M E T R O P O L IT A N A R E A S, U N ITED S T A T E S A N D R E G IO N A L S U M M A R IE S,

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1 M E T R O P O L IT A N A R E A, U N ITED T A T E A N D R E G IO N A L U M M A R IE, Bulletin U.. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR TATITIC

2 B U R E A U O F L A B O R T A T I T IC R E G IO N A L O F F IC E Government Center Boston, Mass Phone: (Area Code 617) New York, N.Y Filbert t Peachtree t. NE. Phone: (Area Code 212) Philadelphia, Pa Atlanta, Ga Phone: (Area Code 215) Phone: (Area Code 404) Region V 8th Floor, 300 outh Wacker Drive Chicago, III Phone: (Area Code 312) Regions V II and V III will be serviced by Kansas City. Regions IX and X will be serviced by an Francisco. Region VI 1100 Commerce t., Rm. 6B7 Dallas, Tex Phone: (Area Code 214) Regions V II and V III Federal Office Building 911 Walnut t., 10th Floor Kansas City, Mo Phone: (Area Code 816) Regions IX and X 450 Golden Gate Ave. Box an Francisco, Calif Phone: (Area Code 415)

3 A REA WAGE U R VEY METROPOLITAN AREA, UNITED TATE AND REGIONAL UMMARIE, Bulletin U.. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR J. D. Hodgson, ecretary BUREAU OF LABOR TATITIC Geoffrey H. Moore, Commissioner 1972 For sale by the uperintendent of Documents, U.. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C^ Price 1

4 P reface T h e B u r e a u o f L a b o r t a t i s t i c s a n n u a l p r o g r a m o f o c c u p a t i o n a l w a g e s u r v e y s in m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s p r o v i d e s i n f o r m a t i o n o n o c c u p a t i o n a l e a r n i n g s, e s t a b l i s h m e n t p r a c t i c e s, a n d s u p p l e m e n t a r y w a g e b e n e f i t s. T h e p r o g r a m c o v e r s s i x i n d u s t r y d i v i s i o n s ( m a n u f a c t u r i n g ; t r a n s p o r t a t i o n, c o m m u n i c a t i o n, a n d o t h e r p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s ; w h o l e s a l e t r a d e ; r e t a i l t r a d e ; f i n a n c e, i n s u r a n c e, a n d r e a l e s t a t e ; a n d s e l e c t e d s e r v i c e s ) a n d y i e l d s d a t a b y a r e a, a s w e l l a s n a t i o n a l a n d r e g i o n a l t a b u l a t i o n s f o r m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s. M a j o r c o n s i d e r a t i o n s in t h e p r o g r a m a r e t h e n e e d f o r i n f o r m a t i o n o n (1 ) t h e m o v e m e n t o f w a g e s b y o c c u p a t i o n a l c a t e g o r y a n d s k i l l l e v e l, a n d (2 ) t h e s t r u c t u r e a n d l e v e l o f w a g e s a m o n g a r e a s a n d i n d u s t r y d i v i s i o n s. N i n e t y a r e a s a r e c u r r e n t l y s u r v e y e d : 8 5 m e t r o p o l i t a n, 1 n o n m e t r o p o l i t a n ( B u r l i n g t o n, V t.) in t h e B u r e a u ' s r e g u l a r p r o g r a m, a n d 4 u n d e r c o n t r a c t w it h t h e N e w Y o r k t a t e D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r. In e a c h a r e a, o c c u p a t i o n a l e a r n i n g s i n f o r m a t i o n i s c o l l e c t e d a n n u a l l y a n d e s t a b l i s h m e n t p r a c t i c e s a n d s u p p l e m e n t a r y w a g e p r o v i s i o n s b i e n n i a l l y. I n d i v i d u a l b u l l e t i n s a r e i s s u e d a n n u a l l y f o r e a c h a r e a. O n c o m p l e t i o n o f a l l o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l a r e a b u l l e t i n s f o r a r o u n d o f s u r v e y s, t w o s u m m a r y b u l l e t i n s a r e i s s u e d. T h e f i r s t b r i n g s d a t a f o r e a c h o f t h e m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s s t u d i e d in t o o n e b u l l e t i n. u r v e y s c o n d u c t e d b e t w e e n J u l y a n d J u n e a r e s u m m a r i z e d in A r e a W a g e u r v e y s : e l e c t e d M e t r o p o l i t a n A r e a s, ( B L B u l l e t i n ). T h i s s e c o n d s u m m a r y b u l l e t i n p r o j e c t s i n f o r m a t i o n c o l l e c t e d in 8 5 o f t h e m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s t o r e p r e s e n t t h e m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s o f t h e U n i t e d t a t e s. T h i s b u l l e t i n a l s o c o m p a r e s w a g e d i f f e r e n c e s in m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s a n d p r o v i d e s i n f o r m a t i o n o n w a g e t r e n d s, w a g e p a y m e n t p l a n s, f r e q u e n c y o f w a g e p a y m e n t, a n d m e n ' s a n d w o m e n 's e a r n i n g s in t h e s a m e j o b. T h i s b u l l e t i n w a s p r e p a r e d in t h e B u r e a u ' s D i v i s i o n o f O c c u p a t i o n a l W a g e t r u c t u r e s. T h e a n a l y s i s w a s p r e p a r e d b y J o h n E. B u c k l e y, J o h n H. C o x, J a m e s N. H o u f f, a n d L e s t e r L. P e t e r m a n n, u n d e r t h e i m m e d i a t e d i r e c t i o n o f K e n n e t h J. H o f f m a n n. D a t a c o l l e c t i o n w a s d i r e c t e d b y t h e B u r e a u ' s A s s i s t a n t R e g i o n a l D i r e c t o r s f o r O p e r a t i o n s. Contents Page Introduction 1 Characteristics of the 229 a r e a s 1 Occupational earnings 2 Office clerical occupations 2 Professional and technical occupations 2 Maintenance and powerplant occupations 3 Custodial and material movement occupations 3 Wage differences among metropolitan areas 60 All industries combined 60 Manufacturing Nonmanufacturing 62 Trends of occupational earnings 66 Coverage and method of computing wage trends 66 Limitations of data 68 Pay differences between men and women in the same job 72 Among and within establishm ents 72 T rends 72 Time and incentive pay practices 76 T rends Plantworkers 76 Officeworkers 77 Frequency of wage payment Establishment practices and supplementary wage provisions 82 Late-shift pay provisions and practices in manufacturing 82 cheduled weekly hours 82 Paid vacations Health, insurance, and pension plans 85 Labor-management agreement coverage 98 Chart: Trends of occupational earnings: Annual wage changes, current dollar and real earnings for selected occupational groups, ii

5 Contents- Continued P a g e P a g e T a b l e s : W a g e d i f f e r e n c e s a m o n g m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s : 1. I n t e r a r e a p a y c o m p a r i s o n s T r e n d s in o c c u p a t i o n a l e a r n i n g s : 2. W a g e i n c r e a s e s, o f f i c e a n d p l a n t a l l m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s W a g e i n d e x e s, o f f i c e a n d p l a n t a l l m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s P a y d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n m e n a n d w o m e n in t h e s a m e j o b : 4. A v e r a g e e a r n i n g s o f m e n a n d w o m e n W i t h i n - e s t a b l i s h m e n t e a r n i n g s d i f f e r e n c e s T i m e a n d i n c e n t i v e p a y p r a c t i c e s in u r b a n a r e a s : 6. M e t h o d o f w a g e d e t e r m i n a t i o n F r e q u e n c y o f w a g e p a y m e n t : 7. F r e q u e n c y o f w a g e p a y m e n t A. O c c u p a t i o n a l e a r n i n g s : A - 1. O f f i c e o c c u p a t i o n s U n i t e d t a t e s A - 2. O f f i c e o c c u p a t i o n s N o r t h e a s t A - 3. O f f i c e o c c u p a t i o n s o u t h A - 4. O ffice occupations N orth C en tral A - 5. O f f i c e o c c u p a t i o n s W e s t A - 6. P r o f e s s i o n a l a n d t e c h n i c a l o c c u p a t i o n s U n i t e d t a t e s A - 7. P r o f e s s i o n a l a n d t e c h n i c a l o c c u p a t i o n s N o r t h e a s t A - 8. P r o f e s s i o n a l a n d t e c h n i c a l o c c u p a t i o n s o u t h A - 9. P r o f e s s i o n a l a n d t e c h n i c a l o c c u p a t i o n s N o r t h C e n t r a l A P r o f e s s i o n a l a n d t e c h n i c a l o c c u p a t i o n s W e s t A M a i n t e n a n c e a n d p o w e r p l a n t o c c u p a t i o n s United tates A M a i n t e n a n c e a n d p o w e r p l a n t o c c u p a t i o n s N o r t h e a s t 4 1 A M a i n t e n a n c e a n d p o w e r p l a n t o c c u p a t i o n s o u t h T a b l e s C o n t i n u e d A. B. O c c u p a t i o n a l e a r n i n g s C o n t i n u e d A M a i n t e n a n c e a n d p o w e r p l a n t o c c u p a t i o n s N o r t h C e n t r a l A M a i n t e n a n c e a n d p o w e r p l a n t o c c u p a t i o n s A C u s t o d i a l a n d m a t e r i a l m o v e m e n t o c c u p a t i o n s U n i t e d t a t e s 4 8 A C u s t o d i a l a n d m a t e r i a l m o v e m e n t o c c u p a t i o n s N o r t h e a s t A C u s t o d i a l a n d m a t e r i a l m o v e m e n t o c c u p a t i o n s o u t h A C u s t o d i a l a n d m a t e r i a l m o v e m e n t o c c u p a t i o n s N o r t h C e n t r a l 5 5 A C u s t o d i a l a n d m a t e r i a l m o v e m e n t o c c u p a t i o n s W e s t 5 8 E s t a b l i s h m e n t p r a c t i c e s a n d s u p p l e m e n t a r y w a g e p r o v i s i o n s : B - l. h i f t d i f f e r e n t i a l s m a n u f a c t u r i n g B - 2. c h e d u l e d w e e k l y h o u r s 8 9 B - 3. P a i d h o l i d a y s 9 0 B - 4. P a i d v a c a t i o n s B - 5. H e a l t h, i n s u r a n c e, a n d p e n s i o n p l a n s 9 7 T e x t t a b l e 1. A r e a p a y r e l a t i v e s in a l l i n d u s t r i e s c o m b i n e d, b y j o b g r o u p, T e x t t a b l e 2. D i s t r i b u t i o n o f a r e a s b y p a y r e l a t i v e s, j o b g r o u p, a n d r e g i o n, T e x t t a b l e 3. A r e a p a y r e l a t i v e s in m a n u f a c t u r i n g, b y j o b g r o u p, T e x t t a b l e 4. A r e a p a y r e l a t i v e s in n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g, b y j o b g r o u p, T e x t t a b l e 5. P e r c e n t s b y w h i c h m e n ' s a v e r a g e e a r n i n g s e x c e e d e d w o m e n 's in s e l e c t e d e s t a b l i s h m e n t g r o u p s, a l l m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s, a n d T e x t t a b l e 6. P e r c e n t s b y w h i c h m e n ' s a v e r a g e e a r n i n g s e x c e e d e d w o m e n ' s in a l l e s t a b l i s h m e n t s, a l l m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s, 1<?60, , a n d T e x t t a b l e 7. P e r c e n t s o f m a n u f a c t u r i n g p l a n t w o r k e r s b y t y p e a n d a m o u n t o f s h i f t d i f f e r e n t i a l, I a n d iii

6 C ontents Continued P a g e P a g e T a b l e s C o n t i n u e d T e x t t a b l e 8. T e x t t a b l e 9. T e x t t a b l e 1 0. A v e r a g e n u m b e r o f p a i d h o l i d a y s p r o v i d e d p l a n t w o r k e r s a n d o f f i c e w o r k e r s, I a n d P e r c e n t s o f p l a n t w o r k e r s a n d o f f i c e w o r k e r s in e s t a b l i s h m e n t s h a v i n g f o r m a l p a i d v a c a t i o n p r o v i s i o n s, I a n d P e r c e n t s o f p l a n t w o r k e r s a n d o f f i c e w o r k e r s in e s t a b l i s h m e n t s h a v i n g f o r m a l h e a l t h, i n s u r a n c e, a n d p e n s i o n p l a n s, I a n d T a b l e s C o n t i n u e d T e x t t a b l e 1 1. P e r c e n t s o f p l a n t w o r k e r s a n d o f f i c e w o r k e r s in e s t a b l i s h m e n t s h a v i n g u n io n c o n t r a c t s w h i c h c o v e r e d a m a j o r i t y o f w o r k e r s in t h e r e s p e c t i v e c a t e g o r i e s, A p p e n d i x e s : A. c o p e a n d m e t h o d o f s u r v e y 9 9 B. O c c u p a t i o n a l d e s c r i p t i o n s Iv

7 Introduction T h i s s u m m a r y b u l l e t i n p r o v i d e s n a t i o n a l a n d r e g i o n a l e s t i m a t e s o f o c c u p a t i o n a l e a r n i n g s a n d w a g e t r e n d s f o r t h e t a n d a r d M e t r o p o l i t a n t a t i s t i c a l A r e a s in t h e U n i t e d t a t e s. 1 I t a l s o c o m p a r e s e a r n i n g s in 8 9 i n d i v i d u a l s u r v e y a r e a s t o t h e a v e r a g e f o r a l l m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s c o m b i n e d. O c c u p a t i o n s c o m m o n t o a v a r i e t y o f m a n u f a c t u r i n g a n d n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s w e r e s t u d i e d in t h e s e l e c t e d a r e a s. E a r n i n g s d a t a a r e p r o v i d e d f o r t h e f o l l o w i n g t y p e s o f o c c u p a t i o n s : ( a ) O f f i c e c l e r i c a l ; ( b ) p r o f e s s i o n a l a n d t e c h n i c a l ; ( c ) m a i n t e n a n c e a n d p o w e r - p l a n t ; a n d ( d ) c u s t o d i a l a n d m a t e r i a l m o v e m e n t. D a t a a l s o w e r e c o l l e c t e d a n d s u m m a r i z e d o n s h i f t o p e r a t i o n s a n d d i f f e r e n t i a l s ; s c h e d u l e d w e e k l y h o u r s ; p a i d h o l i d a y s ; p a i d v a c a t i o n s ; h e a l t h, i n s u r a n c e, a n d p e n s i o n p l a n s ; a n d m e t h o d s a n d f r e q u e n c y o f w a g e p a y m e n t. C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e a r e a s T h e m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s h a d a c o m b i n e d p o p u l a t i o n o f a b o u t m i l l i o n in , o r t w o - t h i r d s o f t h e N a t i o n ' s t o t a l. B y r e g i o n, 8 4 o f t h e a r e a s w e r e l o c a t e d in t h e o u t h, 6 3 i n t h e N o r t h C e n t r a l R e g i o n, 4 8 in t h e N o r t h e a s t, a n d 3 4 i n t h e W e s t. E v e n t h o u g h o v e r o n e - t h i r d o f t h e a r e a s w e r e l o c a t e d in t h e o u t h, o n l y o n e - f o u r t h o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n w a s in t h e s e a r e a s. T h e N o r t h e a s t, o n t h e o t h e r h a n d, w h i c h c o n t a i n e d a b o u t o n e - f i f t h o f t h e a r e a s, c o n s t i t u t e d a l m o s t t h r e e - t e n t h s o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n. In t h e o u t h, t h e a v e r a g e m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a p o p u l a t i o n ( 4 0 8, ) w a s a b o u t o n e - h a l f o f t h e a v e r a g e in t h e N o r t h e a s t ( 8 0 2, ). T h e a v e r a g e m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a p o p u l a t i o n in t h e N o r t h C e n t r a l R e g i o n w a s 5 8 5, 0 0 0, c o m p a r e d t o 7 6 6, in t h e W e s t. R e g i o n a l d a t a a r e i n f l u e n c e d g r e a t l y b y t h e l a r g e m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s. In t h e W e s t, t w o s u r v e y a r e a s L o s A n g e l e s L o n g B e a c h a n d A n a h e i m a n t a A n a G a r d e n G r o v e, a n d a n F r a n c i s c o - O a k l a n d c o n s t i t u t e 4 4 p e r c e n t o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n. i m i l a r l y, N e w Y o r k, P h i l a d e l p h i a, a n d B o s t o n a c c o u n t f o r 4 9 p e r c e n t o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n in t h e N o r t h e a s t ; a n d C h i c a g o a n d D e t r o i t f o r 3 0 p e r c e n t o f t h e N o r t h C e n t r a l p o p u l a t i o n. In t h e o u t h, o n t h e o t h e r h a n d, t h e f i v e l a r g e s t a r e a s c o m b i n e d c o n s t i t u t e o n ly 2 8 p e r c e n t o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n. E s t i m a t e s o f e a r n i n g s r e l a t e t o a b o u t 8 2, e s t a b l i s h m e n t s t h a t e m p l o y m i l l i o n w o r k e r s w it h in s c o p e o f t h e s u r v e y. T h e a v e r a g e s i z e o f e s t a b l i s h m e n t w it h in s c o p e o f t h e s t u d y r a n g e d f r o m e m p l o y e e s in t h e o u t h t o in t h e N o r t h C e n t r a l R e g i o n. B y i n d u s t r y d i v i s i o n, t h e a v e r a g e s i z e o f e s t a b l i s h m e n t r a n g e d f r o m e m p l o y e e s in w h o l e s a l e t r a d e t o in p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s. D i f f e r e n c e s i n p a y l e v e l s a m o n g a r e a s r e f l e c t t h e i n f l u e n c e o f a v a r i e t y o f f a c t o r s, i n c l u d i n g v a r i a t i o n in i n d u s t r i a l c o m p o s i t i o n. l i g h t l y m o r e t h a n o n e - h a l f o f a l l w o r k e r s w it h in s c o p e o f t h e s u r v e y w e r e e m p l o y e d in m a n u f a c t u r i n g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s. B y r e g i o n, t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y m e n t a m o u n t e d t o t h r e e - f i f t h s o f t h e w o r k e r s i n t h e N o r t h C e n t r a l, s l i g h t l y m o r e t h a n o n e - h a l f in t h e N o r t h e a s t, a n d n e a r l y o n e - h a l f in t h e o u t h a n d W e s t. M o r e o v e r, t h e m i x o f m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s v a r i e s b y r e g i o n. T e x t i l e m a n u f a c t u r i n g, f o r e x a m p l e, i s m o r e p r e v a l e n t in t h e o u t h t h a n i n t h e o t h e r r e g i o n s. i m i l a r l y, m o t o r v e h i c l e m a n u f a c t u r i n g i s c o n c e n t r a t e d l a r g e l y in t h e N o r t h C e n t r a l R e g i o n. T h e p e r c e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t o t a l e m p l o y m e n t w it h in s c o p e o f t h e s u r v e y, b y i n d u s t r y d i v i s i o n a n d r e g i o n 2 i s s h o w n in t h e f o l l o w i n g t a b u l a t i o n. All metropolitan North Industry division areas Northeast outh Central West All industries Manuf acturing Nonmanufacturing Public utilities Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance ervices NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. O f t h e t o t a l e m p l o y m e n t o f 2 2, 4 0 0, w it h in s c o p e o f t h e s u r v e y, t h e N o r t h C e n t r a l R e g i o n c o n s t i t u t e d 3 2 p e r c e n t o f t h e w o r k e r s, f o l l o w e d b y 3 0 p e r c e n t in t h e N o r t h e a s t, 2 2 p e r c e n t in t h e 1 As established by the Office of Management and Budget (formerly the Bureau of the Budget) o u t h, a n d 16 p e r c e n t in t h e W e s t. through January 1968, excluding Alaska and Hawaii. For a detailed description of scope and method of survey, see appendix A. 2 For a further breakdown by industry divisions within regions, see appendix A table. 1

8 O ccupational Earnings O c c u p a t i o n a l e a r n i n g s d a t a a r e p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s b u l l e t i n f o r a l l i n d u s t r i e s c o m b i n e d, m a n u f a c t u r i n g, n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g, a n d f o r t h e f i v e n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r y d i v i s i o n s s t u d i e d. N u m b e r s o f w o r k e r s, m e a n s, m e d i a n s, m i d d l e r a n g e s, a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n s o f w o r k e r s b y e a r n i n g s a r e p r e s e n t e d, b y i n d u s t r y d i v i s i o n, f o r t h e U n i t e d t a t e s a n d f o u r b r o a d r e g i o n s. ( e e t a b l e s A - 1 A ) T h e a v e r a g e s w e r e o b t a i n e d b y c o m b i n i n g p a y l e v e l s f r o m e s t a b l i s h m e n t s in m a n y d i f f e r e n t i n d u s t r i e s a n d a r e a s h a v i n g w i d e l y d i v e r g e n t p a y l e v e l s. 3 N o a t t e m p t w a s m a d e t o i s o l a t e a l l o f t h e f a c t o r s w h i c h a f f e c t t h e l e v e l s o f e a r n i n g s, b u t t h e t a b l e s p r o v i d e i n f o r m a t i o n o n d i f f e r e n c e s in o c c u p a t i o n a l e a r n i n g s b y i n d u s t r y d i v i s i o n, r e g i o n, a n d s e x. E a r n i n g s d a t a w e r e c o l l e c t e d b e t w e e n J u l y a n d J u n e l i g h t l y l e s s t h a n h a l f o f t h e d a t a w e r e c o l l e c t e d b e f o r e F e b r u a r y 1, , a n d, t h e r e f o r e, w e r e n o t s u b j e c t t o t h o s e a m e n d m e n t s t o t h e F a i r L a b o r t a n d a r d s A c t w h i c h b e c a m e e f f e c t i v e o n t h a t d a t e. O f f i c e c l e r i c a l o c c u p a t i o n s T h e q u a r t e r m i l l i o n w o m e n s e c r e t a r i e s w it h in s c o p e o f th e s t u d y a v e r a g e d a w e e k in F e b r u a r y A f o u r t h o f t h e s e c r e t a r i e s e a r n e d l e s s t h a n a w e e k w h i l e a n o t h e r f o u r t h e a r n e d o v e r W o m e n c l a s s A s e c r e t a r i e s, u s u a l l y a s s i g n e d a s p e r s o n a l s e c r e t a r i e s t o t h e h i g h e s t r a n k i n g o f f i c i a l s o f m e d i u m t o l a r g e s i z e e s t a b l i s h m e n t s, a v e r a g e d 1 5 2, t h e h i g h e s t a v e r a g e e a r n i n g s a m o n g w o m e n o f f i c e c l e r i c a l w o r k e r s, w h e r e a s s e c r e t a r i e s t o s u p e r v i s o r s o f a s m a l l g r o u p o f e m p l o y e e s o r t o n o n s u p e r v i s o r y s t a f f s p e c i a l i s t s ( c l a s s D ) a v e r a g e d F o r e a c h l e v e l o f s e c r e t a r y s t u d i e d, e a r n i n g s w e r e h i g h e s t in p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s a n d l o w e s t in r e t a i l t r a d e. T h e l o w e s t p a i d o f f i c e o c c u p a t i o n s t u d i e d w a s c l a s s C f i l e c l e r k. W o m e n in t h i s o c c u p a t i o n a v e r a g e d 7 8 a w e e k f o r a n a v e r a g e 3 8 ^ h o u r s, o r a b o u t a n h o u r. D i f f e r e n c e s in w a g e s o f i n d i v i d u a l s w it h in t h e s a m e o c c u p a t i o n a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n w e r e e v e n g r e a t e r t h a n d i f f e r e n c e s in a v e r a g e s a m o n g o c c u p a t i o n s. o m e o f t h e h i g h e s t p a i d w o r k e r s in a n o c c u p a t i o n r e c e i v e d t r i p l e t h e s a l a r y o f t h e l o w e s t p a i d. O n a n a t i o n w i d e b a s i s, a l l - i n d u s t r y a v e r a g e e a r n i n g s f o r m e n o f f i c e c l e r i c a l w o r k e r s e x c e e d e d t h o s e f o r w o m e n in e a c h o f t h e j o b s f o r w h i c h d a t a w e r e p u b l i s h e d. A l a t e r s e c t i o n o f t h i s b u l l e t i n, " P a y D i f f e r e n c e s B e t w e e n M e n a n d W o m e n in t h e a m e J o b, " d e a l s w it h e a r n i n g s r e l a t i o n s h i p s o f m e n a n d w o m e n in t h e s a m e j o b a n d e s t a b l i s h m e n t. A v e r a g e w e e k l y s a l a r i e s o f o f f i c e w o r k e r s w e r e u s u a l l y h i g h e r in m a n u f a c t u r i n g t h a n in t h e n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s c o m b i n e d a n d h i g h e r in " t h e W e s t t h a n in t h e t h r e e o t h e r r e g i o n s. A m o n g t h e s i x i n d u s t r y d i v i s i o n s i n c l u d e d in t h e s u r v e y, o f f i c e c l e r i c a l j o b a v e r a g e s w e r e in m o s t i n s t a n c e s h i g h e s t in p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s, f o l l o w e d b y m a n u f a c t u r i n g. T h e f o l l o w i n g t a b u l a t i o n p r e s e n t s p a y l e v e l s o f o f f i c e c l e r i c a l w o r k e r s i n e a c h o f t h e s i x i n d u s t r y d i v i s i o n s, b y r e g i o n. T h e s e l e v e l s a r e e x p r e s s e d a s a p e r c e n t o f n a t i o n a l a l l - i n d u s t r y p a y l e v e l s. 4 All metropolitan North areas Northeast outh Central West All industries Manufacturing Nonmanufacturing Public utilities Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance ervices T h e r a n k i n g o f i n d u s t r i e s a n d r e g i o n s f r o m t h e h i g h e s t t o th e l o w e s t w a g e l e v e l h a s n o t c h a n g e d s i n c e f i r s t r e p o r t e d in ; r e l a t i v e c h a n g e s w e r e o n l y 3 p o i n t s o r l e s s. D u r i n g t h e p e r i o d, r e l a t i v e w a g e l e v e l s h a v e i n c r e a s e d in r e t a i l t r a d e, f i n a n c e, a n d s e r v i c e s, a n d d e c r e a s e d in m a n u f a c t u r i n g a n d p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s ; a n d h a v e i n c r e a s e d in t h e N o r t h e a s t a n d o u t h a n d d e c r e a s e d in t h e N o r t h C e n t r a l a n d W e s t. P r o f e s s i o n a l a n d t e c h n i c a l o c c u p a t i o n s W a g e s o f d r a f t s m e n v a r i e d c o n s i d e r a b l y, d e p e n d i n g o n t h e c o m p l e x i t y o f t h e w o r k p e r f o r m e d. T h e m o s t s k i l l e d m e n d r a f t s m e n ( c l a s s A ) a v e r a g e d a w e e k, w h e r e a s d r a f t s m e n - t r a c e r s a v e r a g e d in F e b r u a r y T h e t w o i n t e r m e d i a t e l e v e l s, c l a s s e s B a n d C, a v e r a g e d a n d , r e s p e c t i v e l y. A l m o s t t h r e e - f o u r t h s o f t h e d r a f t s m e n w e r e e m p l o y e d in m a n u f a c t u r i n g, a n d m o s t o f t h e r e m a i n d e r in s e r v i c e s, p r i m a r i l y e n g i n e e r i n g a n d a r c h i t e c t u r a l s e r v i c e s. C l a s s A a n d B d r a f t s m e n e m p l o y e d in s e r v i c e s a v e r a g e d m o r e t h a n t h o s e in m a n u f a c t u r i n g, w h e r e a s c l a s s C d r a f t s m e n a n d d r a f t s m e n - t r a c e r s in m a n u f a c t u r i n g a v e r a g e d m o r e t h a n t h o s e in s e r v i c e s. O v e r t h r e e - f o u r t h s o f t h e d r a f t s m e n in m a n u f a c t u r i n g w e r e e m p l o y e d in t h e f a b r i c a t e d m e t a l s, m a c h i n e r y, e l e c t r i c a l m a c h i n e r y, a n d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n e q u i p m e n t i n d u s t r i e s. W o m e n r e g i s t e r e d i n d u s t r i a l n u r s e s a v e r a g e d ; r e g i o n a l a v e r a g e s r a n g e d f r o m in t h e o u t h t o , in t h e W e s t. 3 Pay relatives of office clerical, skilled maintenance, and unskilled plantworkers in 89 areas 4 Based on aggregates obtained by multiplying occupational averages for men and women in are presented on p office jobs by the nationwide employment in each job. 2

9 3 M a i n t e n a n c e a n d p o w e r p l a n t o c c u p a t i o n s A m o n g t h e s k i l l e d m a i n t e n a n c e o c c u p a t i o n s s t u d i e d, t o o l a n d d i e m a k e r s, a v e r a g i n g a n h o u r, w e r e t h e h i g h e s t p a i d. H o u r ly - a v e r a g e s f o r e l e c t r i c i a n s, m a c h i n e - t o o l o p e r a t o r s ( t o o l r o o m ), m a c h i n i s t s, m i l l w r i g h t s, p i p e f i t t e r s, a n d s h e e t - m e t a l w o r k e r s w e r e a l l w it h in a r a n g e o f t o A u t o m e c h a n i c s, c a r p e n t e r s, m e c h a n i c s, p a i n t e r s, a n d p l u m b e r s a v e r a g e d f r o m t o a n h o u r. P a y r e l a t i v e s f o r s k i l l e d m a i n t e n a n c e w o r k e r s in m a n u f a c t u r in g w e r e a l m o s t i d e n t i c a l t o th e a l l - i n d u s t r y r e l a t i v e s, b e c a u s e o n l y a s m a l l n u m b e r o f s k i l l e d m a i n t e n a n c e w o r k e r s a r e e m p l o y e d in n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g f i r m s. R e l a t i v e s, a s a p e r c e n t o f t h e n a t i o n w i d e a l l industry a v e r a g e, a r e presen ted in t h e f o l l o w i n g t a b u l a t i o n. 5 All industries - Manufacturing All metropolitan Northeast outh North Central West W ith in m a n u f a c t u r i n g, s o m e m a i n t e n a n c e o c c u p a t i o n s w e r e h e a v i l y c o n c e n t r a t e d in c e r t a i n i n d u s t r i e s. F o r e x a m p l e, o v e r o n e - t h i r d o f t h e m a i n t e n a n c e t r a d e s h e l p e r s w e r e e m p l o y e d in t h e p r i m a r y m e t a l s i n d u s t r i e s a n d a l i k e p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e a u t o m e c h a n i c s w e r e in t h e f o o d i n d u s t r i e s. A b o u t t h r e e - f i f t h s o f t h e m a c h i n e - t o o l o p e r a t o r s w e r e e m p l o y e d in th e m a c h i n e r y ( e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l ) a n d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n e q u i p m e n t i n d u s t r i e s a n d o v e r o n e - h a l f o f th e m i l l w r i g h t s w e r e in t h e p r i m a r y m e t a l s a n d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n e q u i p m e n t i n d u s t r i e s. A b o u t f o u r - f i f t h s o f th e t o o l a n d d i e m a k e r s w e r e c o n c e n t r a t e d i n f o u r i n d u s t r y g r o u p s : F a b r i c a t e d m e t a l s ; m a c h i n e r y, e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l ; e l e c t r i c a l m a c h i n e r y ; a n d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n e q u i p m e n t. w e r e e m p l o y e d b y f o o d a n d g e n e r a l m e r c h a n d i s e ( i n c l u d i n g d e p a r t m e n t ) s t o r e s. o m e o f t h e s e f i r m s p a i d w o r k e r s in t h e m a i n t e n a n c e t r a d e s t h e u n io n w a g e r a t e s n e g o t i a t e d in t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n i n d u s t r y. C u s t o d i a l a n d m a t e r i a l m o v e m e n t o c c u p a t i o n s A m o n g t h e c u s t o d i a l a n d m a t e r i a l m o v e m e n t j o b s, m a t e r i a l h a n d l i n g l a b o r e r s a v e r a g e d a n h o u r ; a v e r a g e s b y i n d u s t r y d i v i s i o n r a n g e d f r o m in s e r v i c e s t o in p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s. B y r e g i o n s, a v e r a g e s f o r l a b o r e r s v a r i e d f r o m in th e o u t h t o in t h e W e s t. M e n j a n i t o r s, t h e m a j o r c u s t o d i a l o c c u p a t i o n, a v e r a g e d ; a v e r a g e s f o r t h e j o b r a n g e d f r o m in s e r v i c e s t o in p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s, a n d f r o m i n t h e o u t h t o in th e N o r t h C e n t r a l R e g i o n. O v e r f o u r - f i f t h s o f t h e m e n a n d a l m o s t a l l o f th e w o m e n j a n i t o r s in s e r v i c e s i n d u s t r i e s w e r e e m p l o y e d b y j a n i t o r i a l s e r v i c e c o m p a n i e s. L i k e w i s e, o v e r t w o - t h i r d s o f t h e g u a r d s a n d w a t c h m e n in n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g w e r e e m p l o y e d b y p r o t e c t i v e s e r v i c e c o m p a n i e s. P a y l e v e l s f o r u n s k i l l e d w o r k e r s ( m e n j a n i t o r s a n d l a b o r e r s ) b y r e g i o n a n d i n d u s t r y d i v i s i o n a r e e x p r e s s e d a s p e r c e n t s o f n a t i o n a l p a y l e v e l s in t h e f o l l o w i n g t a b u l a t i o n. 6 All metropolitan areas Northeast outh Central West All industries Manufacturing Nonmanufacturing Public utilities Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance ( i) ( *) (?) ( A) <;> ervices < > 82 t 1) 1 Data do not meet publication criteria. T h e o n l y t r a d e w h i c h w a s n o t h i g h l y c o n c e n t r a t e d in m a n u f a c t u r i n g f i r m s w a s a u t o m e c h a n i c s. T r u c k i n g c o m p a n i e s e m p l o y e d n e a r l y 2 0, a u t o m e c h a n i c s, o v e r o n e - t h i r d o f t h e t o t a l ; b u s c o m p a n i e s e m p l o y e d a n o t h e r o n e - s e v e n t h. C a r p e n t e r s, e l e c t r i c i a n s, a n d p a i n t e r s w e r e h i g h e s t p a i d in r e t a i l t r a d e, w h i c h w a s g e n e r a l l y o n e o f t h e l o w e r p a y i n g i n d u s t r y g r o u p s. M o s t c a r p e n t e r s, e l e c t r i c i a n s, a n d p a i n t e r s in r e t a i l t r a d e Based on aggregates obtained by multiplying occupational averages for eight skilled maintenance jobs by nationwide employment in each job. I n d u s t r y a n d r e g i o n a l p a y r e l a t i v e s f o r u n s k i l l e d w o r k e r s v a r i e d m o r e w i d e l y t h a n t h o s e o f t h e o f f i c e c l e r i c a l a n d s k i l l e d m a i n t e n a n c e w o r k e r s. F o r e x a m p l e, t h e i n t e r r e g i o n a l s p r e a d s f o r o f f i c e c l e r i c a l a n d s k i l l e d m a i n t e n a n c e w o r k e r s w e r e a b o u t t h e s a m e 12 a n d 11 p o i n t s, r e s p e c t i v e l y ; b u t t h e s p r e a d f o r u n s k i l l e d w o r k e r s w a s 3 0 p o i n t s. L i k e w i s e, t h e s p r e a d a m o n g i n d u s t r y d i v i s i o n s ( a l l m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s c o m b i n e d ) f o r o f f i c e c l e r i c a l w o r k e r s ( 1 5 p o i n t s ) w a s l e s s t h a n h a l f t h e s p r e a d f o r u n s k i l l e d w o r k e r s ( 3 4 p o i n t s ). ^ Based on aggregates obtained by multiplying occupational averages for men janitors and material handling laborers by nationwide employment in each job.

