UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

Transcription

1 INDUSTRY WAGE SURVEY Flour and Other Grain Mill Products NOVEM BER 1961 B ulletin No UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR W. Willard W irtz, Secretary 73 Wi/*jy BUREAU OF LABOR STA TISTIC S Ewan Clague, Commissioner

2 INDUSTRY WAGE SURVEY Flour and Other Grain Mill Products NOVEMBER 1961 B u lletin No O ctober 1962 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR W. Willard W irtz, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STA TISTIC S Ewan Clague, Commissioner For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C. Price 30 cents

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4 This bulletin sum m arizes wages and supplementary practices in the flour and other grain m ill products industry in November Separate releases for Buffalo, Kansas City, and Minneapolis St. Paul were issued within a few months of the payroll period to which the data relate. Copies of these releases are available from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington 25, D. C., or from any of its r e gional offices. This bulletin was prepared by Fred L. Bauer of the Bureau's Division of Wages and Industrial Relations. Field work for the survey was directed by the Assistant Regional D irectors for Wages and Industrial Relations. m

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6 Contents Page Industry characteristics Average hourly earnings 3 Occupational earnings - 3 Establishment practices and supplementary wage provisions Scheduled weekly hours and shift practices Paid holidays 4 Paid vacations 5 Health, insurance, and pension plans Other benefits 5 Tables: Average hourly earnings: 1. By se le cte d ch a ra cte ris tics 6 E arnings distribution: 2. A ll establishm ents O ccupational a vera ges: 3. A ll establishm ents 8 4. By size of establishm ent 9 5. By size of com m unity 10 O ccupational earnings: 6. Buffalo Kansas City M inneapolis St. Paul E stablishm ent p ra ctices and supplem entary wage p rovision s: 9. Scheduled w eekly hours Shift d ifferen tial p rov ision s Shift d ifferen tial p ra ctice s Paid holidays Paid vacations Health, in su ran ce, and pension plans Paid funeral leave, ju ry -d u ty leave, and tech n ologica l severan ce pay 21 A ppendixes: A. Scope and m ethod of su rvey 23 B. O ccupational d escrip tion s 27

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8 Industry W age Survey Flour and Other Grain Mill Products, November 1961 Sum m ary Straight-tim e hourly earnings of production and related w ork ers in the flou r and other grain m ill products industry averaged $ in N ovem ber 1961, a ccord in g to a su rvey conducted by the Bureau o f L abor S ta tis tic s.1 Earnings o f all but about 3 p ercen t o f the 15,984 production w ork ers co v e re d by the study w ere within a range o f $ to $ 3 an hour, with the m iddle half earning b e tween $2 and $ A pproxim ately a tenth o f the w ork ers earned le ss than $ 1.5 0, and a fourth earned le s s than $2 an hour. R egionally, average hourlyearnings ranged fr o m $ 1.36 in the B ord er States to $ in the M iddle A tlan tic. 2 Am ong the 15 occupations selected fo r separate study, nationwide average earnings ranged from $ an hour fo r m en feed packers to $ fo r head flou r m ille r s. M aterial handling la b o rers and flou r p a ck ers, together accounting fo r sligh tly m o re than a fourth o f the total prod u ction w ork er em ploym ent, a v eraged $ and $ an hour, resp ectiv ely. Inform ation was also developed on hours of w ork, shift d ifferen tials, and selected supplem entary ben efits, such as paid holidays and vacations, ju ry duty and funeral leave pay, and various types o f insurance and retirem en t plans fo r production and o ffice w ork ers. Industry C h a ra cteristics Em ploym ent in the flou r m illing industry was approxim ately a third low er in N ovem ber 1961 than in January 1948 when a sim ila r study was c o n d u cte d.3 Wheat flou r production during this p eriod has rem ained rela tiv ely s ta b le.4 A num ber o f tech n ological changes introdu ced since 1948 have co n trib uted to a substantial in crea se in the output per m an-hour w orked. 5 F or e x am ple, many m ills have in stalled air conveying system s which, used in c o n junction with autom atic equipm ent, make it p ossib le to p ro c e s s the grain with a m inim um of manual handling. In som e of the la rg e r firm s, the finished p r o d uct is autom atically loaded into tanks and c a r s, grea tly reducing the num ber of flou r pa ck ers and other m a teria l handling jo b s in the industry. Although total dom estic flou r consum ption has rem ained approxim ately the sam e over the past sev era l y ea rs, per capita consum ption o f wheat flou r in the United States has declin ed stead ily fr o m an annual peak o f a p p roxim ately 1 See appendix A fo r scop e and m ethod o f su rvey. 2 F o r definition o f region s and areas u sed in this rep ort, see footnotes 1 and 2, appendix A table. 3 Wage S tructure: G rain M illing, BLS S eries 2, No C urrent Industrial R eports, M arch 28', S eries M20A (61) 13, U. S. D epartm ent of C om m erce, Bureau of the C ensus. 5 Output per production w orker m an-hour in crea sed 44 percen t between 1947 and See Indexes o f Output P er M an-h our fo r S elected In d u stries, 1939 and , Bureau o f L abor S ta tistics. 1

9 2 225 pounds reach ed at the turn of the century. 6 P er capita consum ption fo r 1961 was estim ated to be 118 p ou n d s.7 During this p eriod, the quantity of flou r used by bakers has been in crea sin g alm ost continuously, w hereas flou r used fo r fa m ily consum ption has declin ed stead ily. F ou r-fifth s o f the production w ork ers within scop e o f the survey w ere em ployed by m ills p rim a rily engaged in the production of wheat flou r; the r e m ainder w ere in m ills m anufacturing co rn m eal, prep ared flou r m ixes, and other grain m ill p rod u cts. Wheat flou r is produced by grinding the en dosperm which constitutes a p p roxim a tely fo u r-fifth s of the wheat b e rry. The outer coat of bran and the inner wheat g erm are separated fro m the endosperm by grinding and sifting. A fter being clean ed and tem pered by adding w ater, the whole grain is p assed through two types of r o lle r s. The break ro lls cru sh the grain into p a rticles of bran and en dosperm and a sm all amount of flou r. The flou r sifts into bins, and the p a r tic le s of endosperm are sent to the reduction r o lls. A fter passing through the reduction r o lls, the product is then bolted (sifted ). Several sets of reduction ro lls a re used; after each grinding, the resulting m aterial is bolted. T ypically, the com p lete m illin g p ro c e s s requ ires le s s than 30 m inutes. In term s of em ploym ent, flou r m ills are com p a ra tiv ely sm all. Only 9 of the 235 m ills within scop e of the study em ployed as m any as 400 w ork ers, and none em ployed as m any as 1, 000. The m edian num ber o f w ork ers e m ployed was 130. W om en as a group accounted fo r le s s than 4 p ercen t of the production w ork ers. E stablishm ents within scop e of the study w ere loca ted in all section s o f the country with the exception o f New England. H ow ever, th ree-tenths of the in d u stry's production w ork ers w ere in the Great Lakes region and a fifth w ere in the M idw est. The M iddle A tlantic and P a c ific, ranking third and fourth, r e sp ectiv ely, each accounted fo r approxim ately a tenth of the w ork e rs. N early tw o-th ird s of the production w ork ers w ere in m etropolitan a reas, including B uffalo, Kansas City, and M inneapolis St. Paul fo r which separate data are presen ted. R egionally, the prop ortion of w ork ers in m etropolitan areas ranged fro m all in the M iddle Atlantic and P a cific region s to slightly le s s than half in the B ord er, Southeast, and Southwest reg ion s. E stablishm ents with co lle ctiv e bargaining agreem en ts coverin g a m a jority of their production w ork ers em ployed n early fo u r-fifth s of the in d u stry's w ork fo r c e. N ine-tenths or m ore of the w ork ers in the M iddle A tlantic, Mountain, and P a cific region s w ere in m ills with such con tract cov e ra g e. P rop ortion s in the rem aining region s w ere nearly nine-tenths in the Great L akes, th ree-fou rth s in the M idw est, tw o-th ird s in the Southwest, and slightly m ore than a fifth in the B ord er and the Southeast region s. A greem ent cov era g e in m etropolitan and nonm etropolitan areas am ounted to 86 and 63 percen t, resp e ctiv e ly. S im ila rly, such cov era g e was substantially higher (87 percent) in establishm ents em ploying 100 or m ore than in sm a ller establishm ents (65 p ercen t). The A m erica n F e d era tion o f G rain M ille r s (A F L CIO) was the m a jor union in the industry. V irtu ally all of the w ork ers in the industry w ere paid on a tim e -ra te b a s is. Slightly m ore than fou r-fifth s o f the w ork ers w ere in m ills with fo r m a l ized wage p o licie s providing single rates fo r established occupational c la s s ific a tions; m ost o f the rem ain der (la rg e ly in the B order and Southeast region s) w ere in m ills in which pay rates w ere determ ined in relation to the qu alifications of the individual em p loy ee. 6 7 The N orthw estern M ille r, M inneapolis, Minn., August 7, 1961, p. 23. P re lim in a ry estim ate by the U. S. D epartm ent o f A gricu ltu re.

