occurred a years ago b years ago c. between AD 1000 and 1200 d. between AD 1450 and If the Antarctic Ice Sheet was to melt completely, the mean sea level would rise by about a. 40 meters b. 200 meters c. 4 meters d. 400 meters 160
6 True/False Questions 31. True/False Orographic precipitation is one of the methods of growth for glacial ice. 32. True/False A cirque is a bowl-shaped depression in which snow may accumulate. 33. True/False Where two cirque walls intersect from opposite sides, an arête is formed. 34. True/False When the floor of a trough opens to the sea, and lies below sea level, the sea water enters as the ice front recedes, forming a fiord. 35. True/False Hanging valleys carved by alpine glaciers typically have a v-shape in cross-profile. 36. True/False Pack ice is sea ice that completely covers the sea surface. 37. True/False The maximum ice advance of the Wisconsinan Glaciation was reached about 18,000 years ago. 38. True/False One method of reconstructing the history of climate and vegetation throughout the Holocene is to study spores and pollen preserved in glacial bogs. 39. True/False The Antarctic Ice Sheet holds 51% of the Earth s ice. 40. True/False Global warming could lead to increased precipitation, held by warmer air over the ice sheets, and would likely produce a net growth in ice sheet thickness. Short Answer Essay Questions 41. Give an argument and counterargument for ice sheets growing with global warming and shrinking with global warming. 42. Describe the various landforms created by alpine glaciers. 43. Describe icebergs, sea ice, and pack ice. How do they differ? 44. Describe the various deposits left by ice sheets. 45. What are the two hypothesized causes for the Ice Age? 161
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