10 4 A. O c c u p a tio n a l earnings T a b le A -1. O ffic e o c c u p a tio n s U n ite d ta te s (Average straight-time weekly hours and earnings for selected occupations by industry division in all metropolitan areas, February 1970 l ) ex, occupation, and industry division N um ber W e ek ly earnings 2 Num ber of w orkers receiving straight -tim e weekly earnings of (standard) 1 T U n d er * hC M id d le range 3, and ana (standard) 60 u nder * over MEN BILLER* MACHINE (B IL LIN G MACHINE NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC U T I L I T I E BOOKKEEPING-MACHINE OPERATOR, CLA A BOOKKEEPING-MACHINE OPERATOR, CLA B ,3 6 5 * *.0 0 1* * ,2 9 6 * * * * ,1 3 5 * * * *2 20 * * CLERK, ACCOUNTING, CLA A MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC U T I L I T I E WHOLEALE TRADE RETA IL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE CLERK, ACCOUNTING, CLA B MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC U T I L I T I E WHOLEALE TRADE RETA IL TRADE FINA N CE ERVICE , * * _ * * * , ** , * * * , * * * * * *0 * , 2* * * 5*2 630 *0* * * * * , 3* * *6* 506 3* * * * * , * * 13* * * 9 - _ 3, *51 * * * 3* 2* 5 6, 93* C * *8 10 * 2,* * C0 1* *0 * , * * * ** * , 39* * 1*0 2* * * " * *7 ** ~ ~ - - CLERK, F I L E, CLA A NONMANUFACTURING : CLERK, F I L E, CLA B MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC U T I L I T I E CLERK, F I L E, CLA C NONMANUFACTURING * * * _ ** * * *3 12 * - ~ - 1, * * * * _ * * * * * * ** * - ~ ~ _ * *0 3* _ ~ - - CLERK, ORDER MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING WHOLEALE TRADE RETA IL TRADE , _ 1* * * * * , 9* * ICO 17* * *2 7*0 * , 0* * * * * , 59* * ** * * * ~ CLERK, PAYROLL MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC U T I L I T I E ERVICE KEYPUNCH OPERATOR, CLA A NONMANUFACTURING - n PUBLIC U T IL IT IE , 71* * * * * * ,* * * *2 36* * , * * * * * * * * * 25 1* 32 1* * * _ * * * *28 * *3.5 0 * ee footnotes at end of table,

11 5 T a b le A -1. O ffic e o cc u p atio n s U n ite d ta te s -----C ontinued (Average straight-time weekly hours and earnings for selected occupations by industry division in all metropolitan areas, February 1970 *) ex, occupation, and industry division Num ber (standard) M' W e ek ly earnings 2 (standard) M e d ia n 3 M id d le range3 Under i t Number of workers receiving straight -tim e weekly earnings of n o HEN - CONTINUED NONMANUFACTURING ~ - - ~ OFFICE BOV MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE ECRETARIE MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE ECRETARIEt CLA C NONMANUFACTURING TENOGRAPHER, GENERAL NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE TABULATING-MACHINE OPERATOR, CLA A MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE FINANCE TABULATING-MACHINE OPERATOR, CLA B MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE TABULATING-MACHINE OPERATOR, CLA C MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING WHOLEALE TRADE FINANCE TYPIT, CLA A NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE TYPIT, CLA B NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE , _ , , , , , , , _ ~ - ~ 2 * ~ ~ _ , C , , , , , , , OC , ~ - ~ _ _ _ ee footnotes at end o f table,

12 6 T a b le A -1. O ffic e o ccupatio n s U n ite d ta te s -----C ontinued (Average straight-time weekly hours and earnings for selected occupations by industry division in all metropolitan areas, February 1970 *) ex, occupation, and industry division of Number of workers receiving straight-time weekly earnings of % A A verage w e e kly Under ICO M e d ia n 3 M id d le range3 (standard) 60 under and " ' ~ " over WOMEN BILLER, MACHINE (BILLING MACHINE! , MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING , C PUBLIC UTILITIE , WHOLEALE T R A D E , RETAIL T R A D E , ERVICE ~ BILLER, MACHINE (BOOKKEEPING MACHINE) -----* , MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING , PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE , ERVICE ~ BOOKKEEPING-MACHINE OPERATOR, CLA A , MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING , ' PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE , RETAIL TRADE , FINANCE , ERVICE ~ BOOKKEEPING-MACHINE OPERATOR, 18, C MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING , PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE , RETAIL TRADE , FINANCE , E R V I C E , CLERK, ACCOUNTING, CLA A , _ MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING , PUBLIC UTILITIE , WHOLEALE TRADE , RETAIL TRADE , FINANCE , ERVICE , CLERK, ACCOUNTING, CLA B , MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING , PUBLIC UTILITIE , WHOLEALE TRADE , RETAIL TRADE , FINANCE , ERVICE , ee footnotes at end o f table,

13 7 T a b le A -1. O ffic e o c c u p a tio n s U n ite d ta te s C o ntin u ed (Average straight-time weekly hours and earnings for selected occupations by industry division in all metropolitan areas, February 1970 *) Number of workers receiving straight-time weekly earnings of ex, occupation, and industry division * N um ber t e l? / U n d er workers M e a n 3 M e d ia n 3 M id d le range 5 (standard) and 60 u nder ' WOMEN - CONTINUED CLERK, FILE, CLA A MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE CLERK, FILE, CLA B MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE CLERK, FILE, CLA C MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE CLERK, ORDER MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE ERVICE CLERK, PAYROLL MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE COMPTOMETER OPERATOR MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE KEYPUNCH OPERATOR, CLA A MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE o v e r 9, , , C , * , _ , , , , , , , ~ , , , , , , C , , ~ , C , C , , , C ~ - ** 32, , , , , , , , ~ 20, C _. - 6, , , C , , C , , , , , , , , ee footnotes at end o f table,

14 8 T a b le A -1. O ffic e o c c u p a tio n s U n ite d ta te s ----C o ntin u ed (Average straight-time weekly hours and earnings for selected occupations by industry division in all metropolitan areas, February 1970 *) ex, occupation, and industry division Number Average (standard) W eekly earnings 2 (standard) M edian 3 M iddle ran ge3 Under Number of workers receiving straight-time weekly earnings of WOMEN - CONTINUED KEYPUNCH OPERATOR, CLA B MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING --- PUBLIC UTILITIE4- WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE OFFICE GIRL MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE4- WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE ---- ECRETARIE MANUFACTURING --- NONMANUFACTURING ---- PUBLIC UTILITIE4 WHOLEALE TRADE --- RETAIL TRADE FINANCE5 ERVICE ECRETARIE, CLA A MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING --- PUBLIC UTILITIE4 WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE ECRETARIE, CLA B MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING --- PUBLIC UTILITIE4 WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE ECRETARIE, CLA C MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING --- PUBLIC UTILITIE4 WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE , , , , , , , , ~ , _ - 4, , , , , ~ - ~ ~ - ~ 2 8 9, , , , , , , , , _ , , ICCC , , , , , " , _ , , , , , E , , ~ , , , , , , , , ee footnotes at end o f table.

15 9 T a b le A -1. O ffic e o c c u p a tio n s U n ite d ta te s -----C ontin u ed (Average straight-time weekly hours and earnings for selected occupations by industry division in all metropolitan areas, February 1970 *) Number of workers receiving straight-time weekly earnings of ex, occupation, and industry division I < U n der workers hours2 Middle range3 (standard) 60 under " * and o v e r WOMEN - CONTINUED ECRETARIE6 - CONTINUED ECRETARIE, CLA D MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC U T IL IT IE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE TENOGRAPHER, GENERAL MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC U T IL IT IE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE TENOGRAPHER, ENIOR MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC U T IL IT IE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE WITCHBOARD OPERATOR, CLA A MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC U T IL IT IE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE WITCHBOARD OPERATOR, CLA B MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC U T IL IT IE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE WITCHBOARD OPERATOR-RECEPTIONIT- MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC U T IL IT IE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE , , , C , , , , C , , , , , , , C , C , X ~ - 6 2, , , , , , , , , _ , , , , , , C _ - 2, , C , C , , , C , C ~ - ~ 3 4, C , C , , , , , , ee footnotes at end of table.

16 10 T a b le A -1. O ffic e o ccu p atio n s U n ite d ta te s ---- C o ntin u ed (Average straight-tim e weekly hours and earnings for selected occupations by industry division in all metropolitan areas, February ) ex, occupation, and industry division Number of Weekly earnings2 (standard) Number of workers receiving straight-time weekly earnings of weekly Under Median3 Middle range3 (standard) and 6 0 under C over WOMEN - CONTINUED TABULATING-MACHINE OPERATOR, MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING FINANCE TABULATING-MACHINE OPERATOR, CLA B MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE FINANCE , ~ 3, _. 1, , , C TABULATING-MACHINE OPERATOR, CLA C L --- MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE FINANCE TRANCRIBING-MACHINE OPERATOR, GENERAL MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE TYPIT, CLA A MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE r--- WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE , C _ , C ~ 1 8, C , C , C C , C l C , C , ICC , _ , , , , , , C , TYPIT, CLA B MANUFACTURING , , C C _ - NONMANUFACTURING _ , C 132C PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE , , RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE , , , C C C A vera ge month o f r e fe ren ce. Data w ere co lle cte d during the p eriod July 1969 through June tandard hours refle ct the workweek fo r which em ployees r e ceiv e their regular straigh t-tim e sa la ries (exclusive of pay for overtim e at regular a n d /or prem ium rates), and the earnings corresp on d to these weekly, hours. 3 The m ean is com puted fo r each job by totaling the earnings o f all w ork ers and dividing by the num ber of w ork ers. The m edian designates p osition half o f the em ployees surveyed receiv e m ore than the rate shown; half re ce iv e le s s than the rate shown. The m iddle range is defined by 2 rates of pay; a fourth o f the w ork ers earn le s s than the low er o f these rates and a fourth earn m o re than the higher rate. * Transportation, com m unication, and other public u tilities. 5 Finance, insurance, and real estate. 6 M ay include w ork ers other than those presented separately.

17 11 T a b le A -2. O ffic e o cc u p atio n s N o rth e a s t (Average straight-time weekly hours and earnings for selected occupations by industry division in the Northeast, 1 February ) Number o f w ork ers receiving straigh t-tim e weekly earnings oj ex, occupation, and industry division Number workers weekly (standard) Mean6 Median 6 Middle range 6 i ICO u^der " and over MEN CLERK, ACCOUNTING, CLA A MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE CLERK, ACCOUNTING, CLA B MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE CLERK, FILE, CLA A CLERK, FILE, CLA B NONMANUFACTURING CLERK, ORDER MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING WHOLEALE TRADE CLERK, PAYROLL MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING KEYPUNCH OPERATOR, CLA A OFFICE BOY MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE ECRETARIE TABULATING-MACHINE OPERATOR, CLA A MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING FINANCE TABULATING-MACHINE OPERATOR, CLA B MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING FINANCE , , , , , ~ , _ , , , _ ~ - 3, _ , , , , _ , _ - 3, , C C C , , ~ - ~ , C , , ee footnotes at end of table.

18 12 T a b le A -2. O ffic e o ccu p atio n s N o rth e a s t-----c o ntin u ed (Average straight-tim e weekly hours and earnings for selected occupations by industry division in the N ortheast, 1 February ) Weekly earnings Number of workers :receiving straight-time weekly earnings of ex, occupation, and industry division N um ber workers (standard) M e a n 4 M edian * M iddle range * 1 « u ^ e r aod ovez MEN - CONTINUED TABULATING-MACHINE OPERATOR, CLA C NONMANUFACTURING FINANCE TYPIT, CLA B * ' BILLER, MACHINE (BILLING MACHINE) MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE , , , BILLER, MACHINE (BOOKKEEPING MACHINE) MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING RETAIL TRADE , , BOOKKEEPING-MACHINE OPERATOR, CLA A MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING WHOLEALE TRADE FINANCE , , , BOOKKEEPING-MACHINE OPERATOR, CLA B MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE CLERK, ACCOUNTING, CLA A MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE , , , C , ~ , _ , , , CO , , , , C CLERK, ACCOUNTING, CLA B MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE , C , , , , , , , ' ' ee footnotes at end of table.

19 13 T a b le A -2. O ffic e o c c u p a tio n s N o rth e a s t---- C o ntin u ed (Average straight-time weekly hours and earnings for selected occupations by industry division in the Northeast, 1 February ) ex, occupation, and industry division N um ber t e d d y 6 (standard) W eekly earnings * (standard) Number of workers receiving straight -tim e weekly earnings of M e d ia n * M iddle range * and and over WOMEN - CONTINUED CLERK, FILE, CLA A MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING FINANCE* CLERK, FILE, CLA B MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC U TILITIE* WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE* ERVICE , * , , , , C , , C CLERK, FILE, CLA C MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE* WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE* ERVICE , C _ 1, , C , C , ~ CLERK, ORDER MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE CLERK, PAYROLL MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE* ERVICE COMPTOMETER OPERATOR MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING r - PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE , , , , , " ~ ~ - - 9, _ _ 6, , , , _ - - _ 1, , CO , * - - KEYPUNCH OPERATOR, CLA A MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE* ERVICE , _ C _ 6, C , , , , , C ee footnotes at end of table.

20 14 T a b le A -2. O ffic e o c c u p a tio n s N o rth e a s t-----c ontin u ed (A verage straigh t-tim e w eekly hours and earnings for selected occupations by industry division in the Northeast, F eb ru ary ) ex, occupation, and industry division W eekly earnings 3 (standard) Number of workers receiving straight-time weekly earning 8 O f--- J J N um ber ICC workers h o ^ 3 M ean 4 M edian4 M iddle ran ge4 and and (standard) o v er WOMEN - CONTINUED KEYPUNCH OPERATOR, CLA B MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE OFFICE GIRL MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE FINANCE ERVICE ECRETARIE, CLA A MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE ECRETARIE, CLA B MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE ECRETARIE, CLA C MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE ECRETARIE, CLA D MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE , , , , , , , , , , , , ~ ~ - ~ ~ - ECRETARIE , MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING ,018 58, PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE ,730 10, RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ,116 25, ERVICE , U , , , C C , , _ , * , , , , , , ~ , , , , , C , , , , _ C C , , , , , , , C l ee footnotes at end of table.

21 15 T a b le A -2. O ffic e o ccupatio n s N o rth e a s t---- C ontinued (Average straight-time weekly hours and earnings for selected occupations by industry division in the Northeast, February 19702) ex, occupation, and industry division N um ber A verage w eek ly workers M edian 4 M iddle range 4 (standard) Num ber o f w ork ers receiving straigh t-tim e w eekly earnings of * ICO an ove r W M H * CONTINUED TENOGRAPHER GENERAL , MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING , PUBLIC UTILITIE , WHOLEALE TRADE , RETAIL TRADE FINANCE , ERVICE , ~ TENOGRAPHER, ENIOR , _ _ MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING , PUBLIC UTILITIE , WHOLEALE TRADE , FINANCE , ERVICE , ~ - - WITCHBOARD OPERATOR, CLA A , _ MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING , PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE l p l FINANCE , ERVICE ~ - - WITCHBOARD OPERATOR, CLA B , MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING , PUBLIC U TILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE , FINANCE , , ERVICE , ~ - WITCHBOARO OPERATOR-RECEPT IONIT-r 9, _ MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING , T 6 1 PUBLIC U TILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE , RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE TABULATING-MACHINE OPERATOR, NONMANUFACTURING TABULATING-MACHINE OPERATOR* 1, MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING FINANCE ~ ~ TABULATING-NACHINE OPERATOR, NONMANUFACTURING ee footnotes at end of tables.

22 1 6 T a b le A -2. O ffic e o c c u p a tio n s N o rth e a s t-----c o ntin u e d (Average straight-tim e weekly hours and earnings for selected occupations by industry division in the Northeast, 1 February ) Number of w ork ers receiving straigh t-tim e w eekly earnings of ex, occupation, and industry division Number of workers weekly (standard] Mean* Median4 Middle range under " " - - " and _ o v e i WOMEN - CONTINUED TRANCRIBING-MACHINE OPERATOR, GENERAL , MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING , WHOLEALE TRADE FINANCE , ~ ~ TYPIT, CLA A , _ C MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING , PUBLIC U TILITIE , WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE , ERVICE , T V P I 1, CLA B , _ MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING , C PUBLIC UTILITIE , u u a i er ai c TBAnc - - H n U L toa L t 1KAUt O^tUU AB A A A C D CA DO RETAIL TRADE , FINANCE , ERVICE , " F o r definition of regions, see footnote 3 to the table in appendix A. 2 A v era ge month of re fe ren ce. Data w ere collected during the period July 1969 through June tandard hours re fle ct the w orkw eek fo r which em ployees re ce iv e their regular straigh t-tim e sa la ries (exclu sive of pay fo r overtim e at regular a n d /or prem ium rates), and the earnings corresp on d to these weekly hours. * For definition of term s, see footnote 3, table A - l. 5 Transportation, com m unication, and other public utilities. 6 Finance, insurance, and rea l estate. 7 May include w ork ers other than those presented separately.

23 17 T a b le A -3. O ffic e o c c u p atio n s outh (Average straight-tim e weekly hours and earnings for selected occupations by industry division in the outh, 1 February ) ex, occupation, and industry division Number of workers receiving straight-time weekly earnings of i t i s W e e k l y Under under * * * M e a n * M e d ia n 4 M id d le range 4 (standard) 60 and n o _ over MEN BILLEft, MACHINE (BILLING MACHINE I NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE CLERK, ACCOUNTING, CLA A - MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE FINANCE CLERK, ACCOUNTING, CLA B - MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE FINANCE CLERK, ORDER MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING WHOLEALE TRADE CLERK, PAYROLL MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING OFFICE BOY MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE FINANCE ERVICE TABULATING-MACHINE OPERATOR, CLA A MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING TABULATING-MACHINE OPERATOR, CLA B MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING FINANCE TABULATING-MACHINE OPERATOR, CLA C NONMANUFACTURING TYPIT, CLA B NONMANUFACTURING ~ " , _ 4 5i , , , , ~ , CC , ICC , _ , , , ~ 3, _ , , C C C , C C CC C C4.C CO C C C CC C4.C0 46 1C C C CC ee footn otes at end of ta b le.

24 18 T a b le A -3. O ffic e o c c u p a tio n s o u th C o n tin u e d (Average straight-time weekly hours and earnings for selected occupations by industry division in the outh, 1 February ) Number of workers receiving straight-time weekly earnings of ex, occupation, and industry division N um ber * 1 Av j 3, workers M edian * M iddle range 4 (standard) 60 under and n o C o v e r WOMEN BILLER, MACHINE (BILLING MACHINE) MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE , , BILLER, MACHINE (BOOKKEEPING MACHINE) MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING RETAIL TRADE BOOKKEEPING-MACHINE OPERATOR, CLA A MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE BOOKKEEPING-MACHINE OPERATOR, CLA B MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE , , , , , , , , , I 18 1, C ICO ~ CLERK, ACCOUNTING, CLA A MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE CLERK, ACCOUNTING, CLA B MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE , _ , , , , , , , , C , , , , , , ~ - " CLERK, FILE, CLA A MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING FINANCE , , ee footnotes at end of table

25 19 T a b le A -3. O ffic e o c c u p a tio n s o u th -----C ontinued (Average straight-time weekly hours and earnings for selected occupations by industry division in the outh, 1 February ) W eekly earnings 3 (standard) Numbe r of workers receiving straight'-time weekly earnings of e x, occupation, and industry division N um ber A verage w e e kly Under ICO (standard) M' M edian * M iddle range C 210 WOKEN - CONTINUED CLINK, FILE, CLA B , MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING , PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE , ERVICE CLERK, FILE, CLA C , _ MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING , PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE T R A D E RETAIL TRADE FINANCE , ERVICE * ~ - CLERK, ORDER , MANUFACTURING , _ NONMANUFACTURING , WHOLEALE TRADE , B O RETAIL TRADE , C CLERK, PAYROLL , MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING , PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE , FINANCE * ERVICE COMPTOMETER OPERATOR , _ MANUFACTURING , C NONMANUFACTURING , C WHOLEALE T R A D E * RETAIL TRADE , KEYPUNCH OPERATOR, CLA A , MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING , PUBLIC UTILITIE , WHOLEALE TRADE , RETAIL TRADE FINANCE , C ERVICE KEYPUNCH OPERATOR, CLA B , _ MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING , PUBLIC UTILITIE , C WHOLEALE TRADE , C RETAIL TRADE , , ERVICE C ee footnotes at end of table.

26 20 T a b le A -3. O ffic e o c c u p a tio n s o u th ---- C ontin u ed (Average straight-time weekly hours and earnings for selected occupations by industry division in the outh, 1 February ) e x, occupation, and industry division N um ber A verage (standard), " 4 W eekly earnings 3 (standard) M e d ia n * M iddle range 4 Under Number of workers rec eiving straight -time weekly earnings of l i e C WOMEN - CONTINUED OFFICE GIRL , MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING , FINANCE C ECRETARIE , MANUFACTURING , C NONMANUFACTURING , PUBLIC UTILITIE , WHOLEALE TRADE , RETAIL TRADE , FINANCE , C ERVICE , ECRETARIE, CLA A , MANUFACTURING , MONMANUFACTURING , PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE C ECRETARIE, CLA B , MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING , C PUBLIC UTILITIE , WHOLEALE TRADE , RETAIL TRADE FINANCE «* , ERVICE ECRETARIE, CLA C , MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING , PUBLIC UTILITIE , WHOLEALE TRADE , C RETAIL T R A D E , FINANCE , ERVICE , ECRETARIE, CLA D , _ MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING , PUBLIC UTILITIE , WHOLEALE TRADE , RETAIL TRADE , FINANCE6-' , C ERVICE , TENOGRAPHER, GENERAL , MANUFACTURING , C NONMANUFACTURING , C CC C PUBLIC UTILITIE , WHOLEALE TRADE , C RETAIL TRADE C FINANCE , ERVICE ee footnotes at end of table.

27 21 T a b le A -3. O ffic e o c c u p a tio n s o u th ----C o n tin u ed (Average straight-time weekly hours and earnings for selected occupations by industry division in the outh, 1 February 1970 z) e x, o c c u p a tio n, and in d u stry d iv isio n Number of workers receiving straight-time weekly earnings of t U n d er Median * Middle range * (standard) 60 an der * and over WOMEN - CONTINUED TENOGRAPHERf ENIOR , MANUFACTURING , od NONMANUFACTURING , PUBLIC UTILITIE , WHOLEALE TRADE , RETAIL TRADE FINANCE , ERVICE , WITCHBOARD OPERATOR, CLA A , CO _ MANUFACTURING ICO NONMANUFACTURING , PUBLIC UTILITIE FINANCE ~ - ~ WITCHBOARD OPERATOR, CLA B , C _ - _ - - _ MANUFACTURING nonmanufacturing , PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE DETAIL TRADE , , ERVICE , WITCHBOARD OPERATOR RECEPTIONIT- 8, _ MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING , PUBLIC UTILITIE* WHOLEALE TRADE , t C l RETAIL TRADE , FINANCE ERVICE C TABULATING-MACHINE OPERATOR, CLA A ~ ~ " TABULATING-MACHINE OPERATOR, CLA B MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING TABULATING-MACHINE OPERATOR, CLA C NONMANUFACTURING ~ - TRANCRIBING-MACHINE OPERATOR, GENERAL , MANUFACTURING C NONMANUFACTURING , C WHOLEALE TRADE FINANCE , ~ ee footnotes at end of table,

28 T a b le A -3. O ffic e o c c u p a tio n s o u th -----C ontinued (Average straight-time weekly hours and earnings for selected occupations by industry division in the outh, 1 February ) Number of workers receiving straight-time weekly earnings of e x, occup ation, and industry d ivision Num ber A verage w eek ly Under, workers M iddle ran ge4 (standard) 60 under and " ~ " ICC over WOMEN - CONTINUED TYPIT, CLA A , C manufacturing , CC NONMANUF "CTU RIN G , PUBLIC U T IL IT IE , WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE C 9 1. CO FINANCE , ERVICE , G TYPIT, CLA fi , MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING , PUBLIC U T IL IT IE , WHOLEALE TRADE , RETAIL TRADE , CC FINANCE , ERVICE , C For definition of regions, see footnote 3 to the table in appendix A. 2 Average month of reference. Data were collected during the period July 1969 through June tandard hours reflect the workweek for which employees receive their regular straight-time salaries (exclusive of pay for overtime at regular and/or premium rates), and the earnings correspond to these weekly hours. 4 For definition of terms, see footnote 3, table A Transportation, communication, and other public utilities. 6 Finance, insurance, and real estate. 7 May include workers other than those presented separately.

29 2 3 T a b le A -4. O ffic e o ccupatio n s N o rth C e n tra l (Average straight-time weekly hours and earnings for selected occupations by industry division in the North Central region,1february 19702) ex, occupation, and industry division N um ber workers (standard) M' 4 W eekly earnings 3 (standard) M e d ia n * M iddle ra n g e * Number of workers receiving straight-time weekly earnings of s i i " s over MEN BILLER, MACHINE (BILLING MACHINE) NONMANUFACTURING CLERK, ACCOUNTING, CLA A MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE CLERK, ACCOUNTING, CLA B MANUFACTURING N0NMANUF8CTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE CLERK, FILE, CLA B CLERK, ORDER MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING WHOLEALE TRADE CLERK, PAYROLL ---* MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE KEYPUNCH OPERATOR, CLA A OFFICE BOY MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE FINANCE ERVICE ECRETARIE TABULATING-MACHINE OPERATOR, CLA A MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING FINANCE TABULATING-MACHINE OPERATOR, CLA B MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING WHOLEALE TRADE FINANCE TABULATING-MACHINE OPERATOR, CLA C MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING * - - 7, _ A, , , ~ ~ 2, _ _ - 1, , C , C , C , , , , _ ,650 39* , , C " , , , lll.c C 10 9.CC C ee footnotes at end of table.

30 2 4 T a b le A -4. O ffic e o c c u p a tio n s N o rth C e n tra l---- C o ntin u e d (Average straight-time weekly hours and earnings for selected occupations by industry division in the North Central region, 1 February ) ex, occupation, and industry division W eekly earnings * N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g s t r a ig h t -t im e w e e k ly e a rn in g s o f (standard) N um ber A verage IO w eek ly workers M e d ia n * M iddle range * (standard) and IIP -lfe g -..-LZQ 14-1 M ~ U ov*x WOMEN BILLER, MACHINE (BILLING MACHINE) MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE BILLER, MACHINE (BOOKKEEPING MACHINE) MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING RETAIL TRADE BOOKKEEPING-MACHINE OPERATOR, CLA A MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE BOOKKEEPING-MACHINE OPERATOR, CLA B MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE CLERK, ACCOUNTING, CLA A MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE CLERK, ACCOUNTING, CLA B MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE CLERK, FILE, CLA A MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE FINANCE ERVICE , , , ICO , , , , , , , , , , , ~ , _ , , , , , , , , ,048 21, , , , , , , _ 1, , , C ee footnotes at end of table.

31 25 Tab le A -4. O ffice occupations North Central----Continued (Average straight-time weekly hours and earnings for selected occupations by industry division in the North Central region,1 February ) Number of workers receiving straight-time weekly earnings of ex, occupation, and industry division N um ber w e e kly (standard) M e d ia n * M id d le range4 ~ % T u n d er and over WOMEN - CONTINUED CLERK, FILE, CLA B MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE CLERK, FILE, CLA C MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE CLERK, ORDER MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE CLERK, PAYROLL MANUFACTURING MONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE , , , , * , , , ~ ~ 9, , , , ~ , , , , , ~ , _ , , C , , C ~ COMPTOMETER OPERATOR MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE , _ , , , C ~ - KEYPUNCH OPERATOR, CLA A MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE KEYPUNCH OPERATOR, CLA B MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE , _ , , C , CO , C , , C , ~ - 2 2, , , C , , C , C , C , ~ ee footnotes at end of table.

32 2 6 T a b le A -4. O ffic e o c c u p a tio n s N o rth C e n tra l- C o ntin u ed (Average straight-time weekly hours and earnings for selected occupations by industry division in the North Central region, 1 February ) ex, occupation, and industry division Number workers Average weekly (standard) Weekly earnings 3 (standard) Median* Middle range * Number of workers receiving straight-time weekly earnings of i I T r *0 13C over WOMEN - CONTINUED OFFICE GIRL MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE5- WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE ECRETARIE MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE5- WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE ECRETARIE* CLA A MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE5- WHOLEALE TRADE - - RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE ECRETARIE, CLA B MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE5- WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE ECRETARIE, CLA C MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE5- WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE ECRETARIE, CLA D MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE5- WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE , , , C 1C , ~ ~ 7 7, , , , , , , , , _ , C , ~ , C , , A , , J , , , CO , , , CO , , , , ~ 22, C , C , , , , , , ee footnotes at end of table.

33 2 7 T a b le A -4. O ffic e o c c u p a tio n s N o rth C e n tra l----- C ontinued (A v e r a g e straight-time weekly hours and earnings for selected occupations by industry division in the North Central region, 1 February ) Number of workers receiving straight-time weekly earnings oj ex, occupation, and industry division Number workers Average weekly (standard) under and lie over HOREN - CONTINUED stenographers, g e n e r a l , _ - 1 MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING , PUBLIC UTILITIE , WHOLEALE TRADE , RETAIL TRADE FINANCE , C ERVICE , TENOGRAPHER, ENIOR , _ MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING , PUBLIC UTILITIE , WHOLEALE TRADE , RETAIL TRADE FINANCE , ERVICE , C WITCHBOARD OPERATOR, CLA A , _ MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING , C PUBLIC UTILITIE FINANCE * ERVICE WITCHBOARD OPERATOR, CLA B , C 11C MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING , C PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE , FINANCE , ERVICE , ICO WITCHBOARD OPERATOR RECEPTIONIT- 1 1, _ C _ - MANUFACTURING , C NONMANUFACTURING , CC PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE , RETAIL TRADE , FINANCE C ERVICE C C TABULATING-MACHINE OPERATOR, CLA A NONMANUFACTURING " C TABULATING-MACHINE OPERATOR, CLA B , MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING C PUBLIC UTILITIE TABULATING-MACHINE OPERATOR, NONMANUFACTURING ' ~ - - ee footnotes at end of table.

34 2 8 T a b le A -4. O ffic e o c c u p a tio n s N o rth C e n tra l-----c o ntin u e d ( A verage etr «xgh t -tim e w eekly hours and earnings for selected occupations by industry division in the North Central region, 1 February ) ex, occupation, and industry division Number (standard) M Weekly earnings 3 (standard) Median * Middle range Number of workers receiving straight-time weekly earnings of WOMEN - CONTINUED TRANCRIBING-MACHINE OPERATOR, GENERAL , MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING , WHOLEALE TRADE FINANCE* , ERVICE ~ " ~ - - ~ TYPIT, CLA A , _ _ - - MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING , PUBLIC UTILITIE , C WHOLEALE TRADE , RETAIL TRADE FINANCE* , ERVICE , ~ TYPIT, CLA B , _ MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING , PUBLIC UTILITIE , WHOLEALE TRADE , RETAIL TRADE , FINANCE* , ERVICE , F or definition of region s, see footnote 3 to the table in appendix A. 2 A verage month of referen ce. Data w ere collected during the period July 1969 through June ta n d a rd h o u rs r e f le c t th e w o r k w e e k fo r w h ich e m p lo y e e s r e c e iv e th e ir r e g u la r s t r a ig h t -t im e s a l a r i e s ( e x c lu s iv e o f p a y fo r o v e r t im e at r e g u la r a n d /o r p r e m iu m r a t e s ), and th e e a rn in g s c o r r e s p o n d to these w eekly hours. 4 F or definition of te rm s, see footnote 3, table A - l. 5 T r a n s p o r ta tio n, c o m m u n ic a tio n, and o th e r p u b lic u tilit ie s. 6 F in a n c e, in s u r a n c e, an d r e a l e s t a t e. 7 M a y in clu d e w o r k e r s o th e r than th o s e p r e s e n te d s e p a r a t e ly.

35 29 T a b le A -5. O ffic e o c c u p a tio n s W e s t (A verage straight -tim e weekly hours and earnings for selected occupations by industry division in the W est, 1 February ) ex, occupation, and industry division Num ber Num ber of w orkers receiving straight -tim e weekly earnings of 1 i I 9 r i 9 T * I t e e s ' M e d ian * M iddle ran g e * (standard) under IO ovar and MEN BILLER, MACHINE (BILLING MACHINE) CLERK, ACCOUNTING, CLA A MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE CLERK, ACCOUNTING, CLA B NONMANUFACTURING CLERK, ORDER MANUFACTURING NONMANUF *C T U R I N G WHOLEALE TRADE CLERK, PAYROLL OFFICE BOY MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING FINANCE E RVICE TABULATING-MACHINE OPERATOR, CLA A TABULATING-MACHINE OPERATOR, CLA B NONMANUFACTURING , , ~ _ _ , _ , , , _ - * C , C WOMEN BILLER, MACHINE (BILLING MACHINE) MANUFACTURING NONMANUF»CTURING BILLER, MACHINE (BOOKKEEPING MACHINE) NONMANUFACTURING BOOKKEEPING-MACHINE OPERATOR, CLA A MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING WHOLEALE TRADE BOOKKEEPING-MACHINE OPERATOR, CLA B MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE , C , , C , C , C C ee fo o tn o te s at end o f t a b le.

36 3 0 T a b le A -5. O ffic e o c c u p a tio n -W e s t C o n tin u e d (Average straight-time weekly hours and earnings for selected occupations by industry division in the West, 1 February ) ex, occupation, and industry division Number of workers receiving straight-time weekly earnings of 4 Number Average weekly workers Middle range 4 (standard) u n d er over WOMEN - CONTINUED CLERK, ACCOUNTING, CLA A MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE CLERK, ACCOUNTING, CLA B MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE CLERK, FILE, CLA A MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING FINANCE CLERK, FILE, CLA B MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE FINANCE CLERK, FILE, CLA C MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING FINANCE CLERK, ORDER MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE CLERK, PAYROLL MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE COMPTOMETER OPERATOR MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE , , , , , C , , ~ , _ , , , , C , , C , , _ C C 3.50 ~ ~ , _ _ -. _ , C , ~ , C C _ , C 33 2, C * , _ C _ 1, , , , _ _ 1 2 2, , C CO ec CO C , _ , C , CO C ee footnotes at end of table.

37 31 T a b le A -5. O ffic e o c c u p a tio n s W e s t C o n tin u ed (Average straight-time weekly hours and earnings for selected occupations by industry division in the W est,1 February ) W eekly earnings ^ (standard) Number of workers receiving straight-time weekly earnings of e x, occupation, and industry division Number workers Average weekly (standard) M M edian4 Middle range4 i ICO n o WOMEN - CONTINUED KEYPUNCH OPERATOR, CLA A , MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING , PUBLIC U T IL IT IE WHOLEALE TRADE , RETAIL TRADE FINANCE , E R V IC E ~ - - ~ KEYPUNCH OPERATOR, CLA B , _ MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING , PUBLIC U T IL IT IE , WHOLEALE TRADE , RETAIL TRADE , C FINANCE , ERVICE ~ OFFICE GIRL , _ MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING , FINANCE * ~ ~ ** - - ECRETARIE , _ MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING , PUBLIC U T IL IT IE , WHOLEALE TRADE , RETAIL T R A D E , FINANCE , E R V IC E , C ECRETARIE, CLA A , _ MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING , WHOLEALE TRADE FINANCE ERVICE ECRETARIE, CLA B , _ MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING , PUBLIC U T IL IT IE WHOLEALE TRADE C RETAIL T R A D E FINANCE , ERVICE * , ECRETARIE, CLA C , _ C MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING , PUBLIC U T IL IT IE , WHOLEALE TRADE , RETAIL TRADE / FINANCE , ERVICE , ee footnotes at end of table.

38 3 2 T a b le A -5. O ffic e o c c u p a tio n s W e s t-----c o n tin u e d (Average straight-time weekly hours and earnings for selected occupations by industry division in the West, 1 February ) ex, occupation, and industry division Number of workers receiving straight-time weekly earnings of Number Average ICO workers h o Mean4 M edian4 Middle range4 and (standard) under o v e r an WOMEN - CONTINUED ECRETARIE - CONTINUED ECRETARIE, CLA D MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC U T IL IT IE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE , , , , , , , TENOGRAPHER, GENERAL MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC U T IL IT IE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE , _ , , , , C ~ - ~ - TENOGRAPHER, ENIOR MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC U T IL IT IE WHOLEALE TRADE FINANCE ERVICE _ 1 1, , , , , WITCHBOARD OPERATOR, CLA A MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC U T IL IT IE FINANCE ERVICE WITCHBOARD OPERATOR, CLA B MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC U T IL IT IE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE WITCHBOARD OPERATOR-RECEPTICNIT- MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC U T IL IT IE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE TABULATING-MACHINE OPERATOR, CLA B NONMANUFACTURING , _ , , CO , , C , CO ~ , _ _ 2, , C , _ ee footnotes at end of table,

39 3 3 Tab le A -5. O ffice occupations W e st Continued (A verage straight -tim e weekly hours and earnings for selected occupations by industry division in the W e s t, 1 February ) e x, o c c u p a tio n, and in d u stry d iv isio n Number weekly1 (standard) Weekly earnings3 (standard) Median4 Middle range* Number of workers receiving straight-time weekly earnings of t C under and 60 7G over WOMEN - CONTINUED TRANCRIBING-MACH1NE OPERATOR* GENERAL MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING FINANCE* TYPIT, CLA A MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE - FINANCE* ERVICE TYPIT, CLA B MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE* ERVICE , , , _ , , , , IC O , , , , C F or definition of regions, see footnote 3 to the table in appendix A. 2 A v e r a g e m o n th o f r e f e r e n c e. D ata w e r e c o lle c t e d d u rin g th e p e r io d J u ly th rou gh June tan d ard h o u r s r e fle c t th e w o rk w e e k fo r w h ich e m p lo y e e s r e c e iv e th e ir r e g u la r s t r a ig h t -t im e s a la r i e s (e x c lu s iv e o f p a y fo r o v e r t im e at r e g u la r a n d /o r p r e m iu m r a t e s ), and th e e a rn in g s c o r r e s p o n d to t h e s e w e e k ly h o u r s. 4 F o r d e fin itio n o f t e r m s, s e e fo o tn o te 3, ta b le A - l. 5 T r a n s p o r ta tio n, c o m m u n ic a tio n, and o th e r p u b lic u t ilit ie s. * F in a n c e, in s u r a n c e, and r e a l e s t a t e. 7 M a y in clu d e w o r k e r s o th e r than th o s e p r e se n te d s e p a r a te ly.

40 3 4 T a b le A -6. P ro fe ssio n al and tec h n ica l o ccupatio n s U n ite d ta te s ( A v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e w e e k l y h o u r s a n d e a r n in g s f o r s e l e c t e d o c c u p a t i o n s b y i n d u s t r y d i v i s i o n in a l l m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s, F e b r u a r y l ) e x, o c c u p a t i o n, and i n d u s t r y d i v i s i o n Number workers Average weekly (standard) W eekly earnings 2 (standard) M ean3 M edian3 Middle range 3 U n d e r i 100 N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s r e c e i v i n g s t r a i g h t - t i m e w e e k l y e a r n in g s o f i 160 * s i 230 a h d MEN DRAFTMEN, CLA A MANUFACTURING NONMANUFTCTURING --- PUBLIC U T I L I T I E 4- WHOLEALE TRADE - ERVICE DRAFTMEN, CLA B MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING --- PUBLIC U T I L I T I E 4- WHOLEALE TRADE RETA IL TRADE ERVICE DRAFTMEN, CLA C MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING --- PUBLIC U T I L I T I E 4- WHOLEALE TRADE ERVICE DRAFTMEN-TRACER MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING --- PUBLIC U T I L I T I E 4 ERVICE , , , , , ~ , _ , , , , , , , , , , , , , WOMEN DRAFTMEN, CLA A MANUFACTURING DRAFTMEN, CLA B MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING ERVICE DRAFTMEN, CLA C MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING ERVICE DRAFTMEN-TRACER MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING ~ ~ , _ _ , , _ , * ~ ~ NURE, INDUTRIAL (REGITERED! ---- MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC U T I L I T I E RETA IL TRADE FIN A N CE , , , A v e r a g e m o n t h o f r e f e r e n c e. D a ta w e r e c o l l e c t e d d u r in g th e p e r i o d J u ly t h r o u g h J u n e t a n d a r d h o u r s r e f l e c t t h e w o r k w e e k f o r w h ic h e m p l o y e e s r e c e i v e t h e i r r e g u l a r s t r a i g h t - t i m e s a l a r i e s ( e x c l u s i v e o f p a y f o r o v e r t i m e a t r e g u l a r a n d / o r p r e m i u m r a t e s ), a n d t h e e a r n in g s c o r r e s p o n d t o t h e s e w e e k l y h o u r s. 3 F o r d e f i n i t i o n o f t e r m s, s e e f o o t n o t e 3, t a b l e A T r a n s p o r t a t i o n, c o m m u n i c a t i o n, a n d o t h e r p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s. 5 F i n a n c e, i n s u r a n c e, a n d r e a l e s t a t e.