10 3 A verage H ourly Earnings P rodu ction w ork ers in the flou r and other grain m illin g industry averaged $ an hour in N ovem ber 1961, exclu sive o f prem ium pay fo r overtim e and fo r w ork on w eekends, h olidays, and late shifts (table 1). Men, accounting fo r 96 p ercen t of the w ork ers, averaged $ an hour, com p a red with $ fo r wom en. R egionally, average earnings ranged fro m $ an hour in the B ord er States to $ in the M iddle A tlantic. A vera ges in the G reat Lakes and the M iddle W est, together accounting fo r slightly m ore than half o f the w ork ers c o v e re d by the study, w ere $ and $ 2.2 6, re sp e ctiv e ly. W orkers in the Southeast a v era g ed $ 1.38 an hour, com p a red with $ in the Southwest. Nationwide, w ork ers in m etropolitan areas averaged $2. 38 an hour, c o m pared with $ fo r those em ployed in sm a ller com m u n ities. M etropolitan areas accounted fo r all of the em ploym ent in the M iddle Atlantic and P a cific the two highest paying region s. In each of the rem aining reg ion s, with the exception o f the B ord er States (w here iden tical averages w ere re cord e d ), highest averages w ere earned by w ork ers in m etropolitan a rea s b y amounts ranging fro m 16 to 46 cents an hour. A verage h ourly earnings o f w ork ers in the three m e tr o politan a rea s studied sep arately w ere Buffalo, $ ; Kansas City, $ ; and M inneapolis St. Paul, $ On the average, w ork ers in m ills with 100 or m ore em ployees earned $2.39 an hour, com p a red with $1.97 fo r w ork ers in sm a ller m ills. In each of the region s fo r w hich both averages are rep orted, except the P a cific, highest average hourly earnings w ere record e d fo r w ork ers in the la rg e r m ills. In the P a cific region, n early iden tical averages w ere re co rd e d fo r the two esta b lishm ent size grou ps. H ow ever, in M inneapolis St. Paul w ork ers in the sm a ller m ills had a slight wage advantage. Earnings o f 97 p ercen t o f the production w ork ers ranged from $1.15 to $ 3 an hour (table 2). In the earnings a rra y, the m iddle half of the w ork ers fe ll betw een $2 and $ an hour; approxim ately a tenth of the w ork ers earned le s s than $1.50. T w o-fifth s of the w ork ers in the B ord er and Southeast region s and n early a tenth in the Southwest earned betw een $1.15 and $1.20 an hour, A s indicated in the follow in g tabulation, these w ere the only region s in which substantial prop ortion s o f w ork ers earned le s s than $ 1.25: Percent of workers with average hourly earnings of less than-*- $1.25 $1.50 $1.75 $2.00 Middle Atlantic Border Southeast Southwest Great L a k es Middle West Mountain P a c ific O ccupational E arnings The 15 occupational cla ssifica tio n s fo r which data are presen ted in table 3 accounted fo r n early th ree-fifth s of the production and related w ork ers within

11 4 the scop e of the su rv ey. A ll of the w ork ers in these jo b s w ere m en, N ationwide, average hourly earnings fo r m en in these job s ranged fro m $2.01 fo r feed packers to $3.24 fo r head flou r m ille r s. M aterial handling la b o re rs and flou r p a ck ers, who together accounted fo r slightly m ore than a fourth of the production w ork ers, averaged $2.09 and $2.08 an hour, re sp e ctiv e ly. M illw rights averaged $2.88 an hour, com p a red with $2.49 fo r fo rk lift-tru ck o p e ra tors and $2.43 fo r second flou r m ille r s. A verages fo r the rem ain der of the job s ranged from $2.10 to $2.38. O ccupational averages w ere gen erally highest in the M iddle Atlantic region and low est in the B ord er States. Inform ation on occupational earnings w ere a lso tabulated by size of establishm ent (table 4) and by com m unity size (table 5). In m ost of the region s w here com p a rison s w ere p o ssib le, occu p a tional earnings w ere gen era lly higher in m ills em ploying 100 or m ore w ork ers than in the sm a ller m ills. In the P a cific region, h ow ever, a verages fo r the sm a ller m ills equaled or exceeded the averages for the la rg e r m ills in 4 of the 8 jo b s fo r which com p a rison s could be m ade. In m ost of the region s, o c cupational averages w ere con sisten tly higher in m etropolitan areas than in the sm a ller com m u n ities. Earnings of individuals perform in g sim ila r tasks within the sam e labor m arket w ere usually grouped within com p a ra tively clo s e lim its (tables 6, 7, and 8). Thus, virtu a lly all of the m en ja n itors in Buffalo earned betw een $2.50 and $2. 60 an hour and all of the flou r packers earned betw een $2.70 and $2.90 an hour. S im ilar con cen tration s are apparent fo r the other two lo c a l a reas fo r w hich separate data are provided. E stablishm ent P ra ctice s and Supplem entary Wage P rov ision s Data w ere a lso obtained on w ork schedules and supplem entary ben efits, including paid h olidays and vacation s; retirem en t plans; life, sick n ess and a c c i dent, h ospitalization, su rg ica l, and m ed ica l insurance; and paid ju ry duty and funeral leave fo r production and o ffice w o rk e rs. 8 Scheduled W eekly Hours and Shift P r a c t ic e s. A w ork schedule of 40 hours a week was in effect in m ills em ploying n early th ree-fifth s of the production w ork ers in N ovem ber 1961; an additional fifth of these w ork ers w ere scheduled to w ork 48 hours (table 9). W eekly w ork schedules of 48 hours or m o re a p plied to a fourth or m ore of the production w ork ers in all except the Mountain and P a cific reg ion s. N early nine-tenths of the o ffice w ork ers w ere scheduled to w ork 40 hours a w eek. N early th ree-ten th s of the prod u ction w ork ers in the industry w ere e m ployed on late shifts at the tim e of the study (table 11). The wage d ifferen tials paid these w ork ers varied greatly, but m ost com m on ly am ounted to 10 cents above fir s t-s h ift rates fo r seco n d -sh ift w ork and 12 cents an hour fo r th ird -sh ift w ork. Paid H olid ays. Paid holidays w ere provided n early all production and o ffice w ork ers (table 12). The m a jority of the production w ork ers in 5 of the 8 region s fo r which separate data are provided re ce iv e d 8 days annually. T ypica lly, production w ork ers in the B ord er, Southeast, and Southwest region s r e ce iv e d few er than 8 paid holidays a y ear. H oliday p rov ision s fo r o ffice w ork ers w ere gen erally sim ila r to those fo r production w ork ers. 8 Data fo r o ffice w ork ers su m m arized in this rep ort exclude em p loyees of separate cen tral o ffic e s.

12 5 Paid V a ca tion s. Paid vacations after qualifying p eriod s o f s e rv ice w ere provided by m ills em ploying virtu ally all of the production and o ffice w ork ers (table 13). A m a jority o f the in du stry's production w ork ers w ere elig ib le fo r 1 w eek 's vacation pay after 1 year o f s e r v ice, 2 w eeks' after 2 y e a rs, 3 w eeks' after 10 y ea rs, and 4 w eeks' after 20 o r m ore y e a rs. R egion ally, vacation p r o vision s fo r production w ork ers w ere m ost lib e ra l in the Mountain and P a cific region s and lea st lib e ra l in the B ord er and Southeast. O ffice w ork ers typica lly rece iv e d 2 w eeks o f vacation pay after 1 year of s e rv ice and 3 weeks after 10 y e a rs. Half of the o ffice w ork ers w ere in m ills providing 4 or m ore w eeks of vacation pay after 20 y ears of s e r v ice. Health, Insurance, and P en sion P la n s. L ife, sick n ess and acciden t, h ospitalization, su rg ica l, and m ed ica l insurance plans, fo r w hich em p loyers paid at least part of the co st, w ere available to a la rge m a jority of the p r o duction and o ffice w ork ers (table 14). A ccid en tal death and dism em berm ent in surance was provided by m ills em ploying half of the o ffice w ork ers and tw o-fifth s of the production w ork ers. P ension plans providing regu lar paym ents fo r the rem ain der of the w o rk e r's life upon retirem en t (other than benefits available under F ed era l O ld -A ge, S u rvivors, and D isability Insurance) w ere provided by m ills em ploying n early seven-tenths o f the production w ork ers and th ree-fou rth s of the o ffice w ork ers. Other B en efits. P rov ision s fo r full o r partial paym ent for tim e lost as a resu lt of attending funerals o f certa in fa m ily m em b ers applied to fully th ree-fou rth s of the production w ork ers and n early half o f the o ffice w ork ers co v e re d by the study (table 15). A pproxim ately seven-tenths of the production and o ffice w ork ers w ere em ployed by m ills with p rovision s fo r at lea st partial payment for tim e lo st while servin g as ju r o r s. T w o-fifth s of the production w ork ers and n early a sixth of the o ffice w ork ers w ere in m ills with p rov ision s fo r severance pay to w ork ers separated from em ploym ent because o f tech n ologica l changes o r closin g of the m ill.

13 Table 1. Average Hourly Earnings: By Selected Characteristics (Number and average straight-tim e hourly earnings 1 of production w orkers in flour and other grain m illing establishm ents by selected characteristics, United States, se le cte d r e g io n s, and a re a s, N ovem ber 1961) Item Number of w o rk e rs United States A verage hourly earnings Number of w ork ers T otal12 M iddle A tlan tic A vera g e hou rly earnings N um ber of w o rk e r s Buffalo A vera ge h ou rly earn in gs B o rd e r States Southeast Southwest N um ber o f w o rk e r s A v era g e h ou rly earn in gs N um ber of w o rk e r s A vera g e h ou rly earn in gs Number of w o rk e r s A vera ge h ou rly earnings A ll p rod u ction w o r k e r s 15,984 $ ,834 $ , 366 $ $ , 131 $ , 377 $ 1.96 M en 15, , , , , W om en Size of establishm ent: w o r k e r s 6, _ or m o re w o r k e r s 9, , , S ize of com m u n ity: ' M etropolitan a rea s3 10, , , N on m etrop olita n a re a s 5, Total G reat Lakes Minneapoli 8 St. Paul M iddle W est Rest of region T otal Kansas City Rest of region Mountain Num ber A verage Number A verage N um ber A vera g e Num ber A vera g e Num ber A vera g e N um ber A v era g e N um ber A vera g e Number A verage of h ou rly of hourly of hou rly of hou rly of h ou rly of h ou rly of hou rly of hourly workers earnings workers earnings w orkers earnings w orkers earnings w orkers earnings w orkers earnings w orkers earnings w orkers earnings P acific A ll p rod u ction w o r k e r s 5, 025 $ $ , 295 $ , 364 $ $ , 766 $ ,020 $ ,679 $ 2.54 M en 4, , , , , , W om en Size of establishm ent: w o r k e r s 1, , , , or m o re w o r k e r s 3, , , , , Size of com m unity: M etropolita n a re a s 3 2, , , , * , N on m etrop olitan a re a s 2, , , , Excludes prem ium pay for overtim e and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 Includes data for other areas in addition to Buffalo. For definitions of regions (or areas) shown in this or subsequent tables, see footnotes 1 and 2, appendix A table. 3 The term "m etropolitan area " as used in this study refers to the Standard M etropolitan Statistical Areas, as defined by the U. S. Bureau of the Budget. N O TE: D ash es in dicate no data re p o rte d or data that do not m eet pu blication c r ite r ia.

