Video. Top 10 disasters Man-made disasters. Time magazine

Transcription

1 Ecology Ch 4-6

2 Video Top 10 disasters Man-made disasters Time magazine

3 Ecology Study of the interactions between living things and their environment

4 Levels of Organization in Ecology 1. Biosphere thin volume of Earth and its atmosphere that supports life 2. Ecosystem all living and nonliving parts of a particular place 3. Community all interacting organisms living in a area 4. Population all members of a species living in one place 5. Organism one living thing in a population

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6 ORGANISM

7 POPULATION

8 COMMUNITY

9 ECOSYSTEM

10 BIOSPHERE

11 Ecosystem/Organism Within an ecosystem, the two types of environmental factors are: Biotic = living things Ex) bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and animals Abiotic = nonliving things Ex) rocks, dirt, air, sun

12 Ecosystem/Organism Habitat = place where organism lives Niche = organism s role in the environment

13 Practice 10 min 1. What abiotic factors do you need in order to survive? 2. Pick an organism from any habitat and explain how the following abiotic factors impact the organism (if applicable) when they change to the extremes Temperature, oxygen levels, humidity, salt levels, ph levels 3. List 2 traits (adaptations) and 2 behaviors that plants or animals have that helps them survive when the environment changes

14 Organisms Responses to Changing Environments: Tolerance curve graph of performance versus an environmental variable Ex) If a fish s water gets too hot or too cold, then they will slow down then eventually die Acclimation adjustment to an abiotic factor Ex) increase in red blood cells when you go up in altitude Migration moving to another more favorable habitat

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16 Conservation Conservation biologists have taken advantage of imprinting by aiding the endangered species the whooping crane Birds are taught a new migration route by following a person flying a crane wearing a crane suit Acts as a surrogate parent

17 Video Whooping crane Whooping crane ground training

18 Nutrient Cycles Why is it important to recycle nutrients such as C, O, N, P, and water? Matter (elements and compounds) must be put back into the ground (recycled) in order for organisms to be able to use them again Necessary for life to continue

19 Water Cycle Circulates freshwater between the earth s surface and the atmosphere. The sun provides heat to start evaporation of water molecules. The sun also provides the energy to power winds and ocean currents. Respiration also provides water evaporation to the atmosphere. Plants also release water into the atmosphere by the process of transpiration. The water cools to form clouds which then precipitation. Water runoff from the mountains to the rivers, lakes, streams, and groundwater

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21 Carbon Cycle This is the cycling of carbon between carbon dioxide and organic molecules The main component of organic compounds is carbon. Carbon passes to other organisms through the food chain or web. Plants take in carbon through photosynthesis It the returns to the atmosphere and the Earth through respiration, excretion or decomposition after death. Coal and other fossil fuels can form from decomposing organic matter and burning it off, which called combustion.

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23 Photosynthesis REVIEW Makes glucose (food) Chloroplast CO 2 + H 2 O + Light energy Glucose + O 2 Cell Respiration Makes energy (ATP) Mitochondria Glucose + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O + Energy (ATP)

24 Nitrogen Cycle Most abundant gas in the atmosphere at 78% The nitrogen cycle converts nitrogen into ammonia, nitrite, and then nitrate so that plants and animals may use it. Nitrogen fixation is the conversion of nitrogen gas into nitrate by several different bacteria. This process releases nitrogen from the atmosphere into the soil for plants to use Plants use this nitrogen to synthesize nucleic acids and proteins. The nitrogen passes through the food chain to other animals.

25 Death and decomposition put nitrogen back into the ground Decomposers release ammonia as they break down plant and animal remains. The bacteria then convert nitrate and nitrite into nitrogen gas and is released into the atmosphere = denitrification

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28 Phosphorous Cycle Phosphates are introduced into the soil through weathering, or breakdown of sedimentary rocks. Plants and fungus absorb and the phosphate. The phosphate then moves through the food chain through consumption. It then returns to the soil as waste or decomposed material

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30 Energy Flow Food chain = linear feeding relationship from one trophic level to the next Trophic level = organisms position in the food chain or web Food web = interconnected food chains

31 Energy Flow 4 parts: producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers Sun is the ultimate source of energy Only 10% of the energy from one trophic level gets passed to the level above Reason: some energy is lost as heat, organisms need energy to live, and not all organisms get eaten

32 Community

33 Community Can organisms share a habitat, niche, or both in a community? Share a habitat, but not a niche because of competition for resources One species will win out and the other will be forced to find another resource or they will die off (natural selection)

34 Natural selection = the environment determines if a trait in a population is beneficial or not to aid in survival Ultimately, it will lead to the species reproducing and passing on the beneficial trait to create an adaptation Variations in traits occur from mutations, random fertilization, independent assortment, and crossing over

35 Important to Remember:

36 Examples of Natural Selection

37 Succession Other factors that contribute to changes in communities is succession Succession = building a community over time Two types: Primary and Secondary

38 Primary Succession Building up of a community where life DID NOT previously exist Ex) Stone Mountain, rocks, sand dunes

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40 Secondary Succession Building up of a community where life DID previously exist Ex) natural disaster, forest fire