41 3 5 T a b le A -7. P ro fessio n al and technical o ccupatio n s N o rth e a s t ( A v era g e stra ig h t - tim e w eek ly h ou rs and earn in g s fo r s e le cte d occu p a tion s b y in d u stry d iv isio n in the N orth ea st, 1 F e b ru a ry ) ex, occu p a tion, and in d u stry d iv ision Number workers Average weekly (standard) W eekly earnings^ (standard) M ean4 Median 4 Middle range 4 U n d e r ICO n o N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s r e c e i v i n g s t r a i g h t - t i m e w e e k l y e a r n in g s 1 o f MEN DRAFTMEN, CLA A , * m.o o l MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING , l ERVICE , DRAFTMEN, CLA B , MANUFACTURING , C NONMANUFACTURING , PUBLIC U TILITIE ERVICE , DRAFTMEN, CLA C , _ MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING , PUBLIC UTILITIE C ERVICE , " - - DRAFTMEN-TRACER , MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING WOMEN DRAFTMEN, CLA B MANUFACTURING ~ DRAFTMEN, CLA C _ 1 _ 8 MANUFACTURING NURE, INDUTRIAL 1REGITERED) , MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING F o r d e fin itio n o f r e g i o n s, s e e f o o t n o t e 3 t o th e t a b le in a p p e n d ix A. 2 A v e r a g e m on th o f r e f e r e n c e. D a t a w e r e c o l l e c t e d d u r in g th e p e r i o d J u ly 1969 t h r o u g h J u n e tan dard h o u rs r e f le c t th e w o r k w e e k f o r w h ic h e m p l o y e e s r e c e i v e t h e i r r e g u l a r s t r a i g h t - t i m e s a l a r i e s ( e x c l u s i v e o f p a y f o r o v e r t i m e a t r e g u l a r a n d / o r p r e m i u m r a t e s ), a n d th e e a r n i n g s c o r r e s p o n d to th e s e w e e k ly h o u r s. 4 F o r d e fin itio n o f t e r m s, s e e f o o t n o t e 3, t a b le A - l. 5 T r a n s p o r ta tio n, c o m m u n ic a tio n, and o t h e r p u b lic u t i l i t i e s.

42 3 6 Table A -8. Professional and technical occupations outh (A verage straigh t -tim e weekly hours and earnings for selected occupations by industry division in the outh, February ) ex, occupation, and industry division Number weekly (standard) Weekly earnings3 (standard) Median4 Middle range4 Under Number of workers receiving straight- time weekly earnings of MEN DRAFTMEN, CLA A , MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING , ERVICE , C ~ ~ DRAFTMEN, CLA B , MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING , ERVICE , DRAFTMEN, CLA C , _ MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING , ERVICE , l ~ " DRAFTMEN-TRACER , C C _ MANUFACTURING C NONMANUFACTURING ~ - WOMEN DRAFTMEN, CLA B DRAFTMEN, CLA C " DRAFTMEN-TRACER C i e i NURE, INDUTRIAL (REGITERED) , MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING CO l F or definition of region s, see footnote 3 to the table in appendix A. 2 A v e r a g e m o n th o f r e f e r e n c e. D ata w e r e c o lle c t e d durin g the p e r io d J u ly th rou gh June tan d ard h o u rs r e f le c t th e w o rk w e e k fo r w h ich e m p lo y e e s r e c e iv e th e ir r e g u la r s t r a ig h t -t im e s a la r i e s (e x c lu s iv e o f p ay fo r o v e r t im e at r e g u la r a n d /o r p r e m iu m r a t e s ), and the e a rn in g s corre sp o n d ^ to th e s e w e e k ly h o u r s. 4 F or definition of te rm s, see footnote 3, table A - l.

43 37 T a b le A -9. P ro fe ssio n al and technical o cc u p atio n s N o rth C en tral (Average straight-time weekly hours and earnings for selected occupations by industry division in the North Central region, 1 February 19702) Weekly earnings 3 (star dard) Number of workers receiving straight -time weekly earnings of ex, occupation, and industry division 1 s Number Average TTnH pr ICO weekly workers M ean4 M edian4 Middle range4 (standard) 80 under and n o Y MEN DRAFTMEN, CLA A MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING ERVICE DRAFTMEN, CLA B MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC U T IL IT IE 5 ERVICE DRAFTMEN, CLA C MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING ---- PUBLIC U T IL IT IE 5 ERVICE DRAFTMEN-TRACER MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING 13, , , , , i l l , , C l 4 1, , , , , , _ l 1 1, WOMEN DRAFTMEN, CLA B DRAFTMEN, CLA C MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING DRAFTMEN-TRACER NURE, INDUTRIAL (REGITERED) MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING _ , , For definition of regions, see footnote 3 to the table in appendix A. 2 Average month of reference. Data were collected during the period July 1969 through June tandard hours reflect the workweek for which employees receive their regular straight-time salaries (exclusive of pay for overtime at regular and/or premium rates), and the earnings correspond to these weekly hours. 4 For definition of terms, see footnote 3, table A - l. 5 Transportation, communication, and other public utilities.

44 3 8 T a b le A P ro fe s s io n a l and tec h n ica l o c c u p a tio n s W e s t (Average straight-tim e weekly hours and earnings for selected occupations by industry division in the West, February ) Number of w orkers receiving straigh t-tim e w eekly earnings of ex, occupation, and industry division * s t Num ber ICO workers Middle range * (standard) under " and over MEN DRAFTMEN, CLA A , ICO MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING , ERVICE , ~ DRAFTMEN, CLA B , _ MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING , PUBLIC UTILITIE ERVICE ~ ~ DRAFTMEN, CLA C , _ MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING DRAFTMEN-TRACER l WOMEN DRAFTMEN, CLA B NURE, INDUTRIAL (REGITERED) , MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING F or definition of region s, see footnote 3 to the table in appendix A. 2 A verage month of r e fe ren ce. Data w ere co lle cte d during the period Juty 1969 through June tandard hours r e fle ct the workweek fo r which em ployees re ce iv e their regular straigh t-tim e sa la ries (exclu sive of pay for overtim e at regular a n d /or prem ium rates) to these w eekly hours. 4 For definition of term s, see footnote 3, table A Transportation, com m unication, and other public u tilities. and the earnings corresp on d J

45 3 9 T a b le A -11. M ain ten a n ce and p o w erp lan t occupatio n s U n ite d ta te s (Average straight-time hourly earnings for men in selected occupations by industry division in all metropolitan areas, February 1970 *) Occupation and industry division CARPENTER, MAINTENANCE MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC U T IL IT IE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE ELECTRICIAN, MAINTENANCE MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC U T IL IT IE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE ENGINEER, TATIONARY MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC U T IL IT IE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE FIREMEN, TATIONARY BOILER MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC U T IL IT IE RETAIL TRADE ERVICE HELPER, MAINTENANCE TRADE MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC U T IL IT IE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE MACHINE-TOOL OPERATOR, TOOLROOM MANUFACTURING MACHINIT, MAINTENANCE MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC U T I L I T I E MECHANIC, AUTOMOTIVE (MAINTENANCE) MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC U T I L I T I E WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE ERVICE Hourly earnings 2 Number of workers receiving straight-time hourly earnings of s 1 s Under k Median 3 Middle range under and ~ ~ ~ * * 6 0 over 1 8, , , , , , , , , C , , , , , , , , C , , , , , , C , _ , , C , , C , , C , C , , , , , e e fo o t n o t e s at en d o f t a b le.

46 4 0 T a b le A-11. M ain ten ance and p o w erp lan t occupations U n ite d ta te s C ontinued (Average straight-time hourly earnings for men in selected occupations by industry division in all metropolitan areas, February ) Occupation and industry division N u m b er H ou rly earn in gs2 M id d le range 3 Number of workers receiving straight-time hourly earnings of s * 1 r T * 1 I 1 TTryA+y s under and ,60 3, o v e r MECHANIC MAINTENANCE MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE4 - WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE ERVICE MILLWRIGHT MANUFACTURING ^MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PAINTER* MAINTENANCE - MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE4- RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE , , , , * * , , , _ 13, , , , , , PIPEFITTER* MAINTENANCE MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE , , , ~ PLUMBER* MAINTENANCE MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE4- ERVICE HEET-METAL WORKER. MAINTENANCE - MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE TOOL AND DIE MAKER MANUFACTURING , , e ~ ~ 18 6, _ , , _ - _ , A verage month o f referen ce. Data w ere collected during the period July 1969 through June Excludes premium pay for overtim e and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 3 For definition of term s, see footnote 3, table A Transportation, com m unication, and other public utilities. 5 Finance, insurance, and real estate.

47 41 T a b le A -12. M ain ten ance and p o w erplan t occupations N o rth e as t (Average straight-time hourly earnings for men in selected occupations by industry division in the N ortheast,1 February ) Occupation and industry division CARPENTER, MAINTENANCE MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC U T IL IT IE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE ELECTRICIAN, MAINTENANCE MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC U T IL IT IE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE ENGINEER, TATIONARY MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC U T IL IT IE RETAIL T R A D E >- FINANCE ERVICE FIREMEN, TATIONARY BOILER MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING HELPER, MAINTENANCE TRADE MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC U T IL IT IE MACHINE-TOOL OPERATOR, TOOLROOM MANUFACTURING MACHINIT, MAINTENANCE MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC U T IL IT IE MECHANIC, AUTOMOTIVE I MAINTENANCE I MANUFACTIRING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC U T IL IT IE WHOLEALE TRADE ERVICE MECHANIC, MAINTENANCE MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC U T IL IT IE RETAIL TRADE MILLWRIGHT MANUFACTURING OILER MANUFACTURING Hourly earnings Number of w orkers receiving straight-tim e hourly earnings of 1 J 1 s s 8 TTt^Hfr AO C C woikers Median4 Middle range 4 s and under * " * , over 5, , , C , _ , , , , , , , , _ 30-7, , , C , _ , ~ , , , , , , , , , , ~ 6, fc , , IC / 3, ee footnotes at end of table.

48 4 2 T a b le A M ain ten a n ce and pow erplant occupatio n s N o rth e as t---- C ontinued (Average straight-time hourly earnings for men in selected occupations by industry division in the Northeast, February ) Occupation and industry division Hourly earnings3 Number of workers receiving straight-time hourly earnings of s 1 1 * i * T Under 2 * C * woriters Median4 Middle range 4 * under ~ and *2 _ * z a over PAINTER, MAINTENANCE MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC U T IL IT IE FINANCE ERVICE PIPEFITTER, MAINTENANCE MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PLUMBER, MAINTENANCE MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING HEET-METAL WORKER, MAINTENANCE MANUFACTURING TOOL AND DIE MAKER MANUFACTURING , , , B ~ , _ , * ~ 3 ~ _ « , _ , l 15, , For definition of regions, see footnote 3 to the table in appendix A. 2 Average month of reference. Data were collected during the period July 1969 through June Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 4 For definition of terms, see footnote 3, table A -l. 5 Transportation, communication, and other public utilities. 6 Finance, insurance, and real estate.

49 4 3 T a b le A -13. M aintenance and pow erplant o ccupatio n s outh (Average straight-time hourly earnings for men in selected occupations by industry division in the outh,1 February ) Occupation and industry division CARPENTER, MAINTENANCE MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC U T IL IT IE 5- * RETAIL TRADE ELECTRICIAN, MAINTENANCE MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC U T IL IT IE ENGINEER, TATIONARY MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE FIREMEN, TATIONARY BOILER MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING HELPER, MAINTENANCE TRADE MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC U T IL IT IE MACHINE-TOOL OPERATOR, TOOLROOM MANUFACTURING MACHINIT, MAINTENANCE MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC U T IL IT IE MECHANIC, AUTOMOTIVE I MAINTENANCE) MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC U T IL IT IE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE ERVICE MECHANIC, MAINTENANCE MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING >- MILLWRIGHT MANUFACTURING OILER m a n u f a c t u r in g PAINTER, MAINTENANCE MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING - ERVICE Hourly earnings Number of workers receiving straight-time hourly earnings of ~ i T f f s 1 I Under k C Median 4 Middle range under ~ " * and C 4.CC over 4, , , C , , , ~ , , , , _ - - 2, , _ 5, , , ~ ~ ~ - 2, _ 15 2, , , C , C _ 3, C , , C , , , , , , _ , ~ 4 - ~ 3, , ee footnotes at end of table,

50 T a b le A M ain ten a n ce and p o w erplan t occupatio n s o u th C ontinued (Average straight -tim e hourly earnings for m en in selected occupations by industry division in the outh, February ) O c c u p a tio n and in d u stry d iv is io n N u m b er H ou rly earning, 3 Number of workers receiving straight-time hourly earnings of s s Under C CO M e a n 4 M e d i a n4 M id d le ran ge 4 and under ~ and C over PIPEFITTER, MAINTENANCE MANUFACTURING PLUMBER, MAINTENANCE HEET-METAL WORKER, MAINTENANCE MANUFACTURING TOOL AND DIE MAKER MANUFACTURING , , ~ , _ 41 _ , ~ ~ ~ 6 3, , F or definition of regions, see footnote 3 to the table in appendix A. A v e r a g e m o n th o f r e fe r e n c e. D ata w e r e c o lle c t e d d u rin g th e p e r io d July 1969 th rou gh June Excludes prem ium pay for overtim e and for work on w eekends, holidays, and late shifts. For definition of term s, see footnote 3, table A - l. Transportation, com m unication, and other public u tilities. F in a n c e, in s u r a n c e, and r e a l e s t a t e.

51 4 5 T a b le A -14. M aintenance and pow erplant occupations N orth C entral (Average straight-time hourly earnings for men in selected occupations by industry division in the North Central region, 1February ) Occupation and industry division CARPENTER, MAINTENANCE MANUFACTURING * NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ELECTRICIAN, MAINTENANCE MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE ENGINEER, TATIONARY MANUFACTURING * NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE FIREMEN, TATIONARY BOILER MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING ERVICE HELPER, MAINTENANCE T R A D E -----* MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE MACHINE-TOOL OPERATOR, TOOLROOM MANUFACTURING MACHINIT, MAINTENANCE MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE MECHANIC, AUTOMOTIVE IMAINTENANCEI MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE ERVICE MECHANIC, MAINTENANCE MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING --- PUBLIC UTILITIE5- WHOLEALE TRADE ERVICE MILLWRIGHT MANUFACTURING MANUFACTURING Hourly earnings3 Number of workers :receiving; straight-time hourly earnings of < i urn *r * 1 1 * i 1» Under CC workers Median4 Middle range 4 *.2 0 under * and C *60 over 5, , , ~ , _ , , , , , , ~ ~ 5, , " 44 ~ - 1 8, _ 7, , , * , , , A _ , C , , , , , ~ , , , , l ~ , _ - - _ , C , , ' ee footnotes at end of table.

52 4 6 T a b le A M ain ten ance and p o w erplan t occupations N orth C e n tra l----- Continued (Average straight-time hourly earnings for men in selected occupations by industry division in the North Central region,1 February ) Occupation and industry division PAINTER, MAINTENANCE MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING FINANCE ERVICE Hourly earnings3 Number of workers receiving straight-time hourly earnings of s s Under workers Median4 Middle range under an over 4, , , PIPEFITTER, MAINTENANCE MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING j , _ - _ , ~ PLUMBER, MAINTENANCE MANUFACTURING HEET-METAL WORKER, MAINTENANCE ~ MANUFACTURING C ~ , _ - _ , TOOL AND DIE MAKER MANUFACTURING , _ - _ , For definition of regions, see footnote 3 to the table in appendix A. 2 Average month of reference. Data were collected during the period July 1969 through June Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 4 For definition of terms, see footnote 3, table A -l. 5 Transportation, communication, and other public utilities. 6 Finance, insurance, and real estate. T a b le A M ain ten ance and p o w erplant occupations W e s t (Average straight-time hourly earnings for men in selected occupations by industry division in the West, 1 February ) Occupation and industry division Number Hourly earnings3 workers M ean4 M edian4 Middle range4 3.0C % Number of workers receiving straight -time weekly earning s of C CARPENTER, MAINTENANCE , MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE ERVICE ELECTRICIAN, MAINTENANCE , MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING , PUBLIC UTILITIE ERVICE ee footnotes at end of table.

53 4 7 T a b le A -15. M ain ten a n ce and pow erplan t o ccupatio n s W e s t-----c ontinued (Average straight-time hourly earnings for men in selected occupations by industry division in the West, February ) Occupation and industry division Num ber Hourly earnings Number of workers receiving straight-time hourly earnings of * * workers Median4 Middle range 4 and and 3.0C over ENGINEER, TATIONARY MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING ERVICE FIREMEN, TATIONARY BOILER MANUFACTURING HELPER, MAINTENANCE TRADE MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING MACHINE-TOOL OPERATOR, TOOLROOM - - MANUFACTURING MACHINIT, MAINTENANCE MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING MECHANIC, AUTOMOTIVE (MAINTENANCE) MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC U T I L I T I E WHOLEALE TRADE E R V IC E , , , ~ _ , _ 2, C ~ 2, , ~ 4, _ - 10 _ , , , , , MECHANIC, MAINTENANCE MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING , e _ 10, l ~ - ~ OILER MANUFACTURING PAINTER, MAINTENANCE MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING P IP E FIT T E R, MAINTENANCE MANUFACTURING PLUMBER. MAINTENANCE MANUFACTURING HEET-METAL WORKER, MAINTENANCE MANUFACTURING TOOL AND DIE MAKER MANUFACTURING , _ - _ l, C , , , , ~ _ _ C ~ - ~ _ ~ , Z , C For definition of regions, see footnote 3 to the table in appendix A. 2 Average month of reference. Data were collected during the period July 1969 through June Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 4 For definition of terms, see footnote 3, table A Transportation, communication, and other public utilities.

54 48 T a b le A -16. C ustodial and m aterial m ovem ent o ccupations U nited ta te s (Average straight-time hourly earnings for selected occupations by industry division in all metropolitan areas, February 1970 *) Occupation 2 and industry division Number Hourly earnings3 Median4 Middle range4 Number of workers receiving straight-time hourly earnings of 1 > i 1 Under under and DC over GUARD AND WATCHMEN , MANUFACTURING , nonmanufacturing , ~ 39 GUARD: MANUFACTURING , * WATCHMEN: manufacturing , JANITOR, PORTER, AND CLEANER , MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING , C PUBLIC UTILITIE , WHOLEALE TRADE , RETAIL TRADE , C 2 FINANCE , ERVICE , ~ 53 " " - JANITOR, PORTER, AND CLEANER 1WOMEN> , MANUFACTURING , C NONMANUFACTURING , PUBLIC UTILITIE , C C WHOLEALE TRADE *32 RETAIL TRADE , FINANCE , ERVICE , " - - LABORER, MATERIAL HANDLING , MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING , PUBLIC UTILITIE , WHOLEALE TRADE , RETAIL TRADE , C ERVICE , ~ ORDER FILLER , MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING , PUBLIC UTILITIE , WHOLEALE TRADE , RETAIL TRADE , " PACKER, HIPPING , _ MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING , WHOLEALE TRADE , RETAIL TRADE , ~ - - PACKER, HIPPING (WOMEN) , MANUFACTURING , C NONMANUFACTURING , WHOLEALE TRADE , RETAIL TRADE , ee footnotes at end of table.

55 4 9 T a b le A -16. C ustodial and m aterial m o vem ent occupations U n ited ta te s -----C ontinued ' (Average straight-time hourly earnings for selected occupations by industry division in all metropolitan areas, February ) Occupation 2 and industry division Hourly earnings3 Number of w orkers receiving straight-tim e hourly earnings of I Number TTnH workers Mean4 Median4 Middle range 4 s and under and C ,4 0 4, over r e c e iv in g clerks manufacturing NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE ERVICE , , , , , HIPPING CLERK MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE HIPPING AND RECEIVING CLERK MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE ERVICE TRUCKDRIVER MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE ERVICE , _ , , , , n o , _ C , , , , , , , , , C , , TRUCKDRIVER, LIGHT IUNDER 1-1 /2 TON) MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE ERVICE TRUCKDRIVER, MEDIUM ( 1-1 /2 TO AND INCLUDING 4 TON) MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE ERVICE TRUCKDRIVER, HEAVY (OVER 4 TON TRAILER TYPE) MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE , , , , , , , , , , , , , , C , , , C , , no 9, ee footnotes at end of table.

56 5 0 T a b le A -16. C ustodial and m aterial m ovem ent o ccupatio n s U nited ta te s -----C ontinued (Average straight-time hourly earnings for selected occupations by industry division in all metropolitan areas, February ) Occupation 2 and industry division Hourly earnings3 Number of workers receiving straight -time hourly earnings of Under C workers Mean 4 Median4 Middle range 4 t under and over TRUCKORIVER7 - CONTINUED TRUCKDRIVER, HEAVY (OVER 4 TON OTHER THAN TRAILER TYPE) MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE , , C3C , , , , TRUCKER, POWER (FORKLIFT) MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE TRUCKER, POWER (OTHER THAN FORKLIFT) MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE , , , , , , , , , Average month of reference. Data were collected during the period July 1969 through June Data limited to men workers except where otherwise indicated. Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. For definition of term s, see footnote 3, table A- 1. Transportation, communication, and other public utilities. Finance, insurance, and real estate. Includes all drivers, as defined, regardless of size and type of truck operated. T a b le A C u sto dial and m aterial m ovem ent occupatio n s N o rth e as t (Average straight-time hourly earnings for selected occupations by industry division in the Northeast, 1 February ) Occupation 3 and industry division Number Hourly earnings4 workers Mean 3 Median5 Middle range5 U d r 1.6C Number of workers receiving straight--time hourly earnings of GUARD AND WATCHMEN , MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING , GUARD: MANUFACTURING , WATCHMEN: MANUFACTURING , ee footnotes at end of table and

57 51 T a b le A C ustodial and m aterial m ovem ent o ccupatio n s N o rth e a s t---- C ontinued (Average straight-time hourly earnings for selected occupations by industry division in the Northeast, 1 February ) Occupation3 and industry division JANITORi PORTERt AND CLEANER MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC U T IL IT IE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE JANITOR, PORTER, AND CLEANER 1 WOMEN) MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC U T IL IT IE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE LABORER, MATERIAL HANDLING MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC U T IL IT IE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE ORDER FILLER MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE PACKER, HIPPING MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE PACKER, HIPPING (WOMEN) MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING RETAIL TRADE RECEIVING CLERK MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE HIPPING CLERK MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE HIPPING AND RECEIVING CLERK - MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE Hourly earnings4 Number of workers receiving straight--time hourly earnings of % TTnH#»-r workers Mean5 Median 5 Middle range 5 and 1.6C under and over 80, , , A, , , C , , , , , , , , , * ~ ~ - ** 62, , , , , C , , lie 68 7, , , C , C6 18, _ , , , C , _ , C * , , , , , , , , , , C ' , , , ' ee footnotes at end of table.

58 5 2 T a b le A C ustodial and m aterial m ovem ent occupations N o rth e a s t-----c ontinued (Average straight-time hourly earnings for selected occupations by industry division in the Northeast, 1 February ) Occupation 3 and industry division Hourly earnings4 Number of workers receiving straight-time hourly earnings of TTnri*» v A C workers Mean 5 Median5 Middle range 5 s and and under A C M 0 o v e r truckdrivers MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC U T IL IT IE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE ERVICE A A A , A.0A 3 3A A , AA A A A A.A A , A - A.0A A6 3.A A A A A C TRUCKDRIVER, LIGHT (UNDER 1-1/2 TON) MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE , 8A A AAA , 1A A , A , 85A 3.A A.AA 12 A A A 15 TRUCKDRIVER, MEDIUM (1-1 /2 TO AND INCLUDING 4 TON) MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC U T IL IT IE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE TRUCKDRIVER, HEAVY (OVER A TON. TRAILER T Y P E ) MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC U T I L I T I E WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE TRUCKDRIVER, HEAVY (OVER A TON, OTHER THAN TRAILER TYPE) MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC U T IL IT IE WHOLEALE TRADE TRUCKER, POWER (FO RKLIFT) MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC U T I L I T I E WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE , A A , A A 35A , A 3. A , A C , A C , A A A , A. 17 _ A 227 A17 A A A, A A A AA C , 78A A A. 25 A1A A, 8A A ,8 8 A C4 1 3, A A A6 332 A27 A C A, A A , 20A A A3 A , A - A.23 A C , A A C , A A _ , A A , A 66C , 3A , ,697 3.A A8 33 AC 92 9A TRUCKER, POWER (OTHER THAN FO RKLIFT) MANUFACTURING , A9 A , For definition of regions, see footnote 3 to the table in appendix A. 2 Average month of reference. Data were collected during the period July 1969 through June Data limited to men workers except where otherwise indicated. 4 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 5 For definition of terms, see footnote 3, table A Transportation, communication, and other public utilities. 7 Finance, insurance, and real estate. 8 Includes all drivers, as defined, regardless of size and type of truck operated.

59 63 T a b le A C ustodial and m aterial m ovem ent occupatio n s outh (Average straight-time hourly earnings for selected occupations by industry division in the outh,1february 19702) Hourly earn in gs4 Number of workers receiving straight-time hourly earnings of * t s s I O ccupation3 and industry division Under C ,.4 0 workers M edian 5 M iddle range under ~ and C over GUARD AND WATCHMEN , MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING , GUARD: MANUFACTURING , WATCHMEN: MANUFACTURING , JANITOR, PORTER, AND CLEANER 6 8, C _ MANUFACTURING , C NONMANUFACTURING , C PUBLIC U T IL IT IE , WHOLEALE TRADE , RETAIL TRADE , C FINANCE , ERVICE , ~ JANITOR, PORTER, AND CLEANER CWOMEN! , MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING , PUBLIC U T IL IT IE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE , FINANCE , ERVICE , LABORER, MATERIAL HANDLING , I MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING , PUBLIC U T IL IT IE , WHOLEALE TRADE , RETAIL TRADE , C ORDER FILLER , r MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING , WHOLEALE TRADE , RETAIL TRADE , PACKER, HIPPING , _ MANUFACTURING , C NONMANUFACTURING , WHOLEALE TRADE , RETAIL TRADE ~ PACKER, HIPPING 1 WOMEN! , _ C MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING , ~ ~ RECEIVING CLERK , C MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING , WHOLEALE TRADE , C RETAIL TRADE , " HIPPING CLERK , MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING , WHOLEALE TRADE C RETAIL TRADE " - ee footnotes at end of table.

60 5 4 T a b le A C ustodial and m aterial m ovem ent occupations o u th ----C ontinued (Average straight-tim e hourly earnings for selected occupations by industry division in the ou th,1 February ) O c c u p a tio n 3 and in d u stry d iv isio n HIPPING AND RECEIVING CLERK MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING WHOLEALE TRADE TRUCKDRIVER MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE ERVICE Number Hourly earnings N u m b er of w o rk ers rec e iv in g str a ig h t-tim e hourly earning! of T T n d.r workers M ean5 Median 5 Middle range 5 and 1.6C under C 2.AC C 3.CC A A over 3, A A 21 A8 3A AA7 A A , A AA 19A ,10A A 2 A A A7-3.2A " A A ,A A A A7A A32A A133 A01A , A C A , A A69 20A0 31A A A , A93 ACA 1A5C C 67C 1AA A ,000 2.A A0A 1A A A A68 79A , A A A A 37A A , A C7 1A2 7A A A0 3 A A A and TRUCKDRIVER, LIGHT (UNDER 1-1/2 TON) MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE ERVICE TRUCKDRIVER, MEDIUM (1-1/2 TO AND INCLUDING 4 TON) MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE TRUCKDRIVER, HEAVY (OVER A TON, TRAILER TYPE) MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE TRUCKDRIVER, HEAVY (OVER A TON, OTHER THAN TRAILER TYPE ) -----c MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING truckers, power (forklift) MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE ,5A A CO 391 A28 A A , A2A A A8 2A A 8A , 12 A A A AC A A A A, 0A A 728 A16 A A A , 1A A 3A A8 23C 118 1AC A 2 AA , A0 1 2.A A1 66 3A A 5C AC A 6A 33, BAA A32 15A2 1A AA , 33A A89 A27 18 A A28 6A8 A A , A CC C A 76C 15 A A IA, A 6 1AA 22A A , A A A A, A0A 2.AA A , A _ 11A 38A A 37A A , 27 A A6 2A A AA 2A3 12A , A A , A A A52 3A A A, A A A62 A , A A A , A9 A A A A A3 6 A1A 52A A7A _ A, A A92 5A6 73C A , A C 111 A A A, A9A A3C A , A A C5A A , A A A23 2A , A AA A ,779 2.A6 2.A A C AC , A AC A 22A A TRUCKER, POWER (OTHER THAN FORKLIFT) MANUFACTURING , A , A 2.A5-3.6A A 93 12A 102 1A1 AA For definition of regions, see footnote 3 to the table in appendix A. 2 A v e r a g e m onth of r e fe r e n c e. D ata w e re c o lle c te d during the p e rio d July 19&9 through June Data lim ited to men workers except where otherwise indicated. 4 Excludes prem ium pay for overtim e and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 5 For definition of term s, see footnote 3, table A Transportation, com m unication, and other public utilities. 7 F in a n c e, in s u r a n c e, and r e a l e sta te. 8 Includes all d rivers, as defined, regardless of size and type of truck operated.

61 T a b le A C ustodial and m aterial m ovem ent occupatio n s N o rth C en tral (Average straight-time hourly earnings for selected occupations by industry division in the North Central region,1february ) Hourly earnings e Number of workers receiving straight-time hourly earnings < Occupation3 and industry division Middle range 1.60 under AO C AC A.00 A.20 A.AO A.60 A AO AO 3.6C 3.80 A.00 A.20 A.AO A.60 A over GUARD AND WATCHMEN MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING A, , , A GUARD: MANUFACTURING , WATCHMEN: MANUFACTURING JANITOR, PORTER, AND CLEANER MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE JANITOR, PORTER, AND CLEANER (WOMEN) MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE LABORER, MATERIAL HANDLING MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE ERVICE ORDER FILLER MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE PACKER, HIPPING MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE , A, , C 38, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ~ C : : : ~ ~ ~ PACKER, HIPPING (WOMEN) MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE RECEIVING CLERK MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE , , C , , " , _ , , , , _ C C ee footnotes at end of table.

62 56 T a b le A -19. C ustodial and m aterial m ovem ent occupatio n s N o rth C e n tra l---- C ontinued (Average straight-time hourly earnings for selected occupations by industry division in the North Central region,1february ) Occupation 3 and industry division HIPPING CLERK MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE HIPPING AND RECEIVING CLERK MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE Hourly earnings4 Number of workers receiving straight-time hourly earnings of Number TTn A a r C workers Mean 5 Median5 Middle range 5 s and an 1.60 under * C 3, over 5, , C , , , _ , , , TRUCKDRIVER MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE ERVICE , ICO 21, , , , , , TRUCKDRIVER* LIGHT (UNDER 1-1 /2 TON I MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE ERVICE , , , CC ,012 3 ' , C , C C e 11C TRUCKDRIVER, MEDIUM (1-1 /2 TO AND INCLUDING 4 TON) MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE TRUCKDRIVER, HEAVY (OVER 4 TON TRAILER TYPE) MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE TRUCKDRIVER, HEAVY (OVER 4 TON OTHER THAN TRAILER TYPE) MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE TRUCKER, POWER (FORKLIFT) MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE , , , , , , C , C , C , , C , C , , , C 5, , C , ~ - 55, C , C , , , , C ee footnotes at end of table.

63 57 Table A -19. Custodial and material movement occupations North Central--- Continued (A v e r a g e s t r a ig h t -t im e h o u rly ea rn in g s fo r s e le c te d occu p ation s by in d u stry d iv isio n in the N o rth C e n tr a l r e g i o n,1 F e b r u a r y ) Occupation 3 and industry division Number Hourly earnings* Num ber of workers receiving straight -tim e hourly earnings of * s » i.e o U n der Median5 Middle range5 A under and i.e o i» ? o v e r TRUCKER* ROWER 1OTHER THAN FORKLIFT , C MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIE F o r d efin ition o f r e g io n s, s e e footn ote 3 to the ta b le in appendix A. A v e r a g e m on th o f r e fe r e n c e. D ata w e r e c o lle c te d durin g the p e rio d July 1969 throu gh June D ata lim ite d to m e n w o rk e rs ex ce pt w h ere o th e rw ise in dicated. E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m p ay fo r o v e r tim e and fo r w ork on w e e k e n d s, h o lid a y s, and la te s h ift s. For definition of term s, see footnote 3, table A - l. Transportation, com m unication, and other public utilities. F in a n c e, in s u r a n c e, and r e a l e s ta te. Includes all d rivers, as defined, regardless of size and type of truck operated.

64 5 8 T a b le A C ustodial and m a te ria l m o vem ent o c c u p a tio n s W e s t (Average straight-tim e hourly earnings for selected occupations by industry division in the West, 1 February ) Occupation3 and industry division Hourly earnings4 Number of w orkers rece iving straight- time hourly earnings o f T i t I i i % Number Under workers Mean5 Median5 Middle range5 and and 1.6C over GUARD AND WATCHMEN MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING , , , GUARD: MANUFACTURING , WATCHMEN: MANUFACTURING JANITOR* PORTER* AND CLEANER MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC U T IL IT IE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE ERVICE , , , , , , C , JANITOR, PORTER, AND CLEANER (WOMEN! MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING RETAIL TRADE ERVICE , C , e , CO C _ LABORER, MATERIAL HANDLING MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC U T IL IT IE WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE ORDER FILLER MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE PACKER, HIPPING MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING WHOLEALE TRADE PACKER, HIPPING (WOMEN) MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING RECEIVING CLERK MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING WHOLEALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE HIPPING CLERK MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING WHOLEALE TRADE , _ C , , , C , , , _ 2, , , CC , , _ _ 20 2, , , C C ~ - 1, , UC ie " , C C C , C , C C C , , C C i C ee footnotes at end of table,

65 5 9 T a b le A C u stodial and m aterial m ovem ent o ccupatio n s W e s t-----c ontinued (Average straight-time hourly earnings for selected occupations by industry division in the West, 1 February ) Hourly eamings4 Number of workers receiving straight-time hourly earnings of j I r s ' i I F " Occupation3 and industry division " Under l *60 l *80 2 * 2 *2 2' * 2-2 *80 3 * * 3 *t * * 0 * «**00 workers Mean5 Median5 Middle range5 > and 4*60 under a n *20 2,4 0 2* *00 3*20 3*40 3, *60 4, over HIPPING AND RECEIVING CLERK * MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING , WHOLEALE TRADE l RETAIL TRADE TRUCKORIVER , MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING , PUBLIC UTILITIE , WHOLEALE TRADE , RETAIL TRADE , ERVICE , TRUCKORIVER, LIGHT (UNDER 1-1 /2 TON) , MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING , WHOLEALE TRADE , TRUCKORIVER, MEDIUM ( 1-1 /2 TO AND INCLUDING 4 TON) , MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING , C C PUBLIC UTILITIE , C WHOLEALE TRADE , RETAIL TRADE , TRUCKORIVER* HEAVY (OVER 4 TON, TRAILER TYPE) , MANUFACTURING , l NONMANUFACTURING , ICO PUBLIC UTILITIE , C WHOLEALE TRADE , RETAIL TRADE , TRUCKORIVER, HEAVY (OVER 4 TON, OTHER THAN TRAILER TYPE) , C MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING , TRUCKER, POWER (FORKLIFT) , C MANUFACTURING , NONMANUFACTURING , PUBLIC UTILITIE , WHOLEALE TRADE , RETAIL TRADE TRUCKER, POWER (OTHER THAN FORKLIFT) , C MANUFACTURING , C For definition of regions, see footnote 3 to the table in appendix A. 2 Average month of reference. Data were collected during the period July 1969 through June Data limited to men workers except where otherwise indicated. 4 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 5 For definition of terms, see footnote 3, table A Transportation, communication, and other public utilities. 7 Finance, insurance, and real estate. 8 Includes all drivers, as defined, regardless of size and type of truck operated.