14 Table 2. Earnings Distribution: All Establishments (Percent distribution of production w orkers in flour and other grain m illing establishm ents by average straight-tim e hourly earnings, 1 United States, selected regions, and areas, Novem ber 1961) A v e ra g e h o u r ly earn in gs 1 United States M iddle Atlantic B o rd e r Southeasw South Total Men Women T otal2 Buffalo States est Total G reat L ak es M inne - a p o lis St. P aul R est o f re g io n T otal M iddle W est K ansas C ity R est o f re g io n M ountain P a c ific U nder $ (3 ) $ and under $ _... (J) _ _ 0. 1 $ and under $ $ and under $ l 0. 5 $ 1.30 and under $ _ 2. 5 $ and under $ _ _ l. i #4 $ and under $ _. 1. l, i $ and under $ $ and under $ _ _ $ and under $ _ _. 5 $ and under $ _ _.4.4 $ 1.80 and under $ 1.90 _ _ 1. 8 $ and under $ 2.00 _ $ and under $ _ _ $ and under $ _ l $ and under $ _ $ and under $ $ and under $ ' $ and under $ _ $ and under $ $ and under $ _ _ $ and under $ _ $ and under $ $ and under $ _.8.8 _ i $ and under $ _ _ e $ and under $ _ $ and under $ _ l $ and Under $ $ and o v e r _ _ (3) T ota l Number of w orkers 15,984 15, ,834 1, , 131 1,377 5, ,295 3, , 766 1,020 1,679 A v e ra g e h ou rly ea rn in gs $ $2. 23 $ $2. 59 $2. 75 $ $1. 38 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $2. 36 $ E x clu d es p r e m iu m pay fo r ov e rtim e and fo r w ork on w eekends, h olid a y s, and late sh ifts. In clu des data fo r oth er a rea s in addition to B uffalo. 3 L e s s than p e r ce n t. NO TE: B ecau s e o f rou n din g, sum s o f individual item s m ay not equal

15 Table 3. Occupational Averages: All Establishments oo (Number and average straight-tim e hourly earnings 1 of men in selected production occupations in flour and other grain m illing establishm ents, United States, se le cte d re g io n s, and a r e a s, N ovem ber 1961) O ccu pation United States N um ber o f w o rk e r s A verage hourly earnings Number o f w ork ers M iddle A tlantic B o rd e r States Southeast Southwest T otal2 Buffalo Total A vera ge h ou rly earnings Number of w orkers A verage hou rly earnings N um ber of w o rk e r s A vera ge hourly earnings Num ber of w o rk e r s A verage h ou rly earnings N um ber o f w o rk e r s A vera ge hou rly earnings N um ber o f w ork ers A v e ra g e h ou rly earn in gs G reat L akes M inneapolis St. Paul N um ber A v era g e of h ou rly w o rk e r s earn in gs R est of region N um ber o f w ork e rs A vera ge h ourly earnings B o l t e r s $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $2. 27 C le a n e r s, gra in G ra in -e le v a to r o p e r a t o r s $ G rin d in g-m ach in e o p e r a to r s, f e e d J a n itors, p o r te r s, and c le a n e r s , L a b o re r s, m a te r ia l handling , M ille r s, flo u r (head) M ille r s, flo u r (s e c o n d m i l l e r ) M illw righ ts O ile r s P a c k e r s, f e e d P a c k e r s, f l o u r , R o ll t e n d e r s Sm utter s T r u c k e r s, p ow er (f o r k lif t ) ' " " M iddle W est T otal K ansas City R est o f reg ion M ountain P a c ific B o lte rs C le a n e rs, grain G ra in -e le v a to r o p e r a to r s G rin d in g-m ach in e o p e r a to r s, fe e d J a n ito rs, p o r te r s, and c le a n e r s L a b o r e r s, m a te r ia l handling M ille r s, flo u r (h ea d ) M ille r s, flo u r (s e co n d m ille r ) M illw righ ts O ile r s P a c k e r s, feed P a c k e rs, flo u r R o ll ten d ers S m u t t e r s T r u c k e r s, p ow er (fo rk lift) $ $ $ $ $ _ > E x clu d es p re m iu m pay fo r o v e rtim e and fo r w ork on w eekends, h olidays, and late shifts. * In clu des data fo r oth er a re a s in addition to Buffalo. NOTE: Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not m eet publication criteria.

16 Table 4. Occupational Averages: By Size of Establishment (Num ber and average straight-tim e hourly earnings 1 of men in selected production occupations in flour and other grain m illing establishm ents by size of establishment, United States and selected regions, Novem ber 1961) United States M iddle A tlantic B o r d e r States Southeast Southwest O ccu p ation 20-^9 w o rk e r s Number of w ork ers A verage h ou rly earnings 100 or m o r e workers Number A v e ra g e o f h ou rly w ork ers earn in gs w orkers N um ber o f w o rk e r s A v e ra g e hou rly earnings E stablish m en ts with 100 or m o r e w orkers w orkers w orkers Num ber A v era g e N um ber A vera g e N um ber of h ou rly o f h ou rly o f w o rk e r s earn in gs w o rk e r s earnings w o rk e r s A v era g e hou rly earn in gs 100 or m o re w o rk e r s Num ber A v era g e o f h ou rly w o rk e r s earnings w o rk e r s N um ber o f w ork ers A v era g e h ou rly earnings loo or m o re w o rk e rs Number A vera ge o f hourly w ork ers earnings B o lte r s i0 4 $ $ $ $ $ G ra in -e le v a to r o p e r a t o r s $ $ Janitors, porters, and cle a n e rs $ $ L aborers, m aterial h a n d lin g , , M ille r s, flo u r ( h e a d ) : _ - _ _ M ille rs, flou r (secon d m ille r ) M illw r i g h t s O ile r s P ackers, feed P a c k e r s, flo u r « R o ll ten d ers S m u t t e r s _ T ruckers, power (fork lift) G reat L akes M iddle W est M ountain P a c ific E stablish m en ts with ZU^9 100 or m o r e o f m o r e 100 or ' m o re ZS or m o re workers workers w orkers workers w orkers w orkers w orkers workers B o lte r s $ $ $ $ $ $ G ra in -e le v a to r o p e r a t o r s $ $ J a n ito rs, p o r te r s, and c le a n e r s L aborers, m aterial handling M ille r s, flo u r ( h e a d ) _ M ille rs, flou r (s econ d m ille r ) M illw righ ts O i l e r s P a c k e r s, f e e d P a c k e r s, flo u r R o ll te n d e r s S m u t t e r s T r u c k e r s, p ow er ( f o r k lif t ) E x clu d es p re m iu m pay fo r ov ertim e and fo r w ork on w eekends, holidays, and late sh ifts. NOTE: Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not m eet publication criteria. VO

17 Table 5. Occupational Averages: By Size of Community o (Number and average straight-tim e hourly earnings 1 of men in selected production occupations in flour and other grain m illing establishm ents in m etropolitan and nonm etrop olitan a rea s, United States and se le cte d r e g io n s, N ovem ber 1961) United States M iddle A tlantic B o r d e r States Southeast Southwest Metropolitan Nonmetropolitan Metropolitan Metropolitan Nonmetropolitan M etropolitan Nonmetropolitan M etropolitan Nonmetropolitan O ccu pation a re a s a rea s a re a s a re a s a re a s a rea s a rea s a rea s a re a s Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average o f hourly o f hourly of h ou rly of hou rly of hourly of hou rly of hou rly o f h ou rly of hourly w orkers earnings workers earnings w orkers earnings w orkers earnings w orkers earnings workers earnings w orkers earnings w orkers earnings w orkers earnings B o l t e r s $ $ $ $ $1. 99 G rain -elevator operators $ $ $ $ Janitors, porters, and cle a n e rs L a b o re r s, m a te r ia l handling , , M ille r s, flo u r (h ea d ) M illers, flour (second m ille r ) M illw righ ts O ile r s P a c k e rs, f e e d P a c k e r s, flo u r R oll t e n d e r s Sm utters T ru c k e rs, p ow er (f o r k lif t ) " ~ - " " G reat Lakes M iddlei W est M ountain P a c ific Metropolitan Nonmetropolitan M etropolitan Nonmetropolitan Metropolitan Nonmetropolitan Metropolitan a rea s a re a s a re a s a re a s a rea s a rea s a re a s B o lte rs $ $ $ $ $ $ G ra in -elev a tor o p e r a to r s $ Janitors, porters, and cle a n e rs L a b o r e r s, m a te r ia l handling M ille r s, flo u r ( h e a d ) M ille r s, flou r (s e c o n d m i l l e r ) M illw r ig h ts O ile rs P a c k e rs, f e e d P a c k e r s, flo u r R oll ten d ers S m u t t e r s T ru c k e rs, p ow er (fo rk lift) E x clu d es p rem iu m pay fo r o v e r tim e and fo r w ork on weekends, h olidays, and late shifts. NOTE: Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not m eet publication criteria.