41 Pioneer Species First species to grow in an area Ex) lichen (fungus + algae), moss

42 Climax Community Maximum amount of species that can live in an area End phase of development in a community where no more life can move into an area

43 Species Interactions (Symbiosis) 1) Predation - act of one organism killing another for food Ex) snake hunting a mouse 2) Competition fighting for resources Ex) 2 lions fighting for a zebra 3) Parasitism one organism is harmed and the other benefits Ex) ticks, mosquitos

44 Species Interactions (Symbiosis) 4) Commensalism one organism benefits and the other is neither harmed or helped Ex) fish swimming under a shark to eat the scraps 5) Mutualism both organisms benefit Ex) Bees and flowers

45 Population

46 Population Population Growth Rate Birth rate Death rate = Growth rate How do we determine population sizes in the real world? Sample of larger population, mark and recapture technique

47 Factors that affect population growth: Density-independent factors: Factor that influences a population regardless of how many are in the population Ex) natural disaster, floods Density-dependent factors: Factor that will impact the population if the population changes or is very dense Ex) competition for resources, disease

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49 Population Exponential Model of Population Growth Logistic Model of Population Growth Carrying Capacity = maximum amount of organisms that can live off the resources in an area

50 Biomes

51 Factors that define a biome Climate (Precipitation and Temperature) Unique Plant and Animal life Video: Intro to Biomes

52 Tundra Cold and largely treeless, moss and grasses/wildflowers Has layer of permafrost (permanently frozen soil) little precipitation and short growing season, nutrient poor soil reindeer and caribou / polar bears and penguins

53 Tundra Temperature: -25 to 5 C Precipitation: 0 to 20 cm Soil: Permafrost Vegetation: Mosses, lichen, and short grasses Location: Northern N. America, Europe, and Asia

54 Taiga Cone- bearing trees Plants adapted to long cold winters, short summers, and nutrient poor soil Animals either hibernate in winter or migrate, wolves and rabbits

55 Taiga Temperature: -20 to 20 C Precipitation: 5 to 25 cm Soil: Nutrient poor Vegetation: Conifers Location: Northwestern US, Canada; just under Tundra

56 Deciduous Forest Trees lose leaves in the fall have pronounced seasons, warmer winters and longer summers deer, birds, small animals, and bears

57 Deciduous Forest Temperature: 10 to 20 C Precipitation: 15 to 30 cm Soil: fertile Vegetation: Broad leaf trees Location: Eastern US, Europe, Japan

58 Grassland Dominated by grasses Too dry to support trees Rich, fertile soil Prairie dogs and snakes

59 Grassland Temperature: 5 to 30 C Precipitation: 20 to 35 cm Soil: fertile Vegetation: grasses, herbs, shrubs Location: Central US

60 Desert Very little precipitation Vegetation is sparse except for plants that have adapted to dry conditions Not all are hot Jackrabbits and lizards

61 Desert Temperature: 10 to 35 C Precipitation: 15 to 25 cm Soil: sandy Vegetation: cacti, bushes Location: US, Africa, Mexico

62 Savanna Tropical or subtropical savannah Have alternating wet and dry seasons Plants and animals deal with long periods without rain, some umbrella trees Soil low in nutrients compared to temperate grasslands Zebra and lion

63 Savanna Temperature: 25 to 30 C Precipitation: 30 to 35 cm Soil: compact Vegetation: grasses and trees Location: Africa, N. Australia

64 Tropical Rainforest Lots of rainfall Tall trees Stable, year round growing season Large diversity of life

65 Tropical Rainforest Temperature: 25 to 30 C Precipitation: 30 to 40 cm Soil: nutrient poor Vegetation: large trees, large diverse Location: S. and C. America, Africa

66 Aquatic Biomes

67 Marine Contains salt water Many zone divide up the ocean and different organisms are found in different zones Ex: Ocean zone (open ocean) whales Intertidal zone (beach) ghost crab Photic zone (has light) algae and seaweed

68 Zones of the Ocean

69 Oceanic Zone Characteristics: Open sea Type of Water: Marine Plants and Animals: Whales, dolphins, algae, seaweed

70 Neritic Zone Characteristics: Over continental shelf, can contain coral reefs Type of Water: Marine Plants and Animals: Sharks, sponges, shrimp, tuna, kelp

71 Intertidal Zone Characteristics: Area is exposed to air part of the day due to tides Type of Water: Marine Plants and Animals: sea stars, sand dollars, sea palms, grasses

72 Other Zones Photic has light Aphotic no light Pelagic area from surface to deep into the ocean Benthic lowest zone of the ocean along the ocean floor

73 Estuaries/Wetlands Characteristics: Mixture of fresh and salt water, located along the coast and behind islands Type of Water: Fresh and Salt Plants and Animals: Oysters, crabs, birds, mangrove trees, marsh grass

74 Freshwater: Lakes and Ponds Characteristics: Inland body of water, can vary in size with less than 1% salt content Type of Water: Fresh Plants and Animals: Fish, frogs, ducks, lilly pads, trees

75 Freshwater: Rivers and Streams Characteristics: Running water, curve or meander, make up watersheds Type of Water: Fresh Plants and Animals: Salmon, dragonflies, algae, trees