66 W age D ifferences Am ong M etropolitan A reas D i f f e r e n c e s in p a y a m o n g a r e a s a r e e x a m in e d h e r e f o r t h r e e o c c u p a t io n a l g r o u p s o f f i c e c l e r i c a l, s k ille d m a i n t e n a n c e, a n d u n s k il le d p la n t. A v e r a g e e a r n i n g s f o r a l l i n d u s t r i e s c o m b in e d, a n d f o r m a n u fa c t u r in g a n d n o n m a n u f a c t u r in g s e p a r a t e l y, f o r e a c h a r e a w e r e c o m p u te d by m u lt ip ly in g th e a v e r a g e w e e k ly s a l a r y f o r e a c h o f th e 20 o f f ic e j o b s a n d th e a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s f o r e a c h o f e ig h t s k i l l e d m a i n t e n a n c e j o b s a n d tw o u n s k il le d p la n t j o b s ( ja n i t o r s a n d m a t e r i a l h a n d lin g l a b o r e r s ) by th e t o ta l e m p lo y m e n t in th e j o b s in a ll m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s c o m b in e d. A r e a a v e r a g e s f o r th e t h r e e o c c u p a t io n a l g r o u p s a r e e x p r e s s e d a s p e r c e n t s o f t h e ir r e s p e c t i v e n a tio n a l a v e r a g e s. F o r e x a m p l e, a r e l a t i v e o f 8 0 i n d ic a t e s th a t a n a r e a ' s p a y le v e l is 8 0 p e r c e n t o f th e n a tio n w id e p a y l e v e l o r 20 p e r c e n t b e lo w th e n a tio n a l l e v e l. C o ll e c t io n o f th e d a t a f o r th e B u r e a u 's s t u d i e s in in d iv id u a l a r e a s w a s c o n d u c te d o v e r th e c o u r s e o f a y e a r. C o n s e q u e n t l y, th e a r e a a v e r a g e s r e la t e to d if f e r e n t p a y r o l l m o n th s th r o u g h o u t t h is p e r i o d. In o r d e r th a t in d iv id u a l a r e a p a y r e l a t i v e s c a n b e c o m p a r a b l e, a d j u s t m e n t h a d to b e m a d e f o r d i f f e r e n c e s in s u r v e y t im in g. T h e a s s u m p t i o n w a s m a d e th a t th e w a g e l e v e l f o r a ll m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s c o m b in e d i n c r e a s e d u n if o r m ly d u r in g th e 12 m o n t h s f r o m F e b r u a r y 1969 to F e b r u a r y T h u s, b y a d d in g th e a p p r o p r i a t e n u m b e r o f m o n th ly w a g e i n c r e m e n t s to th e F e b r u a r y 1969 p a y l e v e l, th e n a tio n w id e p a y le v e l c a n b e e s t i m a t e d f o r a n y m o n th in w h ich a n in d iv id u a l a r e a w a s s t u d ie d. F o r e x a m p l e, a n a r e a s t u d y h a v in g a p a y r o l l r e f e r e n c e m o n th o f M a r c h 1969 w o u ld b e c o m p a r e d to th e n a tio n w id e p a y le v e l a s o f F e b r u a r y , p lu s o n e - tw e lfth o f th e a n n u a l n a tio n w id e w age i n c r e a s e. A n o c c u p a t io n is g iv e n th e s a m e i m p o r t a n c e in e v e r y a r e a by w e ig h tin g th e o c c u p a t i o n 's a v e r a g e in e a c h a r e a b y th e n u m b e r o f w o r k e r s fo u n d n a tio n w id e in th a t o c c u p a t io n. T h i s e l i m i n a t e s th e e f f e c t o f d i f f e r e n c e s in o c c u p a t io n a l c o m p o s it io n. In t h o s e c a s e s w h e r e th e o c c u p a t io n a l m i x o f m a n u f a c t u r i n g a n d n o n m a n u f a c t u r in g in th e a r e a v a r i e s c o n s i d e r a b l y f r o m th e n a tio n a l o c c u p a t io n a l m i x fo r a ll i n d u s t r i e s c o m b in e d, b o th th e m a n u f a c t u r i n g a n d n o n m a n u f a c t u r in g p a y r e l a t i v e s m a y b e h ig h e r o r l o w e r th an th e p a y r e l a t i v e f o r a ll i n d u s t r i e s. F o r e x a m p l e, th e a l l - i n d u s t r y r e l a t i v e f o r u n s k il le d p l a n t w o r k e r s in A k r o n w a s 1 1 9, w h ile b o th m a n u f a c t u r in g a n d n o n m a n u f a c t u r in g h a d lo w e r r e l a t i v e s, 114 a n d 1 0 8, r e s p e c t i v e l y. A ll i n d u s t r i e s c o m b in e d W a g e l e v e l s d i f f e r e d w id e ly a m o n g th e 89 m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s s u r v e y e d ( ta b le 1); a v e r a g e r a t e s fo r u n s k il le d p l a n t w o r k e r s in the h ig h e s t p a id a r e a w e r e 80 p e r c e n t h ig h e r th a n t h o s e in th e lo w e s t. T h e i n t e r a r e a w a g e s p r e a d fo r o f f ic e c l e r i c a l w o r k e r s a n d s k i l l e d m a in t e n a n c e w o r k e r s a m o u n t e d to 4 0 a n d 58 p e r c e n t, r e s p e c t i v e l y. 7 Average month o f reference. Data were collected during the period July of one year through June of die next year. 60 N e a r l y a l l o f th e a r e a s h a v in g a b o v e - a v e r a g e p a y l e v e l s h a d l a r g e n u m b e r s o f w o r k e r s in w h at a r e g e n e r a l l y c o n s i d e r e d h ig h - w a g e i n d u s t r i e s. T h e s e in c lu d e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n e q u ip m e n t ( a u t o m o b il e s o r a i r c r a f t ), p e t r o l e u m r e f in in g, c h e m i c a l s, s t e e l, a n d r u b b e r. O n th e o t h e r h a n d, a r e a s h a v in g l a r g e c o n c e n t r a t io n s o f w o r k e r s in t e x t i l e s, a p p a r e l, f o o t w e a r, o r th e lo w e r w a g e fo o d i n d u s t r i e s te n d e d to h a v e b e l o w - a v e r a g e p a y l e v e l s. F a c t o r s o th e r th a n i n d u s t r i a l c o m p o s it io n w h ic h m a y a f f e c t th e l e v e l o f e a r n i n g s in a n a r e a in c lu d e s i z e a n d lo c a t io n o f th e a r e a, e x te n t o f u n io n iz a t io n, a v a i l a b i l i t y o f w o r k e r s, a n d th e g e n e r a l e c o n o m ic c o n d itio n. Text table 1. Area pay relatives in all industries combined by job group, Office clerical Job group killed maintenance Unskilled plant- Highest Detroit Be aumont-port Arthur- Orange, Los Angeles- Long Beach and Anaheim-anta A na- Garden Grove, and an J ose Rochester and an Francisco Oakland an Francisco-Oakland Detroit an Jose Davenport-Rock Island- Moline and an D ie g o an Francisco-Oakland Detroit W aterloo Akron and eattle-everett Lowest 116 an A n ton io Manchester Greenville, Jackson Little Rock-North Little Rock, and Lubbock Greenville Manchester Portland (Maine)- Chattanooga----- Jacksonville----- an Antonio Greenville, Jackson, and R a leigh Little Rock North Little Rock and Lubbock F o r o f f ic e c l e r i c a l w o r k e r s, th e h ig h e s t w a g e s h a v e c o n s i s te n tly b e e n p a id in th e s a m e c i t i e s f r o m y e a r to y e a r. D e t r o i t, B e a u m o n t P o r t A r t h u r O r a n g e, L o s A n g e l e s L o n g B e a c h a n d A n a h e i m - a n t a A n a G a r d e n G r o v e, a n d a n F r a n c i s c o - O a k l a n d h a v e b e e n a m o n g th e fiv e h ig h e s t p a y in g a r e a s s i n c e , th e f i r s t y e a r th a t i n t e r a r e a p a y c o m p a r i s o n s w e r e b a s e d on th e n a tio n a l a v e r a g e. 8 a n J o s e h a s b e e n th e o th e r a r e a in th e h ig h - fiv e s in c e N e w Y o r k, th e 8 Earlier comparisons were related to the New York area

67 61 n a t io n 's l a r g e s t c ity a n d c o n tr ib u t o r o f a b o u t o n e - s e v e n t h o f th e o ff ic e c l e r i c a l w o r k e r s in m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s, h a d n e v e r r a n k e d a m o n g th e to p 10 a r e a s b e f o r e T h i s y e a r, N e w Y o r k a n d fo u r o t h e r a r e a s r a n k e d n inth a t 105. H o w e v e r, th is r a n k in g d o e s not c o n s i d e r le n g th o f w o r k w e e k. N e a r l y t h r e e - f i f t h s o f th e o f f i c e w o r k e r s in N e w Y o r k w o r k e d 35 h o u r s a w e e k ; a n d 8 3 p e r c e n t, f e w e r th a n 4 0 h o u r s. In c o n t r a s t, o n ly a b o u t o n e - th ir d o f th e o f f i c e w o r k e r s in a n F r a n c i s c o w o r k e d f e w e r th a n 4 0 h o u r s. A b o u t o n e - fifth o f th e w o r k e r s w e r e on w e e k ly s c h e d u l e s o f fe w e r th a n 4 0 h o u r s in th e fiv e o th e r h ig h p a y in g a r e a s. If c o m p a r i s o n s w e r e b a s e d on a v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s i n s t e a d o f a v e r a g e w e e k ly e a r n i n g s, N e w Y o r k w o u ld r a n k s e c o n d o n ly to D e t r o i t a m o n g th e h ig h e s t p a y in g a r e a s fo r o f f ic e c l e r i c a l w o r k e r s. In th e o u th, u n s k ille d p la n t w o r k e r s h a d e a r n i n g s s o f a r b e lo w th e a v e r a g e o f the r e s t o f the N a tio n (a p a y r e l a t i v e u n d e r 80 in 13 o f 27 a r e a s ) th a t th e y s ig n if ic a n t ly d e p r e s s e d th e n a tio n a l a v e r a g e. 9 In c o n t r a s t, o ff ic e c l e r i c a l w o r k e r s in th e o u th h a d a p a y r e l a t i v e o f 80 o r m o r e in a l l a r e a s a n d s k i l l e d m a in t e n a n c e w o r k e r s, l e s s th a n 80 in o n ly on e a r e a. A s a r e s u l t, o th e r r e g i o n s h a d c o m p a r a tiv e ly h ig h e r p a y r e l a t i v e s f o r u n s k il le d p la n t w o r k e r s th a n f o r o ff ic e c l e r i c a l a n d s k i l l e d m a in t e n a n c e. F o r e x a m p l e, in th e N o r t h C e n t r a l R e g io n, s e v e n a r e a s h a d p a y r e l a t i v e s o f 110 a n d o v e r f o r u n s k il le d p la n t w o r k e r s c o m p a r e d w ith on e a r e a (D e tr o it) f o r o f f ic e c l e r i c a l a n d s k i l l e d m a in t e n a n c e. ( e e te x t t a b le 2.) P a y l e v e l s f o r e a c h o f th e t h r e e jo b g r o u p s w e r e u s u a lly h ig h e r in m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s h a v in g 1 m illio n o r m o r e p o p u la tio n th a n in s m a l l e r a r e a s. T h e p e r c e n t o f a r e a s h a v in g p a y r e l a t i v e s e q u a l to o r g r e a t e r th a n th e n a tio n a l l e v e l (100) i s p r e s e n t e d in th e fo llo w in g ta b u la tio n : Office killed Unskilled Number of inhabitants (1970 Census) clerical maintenance plant 1 million or m ore ,000 but less than 1 million Less than 2 5 0, M a n u f a c t u r in g W ag e l e v e l s in m a n u f a c t u r in g w e r e o fte n s i m i l a r to th e l e v e l s f o r a l l i n d u s t r i e s c o m b in e d. T h e fiv e h ig h e s t p a y in g a r e a s f o r o ff ic e c l e r i c a l w o r k e r s in m a n u f a c t u r i n g, a s sh o w n in te x t ta b le 3, w e r e a p p r o x i m a t e l y th e s a m e a r e a s s h o w n e a r l i e r f o r a l l - i n d u s t r i e s. Text table 3. Area pay relatives in manufacturing, by job group, ^AHjnetirojgolito Job group Highest Text table 2. Distribution of areas by pay relatives, job group, and region, Job group and regio n Total number o f U n d er 80 Number of aresis with nav relatives of Office clerical: Northeast outh North Central West killed maintenance: Northeast outh North Central West Office clerical killed maintenance Unskilled plant- Detroit Beaumont-Port Arthur- Orange Los Angeles-Long Beach and A naheim anta A na Garden 122 Greenville and Tampa t. Petersburg cranton Chattanooga and Piovidenc e-pawtucket 111 Warwick an Jose Rochester Detroit Greenville an Francisco- Oakland 115 Chattanooga and Portland an Jose (Maine) Davenport-Rock Island- Providence-Pawtucket- M oline Warwick and Tampa t. an D iego Petersburg an F rancisco Oakland Greenville and Lubbock Detroit Raleigh eattle Everett Charlotte Waterloo Jackson Unskilled plant: Northeast outh North Central West ~ Almost one-fourth of the workers in the unskilled jobs (janitors and material handling laborers) were in the outh. O f th e fiv e h ig h e s t p a y in g a r e a s f o r o f f i c e w o r k e r s, o n ly B e a u m o n t P o r t A r t h u r O r a n g e a n d R o c h e s t e r h a d p o p u la tio n s o f l e s s th a n a m illio n. P e t r o l e u m r e f in in g is th e m o s t im p o r t a n t in d u s t r y in B e a u m o n t, a n d p h o t o g r a p h ic e q u ip m e n t m a n u f a c t u r in g is m o s t i m p o r t a n t in R o c h e s t e r. In D e t r o i t a n d L o s A n g e l e s, t r a n s p o r t a t i o n e q u ip m e n t is th e m o s t im p o r t a n t. In a n J o s e, e s t a b l i s h m e n t s in the e l e c t r i c a l e q u ip m e n t i n d u s t r y e m p lo y e d th e l a r g e s t g r o u p o f w o r k e r s in1 m a n u f a c t u r in g.

68 62 T h e fiv e a r e a s h a v in g th e l o w e s t p a y r e l a t i v e s f o r th e o ff ic e c l e r i c a l jo b g r o u p in m a n u f a c t u r in g w e r e l o c a t e d in th e N o r t h e a s t a n d o u th. T e x t i l e s w a s th e m o s t im p o r t a n t m a n u f a c t u r in g i n d u s t r y in C h a tta n o o g a a n d G r e e n v i l l e, w h e r e a s the a p p a r e l in d u s t r y w a s th e m a j o r m a n u f a c t u r in g a c ti v it y in c r a n t o n. T h e j e w e l r y a n d o r n a m e n t in d u s t r y w a s th e m a j o r g r o u p in P r o v i d e n c e P a w t u c k e t W a r w ic k, a n d e l e c t r i c a l e q u ip m e n t in T a m p a t. P e t e r s b u r g. P a y r e l a t i v e s o f s k i l l e d m a in t e n a n c e w o r k e r s in m a n u f a c t u r in g w e r e id e n t ic a l to th e c o r r e s p o n d i n g r e l a t i v e s o f a l l i n d u s t r i e s in 27 o f th e 67 a r e a s c o m p a r e d. 10 i m i l a r i t y o f r e l a t i v e s is e x p e c t e d, a s m o r e th a n 80 p e r c e n t o f th e s k i l l e d m a in t e n a n c e w o r k e r s w e r e e m p lo y e d in m a n u f a c t u r in g. 11 F o r th a t r e a s o n, p a y r e l a t i v e s w e r e o m it t e d f o r th is g r o u p in n o n m a n u f a c tu r in g. P a y r e l a t i v e s w e r e w ith in tw o p o in ts o f th e c o r r e s p o n d in g a l l - i n d u s t r y r e l a t i v e s in th e r e m a in in g 4 0 a r e a s. T h e a r e a s h a v in g th e h ig h e s t p a y r e l a t i v e s fo r u n s k il le d p la n t w o r k e r s w e r e lo c a t e d in tw o r e g i o n s N o r t h C e n t r a l a n d W e st. D e t r o i t, w h ich r a n k e d a m o n g th e to p a r e a s fo r o f f ic e c l e r i c a l a n d s k ille d m a in t e n a n c e, w a s jo in e d b y A k r o n, a n F r a n c i s c o O a k la n d, e a t t le E v e r e t t, a n d W a te r lo o in th e u n s k il le d p la n t jo b c o m p a r i s o n. In a n F r a n c i s c o O a k la n d, w h ich a l s o r a n k e d a m o n g th e to p a r e a s fo r s k i l l e d m a in t e n a n c e, th e fo o d in d u s t r y w a s th e m a j o r e m p l o y e r. T h e i n d u s t r ia l c o m p o s it io n o f e a t t l e E v e r e t t is h e a v i ly d o m in a te d b y t r a n s p o r t a t io n e q u ip m e n t, a n d W a t e r lo o b y n o n e l e c t r i c a l m a c h i n e r y. A k r o n h a d tw o - f ifth s o f it s m a n u f a c t u r in g a c t i v i t i e s in t i r e s a n d in n e r t u b e s. T h e s e v e n l o w e s t a r e a p a y r e l a t i v e s w e r e fo u n d in th e o u th ; fo o d o r t e x t i l e s w e r e i m p o r t a n t m a n u f a c t u r in g i n d u s t r i e s in e a c h o f th e s o u t h e r n a r e a s. N o n m a n u fa c tu r in g C o m p a r i s o n o f th e h ig h - a n d lo w - p a y in g a r e a s in n o n m a n u f a c t u r in g s h o w e d d is t in c t ly th e w a g e d if f e r e n t ia l b e tw e e n th e w e s t e r n a n d s o u th e r n a r e a s. T h e tw o h ig h e s t p a y in g a r e a s fo r o ff ic e c l e r i c a l w o r k e r s w e r e fo u n d in th e W e s t a n d th e fo u r lo w e s t in th e o u th. F o r th e u n s k il le d p la n t jo b g r o u p, th e fiv e h ig h e s t w e r e in th e W e s t a n d s i x lo w e s t in th e o u th. ( e e te x t ta b le 4.) 10 Comparisons were not made for 22 areas where data did not meet publication criteria for either all industries or manufacturing. 11 Only three-tenths of the Nation's auto mechanics were employed in manufacturing, compared with nine-tenths of the aggregate employment in the other skilled maintenance occupations. Thus, wide differences in the manufacturing and nonmanufacturing averages of auto mechanics will cause differences between the all-industry and manufacturing relatives. Text table 4. Area pay relatives in nonmanufacturing, by job group, (All mstrewlitaflareas.i90),,,, Office clerical Job group Unskilled plant-' Highest Los Angeles Long Beach and Anaheim anta Ana- Garden Grove and an Franc is co-oakland Detroit Chicago, New York, and an Jo se an Francisco-Oakland---- eattle Everett Portland (Oreg.) Los Angeles-Long Beach and Anaheim-anta Ana- Garden Grove an Jose an Antonio Chattanooga, Little Rock- North Little Rock, and Norfolk-Portsmouth and Newport N ews-h ampton 85 Jackson and Portland (Maine) an Antonio Birmingham Chattanooga Tampa-t. Petersburg Little Rock North Little Rock and Raleigh A m o n g th e to p r a n k in g a r e a s a p p e a r i n g in n o n m a n u f a c t u r in g bu t m i s s i n g f r o m m a n u f a c t u r in g w e r e N e w Y o r k a n d C h ic a g o. T h e s e tw o a r e a s w e r e id e n t ic a l in r e l a t i v e p a y fo r o f f ic e c l e r i c a l w o r k e r s th e y w e r e tie d f o r fo u r th in th e n o n m a n u f a c t u r in g d i v i s i o n, tw e lfth in m a n u f a c t u r i n g, a n d n in th in th e a l l - i n d u s t r y c o m p a r i s o n s. A lth o u g h not l i s t e d in the t a b l e, C h ic a g o a n d N e w Y o r k a l s o r a n k e d a m o n g th e 10 h ig h e s t p a y in g a r e a s f o r th e u n s k il le d jo b g r o u p in n o n m a n u f a c t u r in g. P o r t l a n d, O r e g. w a s the o th e r to p - r a n k in g a r e a in n o n m a n u f a c tu r in g w h ich w a s a b s e n t f r o m the m a n u f a c t u r in g l i s t i n g s. R a n k e d th ir d in a v e r a g e p a y fo r u n s k il le d p l a n t w o r k e r s in n o n m a n u f a c t u r in g, P o r t la n d w a s tie d w ith t h r e e o th e r a r e a s f o r tw e n ty - fifth p o s it io n in m a n u f a c t u r in g. T h e n o n m a n u f a c tu r in g p a y r e l a t i v e o f 117 w a s 13 p o in ts a b o v e th e a r e a ' s c o r r e s p o n d i n g m a n u f a c t u r in g r e l a t i v e. H o w e v e r, a d i r e c t c o m p a r i s o n o f u n s k il le d p a y l e v e l s in th e tw o i n d u s t r y d i v i s i o n s w o u ld r e v e a l th a t n o n m a n u f a c tu r in g a v e r a g e w a g e r a t e s w e r e o n ly a b o u t 5 p e r c e n t a b o v e th e m a n u f a c t u r in g e a r n i n g s w ith in th e a r e a. 12 T h u s, th e w id e p e r c e n t a g e - p o i n t d i f f e r e n c e in P o r t l a n d ' s tw o r e l a t i v e s w a s p r i m a r i l y d u e to e a r n in g s in m a n u f a c t u r in g b e in g a b o u t l l/z p e r c e n t a b o v e t h o s e in n o n m a n u f a c tu r in g fo r a l l m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s c o m b in e d. In th e o u th, u n s k il le d p la n t p a y r e l a t i v e s in n o n m a n u f a c t u r in g r a n g e d f r o m 69 in a n A n to n io to 90 in L o u i s v i l l e. T h e l o w e s t p a y r e l a t i v e f o r n o n s o u th e r n a r e a s, 84 in U t ic a R o m e, r a n k e d a b o v e 20 o f the 27 s o u t h e r n a r e a s in th e n o n m a n u f a c t u r in g c o m p a r i s o n. 12 The use of all-industry occupational employments in all tandard Metropolitan tatistical Areas combined as weights in all areas and for manufacturing and nonmanufacturing permits direct comparison of office and unskilled pay levels in the two industry divisions

69 63 T a b le 1. In tera re a pay com parisons (Relative pay levels by industry division, March 1969 to February 1970) (229-area pay levels for each industry and occupational group* 100) O ffic e c le r i c a l k ille d m a in te n a n c e U n sk ille d plant A r e a A l l in d u str ie s M an ufa ctu rin g in d u str ie s N on m an u factu rin g in d u str ie s A l l in d u strie s M a n u fa ctu rin g in d u strie s A l l in d u strie s M an u factu rin g in d u str ie s N onm anufa ctu rin g in d u strie s A l l m e tro p o lita n a r e a s N o rth e a st A reas with 1,0 0 0,0 0 0 inhabitants or m ore : B oston B u ffa lo N e w ark and J e r s e y C ity N e w Y o rk P a te r s on C lifto n P a e 8 ai c P h ila d e lp h ia P ittsb u rg h A r e a s w ith 2 5 0,0 0 0 but l e s s than 1,0 0 0, in h a b ita n ts: A lb a n y c h e n e c ta d y -T r o y A lle n tow n B e t h le h e m -E a ston B in gh am ton 1 _ N ew H a v e n P ro v id e n ce P aw tu cket W a rw ic k R o c h e s te r (2 ) (2 ) (2 ) (2 ) (2 ) y r a c u se T re n to n U ticar-r om e W o r c e s t e r Y o r k A reas with le ss than 250,00 0 inhabitants: L a w re n c e H a v e rh ill M a n c h e ste r P o r tla n d. _ cran ton W a te r b u ry A r e a s w ith 1,0 0 0,0 0 0 in h abita n ts o r m o r e : A tla n ta - _ B a ltim o r e D a lla s H ou ston N ew O r le a n s W ash in gton " A r e a s w ith 2 5 0, but l e s s than 1,0 0 0, 000 inhabitants: B e a u m o n t-p o rt A r th u r O r a n g e B ir m in g h a m C h a rlo tte C hattanooga F o r t W orth G r e e n v ille J a ck so n _ J a c k s o n v ille L it tle Rock N o rth L ittle R ock M e m p h is N orfolk -Portsm outh and N e w p ort N e w s -H am p t on ee footnotes at end of table.

70 64 T a b le 1. In tera re a pay c o m parisons C ontinued (R e la tiv e pay le v e ls b y in d u stry d iv is io n, M a r c h 1969 to F e b r u a r y 1970) Office clerical killed m aintenance Unskilled plant A r e a A l l in d u s tr ie s M an u fa ctu rin g in d u s tr ie s N o n m a n u fa ctu rin g in d u s tr ie s A l l in d u s tr ie s M an u fa ctu rin g in d u s tr ie s A l l in d u s tr ie s M a n u fa ctu rin g in d u s tr ie s N on m a n u fa ctu rin g in d u str ie s outh C on tin u ed A r e a s w ith 2 5 0,0 0 0 but l e s s than 1, 0 0 0, in h abita n ts C on tin u ed O k la h o m a C ity R ich m on d an A n to n io i T a m p a t. P e t e r s b u r g A reas with le ss than 2 5 0,0 0 0 inhabitants: C h a r le s to n, W. V a L u b bock M id la n d and O d e s s a R a leig h avannah N o rth C e n tr a l A r e a s w ith 1, 0 0 0, in h abita n ts o r m o r e : C h ic a g o _ C in cin n ati C le v e la n d K a n s a s C ity _ M ilw a u k e e M in n e a p o lis t. P au l no t. L o u is ' A r e a s w ith ^ but l e s s than 1, 0 0 0, in h a b ita n ts: C o lu m b u s D av e n p o rt-r o ck Isla n d -M o lin e no D e s M o in e s no 87 O m ah a R o ck fo rd outh B en d W i c h i t a Y o u n g s to w n -W a rre n A r e a s w ith l e s s than 2 5 0, in h a b ita n ts: G reen Bay M u s k e g o n -M u s k e g o n H e ig h t s io u x F a l ls W a t e r lo o _ W e s t A r e a s w ith 1,0 0 0,0 0 0 in h abita n ts o r m o r e : Los A n geles -L on g Beach and A n a h e im an ta A n a -G a r d e n G r o v e no no an B ern ardin o -R iverside -O ntario an D ie g o an F ra n c isc c t-o a k la n d no an J o s e no e a ttle E v e rett e e fo o tn o te s at end o f t a b le.

71 6 5 T a b le 1. In tera re a pay com parisons Continued (R e la tiv e p ay le v e ls by in d u stry d iv is io n, M a r c h 1969 to F e b r u a r y 1970) ( a re a pay levels for each industry and occupational groups 100) O ffice clerical killed m aintenance Unskilled plant A,., A l l in d u str ie s M an u fa ctu rin g in d u s tr ie s N on m an u factu rin g in d u s tr ie s A l l in d u s tr ie s M an u factu rin g in d u strie s A l l in d u s tr ie s M a n u fa ctu rin g in d u s tr ie s N on m an u fa ctu rin g in d u str ie s W e st Continued A r e a s w ith ^ but le s s than 1, 0 0 0, in h ab ita n ts: A lb u q u e rq u e - _ P h o e n ix P o rtla n d a lt L a k e C ity, pokan e A reas with le ss than 2 5 0,00 0 inhabitants: B o is e C ity ' " " 1 T h e B in gh am ton su rv e y w a s lim ite d t o th e N e w Y o r k p o rtio n o f the tan d ard M e tro p o lita n ta tis tic a l A r e a. 2 Earnings inform ation was not collected for plant occupations. 3 D ata fo r W ic h ita r e la te to A p r i l E s tim a te s fo r a ll in d u s tr ie s and m a n u fa c tu rin g in clu d e p a y m e n ts u n d er a "p r o g r e s s s h a r i n g " plan in 1 m a n u fa c tu rin g e s ta b lis h m e n t. E x c lu s iv e o f su ch p a y m e n ts, the r e la tiv e fo r o ffic e c le r i c a l w ou ld be 106. R elatives for skilled maintenance in both all industries and manufacturing would have been 98. For unskilled plant, the estim ates would have been 99 for all industries, and 105 for manufacturing. NO TE: Dashes indicate data that do not m eet publication criteria.

72 Trends of O ccupational Earnings A v erage stra ig h t-tim e sa la rie s of office c le ric a l w ork ers in the N ation 's m etropolitan a reas in cre ase d 6.4 percent fro m February to F ebru ary This rise was the la rg e st for office c le ric a l w orkers since the B u reau 's fir s t m easu rem en t of national wage trends in February (ee table 2.) The in crease of 6.1 percent for unskilled plantw orkers equaled the y e a r -e a r lie r in c re a se fo r this group, while in c re a se s of 7.3 percent for industrial n u rses and 5.9 percent for skilled m aintenance w ork ers w ere sm a lle r than those record ed for February 1968 to F ebru ary W age in c re a se s during the F ebru ary period w ere low er in m anufacturing than for a ll industries com bined for 3 of the 4 occupational groups studied. F or unskilled plantw orkers (janitors and m aterial handling la b o r e r s), on the other hand, the rate of in cre ase was 6.1 percent for all in dustries com bined, com pared with 6.3 percent in m anufacturing. The relationship largely results from the com p aratively sm a ll in cre ase for unskilled plantw orkers in nonm anufacturing industries in the outh during the period. E lim inating these w orkers fro m the national estim ate for a ll industries com bined resu lts in a 6.3 -p e r c e n t in cre a se for unskilled p lan tw ork ers, the sam e as the increase for those in m anufacturing. During the p eriod, w ages in creased at a fa ste r rate in m etropolitan a re as with 1 m illion or m o re population (1970 C e n su s) than in sm a lle r a re a s. The la r g e -a r e a advantage in wage in c re a se s was not as great for industrial n u rses (7.4 percent com pared with 7.2 percent) and skilled m aintenance w orkers (6.0 percent v s. 5.8 p ercen t), as for office c le r ic a l (6.7 percent v s. 5.4 percent) and unskilled plantw orkers (6.4 percent v s. 5.3 percent). Table 3 shows percent in c re a se s of wages for the 9 -y e a r period, February 1961 to February The two outstanding ch ara cteristics of wage in creases over the 9 -y e a r period are (1) a llindustries in c re a se s gen erally exceeded m anufacturing in c r e a s e s, and (2) for all regions but the outh, n u rses' sa laries increased at a sig nificantly g reater rate than the other occupational groups studied. Twenty 13 of the 86 areas currently studied have been su r veyed reg u larly (usually on an annual b asis) by the Bureau since The follow ing tabulation, based on m edian annual average wage increases in the 20 areas, shows wage m ovem ents for the four occupational groups during 1953r-61 and Atlanta, Baltimore, Boston, Buffalo, Chicago, Cleveland, Dallas, Denver, Kansas City, Los Angeles-Long Beach and Anaheim anta Ana-Garden Grove, Memphis, Milwaukee, Minneapolis-t. Paul, Newark and Jersey City, New York, Philadelphia, Portland (Oreg. ), Providence-Pawtucket- Warwick, t. Louis, and an Francisco Oakland. Occupational group Office clerical Industrial nurses killed maintenance Unskilled plant The C onsum er P rice Index is used to approxim ate the wage in cre ase n e c e ssa ry to m aintain a standard of living during a period of rising p ric e s or to estim ate the change in purchasing power brought about by a wage in crease. Between F ebru ary 1969 and F ebru ary 1970, p rices in creased m ore than w ages for skilled m aintenance and unskilled p lan tw ork ers, and n early equaled wage in c re a se s for office c le r ic a l w o rk e rs. This 1 -y e a r period during the I 's was the fir s t that real earnings (or purchasing power) for these w orkers did not in crease. The 9 -y e a r wage in c re a se, compounded fro m F ebru ary 1961 to F ebru ary 1970, of percent for office c le r ic a l w ork ers is the equivalent of 11.9 percent in real earnin gs; the percent for skilled m aintenance w ork ers equals 12.2 p ercen t; and the percent for unskilled plantw orkers equals 13.3 p ercen t. The follow ing tabulation shows the percent in crease in the CPI and the in crease in real earnings over the 9 -y e a r period. Year ending February Consumer Office killed Unskilled Price Index clerical 1 maintenance 1 plant Consumer Price Index used to convert earnings to 1967 dollars. Coverage and method of computing wag e trends Each of the selected key occupations within an occupational group was assigned a weight based on its proportionate em ploym ent in the occupational group. T h ese constant weights reflect b ase year (1961) em ploym ents w herever p o ssible. The average (mean) earnings 66

73 6 7 Annual Wage Changes, Current Dollar and Real Earnings for elected Occupational Groups, Percent 7 Office Clerical killed Maintenance Unskilled Plant m e n Year ending in February Current dollar Real earnings

74 68 f o r e a c h o c c u p a t i o n w e r e m u l t i p l i e d b y t h e o c c u p a t i o n a l w e i g h t, a n d t h e p r o d u c t s f o r a l l o c c u p a t i o n s i n t h e g r o u p w e r e t o t a l e d. T h e s e w e i g h t e d e a r n i n g s a l s o w e r e m u l t i p l i e d b y t h e a r e a w e i g h t ( th e r a t i o o f t o t a l n o n a g r i c u l t u r a l e m p l o y m e n t in t h e s t r a t u m t o t h a t in t h e a r e a ) a n d t o t a l e d f o r e a c h e c o n o m i c r e g i o n a n d f o r a l l a r e a s t o p e r m i t c o n - p a r i s o n o n a r e g i o n a l a n d a l l - m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a b a s i s. T h e a g g r e g a t e s f o r 2 c o n s e c u t i v e y e a r s w e r e r e l a t e d b y d i v i d i n g t h e a g g r e g a t e f o r t h e l a t e r y e a r b y t h e a g g r e g a t e f o r t h e e a r l i e r y e a r. T h e r e s u l t a n t r e l a t i v e, l e s s p e r c e n t, s h o w s t h e p e r c e n t c h a n g e. T h e i n d e x i s t h e p r o d u c t o f m u l t i p l y i n g t h e b a s e y e a r r e l a t i v e ( ) b y t h e r e l a t i v e f o r t h e n e x t s u c c e e d i n g y e a r a n d c o n t i n u i n g t o m u l t i p l y ( c o m p o u n d ) e a c h y e a r s r e l a t i v e b y t h e p r e v i o u s y e a r s i n d e x. A v e r a g e e a r n i n g s f o r t h e f o l l o w i n g o c c u p a t i o n s w e r e u s e d t o c o m p u t e t h e w a g e t r e n d s : Office clerical (m en and women): Bookkeeping-machine operators, class B Clerks, accounting, classes A and B Clerks, file, classes A, B, and C Clerics, order Clerics, payroll Comptometer operators Keypunch operators, classes A and B Office boys and girls ecretaries tenographers, general tenographers, senior witchboard operators, classes A and B Tabulating-machine operators, class B Typists, classes A and B Industrial nurses (m en and women): Nurses, industrial (registered) killed maintenance (men): Carpenters Electricians Machinists Mechanics Mechanics (automotive) killed maintenance ( men) Continued Painters Pipefitters Tool and die makers Unskilled plant (men): Janitors, porters, and cleaners Laborers, material handling F o r o f f i c e c l e r i c a l w o r k e r s a n d i n d u s t r i a l n u r s e s, w a g e t r e n d s r e l a t e t o r e g u l a r w e e k l y s a l a r i e s f o r t h e n o r m a l w o r k w e e k, e x c l u s i v e o f e a r n i n g s f o r o v e r t i m e. F o r p l a n t w o r k e r g r o u p s, w a g e t r e n d s m e a s u r e c h a n g e s in a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s, e x c l u d i n g p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e a n d f o r w o r k o n w e e k e n d s, h o l i d a y s, a n d l a t e s h i f t s. T h e p e r c e n t s o f c h a n g e a r e b a s e d o n d a t a f o r s e l e c t e d k e y o c c u p a t i o n s a n d i n c l u d e m o s t o f t h e n u m e r i c a l l y i m p o r t a n t j o b s w it h in e a c h g r o u p. L i m i t a t i o n s o f d a t a T h e i n d e x e s a n d p e r c e n t s o f c h a n g e, a s m e a s u r e s o f c h a n g e in t h e a r e a a v e r a g e s, a r e i n f l u e n c e d b y : ( 1 ) G e n e r a l s a l a r y a n d w a g e c h a n g e s, ( 2 ) m e r i t o r o t h e r i n c r e a s e s in p a y r e c e i v e d b y i n d i v i d u a l w o r k e r s w h i l e in t h e s a m e j o b, a n d ( 3 ) c h a n g e s i n a v e r a g e w a g e s d u e t o c h a n g e s in t h e l a b o r f o r c e r e s u l t i n g f r o m l a b o r t u r n o v e r, f o r c e e x p a n s i o n s, f o r c e r e d u c t i o n s, a n d c h a n g e s in t h e p r o p o r t i o n s o f w o r k e r s e m p l o y e d b y e s t a b l i s h m e n t s h a v i n g d i f f e r e n t p a y l e v e l s. C h a n g e s in t h e l a b o r f o r c e c a n i n c r e a s e o r d e c r e a s e o c c u p a t i o n a l a v e r a g e s w i t h o u t a c t u a l l y c h a n g i n g w a g e s. C o n c e i v a b l y, e v e n t h o u g h a l l e s t a b l i s h m e n t s in a n a r e a i n c r e a s e d w a g e s, a v e r a g e w a g e s m a y h a v e d e c l i n e d b e c a u s e l o w e r - p a y i n g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s e n t e r e d t h e a r e a o r e x p a n d e d t h e i r w o r k f o r c e. i m i l a r l y, w a g e s m a y h a v e r e m a i n e d r e l a t i v e l y c o n s t a n t, y e t t h e a v e r a g e s f o r a n a r e a m a y h a v e r i s e n c o n s i d e r a b l y b e c a u s e h i g h e r - p a y i n g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s e n t e r e d t h e a r e a. T h e u s e o f c o n s t a n t e m p l o y m e n t w e i g h t s e l i m i n a t e s t h e e f f e c t o f c h a n g e s in t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f w o r k e r s r e p r e s e n t e d in e a c h j o b in t h e d a t a. P e r c e n t s o f c h a n g e r e f l e c t o n l y c h a n g e s in a v e r a g e p a y f o r s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r s a n d a r e n o t i n f l u e n c e d b y c h a n g e s i n s t a n d a r d w o r k s c h e d u l e s, a s s u c h, o r b y p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e. W h e r e n e c e s s a r y, d a t a w e r e a d j u s t e d t o r e m o v e f r o m t h e i n d e x e s a n d p e r c e n t s o f c h a n g e a n y s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t c a u s e d b y c h a n g e s in t h e s c o p e o f t h e s u r v e y.

75 T a b le 2. W a g e increases, o ffice and plant all m etropolitan areas (Percentage increases in average earnings 1 for selected occupational groups in all metropolitan areas,2 United tates and regions,3 for selected periods) Period4 and region clerical Industrial All industries killed maintenance Unskilled Office clerical Industrial Manufacturing killed maintenance Unskilled February I960 to February 1961 United tates Northeast ----_ outh North Central West February 1961 to February 1962 United tates Northeast North Central , West February 1962 to February 1963 United tates Northeast outh North Central West February 1963 to February 1964 United tates Northeast outh North Central W est February 1964 to February 1965 United tates Northeast North Central West February 1965 to February 1966 United tates Northeast r North Central W est February 1966 to February 1967 United tates Northeast North Central West February 1967 to February 1968 United tates Northeast outh North Central West ee footnotes at end of table.

76 7 0 T a b le 2. W a g e increases, o ffic e and plant all m etropolitan a reas C ontinued (Percentage increases in average earnings 1 for selected occupational groups in all metropolitan areas. 2 United tates and regions,3 for selected periods) All industries Manufacturing Period 4 and region Office clerical Industrial nurses killed maintenance Unskilled Office clerical Industrial killed maintenance Unskilled February 1968 to February 1969 United tates Northeast North Central West February 1969 to February 1970 United tates Northeast North Central West Earnings of office clerical workers and industrial nurses (men and women) relate to regular straight-time salaries for standard workweeks. Earnings of skilled maintenance and unskilled plantworkers (men) relate to hourly earnings excluding premium pay for overtime and work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 Data for 1969 to 1970 relate to all 229 tandard Metropolitan tatistical Areas in the United tates as established by the Office of Management and Budget (formerly the Bureau of the Budget) through January Data for 1968 to 1969 relate to all 227 tandard Metropolitan tatistical Areas in the United tates as established by the Bureau of the Budget through April Data for 1967 to 1968 relate to 227 areas as established through April 1966; for 1966 to 1967 to 221 areas as established through March 1965; and for , 1964r-65, and to 212 areas as defined through Data for earlier comparisons relate to 188 areas as established through For definition of regions, see footnote 3 to the table in appendix A. Data for the 212 areas include Alaska and Hawaii in addition to the tates listed. 4 Average months of reference. Individual area surveys were conducted from July of one year through June of the next year.

77 71 T a b le 3. W a g e indexes, o ffice and p la n t all m etropolitan areas (Indexes of average earnings 1for selected occupational groups in all metropolitan areas,2 United tates and regions,3 February I960 to February 1970) (February 1961=100) Occupational group and period4 All industries United tates Northeast outh North Central West facturing All industries facturing All industries facturing All industries facturing All industries facturing Office clerical: February of I Industrial nurses: February of I , killed maintenance: February of I Unskilled plant: February ef I ' Earnings of office clerical workers and industrial nurses (men and women) relate to regular straight-time salaries that are paid for standard workweeks. Earnings of skilled maintenance and unskilled plantworkers (men) relate to hourly earnings excluding premium pay for overtime and work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 For number of areas and date of definition, see footnote 2, table 2. 3 For definition of regions, see footnote 3 to the table in appendix A. Data for 1964, 1965, and 1966 include Alaska and Hawaii in addition to the tates listed. 4 Average months of reference. Individual area surveys were conducted from July of one year through June of the next.