18 Table 6. Occupational Earnings: Buffalo (N um ber and average stra igh t-tim e hou rly earn in gs 1 o f w o rk e r s in s e le cte d p rod u ction occu p a tion s in flour and other grain m illing establishm ents, Novem ber 1961) N um ber of w o rk e r s re c e iv in g s tr a ig h t-tim e hou rly earn in gs of O ccupation and sex of hourly $ 1.70 $ 1.80 $ 1.90 $ 2.00 $ 2.10 $ 2.20 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $2.70 $ 2.80 $ $3.00 $3.10 $3. 20 $3.40 $3.5 0 $3.60 $3.70 $ $ w ork ers earnings 1 under - and $ 1.80 $ 1.90 $ 2.00 $ 2.10 $ 2.20 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $ 2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $ 3.00 $3.10 $ 3.20 $3. 30 $3.40 $ 3.50 $3.60 $3.70 $3.80 $ over All production w orkers 1, 366 $ M en , _ W om en n _ 3 10 M en B o lte r s G ra in -e le v a to r o p e r a t o r s _ ' J a n ito rs, p o r te r s, and c l e a n e r s L a b o r e r s, m a te r ia l h a n d lin g M ille r s, flo u r (s e co n d m ille r ) M illw r ig h ts O ile r s _ P a c k e r s, f e e d P a c k e r s, f l o u r _ " R o ll te n d e rs _ I S m u t t e r s _ (, q7 T r u c k e r s, p ow er (f o r k lif t ) Excludes prem ium pay for overtim e and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. All w orkers w ere paid on a time basis.

19 Table 7. Occupational Earnings: Kansas City (Num ber and average straigh t-tim e h ou rly earnings 1 o f w o rk e r s in s e le cte d prod u ction occu p ation s in flour and other grain m illing establishm ents, November 1961) O ccu pation and sex Number of w orkers r'eceiving str aight-tim e hourly earnings of Number A verage $ $2. 25 $2. 30 $2.35 $2.40 $2.45 $2.50 $2.60 $2. 70 $2.80 of hourly w ork ers earnings and $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ o v e r A ll w o r k e r s 598 $ Men W om en M en B o lte rs J a n ito rs, p o r te r s, and cle a n e r s _ L a b o r e r s, m a te r ia l handling M ille r s, flou r (s e co n d m i l l e r ) _ O ile r s P a c k e rs, flour R oll ten d ers Sm utters Excludes prem ium pay for overtim e and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. All of the workers in each occupation studied were paid on a time basis.

20 Table 8. Occupational Earnings: Minneapolis St. Paul (N um ber and a v e r a g e stra igh t-tim e h ou rly earnings 1 o f w o rk e r s in se le cte d p rod u ction occu p a tion s in flour and other grain m illing establishm ents, November 1961) O ccu pation and sex N um ber of w o rk e r s re c e iv in g s tr a ig h t-tim e h ou rly earn in gs of Number $2.20 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.OCT$3.10 $3.2(T $3.3(T $3740 $33cr $ 3 ^ r $3770 $3.80 Under $3.90 $4.00 $ 4.n r $ 20 $33cT $4.40 $ $4.6 0 and w ork ers earn in gs 1 $ under and $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $3.10 $3.20 $3.30 $3.40 $3.50 $3.60 $3.70 $3.80 $3.90 $4.00 $4.10 $4.20 $4.30 $4.40 $4.50 $4.60 over A ll w o r k e r s M e n W om en $ _ Men B o lte r s G ra in -e le v a to r o p e r a t o r s J a n ito rs, p o r te r s, and c le a n e r s L a b o r e r s, m a te r ia l handling M ille rs, flour (s e c o n d m ille r ) M illw r ig h ts O ile r s P a c k e r s, fe e d P a c k e r s, flo u r R o ll ten d ers S m u t t e r s Excludes prem ium pay for overtim e and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. All or a m ajority of the w orkers in each occupation studied were paid on a time basis.

21 Table 9. Scheduled Weekly Hours (Percent of production and office w orkers in flour and other grain m illing establishm ents by scheduled weekly hours of first -shift w orkers, 1 United States, selected regions, and areas, Novem ber 1961) W eekly hours United States M iddle A tlantic B o rd e r States Southeast Southwest R egion s G reat L akes M iddle W est Mountain P acific Buffalo A r e a s M inneapolis St. Paul Kansas City Production w orkers A ll w o rk e r s _ h ou rs and 43 h ou rs _ - 44 h ou rs hours h ou rs ft h rm r s _ h ou rs h ou rs h ou rs Office w orkers A ll w o rk e r s hours V2 hou rs 1 2 _ 2 4 _ 383/4 h ou rs (2) (2) - - _ h ou rs and 4 l7 2 h ou rs _ 42 h ou rs hours _ 45 hou rs h ou rs (2 ) Data re la te to the predom in an t w ork schedule in each establishm ent. 2 L e s s than 0.5 p ercen t. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual item s may not equal 100.

22 Table 10. Shift Differential Provisions (Percent of production w orkers by shift differential provisions 1 in flour and other grain m illing establishm ents, United States, selected regions, and areas, Novem ber 1961) Shift d iffe re n tia l United States M iddle A tlantic B o r d e r States Southeast Southwest R egion s G reat Lakes M iddle W est Mountain P acific Buffalo A reas M inneapolis St. Paul Kansas City S econ d shift W o rk e rs in esta blish m en ts having secon d - shift p r o v is io n s With sh ift d iffe re n tia l U n iform cen ts p e r hour cen ts _ 4 cen ts cen ts _ 6 cen ts _ 7 cen ts _ 8 cen ts cen ts _ cen ts cen ts cen ts _ - _. O ther _ With no sh ift d iffe r e n tia l T h ird o r oth er late shift W o rk e rs in esta blish m en ts having th ird - o r oth e r la t e -s h ift p r o v is io n s With sh ift d iffe re n tia l U n iform cen ts p e r hour cen ts _ _ _.. 6 cen ts _ 7 cen ts _ 8 c e n t s _. _ 9 cen ts cen ts _ cen ts _ 4. 2 _ 12 cen ts _ cen ts _ 15 cen ts _ 20 cen ts 1. 2 _ _ With no sh ift d iffe re n tia l R e fe r s to p o lic ie s o f establish m en ts eith er cu rren tly op eratin g late sh ifts o r having p r o v isio n s c o v e rin g late sh ifts. N O T E : B e ca u s e o f rounding, sum s o f individual item s m ay not equal totals.

23 Table 11. Shift Differential Practices C n (Percent of production w orkers employed on late shifts in flour and other grain m illing establishm ents by amount of pay differential, United States, selected regions, and areas, November 1961) R egion s A re a s Shift d iffe re n tia l United States M iddle Atlantic B o rd e r State s Southeast Southwest Great Lakes M iddle W est Mountain P acific Buffalo M inne - a p olis St. Paul Kansas City S econ d shift W o rk e rs em p loy ed on secon d shift R e ce iv in g shift d iffe re n tia l U n iform cen ts p e r h our cents cents cents cents * 7 cen ts cen ts cents cen ts cen ts cen ts " Othe r _ C) * R e c e iv in g no shift d iffe re n tia l ' " T h ird o r oth er late shift W orkers em ployed on third or oth er late sh ifts R e c e iv in g shift d iffe re n tia l U n iform cen ts p e r hour cen ts cen ts cen ts cents cents cen ts cen ts. _ c e n t s cen ts ce n ts cen ts R e c e iv in g no shift d iffe re n tia l L e ss than 0.05 p e rce n t. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual item s may not equal totals.

24 Table 12. Paid Holidays (Percent of production and office w orkers in flour and other grain m illing establishm ents with form al provisions for paid holidays. United States, selected regions, and areas, Novem ber 1961) N u m ber o f paid h olid a ys United States M iddle A tlan tic B o rd e r States Southeast R egion s Southwest G reat L akes M iddle W est Mountain P acific Buffalo A rea s M inneapolis St. Paul K ansas City Production w orkers A ll w o r k e r W orkers in establishm ents providing paid h olid a ys day days n days d a y s d a y s days plus 1 h alf d a y days plu s 2 half days d a y s days plu s 1 h alf day (*) days plus 2 h alf days d a y s W o rk e rs in e sta blish m en ts p rovid in g no paid h olid a y s O ffice w o rk e r s A ll w o r k e r s W orkers in establishm ents providing paid h olid a y s day day's... i days days _ ~ d a y s days plus 1 h alf day days plu s 2 half days _ d a y s days plus 1 half day (*) C) days plu s 2 half days days days plus 1 h alf day days plus 2 h alf days _ days plus 1 h alf day " - ~ 6 - " W o rk e rs in e sta blish m en ts p rovid in g no paid h olid a y s L ess than 0.5 percent. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual item s may not equal totals.

25 Table 13. Paid Vacations CO (Percent of production and office w orkers in flour and other grain m illing establishm ents with form al provisions for paid vacations, United States, selected regions, and areas, Novem ber 1961) R egion s A reas V a ca tion p r o v is io n United States M iddle A tlantic B ord er States Southeast Southwe st G reat Lake s M iddle W est Production w orkers Mountain P acific Buffalo M inneapolis St. Paul K ansas City A ll w o r k e r s M ethod of paym ent W ork e rs in esta blish m en ts p rov id in g paid v a ca tion s L e n g th -o f-tim e paym ent P e rce n ta g e paym ent W ork e rs in e sta blish m en ts p rov id in g no paid v acation s Am ount o f v a ca tio n p a y 1 After 1 year of service : 1 w eek O v e r 1 and under 2 w eek s w eek s After 2 years of service : 1 w eek O ver 1 and under 2 w e e k s w eek s O ver 2 and under 3 w eek s. io After 3 years of service : 1 w eek _ week «s _ O ver 2 and under 3 w eek s _ w eek s After 5 years of service : 1 w eek w eek s O ver 2 and under 3 w eek s w eek s. « A fte r 10 y e a r s of s e r v ic e : 1 w e e k w eek s w eek s _ O ver 3 and under 4 w e e k s _ A fte r 15 y e a r s of s e r v ic e ; 1 w e e k w eek s w eek s O ver 3 and under 4 w e e k s _ w eek s _ A fte r 20 y e a r s of s e r v ic e : 1 w eek ; w eek s w eek s w e e k s O ver 4 w eek s A fte r 25 y e a r s of s e r v ic e : 1 w e e k _ w eek s w eek s w eek s Over 4 w eek s Digitized for FRASER See footn ote at end o f ta ble.

26 Table 13. Paid Vacations Continued (Percent of production and office w orkers in flour and other grain m illing establishm ents with form al provisions for paid vacations, United States, selected regions, and areas, Novem ber 1961) V a ca tion p r o v is io n United States M iddle A tlantic B o r d e r States Southeast Southwest R egion s G reat Lakes O ffice workers M iddle W est Mountain P acific Buffalo A reas M innea p olis St. Paul Kansas City A ll w o rk e r s Method of payment W o rk e rs in e sta blish m en ts p rov id in g paid v a ca tio n s L e n g th -o f-tim e paym ent W orkers in establishm ents providing no paid v acation s (2) Amount of vacation pay 1 After 1 year of service : 1 w eek O ver 1 and under 2 w eek s (2) w e e k s After 2 years of service : 1 w eek _. O ver 1 and under 2 w eek s _ _ 2 _ 2 w eeks O v e r 2 and under 3 w eek s After 3 years of service : 1 w eek O ver 1 and under 2 w e e k s. 6 - _ 4. _ w eek s Over 2 and under 3 weeks A fte r 5 y e a r s o f s e r v ic e : 1 w eek 4 _ _ O ver 1 and under 2 w eek s _ _ 2 w eek s O v e r 2 and under 3 w eeks After 10 years of service : 1 w eek ' 4 _.. _ O ver 1 and under 2 w eeks (2) wppks _ _ w eek s _ O ver 3 and under 4 w eek s A fte r 15 y e a r s o f s e r v ic e : 1 w eek O v e r 1 and under 2 w eek s (2) w eek s _ w eek s ~ O ver 3 and under 4 w eek s A fte r 20 y e a r s o f s e r v ic e : 1 w eek 4 _ _ -. _ O ver 1 and under 2 w eek s (2) - - 4,. _ - 2 w eek s _ w eek s _ 35 4 w eek s O ver 4 w eeks A fte r 25 y e a r s o f s e r v ic e : 1 week O ver 1 and under 2 w eeks <2) _ 4. I 2 w eek s w eeks _ 32 4 w e e k s O ver 4 w eek s Vacation payments, such as percent of annual earnings, were converted to an equivalent tim e basis. Periods of service were arbitrarily chosen and do not necessarily reflect the individual establishm ent provisions for progressions. For example, the changes in proportions indicated at 10 years' may include changes occurring between 5 and 10 years. Less than 0. 5 percent. N O T E : B e c a u s e o f rounding, sum s o f individual item s m ay not equal totals.

27 Table 14. Health, Insurance, and Pension Plans to O (Percent of production and office w orkers in flour and other grain m illing establishm ents with specified health, insurance, and pension plans, United States, selected regions, and areas, November 1961) T ype of p la n 1 United State s M iddle A tlantic B order State s Southeast.Southwest R egion s G reat Lakes M iddle W est Mountain P acific Buffalo A re a s M inneapolis St. Paul Kansas City Production w orkers A ll w o r k e r s W o rk e rs in esta b lis h m en ts p r ov id in g : L ife in su ra n ce Accidental death and dism em berm ent in su ra n ce _ 4 S ick n ess and a ccid en t in su ra n ce or sick lea v e or b o th S ick n ess and a ccid e n t in su ra n ce Sick leave (full pay, no waiting period ) _ 3 _ 12 _ - - S ick lea ve (p artia l pay or w aiting p eriod ) _ 30 _ H ospitalization insurance S u rg ica l in su ra n ce _ _ M edical insurance _ C atastroph e in su ra n ce _ R e tire m e n t p en sion R e tire m e n t se v e ra n ce pay - _ No health, in su ra n ce, or p en sion plan Office w orkers Allworker W orkers in establishm ents providing : L ife in su ra n ce Accidental death and dism em berm ent in su ra n ce _ ? _ S ick n ess and a ccid e n t in su ra n ce or sick lea ve or b o th S ick n ess and a ccid e n t in su ra n ce S ick leave (fu ll pay, no w aiting p e rio d ) _ Sick lea v e (p a r tia l pay or w aiting p e r i o d ) _ 19 _ H ospitalization insurance _ S u rg ica l in su ra n ce M e d ic a l in su ra n ce C atastroph e i n s u r a n c e Retirem ent pension» _ R etirem en t se v e ra n ce pay _. No health, in surance, or pension p l a n In clu de* on ly th ose plans fo r w h ich at lea st pa rt of the co s t is born e b y the e m p lo y e r. L e g a lly req u ired plans such as w o rk m e n 's com p en sa tion and s o c ia l s e c u rity w e re excluded; however, those plans required by Tem porary Disability Insurance Laws w ere included if financed at least in part by the em ployer. 2 Unduplicated total of w orkers receiving sick leave or sickness and accident insurance shown separately.

28 Table 15. Paid Funeral Leave, Jury-Duty Leave, and Technological Severance Pay (P e rc e n t o f prod u ction and o ffic e w ork ers in flou r and other grain m illin g establish m en ts with p ro v is io n s fo r paid fu n eral le a v e, ju ry-du ty le a v e, and technological severance pay, United States; selected regions, and areas, Novem ber 1961) Item United States M iddle A tlantic B o r d e r States Southeast Southwest R egion s G reat Lakes M iddle W est Mountain P acific Buffalo A reas M inneapolis St. Paul Kansas City Production w orkers W o rk e rs in e sta blish m en ts with p r o v is io n s fo r : P aid fu n eral le a v e _ P a id ju ry-d u ty lea v e T echnological severance pay Office w orkers Workers in establishm ents with p r o v is io n s fo r : P aid fu n eral l e a v e _ P aid ju ry -d u ty lea v e T e c h n o lo g ic a l se v e ra n ce p a y

29

30 Appendix A: Scope and Method of Survey Scope of Survey The su rv e y in clu d ed esta b lish m e n ts p r im a r ily engaged in m illin g flo u r o r m e a l fr o m g ra in, e x ce p t r ic e (in d u stry 2041 as d efin ed in the Standard In d u stria l C la s s ific a tio n M an u al, 1957 ed ition, p r e p a r e d by the U. S. B u reau o f the B u d get). E sta b lish m en ts p r im a r ily engaged in clean in g and p olish in g r i c e, and m anufactu ring r ic e flo u r o r m e a l (in d u stry 2044) o r m anufactu ring p r e p a r e d flo u r m ix e s fr o m p u rch a se d in g red ie n ts (in d u stry 2045) w e re exclu d ed fr o m the su rv e y. Sep arate a u x ilia ry units such as cen tra l o ffic e s a ls o w e re e x clu d ed. The esta b lish m e n ts studied w e re se le cte d fr o m th ose em p loyin g 20 o r m o r e w o r k e r s at the tim e o f r e fe r e n c e o f the data u sed in com p ilin g the u n iv e rse lis ts. The n um ber o f esta b lish m e n ts and w o r k e r s a ctu a lly studied by the B u reau, as w e ll as the num ber e stim a te d to be in the in d u stry during the p a y r o ll p e r io d stu d ied, a re shown in the follow in g table: Estimated number of establishments and workers within scope of survey and number studied, flour and other grain milling establishments, November 1961 Number of establishments ^ Workers in establishments Region* and area^ Within scope of study Studied T ota l4 Within scope of study Production workers Office workers Studied Total United States , , 984 2, ,084 Middle Atlantic ,501 1, ,028 B u ffa lo ,895 1, ,895 Border States Southeast ,583 1, ,284 Southwest ,968 1, ,728 Great Lakes , 495 5, ,586 Minneapolis -St. P aul Rest of r e g io n , 637 4, ,728 Middle W e s t , 594 3, , 384 Kansas C i t y Rest of r e g io n ,721 2, ,511 Mountain , 299 1, P a c ific r , 174 1, ,865 1 The regions used in this study include: Middle Atlantio New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; Border States Delaware, District of Columbia, Kentucky, Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia; Southeast Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee; Southwest Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas; Great Lakes Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin; Middle West. Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota; Mountain Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming; and Pacific California, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington. 2 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas, as defined by the U. S. Bureau of the Budget 3 Includes only establishments with 20 or more workers at the time of reference of the unemployment insurance listings. 4 Includes executive, professional, and other workers excluded from the separate production and office worker categories. Includes data for other areas in addition to Buffalo. 23