78 Pay Differences B etw een Men and W om en in the am e Job A v e r a g e e a r n i n g s o f m e n e m p l o y e d i n t h e N a t i o n s m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s a l m o s t a l w a y s e x c e e d e a r n i n g s o f w o m e n i n t h e s a m e o c c u p a t i o n. T h e s e a l l - e s t a b l i s h m e n t d i f f e r e n c e s c a n b e p a r t i a l l y e x p l a i n e d b y t h e v a r i a t i o n i n t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e s e x e s a m o n g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w it h d i f f e r i n g p a y l e v e l s. T h e l a r g e s t p a y d i f f e r e n c e s a m o n g t h e s e x e s o c c u r w h e n e a r n i n g s o f m e n i n f i r m s t h a t e m p l o y o n l y m e n ( in a g i v e n o c c u p a t i o n ) a r e c o m p a r e d w it h t h e e a r n i n g s o f w o m e n in f i r m s t h a t e m p l o y o n l y w o m e n. W h e n e a r n i n g s o f t h e s e x e s a r e c o m p a r e d f o r e s t a b l i s h m e n t s t h a t e m p l o y b o t h m e n a n d w o m e n i n a j o b, t h e e a r n i n g s g a p d i m i n i s h e s s i g n i f i c a n t l y. m a l l e s t e a r n i n g s d i f f e r e n c e s a r e f o u n d w it h in i n d i v i d u a l e s t a b l i s h m e n t s. T h e s e r e l a t i o n s h i p s h a v e b e e n o b s e r v e d i n m e n ' s a n d w o m e n ' s w a g e l e v e l s i n e i g h t o f f i c e a n d t w o p l a n t o c c u p a t i o n s w it h s i g n i f i c a n t n u m b e r s o f b o t h s e x e s. A m o n g a n d w it h in e s t a b l i s h m e n t s B a s e d o n d a t a f o r a l l e s t a b l i s h m e n t s, t h e s i m p l e a v e r a g e w a g e d i f f e r e n t i a l b y s e x f o r t h e 10 o c c u p a t i o n s s e l e c t e d f o r t h e s t u d y f a v o r e d m e n b y 1 8 p e r c e n t i n ( e e t a b l e 4. ) In e a c h o c c u p a t i o n, m e n h a d h i g h e r a v e r a g e e a r n i n g s t h a n w o m e n ; a d v a n t a g e s r a n g e d f r o m 8 p e r c e n t f o r m e s s e n g e r s ( o f f i c e b o y s a n d g i r l s ) t o 3 4 p e r c e n t f o r o r d e r c l e r k s. T h e r e w a s n o c o n s i s t e n t r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e e a r n i n g s l e v e l o f a n o c c u p a t i o n a n d t h e s i z e o f t h e s p r e a d i n a v e r a g e e a r n i n g s b e t w e e n t h e s e x e s. T h e a d v a n t a g e o f m e n in t h r e e c a t e g o r i e s o f t a b u l a t i n g - m a c h i n e o p e r a t o r s, f o r e x a m p l e, a m o u n t e d t o 11 o r 12 p e r c e n t, d e s p i t e a s u b s t a n t i a l d i f f e r e n c e i n e a r n i n g s l e v e l s in t h o s e c a t e g o r i e s. O n t h e o t h e r h a n d, t h e a d v a n t a g e f o r m a l e a c c o u n t i n g c l e r k s, c l a s s A, w a s 1 9 p e r c e n t, c o m p a r e d w it h 2 4 p e r c e n t f o r t h o s e i n t h e l o w e r p a i d c l a s s B a c c o u n t i n g c l e r k c a t e g o r y. P u b l i s h e d a v e r a g e s a r e i n f l u e n c e d, h o w e v e r, b y t h e m a n n e r i n w h i c h m e n a n d w o m e n a r e d i s t r i b u t e d a m o n g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w it h d i f f e r e n t p a y l e v e l s. A n e x a m i n a t i o n o f m a n u f a c t u r i n g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s, f o r e x a m p l e, r e v e a l e d t h a t t h e l o w e s t a v e r a g e e a r n i n g s f o r t h e 10 o c c u p a t i o n s w e r e f o u n d in s u c h l a b o r - i n t e n s i v e i n d u s t r i e s a s a p p a r e l a n d l e a t h e r p r o d u c t s. In m o s t c a s e s, w o m e n r e p r e s e n t e d a h i g h e r p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e e m p l o y m e n t in t h e s e l e c t e d o c c u p a t i o n s i n t h e s e i n d u s t r i e s t h a n i n t h e h i g h e r p a y i n g, c a p i t a l - i n t e n s i v e i n d u s t r i e s s u c h a s p e t r o l e u m a n d c o a l p r o d u c t s a n d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n e q u i p m e n t. T h e p e r c e n t a d v a n t a g e o f m e n a t t h e a l l - e s t a b l i s h m e n t l e v e l d r o p p e d t o 11 p e r c e n t in e s t a b l i s h m e n t s t h a t e m p l o y e d b o t h m e n a n d w o m e n in a n o c c u p a t i o n, a n d r o s e t o 2 2 p e r c e n t i n t h o s e e m p l o y i n g o n l y o n e s e x in a n o c c u p a t i o n. T a b l e 4 i n d i c a t e s t h a t a v e r a g e e a r n i n g s o f m e n w e r e g e n e r a l l y s i m i l a r i n e a c h g r o u p o f e s t a b l i s h m e n t s, w h i le w o m e n a v e r a g e d s u b s t a n t i a l l y l e s s in e s t a b l i s h m e n t s e m p l o y i n g o n ly o n e s e x in t h e j o b t h a n in t h e o t h e r g r o u p s. T h u s, w o m e n s e e m t o f a r e b e t t e r ( in t e r m s o f e a r n i n g s ) in e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w h e r e t h e y h a v e m a l e o c c u p a t i o n a l c o u n t e r p a r t s. D a t a p r e s e n t e d i n t a b l e 5 c o m p a r e m e n ' s a n d w o m e n ' s e a r n i n g s w it h in i n d i v i d u a l e s t a b l i s h m e n t s. A s d i s t i n c t f r o m d a t a s h o w n in t a b l e 4, w h e r e o c c u p a t i o n a l m e a n e a r n i n g s a n d r e l a t i v e s a r e p r e s e n t e d f o r w o r k e r s in s e l e c t e d g r o u p s o f e s t a b l i s h m e n t s, t a b l e 5 s h o w s q u a r - t i l e v a l u e s f o r e s t a b l i s h m e n t s e m p l o y i n g b o t h s e x e s i n a g i v e n j o b ; e a c h e s t a b l i s h m e n t i s c o u n t e d a s a s i n g l e m e a s u r e r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e n u m b e r o f w o r k e r s a f f e c t e d. T h e v a l u e s s h o w n i n t a b l e 5 w e r e o b t a i n e d b y ( 1 ) d i v i d i n g a v e r a g e e a r n i n g s o f w o m e n i n a n o c c u p a t i o n in t o t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g a v e r a g e f o r m e n, t o a r r i v e a t a p l u s o r m i n u s p e r c e n t a g e r e l a t i o n s h i p f o r t h e o c c u p a t i o n a n d e s t a b l i s h m e n t, a n d (2 ) a r r a y i n g t h e s e p e r c e n t a g e s t o o b s e r v e m e d i a n s a n d m i d d l e r a n g e s. F o r 6 o f t h e 1 0 o c c u p a t i o n s, m e d i a n e s t a b l i s h m e n t p e r c e n t a g e d i f f e r e n c e s i n m e n ' s a n d w o m e n ' s e a r n i n g s a m o u n t e d t o 2 p e r c e n t o r l e s s, i n c l u d i n g tw o j o b s ( c l a s s B a n d C t a b u l a t i n g - m a c h i n e o p e r a t o r s ) i n w h i c h w o m e n h e l d a s l i g h t a d v a n t a g e. T h e l a r g e s t m e d i a n p e r c e n t a g e ( f a v o r i n g m e n b y 9 p e r c e n t ) w a s r e c o r d e d f o r o r d e r c l e r k s. A s i n d i c a t e d b y t h e m i d d l e r a n g e o f p e r c e n t a g e d i f f e r e n c e s, w o m e n f r e q u e n t l y a v e r a g e d m o r e t h a n m e n p e r f o r m i n g s i m i l a r t a s k s i n t h e s a m e e s t a b l i s h m e n t. T h e c o m p a r i s o n s o f m e n ' s a n d w o m e n ' s e a r n i n g s w i t h i n t h e s a m e j o b a n d e s t a b l i s h m e n t d o n o t e l i m i n a t e a l l f a c t o r s t h a t c o n t r i b u t e t o s e x - w a g e d i f f e r e n t i a l s. A n i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r n o t t a k e n in t o a c c o u n t i n c o m p a r i s o n s i s l e n g t h - o f - s e r v i c e w a g e i n c r e a s e s u n d e r p a y s y s t e m s t h a t i n c l u d e r a n g e s o f r a t e s f o r a g i v e n o c c u p a t i o n. u c h s y s t e m s a r e m o r e p r e v a l e n t f o r o f f i c e t h a n p l a n t o c c u p a t i o n s. B e c a u s e o f l o n g e r j o b t e n u r e, m e n u s u a l l y h a v e h i g h e r a v e r a g e e a r n i n g s t h a n w o m e n e m p l o y e d u n d e r t h e s a m e r a t e r a n g e. A l s o, j o b d e s c r i p t i o n s u s e d i n B L w a g e s u r v e y s u s u a l l y a r e m o r e g e n e r a l i z e d t h a n t h o s e u s e d i n i n d i v i d u a l e s t a b l i s h m e n t s b e c a u s e a l l o w a n c e m u s t b e m a d e f o r d i f f e r e n c e s in d u t i e s t h a t o c c u r a m o n g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s. A n e s t a b l i s h m e n t m a y, f o r e x a m p l e, p a y m e n p e r f o r m i n g h e a v y j a n i t o r i a l w o r k m o r e t h a n w o m e n w it h l i g h t c l e a n i n g d u t i e s, b u t b o t h w o u ld b e c l a s s i f i e d a s j a n i t o r s in t h e w a g e s u r v e y. T r e n d s T h i s s t u d y i s t h e t h i r d u n d e r t a k e n b y B L o n m e n ' s a n d w o m e n ' s e a r n i n g s i n t h e s a m e o c c u p a t i o n ; p r e v i o u s s t u d i e s w e r e b a s e d o n d a t a f r o m a r e a w a g e s u r v e y s c o n d u c t e d i n a n d T h e s t u d y l i m i t e d t o 2 0 i n d i v i d u a l a r e a s d o e s n o t a f f o r d d i r e c t c o m p a r i s o n w it h t h e a n d s t u d i e s, w h i c h p r o v i d e e s t i m a t e s f o r a l l m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s. C o m p a r i s o n s o f d a t a f o r a n d s h o w t h a t t h e a v e r a g e w a g e a d v a n t a g e f o r m e n in t h e 10 j o b s c o m b i n e d r e m a i n e d t h e s a m e ( 1 1 p e r c e n t ) i n e s t a b l i s h m e n t s e m p l o y i n g b o t h s e x e s i n t h e j o b s, a n d a b o u t t h e s a m e ( 2 1 a n d 2 2 p e r c e n t ) in o t h e r e s t a b l i s h m e n t s. A s i n d i c a t e d i n t e x t t a b l e 5, t h i s p a t t e r n w a s n o t c o n s i s t e n t f o r i n d i v i d u a l o c c u p a t i o n s. 72

79 7 3 Text table 5. Percent by which men's average earnings exceeded women's in selected establishment groups, all metropolitan areas, 1966 and 1970 Occupation Establishments employing both men and women Establish hments employi ng only men and women Clerks, accounting, class A Clerks, accounting, class B Clerks, order Clerks, payroll Office boys or girls Tabulating-machine operators: Class A Class B Class C Janitors, porters, and cleaners Packers, shipping Text table 6. Percents by which men's average earnings exceeded women's in all establishments, all metropolitan areas, 1960, 1965, and 1970 Occupation Clerks, accounting, class A Clerks, accounting, class B Clerks, ord er Clerks, payroll Office boys or girls Tabulating-machine operators: Class A Class B Class C Janitors, porters, and cleaners Packers, shipping Unweighted average difference Unweighted average difference T o s p a n , w h e n t h e E q u a l P a y A c t w e n t in t o e f f e c t, p u b l i s h e d B L a v e r a g e s f o r m e n a n d w o m e n i n t h e 1 0 j o b s i n I 9 6 0, , a n d w e r e c o m p a r e d. R e l a t i v e t o m e n s a v e r a g e e a r n i n g s, t h e r e w a s l i t t l e c h a n g e in w o m e n 's e a r n i n g s o v e r t h e p e r i o d. In I 9 6 0, m e n ' s e a r n i n g s e x c e e d e d w o m e n 's b y a n a v e r a g e o f 1 9 p e r c e n t f o r t h e 1 0 o c c u p a t i o n s ; t h i s f i g u r e d r o p p e d t o 1 8 p e r c e n t in a n d r e m a i n e d a t t h a t l e v e l i n A l o o k a t i n d i v i d u a l j o b s d u r i n g t h e y e a r p e r i o d s h o w s m i x e d p a t t e r n s. ( T e x t t a b l e 6. ) A m o n g t h e n o t a b l e d e c l i n e s in m e n ' s a d v a n t a g e w e r e t h o s e in t h e t w o p l a n t j o b s : T h e s p r e a d d r o p p e d f r o m 2 0 t o 1 5 p e r c e n t f o r j a n i t o r s a n d f r o m 2 3 t o 17 p e r c e n t f o r s h i p p i n g p a c k e r s ; m o s t o f t h e d e c l i n e s o c c u r r e d b e t w e e n a n d I t i s d i f f i c u l t t o o b s e r v e f r o m t h e s e d a t a a n y c o n s i s t e n t e f f e c t r e s u l t i n g f r o m t h e E q u a l P a y A c t. T h e E q u a l P a y A c t r e q u i r e s e m p l o y e r s t o p a y b o t h s e x e s e q u a l c o m p e n s a t i o n f o r w o r k d e m a n d i n g e q u a l s k i l l, e f f o r t, a n d r e s p o n s i b i l i t y ; b u t i t a l l o w s f o r w a g e d i f f e r e n t i a l s b a s e d o n s e n i o r i t y, m e r i t, q u a l i t y a n d q u a n t i t y o f w o r k p e r f o r m e d, a n d o t h e r f a c t o r s u n r e l a t e d t o s e x. L i t i g a t i o n u n d e r t h e a c t p r o d u c e d m i x e d r e s u l t s i n t h e e a r l i e r y e a r s. T h e w o r k " e q u a l, " a s a p p l i e d t o s k i l l, e f f o r t, a n d r e s p o n s i b i l i t y, w a s s u b j e c t t o v a r i o u s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n. In , a F e d e r a l c o u r t o f a p p e a l s r u l e d, in h u l t z v. W h e a t o n G l a s s C o m p a n y, t h a t j o b s m u s t b e o n l y " s u b s t a n t i a l l y e q u a l " a n d n o t " i d e n t i c a l " t o c o m m a n d e q u a l p a y. T h e U.. D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r, w h i c h a d m i n i s t e r s t h e a c t, h a s b e e n a c t i v e l y i n v o l v e d i n t h e q u e s t i o n o f s e x - w a g e d i s c r i m i n a t i o n. A s o f t h e e n d o f J u n e , a b o u t 8 4, e m p l o y e e s, n e a r l y a l l o f t h e m w o m e n, h a v e s h a r e d m o r e t h a n 3 3 m i l l i o n d o l l a r s in u n d e r p a y m e n t a s a r e s u l t o f v o l u n t a r y c o m p l i a n c e a g r e e m e n t s a n d c o u r t j u d g m e n t s i n i t i a t e d u n d e r t h e a c t. V

80 7 4 T a b le 4. A v e ra g e earnings of men and w om en (Average earnings 1 of men and women in 10 occupational classifications in all metropolitan areas combined, February ) All establishments Establishments employing both men and women Establishments employing only men or women Occupation Average weekly or hourly earnings Percent by which men's earnings exceeded women's Average weekly or hourly earnings Percent by which men1s earnings exceeded women's Average weekly or hourly earnings Men Women Men Women Men Women Percent by which men's earnings exceeded women's Office Clerks, accounting, class A Clerks, accounting, class B Clerks, order Clerks, payroll Office boys or girls Tabulating - ma chine operators: Class B Class C Plant Janitors, porters, and cleaners Packers, shipping Unweighted average difference ~ " 18 - " Earnings of officeworkers relate to regular straight-time salaries that are paid for standard workweeks. Earnings of plantworkers relate to hourly earnings, excluding premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 Average month of reference. Data were collected during the period July 1969 through June 1970.

81 7 5 T a b le 5. W ith in -establishm ent earnings d iffe re nces (Median and middle ranges 1 of within-establishment percentage differences by which men's earnings exceeded women's in 10 occupations, all metropolitan areas, by region and industry division, February ) Occupation Median United tates Northeast outh North Central West Middle range Median Middle Median Middle Median Middle Median Middle Clerks, accounting, class A to to to to to 7 Clerks, accounting, class B to to to to to 8 Clerks, order to to to to to 16 Clerks, payroll to to to to to 11 Office boys to to to to to 5 Tabulating-machine operators: Class A 0-5 to to to 7 Class B -1-7 to to to to to to to to 5 Janitors, porters, and cleaners to to to to to 10 Packers, shipping to to to to to 4 Manufacturing Public utilities Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance ervices Median Middle Middle Middle Middle Middle Middle Median Median Median Median Median range range range range range range Clerks, accounting, class A Clerks, accounting, class B Clerks, order Clerks, payroll Office boys Tabulating-machine operators: Class A Class B Janitors, porters, and cleaners. Packe r s, shipping to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to 7 _ -2 8 to 6 _ -1-5 to to to to to to to to to to to to to to 12 1 The median designates position half of the establishments recorded greater differentials than that shown; half recorded less than that shown. The middle range is defined by 2 values; a fourth of the establishments recorded smaller differentials than the lower value shown and a fourth recorded differentials larger than the higher value shown. 2 Average month of reference. Data were collected during the period July 1969 through June NOTE: A minus sign indicates that men's average earnings were lower than women's in the establishments. Dashes indicate that data did not meet publication criteria.

82 Tim e and Incentive Pay Practices Earnings of 6 out of 7 nonsupervisory plantw orkers and alm ost all officew ork ers in the N ation's m etropolitan areas w ere based on tim e rather than incentive paym ents in When com pared to sim ilar su rveys conducted 7 y ears e a r lie r, these findings showed a trend away fro m incentive paym ents toward w ider prevalen ce of tim e payments under r a n g e -o f-ra te plans for plan tw orkers.15 T im e rates under fo rm a l pay plans covered about th re e - fourths of the plantw orkers and officew o rk ers, up fro m approxim ately tw o-th ird s reported in the e a rlie r study. F o rm a l pay p lan s, which incorporate tim e ra te s, provide either a single rate or a irange of rates for each job category. in g le -ra te and r a n g e -o f-r a te plans applied o vera ll to about equal proportions of plantw orkers (36 and 37 p ercen t, resp e ctiv ely ). This rep resen ts a la rg e r proportion of w orkers covered by r a n g e -o f-r a te plans than in the e a rlie r study (28 percent). In both the current and ea rlie r study, r a n g e -o f-r a te plans p revailed among officew orkers (69 and 60 percent, respectively ). In the absence of a fo rm a l wage paym ent plan, rates are based p rim a rily on the qualifications of the individual w ork er. ince the ea rlie r study, such pay rates have d ecreased m ore among o ffic e - w ork ers than among plantw ork ers. The su rvey showed that about one-eighth of the plantw orkers and n early th ree-tenth s of the officew orkers w ere not covered by form al wage payment plans. About fo u r-fifth s of the in cen tive-p aid plantw orkers w ere em ployed in m anufacturing industries in both the current and the e a rlie r study. W age paym ent plans incorporating piecew ork applied to about half of them and production bonus sy ste m s to the other half. M ost of the other incentive paid w ork ers w ere in w holesale and retail trade and w ere paid a com m ission. Trends A com p arison of the surveys with the surveys showed that there was an in crease in the proportions of tim e -ra te d plantw orkers and officew ork ers under r a n g e -o f-r a te plans, a sm a ller proportion of in cen tive-p aid plantw orkers and a sm a ller proportion of officew ork ers under no fo rm a l wage plan. This pattern held in each of the 6 broad industry d ivisions, the 4 reg io n s, and in virtu ally all of the 85 areas surveyed. The findings relate to actual proportions of plantwoxkers and officeworkers under basic types of wage payment plans. In establishments where more than one type of wage payment plan existed, the number of workers under each type was reported. 15 ee Wages and Related Benefits, Part II; Metropolitan Areas, United tates and Regional ummaries, (EL Bulletin ), pp These survey findings showed 4 out of 5 plantworkers receiving time pay. Among the m ost probable reasons for the decline in the in cidence of in cen tive-p aid plantw orkers are shifts in em ploym ent among establishm ents with no change in type of wage paym ent plan, and establish m en ts introducing new work m ethods which cause shifts in the ratio of direct to indirect w o r k e r s.16 Another reason for the decline, although not substantiated by the survey findings, m ay be changes in establishm ent policy relating to wage payment plans. In the transportation, com m unication, and other public utilities d ivision, the princip al changes for both plantw orkers and officew ork ers w ere sm a lle r proportions of w ork ers under sin g le -ra te p lan s, and larger proportions of w ork ers under r a n g e -o f-r a te plans in the period. T h ese changes m ay be accounted for p a rtia lly by the o vera ll d e cre ase in em ploym ent in railroa d s. W age plans in railroads involve p rim a rily sin g le -ra te plans. A ccord ing to the B u re au 's statistical serie s on p a yro ll em ploym ent, em ploym ent in railroads in 1970 was fo u r-fifth s of the 1963 em ploym ent, while o v era ll em ploym ent in the division grew by 15 percent. Plantw orkers In each industry d ivision, even at the regional le vel (the low est le vel of aggregation availab le), at le ast seven-tenths of the plantw orkers w ere paid tim e rates according to the su rveys. In public u tilitie s, virtu ally a ll plantw orkers w ere tim e rated. Except in the two trades industry d iv isio n s, the W e st showed the la rg est proportion of tim e -p aid w orkers. A lm o st a ll of the tim e -r a te d plantw orkers in public utilities w ere em ployed under form al rate structures. Manufacturing industrie s showed the second highest proportion (93 percent of the tim e rated w o rk ers). F o rm a l plans applied to about seven -ten th s of the tim e -rated w orkers in w holesale trade, retail trade, and serv ice s. Am ong the regions, about nine-tenths of the tim e -r a te d plantw orkers in the N orth east, North C en tral, and W e st w ere em ployed under fo rm a l rate stru ctu re s, com pared with seven -ten th s in the outh. In the outh, form al rate structures applied to about nine-tenths of the 16 ee George L. telluto, "Report on Incentive Pay in Manufacturing Industries," Monthly Labor Review, July 1969, pp telluto compared information on 18 selected industries in which matched surveys were conducted between 1963 and the spring of Proportions of production and related workers paid under incentive wage plans were virtually unchanged for most of the industries those manufacturing cigars and certain types of nonelectrical machinery had experienced substantial declines. He concluded that it appeared unlikely that substantial shifts in the incidence of incentive-paid workers would occur over the next few years in those industries which are firmly committed to wage incentives (such as apparel and footwear manufacturing), or in machine-paced industries where few incentive-paid workers are found. 76

83 77 tim e -r a te d plantw orkers in m anufacturing and public utilities and about h alf of the tim e -r a te d plantw orkers in w h olesale trade, retail trade, and serv ic e s. In the other three reg io n s, fo rm a l rate stru ctu res applied to 70 percent or m ore of the tim e -r a te d plantw orkers in each of the industry divisions. in g le-rate plans gen erally covered la rg e r proportions of plantw orkers in m anufacturing, w h olesale trade, and serv ic e s than did r a n g e -o f-r a te plans. In public u tilitie s, r a n g e -o f-r a te plans w ere slightly m ore prevalent. In retail tra d e, r a n g e -o f-r a te plans covered m ore than twice as m any w orkers as sin g le -ra te plans. In each in dustry division except public u tilitie s, the W e st showed the la rg e st proportions of plantworkers em ployed under sin g le -ra te plans. In this study, p rovision s for p ro g ressio n under r a n g e -o f-r a te plans w ere grouped under three g en eral typ es. O f the plantw orkers em ployed under ra n g e -o f-ra te plan s, pro gression based only on autom atic advancem ent according to length of se rv ic e covered tw o -fifth s; p ro g ressio n based on a com bination of variou s concepts of length of se rv ic e and m e rit review, o n e -th ird ; and p ro g ressio n based only on m e rit review, one-fou rth. Am ong the industry d iv isio n s, these sam e proportions w ere found in m anufacturing where slightly over half of the plantw orkers under r a n g e -o f-r a te plans w ere em ployed. In public u tilitie s, w here one-seven th of the w ork ers under r a n g e -o f-r a te plans w ere em ployed, autom atic advancem ent according to length of se rv ic e m arkedly prevailed applying to ju st under th re e-fo u rth s of them. In the other three industry d iv isio n s, each of the three types of p rovision s for p ro g ressio n applied to about equal proportions of the w ork ers under r a n g e -o f-r a te plans. Only in m anufacturing did the proportion of plantw orkers paid under incentive m ethods (20 percent) exceed the nationwide incidence (14 percent). The proportions in m anufacturing ranged from 27 p e r cent in the N ortheast to 6 percent in the W e st. About half of the w ork ers in manufacturing w ere em ployed under sy ste m s incorporating piecew ork rates, and the other half under sy stem s incorporating p ro duction bonuses. In the N ortheast and outh, individual piecew ork sy ste m s w ere m ark ed ly predom inant over other incentive s y ste m s. The la rg e st proportions of w ork ers paid production bonuses w ere in the N ortheast and North C entral Regions with about equal proportions of w orkers being paid under individual and group sy ste m s. Incentive wage plans are m ost prevalent when w ork ers are able to e x e rc ise substantial con trol over the pace of output. Few incentive wage plans are found where the work perform ed is largely m ach in e-p aced. B etw een the two e x tre m e s, the extent of incentive pay p ra ctices depends la rg e ly on m anagem ent p referen ce, degree of product standardization, and labor -m anagem ent relationships. Incentive wage plans g en erally are lim ited to w orkers d irectly engaged in production; som e plan s, h ow ever, a lso cover indirect operation s, such as m aintenance and custodial w ork. The broad er coverage usually is found in establish m en ts which have group bonus plan s, under which a stipulated proportion of the incentive pay of w orkers d irectly engaged in production is set aside for w ork ers engaged in activities related to production. O fficew orkers A lm o st a ll officew ork ers w ere paid tim e rates and fo rm a l wage paym ent plans covered a lm ost th re e-fo u rth s of them. In the m anufacturing, public u tilitie s, and finance industry divisions where slightly m ore than th re e-fo u rth s of the officew ork ers w ere em ployed 75 percent or m ore of the w orkers w ere paid under form al wage paym ent p lan s, and in the other three industry d iv isio n s, slightly over half. The la rg e st proportions of w ork ers paid under fo rm a l plans w ere in the W e st (81 p e rcen t), and the sm a lle st proportions in the outh (61 percent). The large proportions of officew ork ers covered by fo rm a l wage paym ent plans in public utilities m ay be accounted for p artially by the rela tiv ely g reater labor-m anagem ent agreem ent coverage in this industry division. Not only does public utilities show the la rg est p ro portion of officew ork ers covered by fo rm a l plans (86 p ercen t), but also the only, sizable proportion of w ork ers covered by sin g le -ra te plans (13 p ercen t). H ow ever, even in public u tilitie s, the proportion reported under r a n g e -o f-r a te plans is n early six tim e s as great as the proportion reported under sin g le -ra te plans. Nationwide, plans incorporating a r a n g e -o f-r a te s covered all but 1 in 20 of the officew ork ers em ployed under fo rm a l wage payment plans. Am ong the three types of p rovision s for p ro g ressio n under r a n g e -o f-r a te p lan s, those incorporating only m erit review gen erally showed the la rg e st p roportion s, and plans incorporating a com bination of various concepts of m e rit review and length of se rv ice showed the next la rg e st. In each industry division except public u tilitie s, at le ast fo u r-fifth s of the officew ork ers em ployed under r a n g e -o f-r a te plans w ere covered by these two types of p rovision s for p ro g ressio n. In public u tilities, the third type of provision, automatic advancem ent according to length of se rv ic e covered slightly over half of the officew orkers.

84 7 8 T a b le 6. M ethod of w a g e determ ination (Percent distribution of plantworkers and office workers by method of wage determination in all metropolitan areas, by industry division and region, ) Method of wage determination Total Northeast outh All industries Manufacturing Public utilitie:s 3 North Central West Total Northeast outh Plantworker s North Central West Total Northeast outh Central West All workers Paid time rates Formal rate policy ingle rate Range of rates Progression based on automatic advancement according to length of service Progression based on merit review Progression based on a combination of length of service and merit review No formal rate policy Paid by incentive methods (8) (8) (8) (8) Piece rate (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) Individual (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) n (8) Production bonus (8) (8) (8) (8) Individual (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) C o m m i s s i o n (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) Office workers All workers Paid time rates Formal rate policy ingle rate Range of rates Progression based on automatic advancement according to length of service Progression based on merit r e v i e w Progression based on a combination of length of service and merit review No formal rate policy Paid by incentive methods (8) (8) ( 8 ) ( 8 ) (8 ) (8) ( 8 ) 1 ee footnotes at end of table.

85 T a b le 6. M ethod of w a g e d ete rm in atio n C ontinued 7 9 (Percent distribution of plantworkers and officeworkers by method of wage determination in all metropolitan areas, by industry division and region, ) Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance 4 ervices Method of wage determination Total outh Central West Total outh North Central West Total outh North Central West Total North- North- North- North- outh North Central West Plantworkers All workers Paid time rates Formal rate policy ingle rate 5 Range of rates 6 Progression based on automatic advancement according to length of service Progression based on merit review Progression based on a combination of length of service and merit review No formal rate policy. Paid by incentive methods Piece rate Individual.. Production bonus Individual Commission («> (8) (8) 8 8 (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) 1 1 (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) 1 1 (8) i i (8) 1 1 (8) (8) (8) 1 1 (8) (8) (8) 1 (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (!) (!) (8) i Officeworkers All workers Paid time rates Formal rate policy ingle rate (8) (8) (8) 1 (8) Range of rates Progression based on automatic advancement according to length of service... _ Progression based on merit review Progression based on a combination of length of service and merit review No formal rate policy _ Paid by incentive methods 7... (8) 1 1 For definition of regions, see footnote 3 to the table in appendix A. 2 ee footnote 2, table B - l. 3 Transportation, communication, and other public utilities. 4 ee footnote 5, table B ingle-rate plans provide the same rate to all experienced workers in the same job classification. L e a rn e rs, apprentices, and probationary workers may start at a rate below the single-rate classification and achieve full rate over a period of tim e. 6 Range-of- rate plans specify the minimum or maximum r a te s, or both, paid experienced workers for the same job classification. 7 Incentive methods include piecework, production bonuses, or com m issions for which a predetermined rate is paid for each unit of output. Production bonuses are based on production over a quota or on completion of a job in less than standard tim e. C om m issions are based on a percentage of sales or on a combination of salary plus a percentage. 8 L ess than 0.5 percent.

86 Frequency of W age Paym ent About 8 of every 10 plantworkers in metropolitan areas were paid weekly in Another 14 percent were paid biweekly; most of the remaining were paid semimonthly. L ess than 0.5 percent were paid on a monthly or other b asis. (ee table 7.) The weekly pay schedule was the most common for officeworkers, but was not as prevalent as for plantworkers. Forty-one percent of the of f i c e wo rkers were paid weekly, compared with 29 percent paid biweekly and 28 percent semimonthly. Another 2 percent of the officeworkers were paid monthly. Weekly pay schedules applied to 91 percent of the plantworkers in the Northeast, compared with about 80 percent in the outh and North Central Regions and 68 percent in the West. Most of the remaining plantworkers in these regions were paid biweekly. For officeworkers, most common pay schedules were weekly in the Northeast and outh, and semimonthly in the North Central and West. Among the six broad industry divisions studied, the weekly payment schedule for plantworkers was most prevalent in manufacturing (88 percent) and least prevalent in public utilities (56 percent). Thirty percent of the plantworkers in public utilities were paid biweekly; another 14 percent were paid semimonthly. Among officeworkers, the weekly payment schedule was most common in retail trade (75 percent) and least common in finance (18 percent). 80

87 81 T a b le 7. Frequency of w a g e paym ent (Percent distribution of plantworkers and officeworkers by frequency of wage payment in all metropolitan areas, by industry division and region, ) Frequency of wage payment All industries Manufacturing Public utilities 3 Industry division Region 1 Wholesale trade Finance 4 ervices Northeast outh North Central West Plantworkers A ll w o rk e rs W e e k ly e m im o n th ly M o n th ly - (?) (!) ( > 1 (5) 1 0 (?) (?) (?) O th e r freq u e n c y (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) Officeworkers A ll w o r k e r s W e e k ly e m im o n th ly (5) O th e r fr e q u e n c y (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) 1 For definition of regions, see footnote 3 to the table in appendix A. 2 ee footnote 2, table B -l. 3 Transportation, communication, and other public utilities. 4 ee footnote 5, table B Less than 0. 5 percent.

88 Establishm ent Practices and upplem entary W age Provisions P a i d h o l i d a y s, p a i d v a c a t i o n s, a n d v a r i o u s t y p e s o f h e a l t h, i n s u r a n c e, a n d r e t i r e m e n t b e n e f i t s w e r e w i d e - s p r e a d a m o n g w o r k e r s in t h e N a t i o n 's m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s d u r i n g t h e p a s t d e c a d e. 17 A l t h o u g h th e p r e v a l e n c e o f t h e s e b e n e f i t s r o s e s l i g h t l y, m o s t d r a m a t i c c h a n g e s in t h e 's w e r e t o w a r d l i b e r a l i z e d b e n e f i t s m o r e p a i d h o l i d a y s, l o n g e r p a i d v a c a t i o n s, a n d b e t t e r h e a l t h a n d w e l f a r e b e n e f i t s. T h e i n c i d e n c e o f b e n e f i t s f i n a n c e d e n t i r e l y b y e m p l o y e r s r o s e m a r k e d l y d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d, a l o n g w it h a s u b s t a n t i a l i n c r e a s e in c o v e r a g e o f m a j o r m e d i c a l i n s u r a n c e. L a t e - s h i f t p a y p r o v i s i o n s a n d p r a c t i c e s in m a n u f a c t u r i n g I n , a p p r o x i m a t e l y 8 8 p e r c e n t o f m a n u f a c t u r i n g p l a n t - w o r k e r s w e r e in e s t a b l i s h m e n t s h a v i n g p r o v i s i o n s f o r s e c o n d - s h i f t w o r k ; r e g i o n a l e s t i m a t e s r a n g e d f r o m a b o u t 8 0 p e r c e n t in t h e N o r t h e a s t t o a b o u t 9 5 p e r c e n t in t h e N o r t h C e n t r a l R e g i o n. O n ly 2 6 p e r c e n t o f th e w o r k e r s w e r e a c t u a l l y w o r k i n g o n l a t e s h i f t s a t th e t i m e o f t h e s u r v e y. e c o n d - s h i f t e m p l o y m e n t r a n g e d f r o m p e r c e n t o f th e p l a n t w o r k e r s in t h e N o r t h e a s t t o p e r c e n t in t h e N o r t h C e n t r a l R e g i o n ; a n d t h i r d - s h i f t e m p l o y m e n t, f r o m 5. 7 p e r c e n t in t h e W e s t t o 8.1 p e r c e n t in t h e o u t h. T h e t w o m o s t c o m m o n t y p e s o f p r e m i u m p a y f o r w o r k e r s o n l a t e s h i f t s w e r e u n i f o r m c e n t s - p e r - h o u r a n d u n i f o r m p e r c e n t a g e a d d i t i o n s t o f i r s t - s h i f t r a t e s. A b o u t 5 5 p e r c e n t o f t h e w o r k e r s h a d s e c o n d s h i f t p r o v i s i o n s c a l l i n g f o r a u n i f o r m c e n t s - p e r - h o u r d i f f e r e n t i a l, w h i l e a b o u t 2 5 p e r c e n t h a d p r o v i s i o n s f o r a u n i f o r m p e r c e n t a g e d i f f e r e n t i a l. D u r i n g t h e p e r i o d, p r o p o r t i o n s o f p l a n t w o r k e r s in m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e d o n l a t e s h i f t s i n c r e a s e d f r o m 2 3 t o 2 6 p e r c e n t. A s i n d i c a t e d in t e x t t a b l e 7, t h e a v e r a g e c e n t s - p e r - h o u r d i f f e r e n t i a l f o r w o r k e r s o n l a t e s h i f t s i n c r e a s e d f r o m 8. 8 c e n t s t o c e n t s f o r s e c o n d s h i f - w o r k a n d f r o m t o c e n t s f o r t h i r d s h i f t w o r k, w h e r e a s t h e a v e r a g e p e r c e n t d i f f e r e n t i a l r e m a i n e d a l m o s t t h e s a m e o v e r t h e y e a r p e r i o d. 17 ee "Fringe Benefits of Urban Workers," Monthly Labor Review. November 1971, pp This article by Lester L. Petermann covers trends in fringe benefits during the 1960's. Text table 7. Percent of manufacturing plantworkers by type and amount of shift differential, 1960 and 1970 hift operation and type of differential Establishments having provisions for late-shift operations Actually working on late shifts econd shift: With shift pay differential Uniform cents (per hour) Average cents-per-hour differential Uniform percentage Average percentage differential Other With no shift pay differential Third shift: With shift pay differential Uniform cents (per hour) Average cents-per-hour differential Uniform percentage Average percentage differential Other With no shift pay differential Includes pay at regular rate for more hours than worked, a paid lunch period not given to first-shift workers, a flat-sum per shift, and other provisions. Most "other," however, were in establishments which provided one such provision in combination with a cents or percentage differential for hours actually worked. c h e d u l e d w e e k l y h o u r s. T h e h o u r w o r k w e e k r e m a i n s t h e m o s t t y p i c a l w o r k s c h e d u l e a m o n g p l a n t w o r k e r s a n d o f f i c e w o r k e r s. 18 F o u r o u t o f 5 p l a n t w o r k e r s a n d a b o u t 3 o u t o f 5 o f f i c e w o r k e r s w e r e s c h e d u l e d t o w o r k a h o u r w e e k. T h e r e m a i n i n g p l a n t w o r k e r s w e r e a b o u t e v e n l y d i v i d e d a m o n g s c h e d u l e d w o r k w e e k s o f u n d e r a n d o v e r 4 0 h o u r s, w h e r e a s n e a r l y a l l o f th e r e m a i n i n g o f f i c e w o r k e r s w o r k e d f e w e r t h a n 4 0 h o u r s. ( e e t a b l e B - 2. ) 18 The scheduled workweek is the number of hours which a majority of the full-time workers were expected to work, at the time of the survey, whether they were paid straight-time or overtime 82