31 24 Method of Study D ata w e r e obtained by p e r s o n a l v is it s o f B u reau fie ld e c o n o m is ts under the d ir e c tio n o f the B u reau 's A s sista n t R eg io n a l D ir e c to r s fo r W ages and In d u stria l R e la tio n s. The su rv e y w as con d u cted on a sam p le b a s is. T o obtain a p p ro p ria te a c c u r a c y at m in im u m c o s t, a g re a te r p r o p o rtio n o f la rg e than o f sm a ll e sta b lish m en ts w as studied. In com bin in g the data, h o w e v e r, a ll esta b lish m e n ts w e re given th eir a p p ro p ria te w eigh t. A ll e stim a te s a re p r e s e n te d, t h e r e fo r e, as relatin g to a ll esta b lish m e n ts in the in d u stry g ro u p, exclu d in g on ly th ose b elow the m in im u m siz e at the tim e o f r e fe r e n c e o f the u n iv e rse data. E sta b lish m en t D efin ition An esta b lish m e n t, fo r p u rp o s e s o f this study, is d efin ed as a sin g le p h y s ic a l lo ca tio n w h e re in d u stria l o p e ra tio n s a re p e r fo r m e d. An esta b lish m en t is not n e c e s s a r ily id e n tica l w ith the com p a n y, w h ich m ay c o n s is t o f one o r m o r e esta b lish m e n ts. E m p loym en t The e stim a te s o f the n um ber o f w o r k e r s w ithin the s cop e o f the study a re intended as a g e n e ra l guide to the siz e and c o m p o s itio n o f the la b or fo r c e in clu d ed in the su rv e y. The ad vance planning n e c e s s a r y to m ake a w age su rvey r e q u ir e s the u se o f lis ts o f e s ta b lis h m en ts a s se m b le d c o n s id e r a b ly in ad vance o f the p a y r o ll p e r io d studied. P rod u ctio n W o rk e rs The te r m "p ro d u ctio n w o r k e r s," as u sed in this bu lletin, in clu d e s w ork in g fo r e m e n and a ll n o n s u p e r v iso r y w o r k e r s engaged in n o n o ffice fu n ction s. A d m in istra tiv e, e x e cu tiv e, p r o fe s s io n a l, and te ch n ica l p e r s o n n e l, and fo r c e -a c c o u n t c o n s tru ctio n e m p lo y e e s, w ho w e re u tiliz e d as a sep a ra te w o rk fo r c e on the f ir m 's own p r o p e r t ie s, w e re ex clu d ed. O ccu p ation s S e le cte d fo r Study O ccu p ation a l c la s s ific a tio n w as b a se d on a u n ifo rm set o f jo b d e s c r ip tio n s d esig n ed to take a ccou n t o f in te resta b lish m e n t and in te ra re a v a ria tio n s in duties w ithin the sam e jo b. (See appendix B fo r th ese jo b d e s c r ip tio n s. ) The o ccu p a tio n s w e re ch o s e n fo r th eir n u m e ric a l im p o rta n ce, th eir u se fu ln e ss in c o lle c tiv e b a rg a in in g, o r th eir r e p re s e n ta tiv e n e ss o f the en tire jo b sca le in the in d u stry. W ork in g s u p e r v is o r s, a p p re n tice s, le a r n e r s, b e g in n e r s, tr a in e e s, h an d icapped, p a r t -t im e, te m p o ra ry, and p robatio n a ry w o r k e r s w e r e not r e p o rte d in the data fo r s e le cte d o c cu p a tio n s, but w e re in clu d ed in the data fo r a ll p ro d u ctio n w o r k e r s. W age Data The w age in fo rm a tio n re la te s to a v era g e s tra ig h t-tim e h ou rly e a rn in g s, exclu d in g p rem iu m pay fo r o v e rtim e and fo r w o rk on w eek e n d s, h o lid a y s, and late sh ifts. In cen tive p a ym en ts, such as th ose resu ltin g fr o m p ie c e w o rk o r p rod u ctio n bonus sy ste m s and c o s t -o f-liv in g b o n u ses, w e re in clu d ed as p a rt o f the w o r k e r s ' regu la r pay; but n on p rod u ction bonus p a ym en ts, su ch as C h ristm a s or y earen d b o n u ses, w e r e exclu d ed. The h ou rly earn in g s o f sa la rie d w o r k e r s w e re obtained by dividing s tra ig h t-tim e sa la ry by n o rm a l ra th er than actu al h o u r s.9 C o m p a ris o n W ith O ther S ta tistics The s tra ig h t-tim e h ou rly earn in gs p re se n te d in this r e p o r t d iffe r in c o n cep t fr o m the g r o s s a v e ra g e h ou rly earn in gs p u blish ed in the B u reau 's m onthly h ou rs and earn in g s s e r ie s. U nlike the la tte r, the e stim a te s p resen te d h ere exclu d e p rem iu m pay fo r o v e rtim e and fo r w o rk on w e e k e n d s, h o lid a y s, and late sh ifts. A v e ra g e earn in gs w e re ca lcu la te d fr o m the w eigh ted data by sum m ing in dividu al h ou rly earn in g s and dividing by the n u m ber o f in d iv id u a ls. In the m on th ly s e r ie s, the sum o f the m a n -h o u r tota ls r e p o rte d by e s ta b lis h m en ts in the in d u stry w as d ivid ed into the r e p o rte d p a y r o ll to ta ls. 9 A v e ra g e h ou rly ra te s o r ea rn in g s fo r each occu p a tio n o r oth er g rou p o f w o r k e r s, such as m en, w o m e n, o r p rod u ctio n w o r k e r s, w e re obtain ed by w eigh tin g ea ch rate (or h ou rly e a rn in g s) by the n um ber o f w o r k e r s r e ce iv in g the ra te.

32 25 Size of Community T abulation s by siz e o f com m u n ity p erta in to m e tro p o lita n and n o n m etrop olita n a r e a s. The te r m "m e tr o p o lita n a r e a, as u sed in this r e p o r t, r e fe r s to the Standard M e trop olita n S ta tistica l A r e a s e sta b lish e d under the sp o n sorsh ip o f the U. S. B u reau o f the Budget. E x cep t in New E ngland, a Standard M etropolita n S ta tistica l A r e a is d efin ed as a county o r g rou p o f con tigu ou s cou n ties w h ich con tain s at le a st one c ity o f 5 0,0 0 0 inhabitants o r m o r e. C on tigu ous cou n ties to the one contain in g such a c ity are in clu d ed in a Standard M etrop olita n S ta tistica l A r e a if, a c c o rd in g to c e rta in c r it e r ia, they a re e s s e n tia lly m e t r o p olitan in c h a r a c te r and a re s o c ia lly and e c o n o m ic a lly in tegra ted w ith the c e n tra l city. In New E ngland, w h e re the c ity and tow n a re a d m in istra tiv e ly m o r e im p ortan t than the cou n ty, they are the units u sed in defin in g Standard M etrop olitan S ta tistica l A r e a s. E sta blish m en t P r a c t ic e s and S u pplem en tary W age P r o v is io n s S u pplem en tary b e n e fits and p r a c tic e s w e re treated sta tistica lly on the b a s is that if fo r m a l p r o v is io n s fo r su p p lem en tary b e n e fits and p r a c tic e s w e re a p p lica b le to h alf o r m o r e o f the p rod u ctio n w o r k e r s in an e sta b lish m e n t, the p r a c tic e s or b e n e fits w e r e c o n s id e r e d a p p lica b le to a ll such w o r k e r s. S im ila r ly, if fe w e r than h alf o f the w o r k e r s w e r e c o v e r e d, the p r a c tic e o r b en e fit w as c o n s id e r e d n on existen t in the e sta b lish m en t. B e ca u se o f le n g t h -o f-s e r v ic e and oth er e lig ib ility r e q u ire m e n ts, the p r o p o rtio n o f w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g the b en e fits m ay be s m a lle r than estim a ted. B e ca u se o f rou n d in g, sum s o f in d ivid u al ite m s m ay not equal tota ls. W eek ly H o u rs. D ata r e la te to the p red om in a n t w o rk sch ed u le fo r p rod u ctio n w o r k e r s (o r o ffic e w o r k e r s ) em p lo y e d on the day sh ift, r e g a r d le s s o f sex. Shift P r o v is io n s and P r a c t ic e s. D ata rela te to the p r o v is io n s in e sta b lish m en ts having fo r m a l p r o v is io n s fo r la te -s h ift o p e ra tio n s and to the p r a c tic e s in th ose e sta b lish m en ts op eratin g e x tra sh ifts during the p a y r o ll p e r io d studied. P aid H o lid a y s. P a id h olid a y p r o v is io n s rela te to fu ll-d a y and h a lf-d a y h olid a ys p rovid ed annually. P aid V a c a tio n s. The su m m ary o f v a ca tio n plans is lim ite d to fo r m a l a rra n g e m e n ts, exclu din g in fo rm a l plans w h e reby tim e o ff w ith pay is granted at the d is c r e tio n o f the e m p lo y e r o r the s u p e r v is o r. P a y m en ts not on a tim e b a s is w e r e con v e rte d ; fo r e x a m p le, a paym ent o f 2 p e r ce n t o f annual earn in gs w as co n s id e r e d the equ ivalent o f 1 w e e k s pay. The p e r io d s o f s e r v ic e fo r w h ich data a re p rese n te d w e re se le cte d as re p re s e n ta tiv e o f the m o st com m o n p r a c t ic e s, but they do not n e c e s s a r ily r e fle c t in d ivid u al esta b lish m en t p r o v is io n s fo r p r o g r e s s io n. F o r ex a m p le, the changes in p r o p o rtio n s in d icated at 5 y e a r s o f s e r v ic e in clu d e ch a n ges in p r o v is io n s w h ich m a y have o c c u r r e d a fter 4 y e a r s. H ealth, In su ra n ce, and P e n sio n P la n s. Data are p rese n te d fo r a ll h ealth, in su ra n ce, and p en sion plans fo r w h ich a ll o r a p a rt o f the c o s t is b o rn e by the e m p lo y e r, exclu d in g on ly p r o g r a m s r e q u ire d by la w, such as w o rk m e n 's co m p e n sa tio n and s o c ia l se c u rity. A m ong the plans in clu d ed a re th ose u n d erw ritten by a c o m m e r c ia l in su ra n ce com p a n y and th ose paid d ir e c tly by the e m p lo y e r fr o m his cu rre n t op eratin g funds o r fr o m a fund set a sid e fo r th is p u rp o se. D eath b e n e fits a re in clu d ed as a fo r m o f life in su ra n ce. S ick n e ss and a ccid e n t in su ra n ce is lim ite d to that type o f in su ra n ce under w h ich p red e te rm in e d ca sh paym en ts a re m ade d ir e c tly to the in su red on a w e e k ly o r m onthly b a sis during illn e s s o r a ccid e n t d is a b ility. In form a tion is p re se n te d fo r a ll such plans to w h ich the e m p lo y e r con trib u te s at le a st a p a rt o f the c o s t. T abulations o f paid s ic k -le a v e plans a re lim ite d to fo r m a l plans w h ich p r o v id e fu ll pay or a p r o p o rtio n o f the w o r k e r 's pay during a b se n ce fr o m w o rk b e ca u se o f illn e s s ; in fo rm a l a rra n g em en ts have been om itted. Sep arate tabu lation s a re p rovid e d a c c o rd in g to ( l) plans w h ich p r o v id e fu ll pay and no w aitin g p erio d, and (2) plans p rovid in g eith er p a rtia l pay or a w aiting p e r io d. M e d ica l in su ra n ce r e fe r s to plans p rovid in g fo r co m p le te o r p a rtia l paym ent o f d o c t o r s ' fe e s. Such plans m ay be u n d erw ritten by a c o m m e r c ia l in su ra n ce com p a n y o r a n on p rofit o rg a n iz a tio n, o r m ay be s e lf-in s u r e d.