89 83 D u r i n g t h e p a s t 2 y e a r s t h e n a t i o n a l a v e r a g e s c h e d u l e d w e e k l y h o u r s f o r p l a n t w o r k e r s d e c l i n e d t w o - t e n t h s o f a n h o u r t o h o u r s. B e t w e e n I a n d , t h e a v e r a g e r a n g e d f r o m t o h o u r s. I n t h e m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r y d i v i s i o n, t h e a v e r a g e s c h e d u l e d w e e k l y h o u r s d e c l i n e d s l i g h t l y f r o m t o h o u r s d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d, i n c r e a s e d t o a h i g h o f h o u r s in , a n d w a s r e p o r t e d a t h o u r s in A m o n g t h e n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r y d i v i s i o n s, e s p e c i a l l y in th e r e t a i l t r a d e a n d s e r v i c e s i n d u s t r i e s, t h e a v e r a g e w o r k w e e k f o r p l a n t w o r k e r s h a s d e c l i n e d s i n c e I O v e r t h e y e a r p e r i o d, t h e w o r k s c h e d u l e in s e r v i c e s d e c r e a s e d b y o v e r a n h o u r f r o m t o h o u r s w h i l e t h e a v e r a g e w o r k w e e k in r e t a i l t r a d e w a s r e d u c e d b y 1 h o u r t o h o u r s. In , p l a n t w o r k e r s in r e t a i l t r a d e a n d p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s s h a r e d t h e s h o r t e s t s c h e d u l e d w e e k l y h o u r s, w h i le w o r k e r s in t h e w h o l e s a l e t r a d e i n d u s t r y h a d th e l o n g e s t ( ). F o r o f f i c e w o r k e r s, t h e n a t i o n a l a v e r a g e s c h e d u l e d w o r k w e e k h a s d e c l i n e d t w o - t e n t h s t o h o u r s s i n c e I A s in I 9 6 0, o f f i c e - w o r k e r s in t h e f i n a n c e i n d u s t r i e s s t i l l h a d t h e s h o r t e s t w o r k w e e k ( h o u r s ), w h i c h w a s a l m o s t a n h o u r a n d a h a l f l e s s p e r w e e k t h a n t h e l o n g e s t w o r k w e e k ( h o u r s in m a n u f a c t u r i n g ). I n m o s t o f t h e r e g i o n s, t h e a v e r a g e w o r k w e e k s f o r p l a n t - w o r k e r s a n d o f f i c e w o r k e r s h a v e d e c l i n e d d u r i n g t h e I t o p e r i o d. T h e f o r e m o s t e x c e p t i o n h a s b e e n in t h e N o r t h C e n t r a l R e g i o n, w h e r e p l a n t w o r k e r s n o w h a v e a n a v e r a g e w o r k w e e k o f h o u r s t w o - t e n t h s o f a n h o u r l o n g e r t h a n in I F o r p l a n t w o r k e r s, t h e l o n g e s t a v e r a g e w o r k w e e k ( h o u r s ) w a s in t h e o u t h, a n d t h e s h o r t e s t, h o u r s w a s in t h e N o r t h e a s t. H o w e v e r, t h e o u t h 's w o r k s c h e d u l e h a s d e c r e a s e d 1 h o u r s i n c e I 9 6 0, t h e l a r g e s t d e c r e a s e in a v e r a g e h o u r s r e c o r d e d a m o n g t h e r e g i o n s. I n t h e N o r t h e a s t, a m a j o r i t y o f o f f i c e w o r k e r s w o r k e d f e w e r t h a n 4 0 h o u r s ; t h e a v e r a g e w a s h o u r s a l m o s t 2 h o u r s f e w e r t h a n in t h e o t h e r r e g i o n s. A l t h o u g h th e N o r t h e a s t h a d t h e s h o r t e s t w o r k w e e k, th e a v e r a g e w a s a f f e c t e d g r e a t l y b y t h e N e w Y o r k a r e a. I n , 5 6 p e r c e n t o f t h e o f f i c e w o r k e r s in N e w Y o r k h a d a h o u r w o r k w e e k. T h e N o r t h e a s t ' s a v e r a g e w o r k w e e k, w it h o u t N e w Y o r k, w o u ld r i s e f r o m t o h o u r s a l m o s t a f u l l h o u r. Percent of plantworkers and officeworkers by scheduled weekly hours, 1960 and 1970 P a i d h o l i d a y s A l m o s t a l l o f f i c e w o r k e r s a n d 9 6 p e r c e n t o f th e p l a n t w o r k e r s in m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s w e r e e m p l o y e d in e s t a b l i s h m e n t s p r o v i d i n g p a i d h o l i d a y s. O f t h o s e r e c e i v i n g p a i d h o l i d a y s, t h e a v e r a g e n u m b e r w a s 8. 4 f o r o f f i c e w o r k e r s a n d 7. 8 f o r p l a n t w o r k e r s ; t h e o v e r a l l a v e r a g e ( p l a n t w o r k e r s a n d o f f i c e w o r k e r s c o m b i n e d ) w a s 8. 0 d a y s a y e a r. A l m o s t n o c h a n g e in t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f w o r k e r s r e c e i v i n g p a i d h o l i d a y s h a s b e e n r e c o r d e d s i n c e I 9 6 0, t h e e a r l i e s t p e r i o d f o r w h i c h n a t i o n a l e s t i m a t e s o f f r i n g e b e n e f i t s a r e a v a i l a b l e. A s s h o w n in t e x t t a b l e 8, t h e a v e r a g e n u m b e r o f d a y s r e c e i v e d g e n e r a l l y h a s i n c r e a s e d, a n d p l a n t w o r k e r s usu ally r e c e i v e d t h e l a r g e r i n c r e a s e. N e v e r t h e l e s s, f o r a l l i n d u s t r y d i v i s i o n s s t u d i e d, o f f i c e w o r k e r s c o n t i n u e d t o r e c e i v e m o r e p a i d h o l i d a y s a n n u a l l y t h a n d i d p l a n t w o r k e r s. Text table 8. Average number of paid holidays provided plantworkers and officeworkers, 1960 and 1970 Industry division and regions Plantworkers Officeworkers All industries Industry division M anuf acturing Nonmanufacturing: Public utilities Wholesale trade Retail trad e Finance ervices Region Northeast outh North Central W est Plantworkers Officeworkers Weekly hours Under 40 hours hours Over 40 hours Average scheduled weekly hours N a t i o n w i d e, th e a v e r a g e i n c r e a s e s i n c e I f o r p l a n t w o r k e r s w a s n i n e - t e n t h s o f a d a y, w h i le t h e o f f i c e w o r k e r s 1 a v e r a g e a d v a n c e d b y s i x - t e n t h s o f a d a y. A m o n g t h e i n d u s t r y d i v i s i o n s, t h e l a r g e s t i n c r e a s e f o r o f f i c e w o r k e r s w a s in m a n u f a c t u r i n g, w h e r e t h e a v e r a g e n u m b e r o f d a y s i n c r e a s e d f r o m 7. 4 t o 8. 7 d a y s. F o r p l a n t w o r k e r s, th e l a r g e s t i n c r e a s e w a s 1.2 d a y s in t h e p r e d o m i n a n t l y u n i o n i z e d m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r y d i v i s i o n. M a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y s 5 9 p e r c e n t

90 84 o f t h e p l a n t w o r k e r s, a n d t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e s e w o r k e r s r e c e i v i n g 9 h o l i d a y s o r m o r e h a s i n c r e a s e d f r o m 6 t o 4 7 p e r c e n t. T h e 8. 8 a v e r a g e f o r o f f i c e w o r k e r s in f i n a n c e w a s s t i l l t h e m o s t l i b e r a l h o l i d a y p r o v i s i o n, d e s p i t e t h e o n e - t e n t h d e c l i n e s i n c e I P a r t o f t h i s d e c r e a s e c a n b e a t t r i b u t e d t o s o m e b a n k s w h i c h i m p r o v e d o t h e r w o r k in g c o n d i t i o n s ( e. g., c l o s i n g o n a t u r d a y s ) w h i l e r e d u c i n g t h e n u m b e r o f p a i d h o l i d a y s. R e g i o n a l l y, t h e N o r t h e a s t w a s t h e l e a d e r in t h e a v e r a g e n u m b e r o f p a i d h o l i d a y s p r o v i d e d f o r b o t h p l a n t w o r k e r s ( 8.6 ) a n d o f f i c e - w o r k e r s ( 9. 7 ). T h e N o r t h C e n t r a l R e g i o n, h a v i n g a v e r a g e i n c r e a s e s o f 1.3 d a y s f o r p l a n t w o r k e r s a n d 1 d a y f o r o f f i c e w o r k e r s, s h o w e d t h e g r e a t e s t u p w a r d m o v e m e n t s i n c e I in th e a v e r a g e n u m b e r o f h o l i d a y s r e c e i v e d. In , t h e N o r t h C e n t r a l R e g i o n b e c a m e t h e f i r s t r e g i o n in w h i c h b o t h p l a n t w o r k e r s a n d o f f i c e w o r k e r s r e c e i v e d th e s a m e a v e r a g e n u m b e r o f p a i d h o l i d a y s. I n , i t r e m a i n e d t h e o n l y r e g i o n w it h n o d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e tw o g r o u p s. T h e N o r t h C e n t r a l R e g i o n a l s o s h o w e d t h e g r e a t e s t u p w a r d m o v e m e n t o f p l a n t - w o r k e r s in a l l i n d u s t r i e s b y r e c e i v i n g 9 p a i d h o l i d a y s o r m o r e f r o m 1 p e r c e n t in t o 3 8 p e r c e n t in F o r o f f i c e w o r k e r s in t h i s r e g i o n, th e i n c r e a s e w a s f r o m 8 t o 3 5 p e r c e n t. A p a r t o f t h i s i n c r e a s e w a s a c c o u n t e d f o r b y i n c r e a s e s in p a i d h o l i d a y s in t h e a u t o a n d r u b b e r i n d u s t r i e s d u r i n g t h e y e a r p e r i o d. T h e t r e n d in p a i d h o l i d a y s s e e m s t o b e t o w a r d t h e a d d i t i o n o f d a y s t h a t w o u ld p r o v i d e w o r k e r s w it h g r e a t e r l e i s u r e o r l o n g e r w e e k e n d s. " F l o a t i n g h o l i d a y s g e n e r a l l y a r e u s e d t o p r o v i d e th e w o r k e r s w it h l o n g w e e k e n d s. F o r e x a m p l e, i f C h r i s t m a s f a l l s o n T u e s d a y, t h e n C h r i s t m a s E v e m a y b e g r a n t e d a s a h o l i d a y ; o f i f C h r i s t m a s i s o n a T h u r s d a y, t h e n a h o l i d a y m a y b e g r a n t e d o n F r i d a y. T h e d a y a f t e r T h a n k s g i v i n g a l s o p r o v i d e s a n o p p o r t u n i t y f o r g r a n t i n g a l o n g e r w e e k e n d. T h e m o v e t o w a r d l o n g e r w e e k e n d s i s a l s o a p p a r e n t in r e c e n t F e d e r a l L e g i s l a t i o n r e g a r d i n g N a t i o n a l h o l i d a y s. E f f e c t i v e in , C o l u m b u s D a y a n e w l y e s t a b l i s h e d N a t i o n a l h o l i d a y i s c e l e b r a t e d a s t h e s e c o n d M o n d a y i n O c t o b e r. T h r e e p r e v i o u s l y e s t a b l i s h e d N a t i o n a l h o l i d a y s w e r e a l s o c h a n g e d t o M o n d a y ; W a s h i n g t o n 's B i r t h d a y ( t h i r d M o n d a y i n F e b r u a r y ) ; M e m o r i a l D a y ( l a s t M o n d a y in M a y ) ; a n d V e t e r a n ' s D a y ( f o u r t h M o n d a y i n O c t o b e r ). P a i d v a c a t i o n s V a c a t i o n p r o v i s i o n s h a d b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d f o r v i r t u a l l y a l l w o r k e r s in m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s b y I o r e a r l i e r. C h a n g e s d u r i n g s u b s e q u e n t y e a r s g e n e r a l l y h a v e b e e n in t h e f o r m o f s h o r t e r s e r v i c e r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r s p e c i f i e d v a c a t i o n p e r i o d s o r l o n g e r v a c a t i o n s a f t e r q u a l i f y i n g l e n g t h s o f s e r v i c e, a s i l l u s t r a t e d in t e x t t a b l e 9. Text table 9. Percents of plantworkers and officeworkers in establishments having formal paid vacation provisions, 1960 and 1970 Amount of vacation pay and length of service Plantworkers Cumulative percent Officeworkers weeks or more after 10 years years years years weeks or more after 15 years years years P a i d v a c a t i o n p r o v i s i o n s f o r e m p l o y e e s h a v i n g r e l a t i v e l y s h o r t s e r v i c e w e r e m o r e l i b e r a l f o r o f f i c e w o r k e r s t h a n f o r p l a n t - w o r k e r s. T h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p h a s e x i s t e d s i n c e I a n d h a s s h o w n l i t t l e c h a n g e d u r i n g t h e i n t e r v e n i n g y e a r s. e v e n t y - n i n e p e r c e n t o f th e o f f i c e w o r k e r s in w e r e e l i g i b l e f o r 2 w e e k s o r m o r e o f v a c a t i o n p a y a f t e r 1 y e a r o f s e r v i c e, c o m p a r e d w it h 2 6 p e r c e n t o f t h e p l a n t - w o r k e r s. H o w e v e r, t h i s l a r g e d i f f e r e n c e in c o v e r a g e d i m i n i s h e d a s t h e s e r v i c e r e q u i r e m e n t i n c r e a s e d ; a f t e r 5 y e a r s o f s e r v i c e, 9 5 p e r c e n t o f t h e p l a n t w o r k e r s a n d 9 9 p e r c e n t o f t h e o f f i c e w o r k e r s w e r e e l i g i b l e f o r 2 w e e k s ' p a i d v a c a t i o n o r m o r e. T h e p r o p o r t i o n o f p l a n t - w o r k e r s e l i g i b l e f o r a t l e a s t 2 w e e k s o f v a c a t i o n a f t e r 2 a n d 3 y e a r s o f s e r v i c e h a s i n c r e a s e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y s i n c e I T h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t c h a n g e s f r o m I t o a f f e c t e d t h e l o n g - s e r v i c e p l a n t w o r k e r s a n d o f f i c e w o r k e r s. I n I 9 6 0, a p p r o x i m a t e l y o n e - f i f t h o f t h e p l a n t w o r k e r s a n d o n e - t h i r d o f t h e o f f i c e e m p l o y e e s w e r e e l i g i b l e f o r 4 w e e k s o r m o r e o f v a c a t i o n p a y a f t e r 2 5 y e a r s o f s e r v i c e ; b y , t h e p r o p o r t i o n s h a d i n c r e a s e d t o t h r e e - f i f t h s o f t h e p l a n t w o r k e r s a n d t h r e e - f o u r t h s o f t h e o f f i c e w o r k e r s. T h e 4 - w e e k o r m o r e v a c a t i o n p r o v i s i o n s h a v e b e c o m e s o w i d e s p r e a d t h a t a p p r o x i m a t e l y t w i c e a s m a n y w o r k e r s w e r e e l i g i b l e f o r 4 w e e k s ' o r m o r e p a i d v a c a t i o n a f t e r 2 0 y e a r s o f s e r v i c e in t h a n a f t e r 2 5 y e a r s in I F u r t h e r m o r e, t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f n o n s u p e r v i s o r y w o r k e r s e l i g i b l e f o r 4 w e e k s ' o r m o r e p a i d v a c a t i o n a f t e r 15 y e a r s in f a r e x c e e d e d t h o s e e l i g i b l e a f t e r 2 0 y e a r s in I i x t y - s i x p e r c e n t o f th e p l a n t w o r k e r s a n d 8 1 p e r c e n t o f t h e o f f i c e w o r k e r s w e r e e l i g i b l e f o r 3 w e e k s ' o r m o r e p a i d v a c a t i o n a f t e r 10 y e a r s o f s e r v i c e in , c o m p a r e d w it h 2 7 a n d 3 8 p e r c e n t, r e s p e c t i v e l y, in I

91 86 In I 9 6 0, o n l y o n e - f o u r t h o f t h e e m p l o y e e s in p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s w e r e p r o v i d e d a t l e a s t 3 w e e k s ' p a i d v a c a t i o n a f t e r 1 0 y e a r s o f s e r v i c e. In , o v e r n i n e - t e n t h s o f t h e p l a n t w o r k e r s a n d o f f i c e w o r k e r s w e r e e l i g i b l e f o r t h i s p r o v i s i o n a f t e r 1 0 y e a r s. D u r i n g t h e s a m e y e a r p e r i o d, t h e p e r c e n t a g e o f p l a n t w o r k e r s a n d o f f i c e w o r k e r s in p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s p r o v i d e d 4 w e e k s o r m o r e o f p a i d v a c a t i o n a f t e r 2 5 y e a r s o f s e r v i c e r o s e s u b s t a n t i a l l y f r o m 2 8 t o 9 4 p e r c e n t f o r p l a n t - w o r k e r s, a n d f r o m 2 4 t o 9 3 p e r c e n t f o r o f f i c e w o r k e r s. T h e s e i n c r e a s e s in c o v e r a g e w e r e b y f a r t h e l a r g e s t a m o n g t h e i n d u s t r y d i v i s i o n s. L i f e, h o s p i t a l i z a t i o n, a n d s u r g i c a l i n s u r a n c e p l a n s w e r e a v a i l a b l e t o m o r e t h a n 9 o u t o f 1 0 p l a n t w o r k e r s a n d o f f i c e w o r k e r s i n H o s p i t a l i z a t i o n i n s u r a n c e w a s t h e m o s t c o m m o n b e n e f i t f o r p l a n t - w o r k e r s a n d l i f e i n s u r a n c e, t h e m o s t p r e v a l e n t f o r o f f i c e w o r k e r s. A m o n g t h e i n d u s t r y d i v i s i o n s, t h e p r o p o r t i o n s o f p l a n t w o r k e r s a n d o f f i c e w o r k e r s c o v e r e d b y i n s u r a n c e p l a n s w e r e h i g h e s t i n p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s a n d n e x t h i g h e s t in m a n u f a c t u r i n g. In , h o w e v e r, i n s u r a n c e c o v e r a g e w a s m o r e p r e d o m i n a n t i n m a n u f a c t u r i n g t h a n in t h e o t h e r i n d u s t r y d i v i s i o n s ; a n d p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s r a n k e d a m o n g t h e l o w e s t in c o v e r a g e f o r m o s t i n s u r a n c e c a t e g o r i e s. R e g i o n a l l y, t h e N o r t h C e n t r a l h a d t h e h i g h e s t p e r c e n t a g e o f p l a n t w o r k e r s a n d t h e N o r t h e a s t t h e h i g h e s t p e r c e n t a g e o f o f f i c e w o r k e r s w h o h a d p r o v i s i o n s f o r a t l e a s t 4 w e e k s o f p a i d v a c a t i o n a f t e r 2 0 o r m o r e y e a r s o f s e r v i c e. i n c e , c o v e r a g e f o r 2 5 y e a r s o f s e r v i c e h a s i n c r e a s e d f r o m 2 9 t o 6 6 p e r c e n t f o r p l a n t w o r k e r s i n t h e N o r t h C e n t r a l R e g i o n, a n d f r o m 4 6 t o 8 0 p e r c e n t f o r o f f i c e w o r k e r s in t h e N o r t h e a s t. In t h e o u t h a n d W e s t, t h e c o v e r a g e o f e m p l o y e e s p r o v i d e d 4 w e e k s ' o r m o r e v a c a t i o n s h o w e d s i m i l a r g r o w t h. In , e s t a b l i s h m e n t s h a v i n g p r o v i s i o n s f o r a t l e a s t 5 w e e k s o f v a c a t i o n p a y, u s u a l l y a p p l y i n g a f t e r 2 5 y e a r s o f s e r v i c e, e m p l o y e d o v e r o n e - e i g h t h o f t h e p l a n t w o r k e r s a n d o f f i c e w o r k e r s. u c h p l a n s w e r e v i r t u a l l y n o n e x i s t e n t in H e a l t h, i n s u r a n c e, a n d p e n s i o n p la in s A m o n g t h e p l a n s s t u d i e d, m a j o r m e d i c a l i n s u r a n c e h a s s h o w n t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t i n c r e a s e in c o v e r a g e s i n c e T h i s t y p e o f p l a n i s d e s i g n e d t o i n s u r e w o r k e r s b e y o n d n o r m a l c o v e r a g e o f t h e b a s i c h o s p i t a l i z a t i o n, s u r g i c a l, a n d m e d i c a l p l a n s a g a i n s t t h e e x p e n s e r e s u l t i n g f r o m p r o l o n g e d i l l n e s s o r i n j u r y. In , m a j o r m e d i c a l i n s u r a n c e c o v e r e d o n l y 2 0 p e r c e n t o f t h e p l a n t w o r k e r s a n d 4 2 p e r c e n t o f t h e o f f i c e w o r k e r s, a n d w a s t h e o n l y i n s u r a n c e p l a n s t u d i e d i n w h i c h l e s s t h a n h a l f o f t h e w o r k e r s h a d b e e n b r o u g h t u n d e r c o v e r a g e. H o w e v e r, b y t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f p l a n t w o r k e r s c o v e r e d b y m a j o r m e d i c a l i n s u r a n c e i n c r e a s e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y t o 5 9 p e r c e n t, a n d t h e o f f i c e w o r k e r s e s t i m a t e r o s e t o 8 4 p e r c e n t. E a c h o f t h e i n d u s t r y d i v i s i o n s a n d r e g i o n s r e c o r d e d l a r g e i n c r e a s e s in c o v e r a g e. P u b l i c u t i l i t i e s, h a v i n g t h e h i g h e s t p e r c e n t a g e o f w o r k e r s c o v e r e d b y m a j o r m e d i c a l i n s u r a n c e in , e x t e n d e d i t s c o v e r a g e o f p l a n t w o r k e r s f r o m 3 6 t o 8 8 p e r c e n t, a n d o f o f f i c e w o r k e r s f r o m 4 2 ^ t o 9 5 p e r c e n t. R e g i o n a l l y, m a j o r m e d i c a l i n s u r a n c e f o r b o t h p l a n t w o r k e r s a n d o f f i c e w o r k e r s w a s m o s t p r e v a l e n t in t h e W e s t, w h e r e p l a n t w o r k e r c o v e r a g e r o s e f r o m 3 3 t o 8 2 p e r c e n t in t h e y e a r p e r i o d s i n c e I 9 6 0, a n d o f f i c e w o r k e r c o v e r a g e a d v a n c e d f r o m 51 t o 9 5 p e r c e n t. V i r t u a l l y a l l o f t h e n o n s u p e r v i s o r y w o r k e r s i n m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s w e r e c o v e r e d b y s o m e f o r m o f h e a l t h, i n s u r a n c e, o r p e n s i o n p l a n. L i t t l e c h a n g e h a s o c c u r r e d s i n c e in t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f w o r k e r s c o v e r e d b y a t l e a s t o n e p l a n. H o w e v e r, t h e t r e n d d u r i n g t h e s u b s e q u e n t y e a r s h a s b e e n t o w a r d c o v e r a g e o f w o r k e r s b y m o r e p l a n s. T h i s s t u d y o f h e a l t h, i n s u r a n c e, a n d p e n s i o n p l a n s r e l a t e s o n l y t o t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f t h e p l a n s, a n d n o a t t e m p t w a s m a d e t o e v a l u a t e e i t h e r t h e i r m o n e t a r y c o s t o r t h e s p e c i f i c b e n e f i t s p r o v i d e d b y a n y p l a n. A l l p l a n s, e x c e p t t h o s e l e g a l l y r e q u i r e d, w e r e i n c l u d e d w h e n e v e r t h e e m p l o y e r p a i d a t l e a s t a p a r t o f t h e c o s t. I n c l u d e d w e r e p l a n s u n d e r w r i t t e n b y a c o m m e r c i a l i n s u r a n c e c o m p a n y, t h o s e p r o v i d e d t h r o u g h a u n io n f u n d, a n d t h o s e p a i d d i r e c t l y b y t h e e m p l o y e r o u t o f c u r r e n t o p e r a t i n g f u n d s o r f r o m a f u n d e a r m a r k e d f o r t h i s p u r p o s e. M e d i c a l i n s u r a n c e c o v e r a g e, w h i c h p r o v i d e s c o m p l e t e o r p a r t i a l p a y m e n t o f d o c t o r s ' f e e s, a l s o i n c r e a s e d s u b s t a n t i a l l y. In , 5 9 p e r c e n t o f a l l p l a n t w o r k e r s a n d 61 p e r c e n t o f a l l o f f i c e - w o r k e r s w i t h i n s c o p e * o f t h e s u r v e y h a d m e d i c a l i n s u r a n c e c o v e r a g e ; t h e p e r c e n t a g e s i n w e r e 8 4 a n d 8 9, r e s p e c t i v e l y. P u b l i c u t i l i t i e s h a d t h e h i g h e s t i n c i d e n c e o f m e d i c a l i n s u r a n c e a m o n g t h e i n d u s t r y d i v i s i o n s, a n d t h e W e s t h e l d t h e s a m e p o s i t i o n a m o n g t h e r e g i o n s ; e a c h h a d m o r e t h a n 9 o u t o f 10 w o r k e r s c o v e r e d in O v e r f o u r - f i f t h s o f t h e p l a n t w o r k e r s a n d o f f i c e w o r k e r s w e r e c o v e r e d b y a t l e a s t o n e p l a n p r o v i d i n g f o r c a s h p a y m e n t s f o r a b s e n c e f r o m w o r k b e c a u s e o f s i c k n e s s o r a c c i d e n t. O f t h e t w o m a j o r m e t h o d s o f s a l a r y c o n t i n u a t i o n d u r i n g d i s a b i l i t y, s i c k n e s s a n d a c c i d e n t i n s u r a n c e w a s m o s t p r e v a l e n t a m o n g p l a n t w o r k e r s, w h i l e p a i d s i c k l e a v e p l a n s w e r e m o s t c o m m o n f o r o f f i c e w o r k e r s. A b o u t 1 o u t o f 3 o f f i c e - w o r k e r s a n d 1 o u t o f 7 p l a n t w o r k e r s w e r e c o v e r e d b y b o t h s i c k n e s s

92 86 a n d a c c i d e n t i n s u r a n c e a n d p a i d s i c k l e a v e. In s u c h c a s e s, t h e s i c k l e a v e f r e q u e n t l y c o v e r e d a w a i t i n g p e r i o d ( t y p i c a l l y t h e f i r s t w e e k o f d i s a b i l i t y ) b e f o r e i n s u r a n c e b e n e f i t s b e c a m e a v a i l a b l e. P r i v a t e r e t i r e m e n t p e n s i o n p l a n s, d e s i g n e d t o p r o v i d e p a y m e n t s f o r t h e r e m a i n d e r o f t h e w o r k e r * s l i f e, w e r e a v a i l a b l e t o 7 7 p e r c e n t o f t h e p l a n t w o r k e r s a n d 8 4 p e r c e n t o f t h e o f f i c e w o r k e r s. In , t h e r e s p e c t i v e p e r c e n t a g e s w e r e 6 6 a n d 7 6. A m o n g t h e i n d u s t r y d i v i s i o n s i n , c o v e r a g e o f p l a n t w o r k e r s r a n g e d f r o m 8 3 p e r c e n t i n m a n u f a c t u r i n g t o 4 5 p e r c e n t in s e r v i c e s. F o r o f f i c e w o r k e r s, t h e h i g h e s t c o v e r a g e o r 9 1 p e r c e n t w a s in f i n a n c e a n d th e l o w e s t o r 6 6 p e r c e n t in s e r v i c e s. T h e o u t h h a d th e l o w e s t i n c i d e n c e o f r e t i r e m e n t p e n s i o n c o v e r a g e f o r b o t h p l a n t w o r k e r s a n d o f f i c e w o r k e r s. A l t h o u g h t h e B u r e a u d i d n o t a t t e m p t t o d e t e r m i n e t h e m o n e t a r y c o s t o f t h e p l a n s s t u d i e d, i n f o r m a t i o n w a s c o l l e c t e d a s t o w h e t h e r t h e p l a n s p r o v i d e d w e r e f i n a n c e d b y t h e e m p l o y e r o n l y o r j o i n t l y f i n a n c e d b y e m p l o y e r a n d e m p l o y e e. u r v e y r e s u l t s s h o w e d t h a t a l a r g e n u m b e r o f t h e p l a n t w o r k e r s a n d o f f i c e w o r k e r s c o v e r e d b y h e a l t h, i n s u r a n c e, a n d p e n s i o n p l a n s w e r e e m p l o y e d in e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w h i c h f i n a n c e d t h e e n t i r e c o s t s. G e n e r a l l y, a g r e a t e r p e r c e n t a g e o f o f f i c e - w o r k e r s h a d c o v e r a g e, b u t t h e y w e r e m u c h m o r e l i k e l y t o s h a r e t h e c o s t s w it h t h e i r e m p l o y e r. ( e e t a b l e B - 5. ) Text table 10. Percents of plantworkers and officeworkers in establishments having formal health, insurance, and pension plans, 1960 and 1970 Type of plan Plantworkers Officeworkers Insurance plans: Life Accidental death and dismemberment Hospitalization urgical Medical Major m edical ickness and accident insurance and/or sick leav e ickness and accident insurance ick leave: Full pay and no waiting period Partial pay or waiting period Retirement pension plans No health, insurance, or pension plans

93 B. Establishm ent practices and supplem entary w age provisions 8 7 T a b le B -1. h ift d iffe re n tia ls m anufacturing (hift differentials for plantworkers by type of differential in all m etropolitan areas by re g io n, ) Percent of manufacturing plantworkers hift differential In establishments having provisions for late shift operation 3 Actually working on late shift A ll areas Northeast outh North Central West A ll areas Northeast outh North Central West A ll shift operations econd shift With shift pay differential Uniform cents (per hour) Under 5 cen ts (5 ) ce n ts Vz ce n ts (5 ).1 (5 ) cents cents cents cents cents (5 ).2 (5 ) Over 16 ce n ts Average cen ts-p er-h ou r d ifferen tia l Uniform percentage p ercen t p ercen t Vz p ercen t (5 ) (5 ) (5 ) (5 ).1-8 p ercen t percent Average percentage differen tial Other With no shift pay differen tial Third shift With shift pay d ifferential U niform cents (per h ou r) (5) C ) 6 cen ts (5) (5) 7*/z cen ts (5) (5 ) (5 ) ( ) 8 cen ts n.2.1 ( ) i.4 (5) (5 ) 10 cents cents (5) (5 ).1 (5) 12 cents IZVz cents.1 (5 ) (5) cents cents cents cents (5 ) cents Over 20 cen ts ee footnotes at end of table.

94 88 T a b le B-1. h ift d iffe re n tia ls m anufactu rin g C ontinued (hift differentials for plantworkers by type of differential in all metropolitan areas by region, ) Percent of manufacturing plantworkers hift differential In establishments having provisions for late shift operation 3 Actually working on late shift All areas Northeast outh North Central West All areas Northeast outh North Central West Third shift Continued With shift pay differential Continued Average cents-per-hour differential Uniform percentage percent (!> (*) (5 ) 7 percent (?).1 0 (5 ) 7Vz percent (5 ) (5 ) (5 ).1 10 percent percent (5 ).1.1 Average percentage differential Other With no shift pay differential (5 ).5.1 (5 ) 1 F o r definition of regions, see footnote 3 to the table in appendix A. 2 Inform ation on establishm ent p ra ctices is obtained biennially on a rotating cycle in m ost areas. Data for about half of the w orkers relate to late 1969 and early 1970; for the rem ainder, to late 1968 and early Includes establishments currently operating late shifts, and establishments with form al provisions covering late shifts, even though they were not currently operating late shifts. 4 Includes differentials in addition to those presented separately. 5 L ess than 0.05 percent. 6 Includes pay at regular rate for m ore hours than worked; a paid lunch p eriod not given to first-sh ift w ork ers; a flat sum per shift; and other p rovision s. Most "other, " how ever, w ere in establishm ents which provided 1 such provision in com bination with a cents o r percentage differential fo r hours actually w orked.

95 8 9 T a b le B -2. c h e d u le d w e e k ly hours (Percent distribution of plantworkers and officew orkers by scheduled weekly hours 1 of first-sh ift w orkers in all m etropolitan areas by industry division and region, ) W eekly hours A ll in d u strie s M an u factu rin g P u b lic utilities 4 In du stry d iv is io n R e gion 2 W h o le sa le Finance 5 e r v ic e s Northeast outh tra d e C en tral W est Plantw orkers A l l w e e k ly w ork s c h e d u le s U n d er 40 h o u rs U n d er 35 h o u r s (7 ) (7 ) (7 ) (7 ) (7 ) 3 3 (7 ) O v e r 40 h o u r s (7 ) h o u rs h o u rs (7 ) 48 h o u rs O v e r 48 h o u r s (7 ) A v e r a g e sc h e d u le d w e e k ly h o u r s O ffic e w o r k e r s A l l w e e k ly w ork s c h e d u le s U n d er 40 h o u rs h ou rs V4 h o u rs /4 h o u r s (7) h o u rs O v e r 40 h o u r s (7) 2 2 (7) 3 (7) 2 1 (7) A v e r a g e sc h e d u le d w e e k ly h o u r s cheduled hours are the weekly hours which a majority of the full-time workers were expected to work, whether they were paid for at straight-time or overtime rates. 2 F or definition of regions, see footnote 3 to the table in appendix A. 3 ee footnote 2, table B - l. 4 Transportation, communication, and other public utilities. 5 Finance, insurance, and real estate. Data are not shown separately for plantworkers in this industry group. Plantworkers in real estate, however, are included in "a ll" and regional data. 6 Includes weekly schedules other than those presented separately. 7 L ess than 0. 5 percent.

96 9 0 T a b le B -3. P aid holidays (Percent distribution of plantworkers and officeworkers by number of paid holidays provided annually in all metropolitai areas, by industry division and region, l) Item All industries Manufacturing Public utilities 3 Industry division Region 1 Wholesale Retail Finance 4 ervices Northeast outh Plantworkers North Central West All workers Workers in establishments providing paid holidays Average number of holidays provided Workers in establishments providing no paid holidays Number of days 1 half day or more (5) (?) - - (5) (5) - (5) day (5) 3 1 (5) 2 (?) (5) 1 day plus 1 half day or m ore (5) ( ) (5) () (?) 1 (5) (5) (5) 2 1 (5) 2 (5) 1 2 days plus 2 half days or m ore (5) (5) (5) 3 days (?) 2 2 (?) 2 (?) 2 4 days (5) (?) 1 3 (5) 4 (5) (5) 4 days plus 1 half day or more (5) - (5) (5) - (5) (?) 1 5 days plus 1 half day or more (5) (5) (5) 1 (5) (5) (5) 1 (5) days plus 1 half day (?) (?) 6days plus 2 half days (?) (?) 2 6days plus 3 half days or m ore (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) days plus 1 half day (?) 1 (?) days plus 2 half days (5) 1 1 (?) days plus 3 half days or m ore (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) days plus 1 half day (5) (5) 2 (5) 1 (5) 8days plus 2 half days ( 5) days plus 3 half days or m ore (5) (5) (5) (5) days plus 1 half day or more (5) days plus 1 half day or m ore (5) 1 (5) (5) 2 (5) (5) 11 days (5) 11 days plus 1 half day or m ore (5) (5) 1 1 (?) (?) 1 (?) 12 days (?) (?) ( = ) Over 12 days (5) (5) 1 1 (5) (5) 1 (5) (5) Total holiday time 6 13 days or more (?) (?) 1 1 (?) (?) 1 (?) (?) - 12 days or more (5) (5) (?) (?) 12 days or more (?) (5) 3 (?) (?) (?) IIV2 days or more (5) 1 4 (5) (5) (5) 11 days or more Vz days or more days or more V* days or m ore days or m ore V2days or m ore days or m ore V2days or m ore days or m ore V2days or m ore days or m ore Vz days or m ore days or m ore V2days or m ore days or m ore ee footnotes at end of table.

97 91 T a b le B -3. P aid holidays C ontinued (Percent distribution of plantworkers and officeworkers by number of paid holidays provided annually in all metropolitan areas, by industry division and region, ) Item All Industrie s Ma nufa c tur in g Public utilities 3 Industry division Region 1 Wholesale Retail Finance4 ervices Northeast outh Officeworker s Central West All w orkers Workers in establishments providing paid holidays Average number of holidays provided Workers in establishments providing no paid holidays (5) (5) 0 (5) 1 (5) 3 (5) 1 (5) 1 Number of days (5) (5) (5) (5) (! } 1 (!) (!) (5) 13 (5) 0 5 days plus 1 half day or more (5) (5) (5) 1 (5) (5) (5> days plus 1 half day days plus 2 half days 1 1 (!) (!) (?) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (*) 1 (5) 0 0 (5) days pins 1 half day 1 1 (?) days plus 2 half days (!) 7 days plus 3 half days or m ore (!) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) 0 (s) () (8) days pins 1 half day days pins?. half days (?) (5) days pins 3 half days nr mnre (5) (5) (5) (5) O days plus 1 half day days plus 2 half days (5) days plus 3 half days or m ore (5) (5) (5) (5) - 0 (5) 1 (5) 10 days days plus 1 half day (?) !!! (!) 10 days plus 2 half days or more (5) (5) 1 1 (s) () days plus 1 half day o (5) (5) (5) days plus 2 half days or more (5) 1 1 (?) (5) 12 days 3 i 2 1 (5) i 1?. r^ay-q plnp 1 Via 1f rlfl y ot (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) 13 days or more (5) (5) 1 (5) 2 2 (5) - Total holiday time 6 13 days or more (5) (!) i!i 17 y*. Hayc rvr -mrita 2 (5) (s) (5) 12 days or more i i 11 Vz days or more i i 11 days or more i Vz days or more i days or more lh days or m ore days or m ore Vz days or m ore days or m ore Vz days or m ore days or m ore Yz days or more days or more Vz days or m ore days or m ore For definition of regions, see footnote 3 to the table in appendix A. 1 ee footnote 2, table B - l. 3 Transportation, communication, and other public utilities. 4 ee footnote 5, table B L ess than 0.5 percent. 6 All combinations of full and half days that add to the same amount are combined; for exam ple, the proportion of workers receiving a total of 9 days include those with 9 full days and no half days, 8 full days and 2 half days, 7 full days and 4 half days, and so on. Proportions then were cumulated.

98 92 Table B-4. Paid vacations (Percent distribution of plantworkers and officeworkers by vacation pay provisions in all metropolitan areas, by industry division and region, '70 3) Vacation policy All industries Manufacturing utilities 4 Industry division Region 2 Wholesale Retail Finance 5 ervices Northeast outh Plantwo rke r s North Central West All workers Workers in establishments providing paid vacations Length-of-time payment Percentage payment Other 1 1 (6) (6) (6) (6) Workers in establishments providing no paid vacations - 1 (6) (6) (6) (6) Amount of vacation pav 7 After 6 months of service Under 1 week Over 1 and under 2 weeks weeks (6) (6) 2 (6) (6) (6) Over 2 weeks (6) (6) (6) - I (6) (6) (6) (*) After 1 year of service Under 1 week (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) 1 (6) 1 (6) Over 1 and under 2 weeks Over 2 weeks (6) After 2 years of service Under 1 week (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) Over 1 and under 2 weeks Over 2 weeks After 3 years of service Under 1 week (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) Over 1 and under 2 weeks Over 2 and under 3 weeks weeks Over 3 weeks I (6) (6) 1 1 (6) 1 1 After 4 years of service Under 1 week (6) (6) - - (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) Over 1 and under 2 weeks weeks Over 2 and under 3 weeks weeks Over 3 weeks (6) (6) 1 I After 5 years of service Under 1 week (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) _ (6) 3 2 (6) Over 1 and under 2 weeks (6) (6) weeks Over 2 and under 3 weeks Over 3 weeks ee footnotes at end of table.

99 93 Table B-4. Paid vacations1 Continued (Percent distribution of plantworkers and office-workers by vacation pay provisions in all metropolitan areas, by industry division and region, ) Vacation policy All industries Manufacturing Public utilities 4 Industry division Region 2 Wholesale j'rade Finance5 ervices Northeast outh Plantworkers Continued North Central West Amount of vacation pay 7 Continued After 10 years of service Under 1 week (6 ) (6 ) (6) (6 ) (6 ) (6 ) (6) 2 2 (6 ) Over 1 and under 2 weeks (6 ) 1 (6 ) (6 ) (6 ) 1 1 (6) (6) 1 2 weeks Over 2 and under 3 weeks Over 3 weeks After 12 vears of service Under 1 week _ (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) 2 2 (6) O v e r 1 and u nder 2 w e e k s (6 ) (6 ) (6 ) (6 ) (6 ) 1 1 (6 ) (6 ) (6 ) 2 w e e k s O v e r 2 and under 3 w e e k s O v e r 3 and u nder 4 w e e k s O v e r 4 w e e k s (6 ) (6 ) (6 ) 1 1 (6 ) 1 1 A fter 15 vears of service U n der 2 w e e k s w eeks O v e r 2 and u nder 3 w eeks (6 ) 1 (6 ) O v e r 3 and u nder 4 w e e k s O v e r 4 w e e k (6 ) A fte r 20 v e a r s o f s e r v ic e U n d er 2 w eeks (6 ) w e e k s O v e r 2 and under 3 w e e k s (6 ) 1 (6 ) 1 1 (6 ) (6 ) O v e r 3 and u nder 4 w e e k s (6 ) (6 ) O v e r 4 w eeks and u nder 5 w e e k s w e e k s O v e r 5 w e e k s (6 ) (6 ) (6 ) - 1 (6 ) 1 1 A fte r 25 v e a r s o f s e r v ic e U n d er 2 w e e k s (6 ) w e e k s O v e r 2 and u nder 3 w eeks (6) 1 (6) 1 1 (6) (6) 1 3 w eeks O v e r 3 and u nder 4 w e e k s (6) O v e r 4 and u nder 5 w e e k s (6) w e e k s O v e r 5 w e e k s (6) (6) (6) 1 (6) 1 1 ee footnotes at end of table.

100 94 Table B-4. Paid vacations1 Continued (Percent distribution of plantworkers and officew orkers by vacation pay provisions in all m etropolitan a rea s, by industry division and region, ) V a c a tio n p o lic y A ll in d u str ie s M an u factu rin g u tilitie s 4 Industry division Region 2 W h o le s a le R e ta il Finance 5 ervices Northeast outh N o rth C e n tr a l W e s t Plantw orkers Continued Amount of vacation gay 7 Continued A fte r 30 y e a r s o f s e r v ic e U n d er 2 w e e k s. 3 2 (6 ) O v e r 2 and u nder 3 w eeks (6 ) 1 (6 ) 1 1 (6 ) O v e r 3 and u nder 4 w e e k s (6 ) O v e r 4 and under 5 w e e k s (6 ) (6 ) O v e r 5 w e e k s (6) (6) M a x im u m v a c a tio n a v a ila b le U n d er 2 w e e k s 3 2 (*) O v e r 2 and under 3 w e e k s (6) 1 (6) 1 1 (6) O v e r 3 and u n der 4 w e e k s (6) O v e r 4 and u nder 5 w e e k s (6) (6) O v e r 5 w e e k s (6 ) O ffic e w o r k e r s A11 w o r k e r M e th o d o f p aym e n t W o r k e r s in e s ta b lis h m e n ts p ro v id in g p a id v a c a tio n s L e n g t h -o f -t i m e p a y m e n t P e r c e n ta g e p a y m e n t (?) (?) (?) O t h e r (6 ) (6 ) (6 ) (6 ) (6 ) (6 ) (6 ) (6 ) W o r k e r s in e sta b lis h m e n ts p ro v id in g no p aid v a c a tio n s (6 ) (6 ) (6 ) (6 ) (6 ) - 2 (6 ) (6 ) (6 ) (6 ) Amount of vacation pav 7 A fter 6 months of service U n d er 1 w eek O v e r 1 and u nder 2 w e e k s (6 ) O v e r 2 w e e k s (6 ) (6 ) - - (6 ) 2 (6 ) (6 ) (6 ) 1 After 1 vear of service U n der 1 w ee k (6 ) (6 ) (6 ) _ (6 ) _ (6 ) (6 ) (6 ) (6 ) (6) O v e r 1 and u n der 2 w e e k s (6) (6 ) 2 (6 ) (6) (6 ) O v e r 2 w e e k s (6) 1 (6 ) A fte r 2 y e a r s o f s e r v ic e U n d er 1 w e e k (6 ) (6 ) (6 ) - _ - (6 ) (6 ) (6 ) (6 ) (6 ) (6 ) O v e r 1 and u n der 2 w e e k s (6 ) (6 ) (6 ) (6 ) 1 1 (6 ) O v e r 2 w eeks (6 ) ee footnotes at end of table,

101 9 6 T a b le B -4. P aid v a c a tio n s 1 C ontinued (Percent distribution of plantworkers and officeworkers by vacation pay provisions in all metropolitan areas, by industry division and region, ) All industries Manufacturing utilities 4 Industry division Region 2 Wholesale North trade Finance 5 ervices Northeast outh Officeworkers Continued West Amount of vacation pay7 Continued After 3 years of service Under 1 week (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) " 1 2 (6) 2 2 (6") Over 1 and under 2 weeks (6) 1 (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) 2 weeks Over 2 and under 3 weeks 4 7 (6) weeks Over 3 weeks (6) 1 (6) (6) 3 (6) After 4 years of service Under 1 week (6) (6) (6) (6) 1 week 1 2 (6) 2 2 (6) Over 1 and under 2 weeks (6) 1 (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) A (6) 2 weeks Over 2 and under 3 weeks 4 7 (6) Over 3 weeks (6) 1 1 (6) After 5 years of service Under 2 weeks 1 1 (6) 1 1 (6) 2 (6) 1 1 (6) 2 weeks Over 2 and under 3 weeks weeks Over 3 weeks (6) After 10 years of service Under 2 weeks (6) (6) (6) (6) 1 (6) 1 (6) 1 (6) (6) 2 weeks Over 2 and under 3 weeks (6) (6) Over 3 and under 4 weeks (6) weeks Over 4 weeks (6) (6) - (6) 3 (6) (6) 1 1 After 12 years of service Under 2 weeks (6) (6) (6) (6) 1 (6) 1 (6) 1 (6) 2 weeks (6) 8 Over 2 and under 3 weeks weeks Over 3 and under 4 weeks weeks Over 4 weeks 1 1 (6) 1 (6) (6) 3 (6) After 15 years of service Under 2 weeks (6) (6) (6) (6) 1 (6) 1 (6) 1 (6) (6) 2 weeks Over 2 and under 3 weeks (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) 1 3 weeks (6) 67 (6) 74 Over 3 and under 4 weeks weeks Over 4 weeks (6) (6) ee footnotes at end of table.

102 9 6 T a b le B -4. P a id v a c a tio n s 1 C ontinued (Percent distribution of plantworkers and officeworkers by vacation pay provisions in all metropolitan areas, by industry division and region, ) V a c a tio n p o lic y All industries M a n u fa ctu rin g u tilit ie s 3 W h o le s a le In d u stry d iv isio n R e g io n 2 tra d e F in a n c e 5 e r v ic e s N o r th e a st outh N o rth C e n tr a l W e s t O fficew orkers Continued A m o u n t o f v a c a tio n pay7 C on tin u ed A fter 20 years of service U n d er 2 w e e k s (6) (6) (6) (6) 1 (6) 1 (6) 1 (6) (6) O v e r 2 and u nder 3 w e e k s ( ) (6) (> (*> (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) 33 O ver 3 and under 4 w eeks (6) O v e r 4 and u n d er 5 w e e k s (6) (*) (!) 4 3 O v e r 5 w e e k s (6) 1 (6) (6) (6) (6) - (6) (6) (6) (6) A fter 25 years of service U n der 2 w e e k s (6) (6) (6) (6) 1 (6) 1 (6) 1 (6) (6) 2 w e e k s O v e r 2 and u nder 3 w e e k s (6) (6) ( ) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) ? (6) 18 (6) 22 O v e r 3 and u nder 4 w e e k s 1 1 (6) 1 1 (6) (6) 2 (6) O v e r 4 and u nder 5 w e e k s (6) O v e r 5 w e e k s ( ) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) 1 (6) A fter 30 years of service U n d er 2 w e e k s (6) (*) (6) (6) 1 (6) 1 (6) (6) 5 (6) 5 O v e r 2 and u n der 3 w e e k s (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) 18 (6) 21 O v e r 3 and u n der 4 w e e k s (6) 1 1 (6) (6) 2 (6) O v e r 4 and u n der 5 w e e k s (6 ) (6) O v e r 5 w e e k s (6) 2 (6) (6) (6) M a x im u m v a c a tio n a v a ila b le U n d er 2 w e e k s ( 6) ( ) ( 6) ( 6) 1 ( 6) 1 (6 ) 1 ( 6) (6) O v e r 2 and u n d er 3 w e e k s (6) < ) ( 6) ( 6) ( 6) ( 6) ( 6) (6) ( 6) ( 6) ( 6) O v e r 3 and u n d er 4 w e e k s (6) 1 1 (6) (6) 2 (6) O v e r 4 and u n d er 5 w e e k s (6) (6) O v e r 5 w e e k s (6) Includes basic plans only. Excludes plans such as vacation-savings and those plans which offer "extended" or "sabbatical" benefits beyond basic plans to workers having qualifying lengths of service. Typical of such exclusions are plans in the steel, aluminum, and can industries. 2 For definition of regions, see footnote 3 to the table in appendix A. 3 ee footnote 2, table B -l. 4 Transportation, communication, and other public utilities. 5 ee footnote 5, table B Less than 0.5 percent. 7 Includes payments other than "length of tim e," such as percentage of annual earnings or flat-sum payments, converted to an equivalent time basis; for example, a payment of 2 percent of annual earnings was considered as 1 week's pay. Periods of service were chosen arbitrarily and do not necessarily reflect the individual provisions for progression. For example, the changes in proportions indicated at 10 years' service include changes in provisions occurring between 5 and 10 years. Estimates are cumulative. Thus, the proportion eligible for 3 weeks' pay or more after 5 years includes hose eligible for 3 weeks' pay or more after fewer years of service.

103 9 7 T a b le B -5. H e a lth, insurance, and pension plans (P e r c e n t distribution of plantworkers and officeworkers employed in establishments having formal provisions,1 by type of plan and type of financing in a l l metropolitan areas, by industry division and region, ) In d u stry division and region 2 Accidental death and dismemberment Insurance plans Major medical ickness and accident insurance and/or sick leave ickness and accident insurance Retirement pension Life Hospitalization urgical Medical ick leave ick leave (full pay and (partial pay Total4 no waiting or waiting All contrib- All contrib- All contrib- All contrib- All contrib- All contrib- All contrib- period) period) All contrib- No health, insurance, or pension plan Plantworkers A ll in d u s tr ie s and regions In d u stry d iv is io n : M a n u fa c tu rin g T r a n s p o r t a t io n, c o m m u n ic a tio n, and o th e r p u b lic u t i l i t i e s W h o le s a le t r a d e R e ta il t ra d e e r v i c e s R e g io n : N o r th e a s t outh N o rth C e n t r a l W e s t Off i c e worke r s A l l in d u s tr ie s and r e g io n s In d u stry d iv is io n : M a n u fa c tu rin g (6) T r a n s p o r t a t io n, c o m m u n ic a tio n, and o th e r p u b lic u t i l i t i e s (6) W h o le s a le t r a d e R e ta il t r a d e f i n a n c e, in s u r a n c e, and real estate (6) e r v i c e s R e g io n : N o r th e a s t outh N o r th C e n t r a l W e s t " A l l p l a n s " in clu d e those plans for which at least part of the cost is borne by the employer. "Noncontributory plans" include only those plans financed entirely by the employer. Excluded are legally r e q u ir e d p la n s, su ch a s workmen's compensation, social security, railroad retirement, and compulsory temporary disability insurance required in New York and New Jersey. 2 For definition of region s, see footnote 3 to table in appendix A. 3 e e fo o tn o te 2, ta b le B U n d u p licate d to ta l of w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g s ic k leave or sickness and accident insurance shown separately. ick leave plans are limited to those which definitely establish at least the minimum number o f d a y s ' p a y th at c a n be e x p e c te d by e a ch employee. Informal sick leave allowances determined on an individual basis are excluded. 5 In c lu d e s d ata fo r r e a l e s ta te in addition to th o s e industry divisions shown separately. 6 L e s s th an 0.5 p e r c e n t.

104 Labor-M anagem ent A greem ent Coverage In i t s s t u d y o f l a b o r - m a n a g e m e n t a g r e e m e n t c o v e r a g e, t h e B u r e a u c o n s i d e r e d a l l p l a n t w o r k e r s o r o f f i c e w o r k e r s i n a n e s t a b l i s h m e n t t o b e c o v e r e d b y c o n t r a c t i f a m a j o r i t y o f p l a n t w o r k e r s o r o f f i c e - w o r k e r s i n t h a t e s t a b l i s h m e n t w e r e c o v e r e d b y a l a b o r - m a n a g e m e n t a g r e e m e n t. T h e s e d a t a p r o v i d e a s t a t i s t i c a l m e a s u r e o f u n io n a g r e e m e n t c o v e r a g e r a t h e r t h a n u n io n m e m b e r s h i p. A l s o, e s t i m a t e s e x c l u d e s m a l l e s t a b l i s h m e n t s i n t h e i n d u s t r i e s w it h in s c o p e o f t h e s u r v e y i n m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s. 19 O f t h e 1 8 m i l l i o n n o n s u p e r v i s o r y p l a n t w o r k e r s a n d o f f i c e - w o r k e r s w i t h i n s c o p e o f t h e s u r v e y, a b o u t 5 5 p e r c e n t w e r e i n e s t a b l i s h m e n t s h a v i n g a l a b o r - m a n a g e m e n t a g r e e m e n t f o r t h e i r p a r t i c u l a r g r o u p. A b o u t 15 p e r c e n t o f t h e o f f i c e w o r k e r s a n d 6 7 p e r c e n t o f t h e p l a n t w o r k e r s w e r e e m p l o y e d b y s u c h f i r m s. ( e e t e x t t a b l e 1 1.) Text table 11. Percents of plantworkers and officeworkers in establishments having union contracts which covered a majority of workers in the respective categories, Region A ll Manufacturing Nonmanufacturing Public utilities Plantworkers W hole- Retail trade Finance ervices All metropolitan areas Northeast outh Nbrth C entral W est Officeworkers All metropolitan areas Northeast outh t 1) 4 t1) 3 North C entral West Less than 0. 5 percent. i n c e , t h e p e r c e n t o f p l a n t w o r k e r s a n d o f f i c e w o r k e r s i n c o m p a n i e s h a v i n g u n io n a g r e e m e n t s ( a s d e f i n e d ) d e c l i n e d s l i g h t l y, b u t t h e n u m b e r o f w o r k e r s c o v e r e d b y s u c h a g r e e m e n t s i n c r e a s e d o v e r 1.6 m i l l i o n. 20 B e t w e e n a n d , t h e n u m b e r o f p l a n t w o r k e r s c o v e r e d b y u n io n a g r e e m e n t s i n c r e a s e d b y 2 0 p e r c e n t, w h e r e a s t h e n u m b e r o f p l a n t w o r k e r s w it h o u t u n io n c o n t r a c t c o v e r a g e i n c r e a s e d b y 6 0 p e r c e n t. In t h e s a m e p e r i o d, t h e n u m b e r o f o f f i c e w o r k e r s c o v e r e d b y c o n t r a c t s i n c r e a s e d b y 13 p e r c e n t, w h i l e t h e n u m b e r o f o f f i c e - w o r k e r s w it h o u t c o n t r a c t s i n c r e a s e d b y 3 5 p e r c e n t. T e x t t a b l e 11 p r e s e n t s e s t i m a t e s o f a g r e e m e n t c o v e r a g e f o r p l a n t w o r k e r s a n d o f f i c e - w o r k e r s, f o r a l l m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s c o m b i n e d, a n d b y i n d u s t r y d i v i s i o n a n d r e g i o n. T h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n, c o m m u n i c a t i o n, a n d o t h e r p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s d i v i s i o n w a s t h e m o s t e x t e n s i v e l y u n i o n i z e d. N i n e t y - t w o p e r c e n t o f t h e p l a n t w o r k e r s a n d 6 1 p e r c e n t o f t h e o f f i c e w o r k e r s w e r e i n e s t a b l i s h m e n t s in w h i c h a m a j o r i t y w e r e c o v e r e d b y o n e a g r e e m e n t o r m o r e. C o v e r a g e i n p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s w a s s o m u c h h i g h e r t h a n i n o t h e r n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s t h a t r e m o v i n g t h e u t i l i t i e s d a t a f r o m n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g t o t a l s w o u ld r e d u c e t h e e x t e n t o f u n i o n i z a t i o n f o r o f f i c e w o r k e r s f r o m 16 t o 5 p e r c e n t, a n d t h a t o f p l a n t w o r k e r s f r o m 5 3 t o 4 1 p e r c e n t. M a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s h a d t h e n e x t h i g h e s t i n c i d e n c e o f c o v e r a g e f o r p l a n t w o r k e r s ( 7 6 p e r c e n t ), w h i l e t h e r e t a i l t r a d e g r o u p h a d t h e l o w e s t ( 3 5 p e r c e n t ). H o w e v e r, r e t a i l t r a d e ' s o f f i c e w o r k e r s, h a v i n g p e r c e n t c o v e r a g e, e x c e e d e d a l l o t h e r n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r y d i v i s i o n s e x c e p t p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s i n u n io n c o n t r a c t c o v e r a g e. T h e s m a l l e s t p e r c e n t a g e o f u n i o n i z e d o f f i c e w o r k e r s w a s f o u n d i n f i n a n c e (2 p e r c e n t ). In a l l g e o g r a p h i c a l r e g i o n s e x c e p t t h e o u t h, a t l e a s t t w o - t h i r d s o f t h e p l a n t w o r k e r s w e r e in e s t a b l i s h m e n t s o p e r a t i n g u n d e r t h e t e r m s o f c o l l e c t i v e b a r g a i n i n g a g r e e m e n t s. N e a r l y h a l f o f t h e p l a n t - w o r k e r s i n t h e s o u t h e r n r e g i o n w e r e c o v e r e d. A m o n g o f f i c e w o r k e r s, t h o s e i n t h e w e s t e r n r e g i o n h a d t h e h i g h e s t p r o p o r t i o n u n d e r u n io n c o v e r a g e 17 p e r c e n t, a n d t h o s e i n t h e o u t h t h e l o w e s t 13 p e r c e n t. A m o r e d e t a i l e d a n a l y s i s o f l a b o r - m a n a g e m e n t a g r e e m e n t c o v e r a g e w a s i n c l u d e d i n W a g e s a n d R e l a t e d B e n e f i t s : M e t r o p o l i t a n A r e a s, U n i t e d t a t e s a n d R e g i o n a l u m m a r i e s, ( B JL B u l l e t i n , ). A g r e e m e n t c o v e r a g e b y s i z e o f e s t a b l i s h m e n t a n d c o m m u n i t y w e r e i n c l u d e d i n t h e e x a m i n a t i o n. 19 Establishments having 50 workers or more were included in these studies, except in 12 of 20 The increase in the number of workers reflects the addition of 41 tandard Metropolitan tatistical the largest areas in which the minimum was 100 in manufacturing, public utilities, and retail trade, and 50 in the other industry divisions. Areas and the geographical expansion of existing MA's in addition to employment increases in MA's as defined for the 1961 survey. 96

105 Appendix A. cope and Method of urvey D a t a in t h i s b u l l e t i n r e l a t e t o t h e t a n d a r d M e t r o p o l i t a n t a t i s t i c a l A r e a s o f t h e U n i t e d t a t e s, e x c l u d i n g A l a s k a a n d H a w a i i, a s e s t a b l i s h e d b y t h e O f f i c e o f M a n a g e m e n t a n d B u d g e t ( f o r m e r l y t h e B u r e a u o f t h e B u d g e t ) t h r o u g h J a n u a r y D a t a w e r e c o l l e c t e d in 8 9 m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s a n d in o n e n o n m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a. H o w e v e r, o n ly 8 5 o f t h e a r e a s w e r e u s e d a s a s a m p l e d e s i g n e d t o r e p r e s e n t a l l a r e a s. O c c u p a t i o n a l p a y d a t a a r e c o l l e c t e d a n n u a l l y in e a c h o f t h e a r e a s, a n d e s t a b l i s h m e n t p r a c t i c e s a n d s u p p l e m e n t a r y w a g e p r o v i s i o n s a r e c o l l e c t e d b i e n n i a l l y. T a b l e s 6, 7, a n d B - l t h r o u g h B - 5 i n c l u d e d a t a f r o m t h e p r e v i o u s y e a r in t h e a r e a s in w h i c h t h e s u p p l e m e n t a r y d a t a w e r e n o t c o l l e c t e d b e t w e e n J u l y a n d J u n e C u r r e n t i n f o r m a t i o n w a s a v a i l a b l e f o r a b o u t h a l f o f t h e e m p l o y m e n t w it h in s c o p e o f t h e s u r v e y. I n d u s t r y a n d e s t a b l i s h m e n t c o v e r a g e A r e a s u r v e y d a t a w e r e o b t a i n e d f r o m r e p r e s e n t a t i v e e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w it h in s i x b r o a d i n d u s t r y d i v i s i o n s : ( 1 ) M a n u f a c t u r i n g ; (2 ) t r a n s p o r t a t i o n, c o m m u n i c a t i o n, a n d o t h e r p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s ; ( 3 ) w h o l e s a l e t r a d e ; ( 4 ) r e t a i l t r a d e ; ( 5 ) f i n a n c e, i n s u r a n c e, a n d r e a l e s t a t e ; a n d (6 ) s e l e c t e d s e r v i c e s. E x c l u d e d f r o m t h e s c o p e o f t h e s t u d i e s w e r e t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d e x t r a c t i v e i n d u s t r i e s a n d g o v e r n m e n t i n s t i t u t i o n s. T h e l a t t e r e x c l u s i o n h a s a s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t o n t h e p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s i n d u s t r y d i v i s i o n. M u n i c i p a l l y o p e r a t e d u t i l i t i e s w e r e e x c l u d e d, b u t p r i v a t e l y o p e r a t e d u t i l i t i e s w e r e i n c l u d e d. W ith in e a c h o f t h e s i x m a j o r i n d u s t r y g r o u p i n g s t h e s c o p e o f t h e s t u d i e s w a s l i m i t e d f u r t h e r t o e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w h i c h e m p l o y e d 5 0 w o r k e r s o r m o r e. In 12 o f t h e l a r g e s t a r e a s, t h e m i n i m u m s i z e w a s e m p l o y e e s in m a n u f a c t u r i n g, p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s, a n d r e t a i l t r a d e. T h e s e a r e a s a r e B a l t i m o r e, B o s t o n, C h i c a g o, C l e v e l a n d, D e t r o i t, L o s A n g e l e s L o n g B e a c h a n d A n a h e i m a n t a A n a G a r d e n G r o v e, N e w a r k a n d J e r s e y C i t y, N e w Y o r k, P h i l a d e l p h i a, P i t t s b u r g h, t. L o u i s, a n d a n F r a n c i s c o O a k l a n d. m a l l e r e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w e r e o m i t t e d b e c a u s e e m p l o y m e n t in t h e o c c u p a t i o n s s t u d i e d t e n d e d t o b e i n s u f f i c i e n t t o w a r r a n t i n c l u s i o n. a m p l i n g a n d e s t i m a t i n g p r o c e d u r e s T h e s a m p l i n g p l a n c a n b e d e s c r i b e d a s a t w o - stage d e s i g n c o n s i s t i n g o f a n a r e a s a m p l e a n d a n e s t a b l i s h m e n t s a m p l e. T h e a r e a s a m p l e i s d e s i g n e d t o p e r m i t p r e s e n t a t i o n o f d a t a f o r a l l m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s c o m b i n e d, a n d t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t s a m p l e i s d e s i g n e d t o p r e s e n t d a t a f o r e a c h p a r t i c u l a r a r e a. A s w a s i n d i c a t e d e a r l i e r, t h i s b u l l e t i n i s p r i m a r i l y c o n c e r n e d w it h t h e d a t a f o r a l l m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s c o m b i n e d. T h e a r e k s a m p l e o f 8 5 a r e a s w a s b a s e d o n t h e s e l e c t i o n o f 1 f r o m a s t r a t u m o f s i m i l a r a r e a s. T h e c r i t e r i a o f s t r a t i f i c a t i o n w e r e s i z e o f a r e a, r e g i o n, a n d t y p e o f i n d u s t r i a l a c t i v i t y. I n s o f a r a s p o s s i b l e, p r o b a b i l i t y s a m p l i n g w a s u s e d a n d e a c h a r e a h a d a c h a n c e o f s e l e c t i o n r o u g h l y p r o p o r t i o n a t e t o i t s t o t a l n o n a g r i c u l t u r a l e m p l o y m e n t. T h i r t y - s e v e n o f t h e a r e a s w e r e c e r t a i n o f i n c l u s i o n in t h e s a m p l e, e i t h e r b e c a u s e o f s i z e, a s m e a s u r e d b y t h e I C e n s u s o f P o p u l a t i o n, o r b e c a u s e o f t h e u n u s u a l n a t u r e o f t h e i r i n d u s t r y c o m p o s i t i o n. E a c h o f t h e s e 3 7 a r e a s r e p r e s e n t e d o n ly i t s e l f, b u t e a c h o f t h e 4 8 o t h e r a r e a s r e p r e s e n t e d i t s e l f a n d o n e o r m o r e s i m i l a r a r e a s ; d a t a f r o m e a c h a r e a w e r e w e i g h t e d b y t h e r a t i o o f t o t a l n o n - a g r i c u l t u r a l e m p l o y m e n t in t h e s t r a t u m t o t h a t in t h e s a m p l e a r e a w h e n p r e p a r i n g e s t i m a t e s f o r a l l a r e a s c o m b i n e d. T h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t s a m p l e i s s t r a t i f i e d a s p r e c i s e l y a s a v a i l a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n p e r m i t s. E a c h i n d u s t r y u n i t f o r w h i c h a s e p a r a t e a n a l y s i s i s t o b e p r e s e n t e d i s s a m p l e d i n d e p e n d e n t l y. W it h in t h e s e b r o a d g r o u p i n g s a f i n e r s t r a t i f i c a t i o n b y b u s i n e s s a c t i v i t y a n d s i z e o f e s t a b l i s h m e n t i s m a d e. T o o b t a i n o p t i m u m a c c u r a c y a t m i n i m u m c o s t, a g r e a t e r p r o p o r t i o n o f l a r g e t h a n o f s m a l l e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w a s s t u d i e d ; h o w e v e r, a l l e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w e r e g i v e n t h e i r a p p r o p r i a t e w e i g h t. T h e r e f o r e, e s t i m a t e s a s p r e s e n t e d, r e l a t e t o a l l e s t a b l i s h m e n t s in t h e i n d u s t r y g r o u p i n g a n d a r e a, b u t n o t t o t h o s e b e l o w t h e m i n i m u m s i z e s t u d i e d. A b o u t 1 3, e s t a b l i s h m e n t s e m p l o y i n g a b o u t m i l l i o n w o r k e r s w e r e i n c l u d e d in t h e B u r e a u ' s s a m p l e f r o m a n e s t i m a t e d u n i v e r s e o f 8 1, e s t a b l i s h m e n t s e m p l o y i n g a b o u t m i l l i o n w o r k e r s w it h in s c o p e o f t h e s t u d i e s in a l l m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s. T h e e s t i m a t e s r e l a t e t o a l l e s t a b l i s h m e n t s a n d w o r k e r s w it h in s c o p e o f t h e s t u d i e s in a l l m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s. t o t a l s. B e c a u s e o f r o u n d i n g, O c c u p a t i o n a l e a r n i n g s s u m s o f i n d i v i d u a l i t e m s m a y n o t e q u a l W o r k e r s w e r e c l a s s i f i e d b y o c c u p a t i o n o n t h e b a s i s o f u n i f o r m j o b d e s c r i p t i o n s d e s i g n e d t o t a k e a c c o u n t o f m i n o r i n t e r e s t a b l i s h m e n t v a r i a t i o n in d u t i e s w it h in t h e s a m e j o b ; t h e s e j o b d e s c r i p t i o n s a r e l i s t e d in a p p e n d i x B. A v e r a g e e a r n i n g s a r e p r e s e n t e d in t h e A t a b l e s, b e g i n n i n g o n p a g e 4. D a t a a r e s h o w n f o r f u l l - t i m e w o r k e r s, i. e., t h o s e h i r e d t o w o r k a f u l l - t i m e s c h e d u l e in t h e g i v e n o c c u p a t i o n a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n. E a r n i n g s d a t a e x c l u d e p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e a n d f o r w o r k o n w e e k e n d s, h o l i d a y s, a n d l a t e s h i f t s. N o n p r o d u c t i o n b o n u s e s a r e e x c l u d e d, b u t c o s t - o f - l i v i n g a l l o w a n c e s a n d i n c e n t i v e e a r n i n g s a r e 99

106 100 i n c l u d e d. W e e k ly h o u r s r e f e r t o t h e s t a n d a r d w o r k w e e k ( r o u n d e d t o t h e n e a r e s t h a l f h o u r ) f o r w h i c h e m p l o y e e s r e c e i v e t h e i r r e g u l a r s t r a i g h t - t i m e s a l a r i e s ( e x c l u s i v e o f p a y f o r o v e r t i m e a t r e g u l a r a n d / o r p r e m i u m r a t e s ). A v e r a g e w e e k l y e a r n i n g s f o r t h e s e o c c u p a t i o n s h a v e b e e n r o u n d e d t o t h e n e a r e s t h a l f d o l l a r. E s t a b l i s h m e n t p r a c t i c e s a n d s u p p l e m e n t a r y w a g e p r o v i s i o n s I n f o r m a t i o n i s p r e s e n t e d in t h e B - s e r i e s t a b l e s o n s e l e c t e d e s t a b l i s h m e n t p r a c t i c e s a n d s u p p l e m e n t a r y w a g e p r o v i s i o n s a s t h e y r e l a t e t o p l a n t w o r k e r s a n d o f f i c e w o r k e r s. A d m i n i s t r a t i v e, e x e c u t i v e, a n d p r o f e s s i o n a l e m p l o y e e s, a n d f o r c e - a c c o u n t c o n s t r u c t i o n w o r k e r s w h o a r e u t i l i z e d a s a s e p a r a t e w o r k f o r c e a r e e x c l u d e d. W o r k i n g f o r e m e n a n d a l l n o n s u p e r v i s o r y p e r s o n n e l ( i n c l u d i n g l e a d m e n a n d t r a i n e e s ) e n g a g e d in n o n o f f i c e f u n c t i o n s a r e i n c l u d e d u n d e r " p l a n t - w o r k e r s. " W o r k i n g s u p e r v i s o r s a n d n o n s u p e r v i s o r y p e r s o n n e l d o i n g c l e r i c a l o r r e l a t e d f u n c t i o n s a r e i n c l u d e d u n d e r " o f f i c e w o r k e r s. " C a f e t e r i a w o r k e r s a n d r o u t e m e n a r e e x c l u d e d in m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s, b u t i n c l u d e d in n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s. h i f t d i f f e r e n t i a l d a t a ( s e e t a b l e B - l ) a r e l i m i t e d t o p l a n t - w o r k e r s in m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s. T h i s i n f o r m a t i o n i s p r e s e n t e d a c c o r d i n g t o b o t h ( 1 ) e s t a b l i s h m e n t p o l i c y, 21 f o r t o t a l p l a n t w o r k e r e m p l o y m e n t, a n d (2) e f f e c t i v e p r a c t i c e, f o r w o r k e r s a c t u a l l y e m p l o y e d o n t h e s p e c i f i c s h i f t a t t h e t i m e o f t h e s u r v e y. In e s t a b l i s h m e n t s h a v i n g v a r i e d d i f f e r e n t i a l s, t h e a m o u n t a p p l y i n g t o a m a j o r i t y w a s u s e d o r, i f n o a m o u n t a p p l i e d t o a m a j o r i t y, t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n " o t h e r " w a s u s e d. F o r e s t a b l i s h m e n t s in w h i c h s o m e l a t e - s h i f t h o u r s a r e p a i d a t n o r m a l r a t e s, a d i f f e r e n t i a l w a s r e c o r d e d o n ly i f i t a p p l i e d t o a m a j o r i t y o f t h e s h i f t ' s h o u r s. T h e s c h e d u l e d w e e k l y h o u r s ( s e e t a b l e B - 2 ) o f a m a j o r i t y o f t h e f i r s t - s h i f t w o r k e r s i n a n e s t a b l i s h m e n t a r e t a b u l a t e d a s a p p l y i n g t o a l l o f t h e p l a n t w o r k e r s o r o f f i c e w o r k e r s o f t h a t e s t a b l i s h m e n t. c h e d u l e d w e e k l y h o u r s a r e t h o s e w h i c h f u l l - t i m e e m p l o y e e s w e r e e x p e c t e d t o w o r k, w h e t h e r t h e y w e r e p a i d s t r a i g h t - t i m e o r o v e r t i m e r a t e s. P a i d h o l i d a y s ; p a i d v a c a t i o n s ; h e a l t h, i n s u r a n c e, a n d p e n s i o n p l a n s ( s e e t a b l e s B - 3 t h r o u g h B - 5 ) ; a n d f r e q u e n c y o f w a g e p a y m e n t ( s e e t a b l e 7 ) a r e t r e a t e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y o n t h e b a s i s t h a t t h e s e a r e a p p l i c a b l e t o a l l p l a n t w o r k e r s o r o f f i c e w o r k e r s i f a m a j o r i t y o f s u c h w o r k e r s a r e e l i g i b l e o r m a y e v e n t u a l l y q u a l i f y f o r t h e p r a c t i c e s l i s t e d. 21 An establishment was considered as having a policy if it met either of the following conditions: (1) Operated late shifts at the time of the survey, or (2) had formal provisions covering late shifts. An establishment was considered as having formal provisions if it (1) had operated late shifts during the 12 months before the survey, or (2) had provisions in written form for operating late shifts. D a t a o n p a i d h o l i d a y s ( s e e t a b l e B - 3 ) a r e l i m i t e d t o h o l i d a y s g r a n t e d a n n u a l l y o n a f o r m a l b a s i s ; i. e., ( 1 ) a r e p r o v i d e d f o r in w r i t t e n f o r m, o r ( 2 ) h a v e b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d b y c u s t o m. A n n u a l h o l i d a y s a r e i n c l u d e d e v e n t h o u g h t h e y f a l l o n a n o n w o r k d a y a n d t h e w o r k e r i s n o t g r a n t e d a n o t h e r d a y o f f. T h e f i r s t p a r t o f t h e p a i d h o l i d a y s t a b l e p r e s e n t s t h e n u m b e r o f w h o l e a n d h a l f h o l i d a y s a c t u a l l y g r a n t e d. T h e s e c o n d p a r t c o m b i n e s w h o l e a n d h a l f h o l i d a y s t o s h o w t o t a l h o l i d a y t i m e. T h e s u m m a r y o f v a c a t i o n p l a n s ( s e e t a b l e B - 4 ) i s a s t a t i s t i c a l m e a s u r e o f v a c a t i o n p r o v i s i o n s r a t h e r t h a n a m e a s u r e o f t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f w o r k e r s a c t u a l l y r e c e i v i n g s p e c i f i c b e n e f i t s. P r o v i s i o n s o f a n e s t a b l i s h m e n t f o r a l l l e n g t h s o f s e r v i c e w e r e t a b u l a t e d a s a p p l y i n g t o a l l p l a n t w o r k e r s o r o f f i c e w o r k e r s o f t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t r e g a r d l e s s o f l e n g t h o f s e r v i c e. P a y m e n t s o t h e r t h a n a t i m e b a s i s w e r e c o n v e r t e d t o a t i m e b a s i s ; f o r e x a m p l e, a p a y m e n t o f 2 p e r c e n t o f a n n u a l e a r n i n g s w a s c o n s i d e r e d a s t h e e q u i v a l e n t o f 1 w e e k ' s p a y. E s t i m a t e s e x c l u d e v a c a t i o n - s a v i n g s p l a n s a n d t h o s e w h i c h o f f e r " e x t e n d e d " o r " s a b b a t i c a l " b e n e f i t s b e y o n d b a s i c p l a n s t o w o r k e r s w it h q u a l i f y i n g l e n g t h s o f s e r v i c e. u c h e x c l u s i o n s a r e c o m m o n in t h e s t e e l, a l u m i n u m, a n d c a n i n d u s t r i e s. O n ly h e a l t h, i n s u r a n c e, a n d p e n s i o n p l a n s ( s e e t a b l e B - 5 ) f o r w h i c h t h e e m p l o y e r p a y s a t l e a s t a p a r t o f t h e c o s t a r e i n c l u d e d in t h i s s t u d y. u c h p l a n s i n c l u d e t h o s e u n d e r w r i t t e n b y a c o m m e r c i a l i n s u r a n c e c o m p a n y a n d t h o s e p r o v i d e d t h r o u g h a u n io n f u n d o r p a i d d i r e c t l y b y t h e e m p l o y e r o u t o f c u r r e n t o p e r a t i n g f u n d s o r f r o m a fu n d s e t a s i d e f o r t h i s p u r p o s e. A n e s t a b l i s h m e n t w a s c o n s i d e r e d t o h a v e a p l a n i f t h e m a j o r i t y o f e m p l o y e e s w e r e e l i g i b l e t o b e c o v e r e d u n d e r t h e p l a n, e v e n i f l e s s t h a n a m a j o r i t y p a r t i c i p a t e d b e c a u s e e m p l o y e e s w e r e r e q u i r e d t o c o n t r i b u t e t o w a r d t h e c o s t o f t h e p l a n. L e g a l l y r e q u i r e d p l a n s, s u c h a s w o r k m e n 's c o m p e n s a t i o n, s o c i a l s e c u r i t y, a n d r a i l r o a d r e t i r e m e n t, w e r e e x c l u d e d. i c k n e s s a n d a c c i d e n t i n s u r a n c e i s l i m i t e d t o t h a t t y p e o f i n s u r a n c e u n d e r w h i c h p r e d e t e r m i n e d c a s h p a y m e n t s a r e m a d e d i r e c t l y t o t h e i n s u r e d w e e k l y o r m o n t h l y d u r i n g i l l n e s s o r a c c i d e n t d i s a b i l i t y. I n f o r m a t i o n i s p r e s e n t e d f o r a l l s u c h p l a n s t o w h i c h t h e e m p l o y e r c o n t r i b u t e s. H o w e v e r, in N e w Y o r k a n d N e w J e r s e y, w h i c h h a v e t e m p o r a r y d i s a b i l i t y i n s u r a n c e l a w s r e q u i r i n g e m p l o y e r c o n t r i b u t i o n s, 22 p l a n s a r e i n c l u d e d o n ly i f t h e e m p l o y e r ( 1 ) c o n t r i b u t e s m o r e t h a n i s l e g a l l y r e q u i r e d, o r ( 2 ) p r o v i d e s t h e e m p l o y e e w it h b e n e f i t s w h i c h e x c e e d t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s o f t h e l a w. T a b u l a t i o n s o f p a i d s i c k l e a v e p l a n s a r e l i m i t e d t o f o r m a l p l a n s 23 w h i c h p r o v i d e f u l l p a y o r a 22 The temporary disability laws in California and Rhode Island do not require employer contributions. 23 An establishment was considered as having a formal plan if it established at least the minimum number of days of sick leave available to each employee. uch a plan need not be written, but informal sick leave allowances, determined on an individual basis, were excluded.