33 26 C a ta strop h e in su r a n ce, so m e tim e s r e fe r r e d to as extended m e d ica l in s u r a n ce, in clu d e s the plans d esig n ed to c o v e r e m p lo y e e s in c a s e o f sick n e ss o r in ju ry in volvin g an expen se w h ich g o e s beyon d the n o rm a l c o v e r a g e o f h o sp ita liz a tio n, m e d ic a l, and su r g ic a l plans. T ab u lation s o f r e tir e m e n t plans p rovid e in fo rm a tio n se p a ra te ly fo r : (1) T h o se that p r o v id e re g u la r paym en ts upon re tire m e n t fo r the re m a in d e r o f the w o r k e r s life, and (2) th ose that p rovid e a lu m p -s u m am ount to the w o rk e r upon r e tir e m e n t, com m o n ly r e fe r r e d to as r e tir e m e n t se v e r a n ce pay. " P aid F u n era l L e a v e, J u ry-d u ty L e a v e, and T e c h n o lo g ic a l S e v e ra n ce P a y. T ab u lation s o f paid fu n e ra l and ju r y -d u ty lea v e a re lim ite d to fo r m a l plans w h ich p r o v id e at le a st p a rtia l paym en t fo r tim e lo s t as a re su lt o f attending fu n e ra ls o f certa in fa m ily m e m b e r s o r se rv in g as a ju r o r. T e c h n o lo g ic a l se v e r a n ce pay plans a re lim ite d to fo r m a l plans p rovid in g pay to w o r k e r s sep a ra ted fr o m em p loym en t b e ca u se o f te c h n o lo g ic a l ch anges o r clo s in g o f m ills.

34 Appendix B: Occupational Descriptions The p r im a r y p u rp o s e o f p rep a rin g jo b d e s c r ip tions fo r the B u r e a u 's w age su rv e y s is to a s s is t its fie ld sta ff in c la s s ify in g into a p p ro p ria te o ccu p a tio n s w o r k e r s w ho a re e m p lo y e d u nder a v a r ie ty o f p a y r o ll title s and d iffe r e n t w o rk a rra n g e m e n ts fr o m e sta b lish m e n t to e sta b lish m en t and fr o m a rea to a r e a. T h is is e ssen tia l in o r d e r to p e r m it the g rou p in g o f o ccu p a tio n a l w age ra te s rep re s e n tin g co m p a ra b le jo b content. B e c a u se o f this e m p h a sis on in te resta b lish m e n t and in te r a r e a c o m p a ra b ility o f o ccu p a tio n a l con ten t, the B u r e a u 's jo b d e s cr ip tio n s m a y d iffe r sig n ifica n tly fr o m th ose in u se in in d ivid u al e s ta b lish m en ts o r th ose p r e p a r e d fo r o th er p u r p o s e s. In a p p ly ing th ese jo b d e s c r ip tio n s, the B u re a u 's fie ld e c o n o m is ts a re in stru cte d to ex clu d e w ork in g s u p e r v is o r s, a p p re n tice s, le a r n e r s, b e g in n e r s, tr a in e e s, h an d icapped, p a r t -t im e, te m p o ra ry, and p r o b a tio n a r y w o r k e r s. B O L T E R (S ifter o p e r a to r) Sifts grou nd g ra in in the siftin g m a ch in e s to r e m o v e the b rok e n k e rn e ls and lum ps to be retu rn ed to grin din g m ills fo r fu rth e r p r o c e s s in g ; and ad ju sts fe e d s lid e s so m a ch in e can take in on ly as m u ch g ra in as it w ill sift. C L E A N E R, GRAIN (S ep a ra tor m an) O p era tes m a ch in e to re m o v e d ir t, ch a ff, s to n e s, and oth e r fo r e ig n m a tte r fr o m g ra in. The g ra in p a s s e s o v e r sh aker s c r e e n s w h e re the d irt and dust a re r e m o v e d by a b lo w e r o r su ction sy ste m. The g ra in fa lls th rough the s c r e e n s w h ile the fo r e ig n m a tte r such as s to n e s, s tic k s, e tc., a re e je c te d into a bag o r co n ta in e r fr o m the s c r e e n. G R A IN -E L E V A T O R O P E R A T O R Has ch a rg e o f g ra in unloading fr o m tru ck s o r r a ilr o a d c a r s. T ends elev atin g m a ch in e ry, and m a y do m in o r r e p a ir and m ain ten an ce w o rk on elevatin g m a ch in e ry. Sees that v a rio u s g ra d e s o f g ra in go to sep a ra te b in s. D e te rm in e s w h e re g ra in is to be s to re d and is re s p o n s ib le fo r sending d e s ir e d g ra in to m ill. M ay a ctu a lly do u n loadin g, and m ay a ls o run g ra in through o r ig in a l s c r e e n in g o r clean in g p r o c e s s w hich r e m o v e s la rg e p ie c e s o f fo r e ig n m a tte r. G RIN D IN G -M ACH IN E O P E R A T O R, F E E D (H a m m e r -m ill o p e r a to r ; p u lv e r iz e r ; g rin d e r o p e r a to r ; c r u s h e r -m a c h in e o p e r a to r) O p era tes one o r m o r e o f s e v e r a l types o f m a ch in e s fo r c ra ck in g, p u lv e riz in g, g rin d in g, o r chopping m a te r ia ls. Is r e s p o n s ib le fo r p r o p e r o p e ra tio n o f m a ch in e, re g u la te s flo w o f m a te r ia ls, r e lie v e s ch ok eu p s, and m a k es m in o r ad ju stm en ts o r r e p a ir s. M ay, in addition to bein g re s p o n s ib le fo r o p e ra tio n o f m a ch in e, dum p m a te r ia l into m a ch in e, take out, and sa ck and w eigh it. 27

35 28 JA N IT O R, P O R T E R, AND C L E A N E R (S w eep er; ch a rw om a n ; ja n itr e s s ) C lean s and k eep s in an o r d e r ly con d ition fa c to r y w ork in g a rea s and w a s h r o o m s, o r p r e m is e s o f an o ffic e, ap artm en t h o u se, o r c o m m e r c ia l o r oth er esta b lish m e n t. D uties in v o lv e a com b in a tion o f the fo llo w in g : Sw eeping, m op pin g o_r scru b b in g, and p o lish in g flo o r s ; rem o v in g c h ip s, tra sh, and oth er r e fu s e ; dusting equ ip m en t, fu rn itu re, o r fix tu r e s ; p o lish in g m e ta l fix tu re s o r tr im m in g s ; p rovid in g su p p lies and m in o r m a in ten an ce s e r v ic e s ; and clean in g la v a to r ie s, sh o w e rs, and r e s tr o o m s. W o rk e rs w ho s p e c ia liz e in w indow w ashing a re e x clu d e d. L A B O R E R, M ATERIAL. HAN DLING (L o a d e r and u n loa d er; h an d ler and sta c k e r; sh e lv e r; tr u c k e r ; stock m a n o r sto ck h e lp e r ; w a reh o u se m a n o r w a reh o u se h e lp e r) A w o rk e r e m p lo y e d in a w a reh o u se, m a n u factu rin g plant, s t o r e, o r oth er e s ta b lis h m en t w h ose du ties in v o lv e one o r m o r e o f the fo llo w in g : L oad in g and unloading v a rio u s m a te r ia ls and m e r c h a n d ise on o r fr o m fr e ig h t c a r s, tr u ck s, o r o th er tra n sp o rtin g d e v ic e s ; unpacking, sh e lv in g, o r p la cin g m a te r ia ls o r m e rch a n d ise in p r o p e r sto ra g e lo c a tio n ; and tra n sp o rtin g m a te r ia ls o r m e rch a n d ise by hand tru ck, c a r, o r w h e e lb a r r o w. L o n g s h o rem e n, w ho loa d and unload sh ip s, a re e x clu d e d. M IL L E R, F L O U R (H EAD) O v e r s e e s w o r k e r s en gaged in cle a n in g, grin d in g, and boltin g (siftin g ) to in su re m i lling o f g ra in a c c o rd in g to fo r m u la. P la n s sch ed u le a c c o rd in g to am ount o f g ra in to be grou n d during p e r io d s p e c ifie d. In sp ects g ra in at v a rio u s stages o f m a n u fa ctu re to d e te rm in e if fin e n e s s is a c c o rd in g to s p e c ific a tio n s. M ay ad ju st o r in stru ct a n d /o r a s s is t v a rio u s m a ch in e o p e r a to r s in ad ju sting m a ch in e ry. M IL L E R, F L O U R (SECOND M IL L E R ) P e r fo r m s any o r a ll n e c e s s a r y clean in g, grin d in g, boltin g (siftin g ), and p ack in g jo b s in a g ra in m ill. Starts m a ch in e ry and exam in es g ra in at v a r io u s sta g es o f m a n u fa ctu re to d e te rm in e d e g re e o f fin e n e s s. In sp ects v a r io u s m ills fo r p r o p e r o p e ra tio n and m a k es any n e c e s s a r y ad ju stm en ts. M IL L W R IG H T In stalls new m a ch in e s o r heavy equ ipm ent and d ism a n tle s and in sta lls m a ch in e s o r h eavy equ ipm ent w hen changes in the plant la you t a re re q u ire d. W ork in v o lv e s m o s t o f the fo llo w in g : Planning and layin g out o f the w o rk ; in te rp retin g b lu e p rin ts o r o th er s p e c ific a tio n s ; u sin g a ~ v a riety o f h an d tools and riggin g; m aking stan dard shop com p u ta tion s rela tin g to s t r e s s e s, stren gth o f m a te r ia ls, and cen te rs o f g ra v ity ; alining and bala n cin g o f equ ipm ent; s e le ctin g stan dard to o ls, equ ipm ent, and p a rts to be u sed ; in sta llin g and m ain taining in g ood o r d e r p o w e r tr a n s m is s io n equ ipm ent such as d r iv e s and sp eed r e d u c e r s. In g e n e r a l, the m illw r ig h t s w o rk n o rm a lly re q u ire s a rounded trainin g and e x p e rie n c e in the trad e a cq u ired through a fo r m a l a p p re n tice sh ip o r equ ivalent trainin g and e x p e rie n c e. O IL E R L u b r ica te s, w ith o il o r g r e a s e, the m ov in g p a rts o r w earin g s u r fa c e s o f m e c h a n ica l equipm ent of an estab lish m en t.

36 29 P A C K E R T ends a m a ch in e that sa ck s and w eigh s fin ish e d p ro d u cts o r m a te r ia ls ; p la c e s em pty sa ck o r bag o v e r d is ch a r g e n o z z le o r spout o f pack in g m a ch in e ; sta rts flo w o f p rod u ct o r m a te r ia l into sa ck ; shuts o ff o r stop s flo w o f p rod u ct o r m a te r ia l w hen s p e c ifie d w eigh t o r am ount has e n te red the sa ck (m a ch in e m a y do this a u to m a tica lly ). M ay sea l o r c lo s e sa ck s by hand o r m a ch in e. M ay m ake ad ju stm en ts and m in o r r e p a ir s. F o r w age study p u r p o s e s, p a ck e r s a re c la s s ifie d by p ro d u c t, as fo llo w s : P a c k e r, flo u r P a c k e r, fe e d R O L L TEN D E R R egu la tes flow o f g ra in betw een g rin d in g r o lle r s o f a rollin g m ill. W ork in clu d e s : M oving r o lle r s to g e th e r so that g ra in p a ssin g b etw een them w ill b e cru sh e d ; sta rts fe e d e r r o ll w hich m o v e s g ra in out o f supply h op p er o f m ill and c a u se s it to fa ll b etw een rotating grin din g r o lls. SM U T T E R W ash es and s c o u r s g ra in w hich is in fe ste d w ith sm utj by op era tin g a w ashing m a ch in e and a scou rin g m a ch in e. M ay a lso w eigh, te m p e r, and con d ition g ra in fo r grin d in g. M ay clean, adju st, and a s s is t in rep a irin g m a ch in e ry. TR U C K E R, P O W E R O p era tes a m anually c o n tro lle d g a s o lin e - o r e le c t r ic -p o w e r e d tru ck o r tr a c to r to tra n sp o rt g ood s and m a te r ia ls o f a ll kinds about a w a reh o u se, m a n u factu rin g plant, o r oth er esta b lish m en t. F o r w age study p u r p o s e s, w o rk e r s a re c la s s ifie d by type o f tru ck, as fo llo w s : T r u c k e r, p o w e r (fo rk lift) T r u c k e r, p o w e r (oth er than fo r k lift)

37

38 IKDUSTRY WAGE STU DIES The following reports cover part of the Bureau's program of industry wage surveys. These reports cover the period 1950 to date and may be obtained free upon request as long as a supply is available. However, those for which a price is shown are available only from the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C., or any of its regional sales offices. I. Occupational Wage Studies Manufacturing Apparel: Men's Dress Shirts and Nightwear, Series 2, No. 80 Men's and Boys' Dress Shirts and Nightwear, BLS Report No. 74 Men's and Boys' Shirts (Except Work Shirts) and Nightwear, BLS Report 116 Men's and Boys' Shirts (Except Work Shirts) and Nightwear, BLS Bulletin No (40 cents) Men's and Boys' Suits and Coats, BLS Report No. 140 Women's and Misses' Coats and Suits, BLS Report No. 122 Women's and Misses' Dresses, BLS Report No. 193 Work Clothing, BLS Report No. 51 Work Clothing, BLS Bulletin No (35 cents) Work Shirts, 1955 and BLS Report 115 Work Shirts, BLS Report No. 124 Chemicals and Petroleum: Fertilizer, Series 2, No. 77 Fertilizer Manufacturing, 1955 and BLS Report No. I l l Fertilizer Manufacturing, BLS Report No. 132 Industrial Chemicals, Series 2, No 87 Industrial Chemicals, BLS Report No. 103 Paints and Varnishes, BLS Bulletin No (30 cents) Petroleum Production and Refining, Series 2, No. 83 Petroleum Refining, BLS Report No. 158 Synthetic Fibers, BLS Report No. 143 Food: Candy and Other Confectionery Products, BLS Report No. 195 Canning and Freezing, 1955 and BLS Report No. 117 Canning and Freezing, BLS Report No. 136 Distilled Liquors, Series 2, No. 88 Fluid Milk Industry, BLS Report No. 174 Raw Sugar, 1955 and BLS Report No. 117 Raw Sugar, BLS Report No. 136 Leather: Footwear, BLS Report No. 46 Footwear, 1955 and BLS Report No. 115 Footwear, BLS Report No. 133 Leather Tanning and Finishing, BLS Report No. 80 Leather Tanning and Finishing, BLS Report No. 150 Lumber and Furniture: Household Furniture, BLS Report No. 76 Lumber in the South, 1949 and Series 2, No. 76 Southern Lumber Industry, BLS Report No. 45 Southern Sawmills, 1955 and BLS Report No. 113 Southern Sawmills, BLS Report No. 130 West Coast Sawmilling, BLS Report No. 7 West Coast Sawmilling, BLS Report No. 156 Wood Household Furniture, Except Upholstered, BLS Report No. 152 Wooden Containers, 1955 and BLS Report No. 115 Wooden Containers, BLS Report No. 126 Paper and Allied Products: Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard, Series 2, No. 91 Primary Metals, Fabricated Metal Products and Machinery: Basic Iron and Steel, Series 2, No. 81 Fabricated Structural Steel, BLS Report No. 123 Gray Iron Foundries, BLS Report No. 151 Nonferrous Foundries, Series 2, No. 82 Nonferrous Foundries, BLS Report No. 180 Machinery Industries, BLS Bulletin No (40 cents) Machinery Industries, BLS Report No. 93 Machinery Manufacturing, BLS Report No. 107 Machinery Manufacturing, BLS Report No. 139 Machinery Manufacturing, BLS Report No. 147 Machinery Manufacturing, BLS Report No. 170 Machinery Manufacturing, BLS Bulletin No (30 cents) Radio, Television, and Related Products, Series 2, No. 84 Steel Foundries, Series 2, No. 85 Rubber and Plastics Products: Miscellaneous Plastics Products, BLS Report No. 168 Stone, Clay, and Glass: Pressed or Blown Glass and Glassware, BLS Report No. 177 Structural Clay Products, BLS Report No. 77 Structural Clay Products, BLS Report No. 172 T extiles: Cotton Textiles, BLS Report No. 82 Cotton Textiles, BLS Report No. 184 Cotton and Synthetic Textiles, Series 2, No. 89 Hosiery, BLS Report No. 34 Miscellaneous Textiles, BLS Report No. 56 Processed Waste, 1955 and BLS Report No. 115 Processed Waste, BLS Report No. 124 Seamless Hosiery, 1955 and BLS Report No. 112 Seamless Hosiery, BLS Report No. 129 Synthetic Textiles, BLS Report No. 87 Synthetic Textiles, BLS Report No. 1S2 Textile Dyeing and Finishing, BLS Report No. 110 Textile Dyeing and Finishing, BLS Bulletin No (35 cents) Woolen and Worsted Textiles, Series 2, No. 90 Wool Textiles, BLS Report No. 134 T obacco: Cigar Manufacturing, BLS Report No. 97 Cigar Manufacturing, BLS Report No. 117 Cigar Manufacturing, BLS Bulletin No (30 cents) Cigarette Manufacturing, BLS Report No. 167 Tobacco Stemming and Redrying, 1955 and BLS Report No. 117 Tobacco Stemming and Redrying, BLS Report No. 136 T ransportation: Motor Vehicles and Parts, BLS Bulletin No (20 cents) Motor Vehicles and Motor Vehicle Parts, BLS Report No. 128 Railroad Cars, Series 2, No. 86 * Studies of the effects of the $1 minimum wage.