107 101 p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e w o r k e r ' s p a y d u r i n g a b s e n c e f r o m w o r k b e c a u s e o f i l l n e s s. T a b l e B - 5 d i s t i n g u i s h e s b e t w e e n s i c k l e a v e p l a n s w h i c h ( 1 ) p r o v i d e f u l l p a y a n d n o w a i t i n g p e r i o d, a n d ( 2 ) p r o v i d e e i t h e r p a r t i a l p a y o r a w a i t i n g p e r i o d. M a j o r m e d i c a l i n s u r a n c e i n c l u d e s t h o s e p l a n s w h i c h a r e d e s i g n e d t o p r o t e c t e m p l o y e e s a g a i n s t s i c k n e s s a n d i n j u r y e x p e n s e s b e y o n d t h e c o v e r a g e o f b a s i c h o s p i t a l i z a t i o n, m e d i c a l, a n d s u r g i c a l p l a n s. M e d i c a l i n s u r a n c e r e f e r s t o p l a n s p r o v i d i n g f o r c o m p l e t e o r p a r t i a l p a y m e n t o f d o c t o r s ' f e e s. u c h p l a n s m a y b e u n d e r w r i t t e n b y c o m m e r c i a l i n s u r a n c e c o m p a n i e s o r n o n p r o f i t o r g a n i z a t i o n s, o r t h e y m a y b e a f o r m o f s e l f - i n s u r a n c e. T a b u l a t i o n s o f r e t i r e m e n t p e n s i o n p l a n s a r e l i m i t e d t o t h o s e p l a n s t h a t p r o v i d e m o n t h l y p a y m e n t s f o r t h e r e m a i n d e r o f t h e w o r k e r s ' l i f e.

108 102 Establishments and workers within scope of survey and number studied in all metropolitan areas 1 by major industry division2 and region,3 year ending June 1970 Industry division and region Number of establishments Within scope of tudied Number of workers in establishments (in thousands) Within scope of study tudied Totaf5 Plantworkers Officeworkers Total 5 All industries ,640 13,800 22, , , ,259.4 Northeast ,575 3,552 6, , , , outh- 22,402 3,944 4, , ,018.2 North Central ,195 4, 242 7, , , ,609.7 W est ,468 2, 062 3, , , ,361 5, , , , ,291.5 Northeast ,929 1, 503 3, , , , 546 1, 359 2, , North Central - 9,687 1,780 4, , , W est , , , Nonmanufacturing ,279 8,475 10, , , ,967.9 Northeast ,646 2, 049 3, , ,501.9 outh_ ,856 2,585 2, , , North Central 13,508 2,462 2, , ,407.1 W est ,269 1, 379 V , Transportation, communication, and other public utilities 6-6, 125 1,644 2, , , , , North Central , W est ,540 1,420 1, Northeast , , North C^ikral' _ 2, W est... 1, Retail trade ,810 2, 109 3, , ,644.6 Northeast , , North Central , , W est , Finance, insurance, and real estate , 745 1, 345 1, , , outh , North Central 2, W est , ervices ,059 1, 957 1, , , , W est , tandard Metropolitan tatistical Areas in the United tates (excluding Alaska and Hawaii) as established by the Office of Management and Budget (formerly the Bureau of the Budget) through January The 1967 edition of the tandard Industrial Classification Manual was used in classifying establishments by industry division. 3 The regions are defined as follows; Northeast Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; outh Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, outh Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; North Central Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, outh Dakota, and Wisconsin; West Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. 4 Includes all establishments with total employment at or above the minimum limitation (50 employees). In 12 of the largest areas, the minimum size was 100 employees or more in manufacturing, public utilities, and retail trade firms. 5 Totals include executive, professional, and other workers excluded from the separate plant and office categories. The estimates shown in this table provide a reasonably accurate description of the size and composition of the labor force included in the survey. They are not intended, however, to serve as a basis of comparison with other employment data for the area to measure employment trends or levels, since (1) planning of wage surveys requires the use of establishment data compiled considerably in advance of the payroll period studied, and (2) small establishments are excluded from the scope of the studies. 6 Excludes taxicabs, services incidental to water transportation, and municipally operated establishments. 7 Estimate relates only to real estate establishments. Workers from the entire industry division are represented in the eries A tables, but from the real estate portion only in "a ll industry" estimates in the eries B tables. 8 Hotels and motels; laundries and other personal services; business services; automobile repair, rental, and parking; motion pictures; nonprofit membership organizations (excluding religious and charitable organizations); and engineering and architectural services.

109 A p p e n d ix B. O c c u p a tio n a l D e s c rip tio n s The prim ary purpose of preparing job descriptions for the Bureau's wage surveys is to a s s is t its field staff in classifying into appropriate occupations workers who are employed under a variety of payroll titles and different work arrangem ents from establishment to establishment and from area to area. This perm its the grouping of occupational wage rates representing com parable job content. Because of this emphasis on interestablishm ent and interarea com parability of occupational content, the Bureau's job descriptions may differ significantly from those in use in individual establishm ents or those prepared ' for other purposes. In applying these job descriptions, the Bureau's field economists are instructed to exclude working supervisors; apprentices; learners; beginners; trainees; and handicapped, part-tim e, temporary, and probationary workers. OFFICE BILLER, MACHINE P repares statem ents, b ills, and invoices on a machine other than an ordinary or electrom atic typewriter. May also keep records as to billings or shipping charges or perform other clerical work incidental to billing operations. For wage study purposes, b illers, machine, are classified by type of machine, as follows: B iller, machine (billing machine). U ses a special billing machine (Moon Hopkins, Elliott F ish er, Burroughs, etc., which are combination typing and adding machines) to prepare bills and invoices from custom ers' purchase orders, internally prepared orders, shipping memorandums, etc. Usually involves application of predetermined discounts and shipping charges, and entry of n ecessary extensions, which may or may not be computed on the billing machine, and totals which are autom atically accumulated by machine. The operation usually involves a large number of carbon copies of the bill being prepared and is often done on a fanfold machine. B ille r, machine (bookkeeping machine). U ses a bookkeeping machine (undstrand, Elliott F ish er, Remington Rand, etc., which may or may not have typewriter keyboard) to prepare custom ers' bills as part of the accounts receivable operation. Generally involves t,he sim ultaneous entry of figures on custom ers' ledger record. The machine autom atically accum ulates figures on a number of vertical columns and computes, and usually prints autom atically the debit or credit balances. Does not involve a knowledge of bookkeeping. Works from uniform and standard types of sales and credit slip s. BOOKKEEPING-MACHINE OPERATOR Operates a bookkeeping machine (Remington Rand, Elliott F ish er, undstrand, Burroughs, National Cash R egister, with or without a typewriter keyboard) to keep a record of business transactions. C la ss A. Keeps a set of records requiring a knowledge of and experience in basic bookkeeping principles, and fam iliarity with the structure of the particular accounting system used. Determines proper records and distribution of debit and credit item s to be used in each phase of the work. May prepare consolidated reports, balance sheets, and other records by hand. C lass B. Keeps a record of one or more phases or sections of a set of records usually requiring little knowledge of basic bookkeeping. Phases or sections include accounts payable, payroll, custom ers' accounts (not including a simple type of billing described under biller, machine), cost distribution, expense distribution, inventory control, etc. May check or a ssis t in preparation of trial balances and prepare control sheets for the accounting department. CLERK, ACCOUNTING C lass A. Under general direction of a bookkeeper or accountant, has responsibility for keeping one or more sections of a complete set of books or records relating to one phase of an establishm ent's business transactions. Work involves posting and balancing subsidiary ledger or ledgers such as accounts receivable or accounts payable; examining and coding invoices or vouchers with proper accounting distribution; and requires judgment and experience in making proper assignations and allocations. May a ss is t in preparing, adjusting, and closing journal entries; and may direct c la ss B accounting clerks. C lass B. Under supervision, perform s one or more routine accounting operations such as posting simple journal vouchers or accounts payable vouchers, entering vouchers in voucher reg iste rs; reconciling bank accounts; and posting subsidiary ledgers controlled by general ledgers, or posting simple cost accounting data. This job does not require a knowledge of accounting and bookkeeping principles but is found in offices in which the more routine accounting work is subdivided on a functional basis among several workers. CLERK, F IL E C lass A. In an established filing system containing a number of varied subject matter files, classifies and indexes file m aterial such as correspondence, reports, technical docum ents, etc. May also file this m aterial. May keep records of various types in conjunction with the files. May lead a sm all group of lower level file clerks. C lass B. orts, codes, and files unclassified m aterial by simple (subject matter) headings ~or partly classified m aterial by finer subheadings. P repares simple related index and cro ss-referen ce aids. As requested, locates clearly identified m aterial in files and forw ards m aterial. May perform related clerical tasks required to maintain and service files. C lass C. P erform s routine filing of m aterial that has already been classified or which is e asily classified in a simple se ria l classification system (e.g., alphabetical, chronological, or numerical). As requested, locates readily available m aterial in files and forwards m a terial; and may fill out withdrawal charge. Perform s simple clerical and manual tasks required to maintain and service files. CLERK, ORDER Receives custom ers' orders for m aterial or merchandise by m ail, phone, or personally. Duties involve any combination of the following: Quoting prices to custom ers; making out an order sheet listing the item s to make up the order; checking p rices and quantities of item s on order sheet; and distributing order sheets to respective departments to be filled. May check with credit department to determine credit rating of custom er, acknowledge receipt of orders from custom ers, follow up orders to see that they have been filled, keep file of orders received, and check shipping invoices with original orders. CLERK, PAYROLL Computes wages of company employees and enters the n ecessary data on the payroll sheets. Duties involve: Calculating w orkers' earnings based on time or production record s; and posting calculated data on payroll sheet, showing information such as w orker's name, working days, tim e, rate, deductions for insurance, and total wages due. May make out paychecks and a ssist paymaster in making up and distributing pay envelopes. May use a calculating machine. COMPTOMETER OPERATOR P rim ary duty is to operate a Comptometer to perform m athematical computations. This job is not to be confused with that of statistical or other type of clerk, which may involve frequent use of a Comptometer but, in which, use of this machine is incidental to performance of other duties. KEYPUNCH OPERATOR C lass A. Operates a numerical and/or alphabetical or combination keypunch machine to transcribe data from various source documents to keypunch tabulating card s. Perform s same tasks as lower level keypunch operator but, in addition, work requires application of coding skills and the making of some determinations, for example, locates on the source document the item s to be punched; extracts information from several documents; and search es for and interprets information on the document to determine information to be punched. May train inexperienced operators

110 104 KEYPUNCH OPERATOR Continued C lass B. Under close supervision or following specific procedures or instructions, tran scrib es data from source documents to punched card s. Operates a num erical and/or alphabetical or combination keypunch machine to keypunch tabulating card s. May verify card s. Working from various standardized source documents, follows specified sequences which have been coded or prescribed in detail and require little or no selecting, coding, or interpreting of data to be punched. Problem s arisin g from erroneous item s or codes, m issing information, etc., are referred to supervisor. OFFICE BOY OR GIRL Perform s various routine duties such as running errands, operating minor office m a chines such as sealers or m ailers, opening and distributing m ail, and other minor clerical work. ECRETARY Assigned as personal secretary, norm ally to one individual. Maintains a close and highly responsive relationship to the day-to-day work activities of the supervisor. Works fairly independently receiving a minimum of detailed supervision and guidance. P erform s varied clerical and secre tarial duties, usually including m ost of the following: (a) Receives telephone calls, personal c a lle rs, and incoming m ail, answ ers routine inquiries, and routes the technical inquiries to the proper persons; (b) establish es, m aintains, and rev ises the su pervisor's files; (c) maintains the supervisor's calendar and makes appointments as instructed; (d) relays m essages from supervisor to subordinates; (e) reviews correspondence, memoranda, and reports prepared by others for the su p ervisor's signature to assu re procedural and typographic accuracy; and (f) perform s stenographic and typing work. May also perform other clerical and secre tarial tasks of comparable nature and difficulty. The work typically requires knowledge of office routine and understanding of the organization, program s, and procedures related to the work of the supervisor. Exclusions Not all positions that are titled "se cre tary " p o sse ss the above ch aracteristics. Exam ples of positions which are excluded from the definition are as follows: (a) Positions which do not meet the "person al" secretary concept described above; (b) stenographers not fully trained in secretarial type duties; (c) stenographers serving as office a ssistan ts to a group of professional, technical, or m anagerial persons; (d) secretary positions in which the duties are either substantially more routine or substantially more complex and responsible than those characterized in the definition; and (e) assistant type positions which involve more difficult or more responsible technical, administrative, supervisory, or specialized clerical duties which are not typical of secretarial work. NOTE: The term "corporate o fficer," used in the level definitions following, refers to those officials who have a significant corporate-wide policymaking role with regard to m ajor company activities. The title "vice presid en t," though normally indicative of this role, does not in all cases identify such positions. Vice presidents whose prim ary responsibility is to act personally on individual case s or transactions (e.g., approve or deny individual loan or credit actions; adm inister individual trust accounts; directly supervise a clerical staff) are not considered to be "corporate officers" for purposes of applying the following level definitions. C lass A a. ecretary to the chairman of the board or president of a company that employs, in all, over 100 but fewer than 5,000 p erson s; or b. ecretary to a corporate officer (other than the chairman of the board or president) of a company that employs, in all, over 5, 000 but fewer than 25, 000 persons; or c. ecretary to the head (immediately below the corporate officer level) of a m ajor segment or subsidiary of a company that employs, in all, over 25, 000 person s. C lass B a. ecretary to the chairman of the board or president of a company that employs, in all, fewer than 100 p erso n s; or b. ecretary to a corporate officer (other than the chairman of the board or president) of a company that em ploys, in all, over 100 but fewer than 5,000 perso n s; or c. ecretary to the head (immediately below the officer level) over either a m ajor corporate-wide functional activity (e.g., marketing, research, operations, industrial relations, etc.) or a m ajor geographic or organizational segment (e.g., a regional headquarters; a m ajor division) of a company that em ploys, in all, over 5, 000 but fewer than 25, 000 em ployees; or ECRETARY Continued d. ecretary to the head of an individual plant, factory, etc. (or other equivalent level of official) that employs, in all, over 5, 000 person s; or e. ecretary to the head of a large and important organizational segment (e.g., a middle management supervisor of an organizational segment often involving as many as several hundred persons) of a company that employs, in all, over 25, 000 persons. C lass C a. ecretary to an executive or m anagerial person whose responsibility is not equivalent to one of the specific level situations in the definition for cla ss B, but whose subordinate staff normally numbers at least several dozen employees and is usually divided into organizational segments which are often, in turn, further subdivided. In some com panies, this level includes a wide range of organizational echelons; in others, only one or two; or b. ecretary to the head of an-individual plant, factory, etc. (or other equivalent level of official) that employs, in all, fewer than 5, 000 person s. C lass D a. ecretary to the supervisor or head of a sm all organizational unit (e.g., fewer than about 25 or 30 person s); 0 b. ecretary to a nonsupervisory staff specialist, professional employee, adm inistrative officer, or assistan t, skilled technician or expert. (NOTE; Many companies assign stenographers, rather than secre tarie s as described above, to this level of supervisory or nonsupervisory worker.) TENOGRAPHER, GENERAL Prim ary duty is to take dictation involving a normal routine vocabulary from one or more persons either in shorthand or by tenotype or sim ilar machine; and transcribe dictation. May also type from written copy. May maintain files, keep simple record s, or perform other relatively routine clerical task s. May operate from a stenographic pool. Does not include transcribingmachine work. (ee transcribing-m achine operator. ) ' " TENOGRAPHER, ENIOR P rim ary duty is to take dictation involving a varied technical or specialized vocabulary such as in legal briefs or reports on scientific research from one or more persons either in shorthand or by tenotype or sim ilar machine; and tran scribe dictation. May also type from written copy. May also set up and maintain files, keep record s, etc. OR Perform s stenographic duties requiring significantly greater independence and responsibility than stenographers, general as evidenced by the following: Work requires high degree of stenographic speed and accuracy; and a thorough working knowledge of general business and office procedures and of the specific business operations, organization, policies, procedures, files, workflow, etc. U ses this knowledge in performing stenographic duties and responsible clerical tasks such a s, maintaining followup files; assem bling m aterial for reports, memorandums, letters, etc.; composing simple letters from general instructions; reading and routing incoming m ail; and answering routine questions, etc. Does not include transcribing-machine work. WITCHBOARD OPERATOR C lass A. O perates a single- or multiple-position telephone switchboard handling incoming, outgoing, intraplant or office calls. P erform s full telephone information service or handles complex calls, such as conference, collect, overseas, or sim ilar calls, either in addition to doing routine work as described for switchboard operator, c la ss B, or as a full-tim e assignm ent. ("F u ll" telephone information service occurs when the establishm ent has varied functions that are not readily understandable for telephone information purposes, e.g., because of overlapping or interrelated functions, and consequently present frequent problems as to which extensions are appropriate for calls.) C lass B. O perates a single- or multiple-position telephone switchboard handling incoming, outgoing, intraplant or office calls. May handle routine long distance calls and record tolls. May perform limited telephone information service. ("Lim ited" telephone information service occurs if the functions of the establishm ent serviced are readily understandable for telephone information purposes, or if the requests are routine, e.g., giving extension numbers when specific names are furnished, or if complex calls are referred to another operator.)

111 1 0 5 WITCHBOARD OPERATOR-RECEPTIONIT In addition to performing duties of operator on a single-position or monitor-type switchboard, acts as receptionist and may also type or perform routine clerical work as part of regular duties. This typing or clerical work may take the m ajor part of this w orker's time while at switchboard. TABU LA TING-MACHINE OPERATOR C lass A. Operates a variety of tabulating or electrical accounting m achines, typically including such machines as the tabulator, calculator, interpreter, collator, arid others. P erform s complete reporting assignm ents without close supervision, and perform s difficult wiring as required. The complete reporting and tabulating assignm ents typically involve a variety of long and complex reports which often are of irregular or nonrecurring type re quiring some planning and sequencing of steps to be taken. As a more experienced operator, is typically involved in training new operators in machine operations, or partially trained operators in wiring from diagram s and operating sequences of long and complex reports. Does not include working supervisors performing tabulating-machine operations and day-today supervision of the work and production of a group of tabulating-machine operators. C lass B. Operates more difficult tabulating or electrical accounting machines such as the tabulator and calculator, in addition to the sorter, reproducer, and collator. This work is perform ed under specific instructions and may include the perform ance of some wiring from diagram s. The work typically involves, for example, tabulations involving a repetitive accounting exercise, a complete but sm all tabulating study, or parts of a longer and more complex report. uch reports and studies are usually of a recurring nature where the procedures are well established. May also include the training of new employees in the basic operation of the machine. TABULATING-MACHINE OPERATOR Continued C lass C. Operates simple tabulating or electrical accounting machines such as the so rte r, reproducing punch, collator, etc., with specific instructions. May include simple wiring from diagram s and some filing work. The work typically involves portions of a work unit, for example, individual sorting or collating runs or repetitive operations. TRANCRIBING-MACHINE OPERATOR, GENERAL Prim ary duty is to transcribe dictation involving a normal routine vocabulary from transcribing-m achine records. May also type from written copy and do simple clerical work. Workers transcribing dictation involving a varied technical or specialized vocabulary such as legal briefs or reports on scientific research are not included. A worker who takes dictation in shorthand or by tenotype or sim ilar machine is classified as a stenographer, general. TYPIT Uses a typewriter to make copies of various m aterial or to make out bills after calculations have been made by another person. May include typing of stencils, m ats, or sim ilar materials for use in duplicating p ro cesses. May do clerical work involving little special training, such as keeping simple records, filing records and reports, or sorting and distributing incoming mail. Class A. Perform s one or more of the following: Typing m aterial in final form when it involves combining m aterial from several sources or responsibility for correct spelling, syllabication, punctuation, etc., of technical or unusual words or foreign language m aterial; and planning layout and typing of complicated statistical tables to maintain uniformity and balance in spacing. May type routine form letters varying details to suit circum stances. Class B. Perform s one or more of the following: Copy typing from rough or clear drafts; routine typing of form s, insurance policies, etc.; and setting up simple standard tabulations, or copying more complex tables already setup and spaced properly. P R O F E IO N A L AND T E C H N IC A L COMPUTER OPERATOR Monitors and operates the control console of a digital computer to process data according to operating instructions, usually prepared by a program er. Work includes m ost of the following; tudies instructions to determine equipment setup and operations; loads equipment with required item s (tape ree ls, card s, etc.); switches n ecessary auxiliary equipment into circuit, and starts and operates computer; m akes adjustments to computer to correct operating problem s and meet special conditions; reviews e rro rs made during operation and determines cause or refers problem to supervisor or program er; and maintains operating records. May test and a ssis t in correcting program. F or wage study purposes, computer operators are classified as follows: C la ss A. Operates independently, or under only general direction, a computer running program s with m ost of the following ch aracteristics: New program s are frequently tested and introduced; scheduling requirem ents are of critical importance to minimize downtime; the program s are of complex design so that identification of e rror source often requires a working knowledge of the total program, and alternate program s may not be available. May give direction and guidance to lower level operators. C lass B. Operates independently, or under only general direction, a computer running program s with most of the following ch aracteristics: Most of the program s are established production runs, typically run on a regularly recurring b a sis; there is little or no testing of new program s required; alternate program s are provided in case original program needs m ajor change or cannot be corrected within a reasonable time. In common erro r situations, diagnoses cau**e and take^ corrective action. This usually involves applying previously program ed corrective steps, or using standard correction techniques. OR O perates under direct supervision a computer running program s or segm ents of program s with the characteristics described for class A. May a ssist a higher level operator by independently perform ing le ss difficult tasks assigned, and perform ing difficult tasks following detailed instructions and with frequent review of operations perform ed. C la ss C. Works on routine program s under close supervision. Is expected to develop working knowledge of the computer equipment used and ability to detect problem s involved in running routine program s. Usually has received some form al training in computer operation. May a ssist higher level operator on complex program s. COMPUTER PROGRAMER, BUINE Converts statements of business problem s, typically prepared by a system s analyst, into a sequence of detailed instructions which are required to solve the problem s by automatic data processing equipment. Working from charts or diagram s, the program er develops the precise instructions which, when entered into the computer system in coded language, cause the manipulation of data to achieve d esired resu lts. Work involves m ost of the following: Applies knowledge of computer capabilities, m athem atics, logic employed by com puters, and particular subject matter involved to analyze charts and diagram s of the problem to be program ed. Develops sequence of program steps, w rites detailed flow charts to show order in which data will be processed; converts these charts to coded instructions for machine to follow; tests and corrects program s; prepares instructions for operating personnel during production run; analyzes, reviews, and alters program s to in crease operating efficiency or adapt to new requirem ents; maintains records of program development and revisions. (NOTE: Workers performing both system s analysis and programing should be classified as system s analysts if this is the skill used to determine their pay.) Does not include employees prim arily responsible for the management or supervision of other electronic data processing (EDP) employees, or program ers prim arily concerned with scientific and/or engineering problem s. For wage study purposes, program ers are classified as follows: C la ss A. Works independently or under only general direction on complex problem s which require competence in all phases of program ing concepts and practices. Working from diagram s and charts which identify the nature of desired resu lts, m ajor processing steps to be accom plished, and the relationships between various steps of the problem solving routine; plans the full range of program ing actions needed to efficiently utilize the computer system in achieving desired end products. At this level, program ing is difficult because computer equipment must be organized to produce several interrelated but diverse products from numerous and diverse data elements. A wide variety and extensive number of internal processing actions must occur. This requires such actions as development of common operations which can be reused, establishm ent of linkage points between operations, adjustments to data when program requirem ents exceed computer storage capacity, and substantial manipulation and resequencing of data elements to form a highly integrated program. May provide functional direction to lower level program ers who are assigned to assist.

112 106 COMPUTER PROGRAMER, BUINE Continued C lass B. Works independently or under only general direction on relatively simple program s, or on simple segm ents of complex program s. P rogram s (or segments) usually process information to produce data in two or three varied sequences or form ats. Reports and listings are produced by refining, adapting, arraying, or making minor additions to or deletions from input data which are readily available. While numerous records may be processed, the data have been refined in prior actions so that the accuracy and sequencing of data can be tested by using a few routine checks. Typically, the program deals with routine record-keeping type operations. OR Works on complex program s (as described for c la ss A) under close directipn of a higher level program er or supervisor. May a ssist higher level program er by independently performing le ss difficult task s assigned, and perform ing m ore difficult task s under fairly close direction. May guide or instruct lower level program ers. C lass C. Makes p ractical applications of program ing practices and concepts usually learned in form al training courses. A ssignm ents are designed to develop competence in the application of standard procedures to routine problem s. Receives close supervision on new aspects of assignm ents; and work is reviewed to verify its accuracy and conformance with required procedures. COMPUTER YTEM ANALYT, BUINE Analyzes busin ess problem s to form ulate procedures for solving them by use of electronic data processing equipment. Develops a complete description of all specifications needed to enable program ers to prepare required digital computer program s. Work involves m ost of the following; Analyzes subject-m atter operations to be automated and identifies conditions and criteria required to achieve satisfactory resu lts; specifies number and types of record s, files, and documents to be used; outlines actions to be perform ed by personnel and computers in sufficient detail for presentation to management and for program ing (typically this involves preparation of work and data flow charts); coordinates the development of test problem s and participates in trial runs of new and revised sy stem s; and recommends equipment changes to obtain m ore effective overall operations. (NOTE: Workers performing both system s analysis and programing should be c la s sified as system s analysts if this is the skill used to determine their pay;) Does not include employees prim arily responsible for the management or supervision of other electronic data processing (EDP) em ployees, or system s analysts prim arily concerned with scientific or engineering problem s. For wage study purposes, system s analysts are classified as follows: C la ss A. Works independently or under only general direction on complex problems involving all phases of system s analysis. Problem s are complex because of diverse sources of input data and multiple-use requirements of output data. (For example, develops an integrated production scheduling, inventory control, cost analysis, and sale s analysis record in which every item of each type is autom atically p rocessed through the *full system of records and appropriate followup actions are initiated by the computer.) Confers with persons concerned to determine the data processing problem s and advises subject-m atter personnel on the implications of new or revised system s of data processing operations. Makes recom mendations, if needed, for approval of m ajor system s installations or changes and for obtaining equipment. May provide functional direction to lower level system s analysts who" are assigned to C lass B. Works independently or under only general direction on problem s that are relatively uncomplicated to analyze, plan, program, and operate. Problem s are of limited complexity because sources of input data are homogeneous and the output data are closely related. (For example, develops system s for maintaining depositor accounts in a bank, COMPUTER YTEM ANALYT, BUINE Continued maintaining accounts receivable in a retail establishm ent, or maintaining inventory accounts in a manufacturing or wholesale establishm ent.) Confers with persons concerned to determine the data processing problem s and advises subject-m atter personnel on the im plications of the data processing system s to be applied. OR Works on a segment of a complex data processing scheme or system, as described for c la ss A. Works independently on routine assignm ents and receives instruction and guidance on complex assignm ents. Work is reviewed for accuracy of judgment, compliance with instructions, and to insure proper alinement with the overall system. C lass C. Works under immediate supervision, carrying out analyses a s assigned, usually of a single activity. A ssignm ents are designed to develop and expand practical experience in the application of procedures and sk ills required for system s an alysis work. F or example, may a ssis t a higher level system s analyst by preparing the detailed specifications required by program ers from information developed by the higher level analyst. DRAFTMAN C lass A. P lan s the graphic presentation of complex item s having distinctive design features that differ significantly from established drafting precedents. Works in close support with the design originator, and may recommend minor design changes. Analyzes the effect of each change on the details of form, function, and positional relationships of components and parts. Works with a minimum of supervisory a ssistan ce. Completed work is reviewed by design originator for consistency with prior engineering determinations. May either prepare drawings, or direct their preparation by lower level draftsm en. C lass B. Perform s nonroutine and complex drafting assignm ents that require the application of m ost of the standardized drawing techniques regu larly used. Duties typically involve such work a s; P re p are s working drawings of subassem b lies with irregu lar shapes, multiple functions, and precise positional relationships between components; prepares architectural drawings for construction of a building including detail drawings of foundations, wall sections, floor plans, and roof. U ses accepted form ulas and manuals in making n ecessary computations to determine quantities of m aterials to be used, load capacities, strengths, s tre s se s, etc. Receives initial instructions, requirem ents, and advice from supervisor. Completed work is checked for technical adequacy. C lass C. P re p are s detail drawings of single units or p arts for engineering, construction, manufacturing, or repair purposes. Types of drawings prepared include isom etric projections (depicting three diminsions in accurate scale) and sectional views to clarify positioning of components and convey needed information. Consolidates details from a number of sources and adjusts or tran sposes scale as required. uggested methods of approach, applicable precedents, and advice on source m aterials are given with initial assignm ents. Instructions are less complete when assignm ents recur. Work may be spot-checked during progress. DRAFTMAN - TRACER Copies plans and drawings prepared by others by placing tracing cloth or paper over drawings and tracing with pen or pencil. (Does not include tracing lim ited to plans prim arily consisting of straight lines and a large scale not requiring close delineation.) and/or P rep ares sim ple or repetitive drawings of easily visualized item s. Work is closely supervised during p ro gre ss. NURE, INDUTRIAL (REGITERED) A registered nurse who gives nursing service under general m edical direction to ill or injured employees or other persons who become ill or suffer an accident on the p rem ises of a factory or other establishm ent. Duties involve a combination of the following: Giving first aid to the ill or injured; attending to subsequent dressin g of employees' in juries; keeping records of patients treated; preparing accident reports for compensation or other purposes; assistin g in physical examinations and health evaluations of applicants and employees; and planning and carrying out program s involving health education, accident prevention, evaluation of plant environment, or other activities affecting the health, w elfare, and safety of" all personnel. M A IN T E N A N C E A N D P O W E R P L A N T CARPENTER, MAINTENANCE P erform s the carpentry duties n ecessary to construct and maintain in good repair building woodwork and equipment such as bins, crib s, counters, benches, partitions, doors, floors, sta irs, casin gs, and trim made of wood in an establishm ent. Work involves m ost of the following: Planning and laying out of work from blueprints, drawings, models, or verbal instructions using a variety CARPENTER, MAINTENANCE Continued of carpenter's handtools, portable power tools, and standard m easuring instrum ents; making standard shop computations relating to dimensions of work; and selecting m aterials n ecessary for the work. In general, the work of the maintenance carpenter requires rounded training and experience usually acquired through a form al apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience.

113 1 0 7 ELECTRICIAN, MAINTENANCE P erform s a variety of electrical trade functions such as the installation, maintenance, or repair of equipment for the generation, distribution, or utilization of electric energy in an establishment. Work involves most of the following: Installing or repairing any of a variety of electrical equipment such as generators, transform ers, switchboards, controllers, circuit breake rs, m otors, heating units, conduit system s, or other tran sm ission equipment; working from blueprints, drawings, layouts, or other specifications; locating and diagnosing trouble in the electrical system or equipment; working standard computations relating to load requirem ents of wiring or electrical equipment; and using a variety of electrician's handtools and m easuring and testing instruments. In general, the work of the maintenance electrician requires rounded training and experience usually acquired through a form al apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. ENGINEER, TATIONARY Operates and maintains and may also supervise the operation of stationary engines and equipment (mechanical or electrical) to supply the establishm ent in which employed with power, heat, refrigeration, or air-conditioning. Work involves: Operating and maintaining equipment such as steam engines, air com pressors, generators, m otors, turbines, ventilating and refrigerating equipment, steam boilers and boiler-fed water pumps; making equipment rep airs; and keeping a record of operation of machinery, temperature, and fuel consumption. May also supervise these operations. Head or chief engineers in establishm ents employing more than one engineer are excluded. FIREMAN, TATIONARY BOILER F ire s stationary boilers to furnish the establishment in which employed with heat, power, or steam. Feeds fuels to fire by hand or operates a mechanical stoker, or gas or oil burner; and checks water and safety valves. May clean, oil, or assist in repairing boilerroom equipment. H ELPER, MAINTENANCE TRADE A ssists one or more workers in the skilled maintenance trad e s, by perform ing specific or general duties of le sse r skill, such as keeping a worker supplied with m aterials and tools; cleaning.working area, machine, and equipment; assistin g journeyman by holding m aterials or tools; and performing other unskilled tasks as directed by journeyman. The kind of work the helper is permitted to perform varies from trade to trade: In some trades the helper is confined to supplying, lifting, and holding m aterials and tools and cleaning working a re a s; and in others he is permitted to perform specialized machine operations, or parts of a trade that are also perform ed by w orkers on a full-tim e b a sis. MACHINE-TOOL OPERATOR, TOOLROOM pecializes in the operation of one or more types of machine tools, such as jig b o re rs, cylindrical or surface grinders, engine lathes, or milling m achines, in the construction of machine-shop tools, gages, jigs, fixtures, or dies. Work involves most of the following: Planning and performing difficult machining operations; processing items requiring complicated setups or a high degree of accuracy; using a variety of precision m easuring instrum ents; selecting feeds, speeds, tooling, and operation sequence; and making n ecessary adjustments during operation to achieve requisite tolerances or dimensions. May be required to recognize when tools need d re ssing, to dress tools, and to select proper coolants and cutting and lubricating oils. For c ro ssindustry wage study purposes, machine-tool operators, toolroom, in tool and die jobbing shops are excluded from this classification. MACHINIT, MAINTENANCE Produces replacement parts and new parts in making repairs of metal parts of mechanical equipment operated in an establishment. Work involves most of the following: Interpreting written instructions and specifications; planning and laying out of work; using a variety of m a chinist's handtools and precision m easuring instrum ents; setting up and operating standard machine tools; shaping of metal parts to close tolerances; making standard shop computations relating to dimensions of work, tooling, feeds, and speeds of machining; knowledge of the working properties of the common m etals; selecting standard m aterials, p arts, and equipment required for his work; and fitting and assem bling parts into mechanical equipment. In general, the m achinist's work normally requires a rounded training in machine-shop practice usually acquired through a form al apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. MECHANIC, AUTOMOTIVE (MAINTENANCE) R epairs automobiles, bu ses, m otortrucks, and tractors of an establishm ent. Work involves m ost of the following: Examining automotive equipment to diagnose source of trouble; disassem bling equipment and perform ing rep airs that involve the use of such handtools as wrenches, gages, d rills, or specialized equipment in disassem bling or fitting parts; replacing broken or defective parts from stock; grinding and adjusting valves; reassem bling and installing MECHANIC, AUTOMOTIVE (MAINTENANCE) Continued the various assem blies in the vehicle and making n ecessary adjustments; and alining wheels, adjusting brakes and lights, or tightening body bolts. In general, the work of the automotive mechanic requires rounded training and experience usually acquired through a form al apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. MECHANIC, MAINTENANCE R epairs machinery or mechanical equipment of an establishm ent. Work involves mqst of the following: Examining machines and mechanical equipment to diagnose source of trouble; dismantling or partly dismantling machines and perform ing rep airs that mainly involve the use of handtools in scraping and fitting parts; replacing broken or defective parts with items obtained from stock; ordering the production of a replacement part by a machine shop or sending of the machine to a machine shop for m ajor rep airs; preparing written specifications for m ajor repairs or for the production of parts ordered from machine shop; reassem bling m achines; and making all necessary adjustments for operation. In general, the work of a maintenance mechanic re quires rounded training and experience usually acquired through a form al apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. Excluded from this classification are w orkers whose prim ary duties involve setting up or adjusting machines. MILLWRIGHT Installs new machines or heavy equipment, and dism antles and in stalls machines or heavy equipment when changes in the plant layout are required. Work involves most of the following: Planning and laying out of the work; interpreting blueprints or other specifications; using a variety of handtools and rigging; making standard shop computations relating to s tre s se s, strength of m aterials, and centers of gravity; alining and balancing of equipment; selecting standard tools, equipment, and parts to be used; and installing and maintaining in good order power tran sm ission equipment such as drives and speed reducers. In general, the m illw right's work norm ally requires a rounded training and experience in the trade acquired through a form al apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. OILER Lubricates, with oil or grease, the moving parts or wearing surfaces of mechanical equipment of an establishm ent. PAINTER, MAINTENANCE Paints and redecorates w alls, woodwork, and fixtures of an establishm ent. Work involves the following: Knowledge of surface peculiarities and types of paint required for different applications; preparing surface for painting by removing old finish or by placing putty or filler in nail holes and in terstices; and applying paint with spray gun or brush. May mix colors, oils, white lead, and other paint ingredients to obtain proper color or consistency. In general, the work of the maintenance painter requires rounded training and experience usually acquired through a form al apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. P IPEFITTER, MAINTENANCE Installs or repairs w ater, steam, gas, or other types of pipe and pipefittings in an establishment. Work involves most of the following: Laying out of work and measuring to locate position of pipe from drawings or other written specifications; cutting various sizes of pipe to correct lengths with chisel and hammer or oxyacetylene torch or pipe-cutting machine; threading pipe with stocks and dies; bending pipe by hand-driven or power-driven machines; assem bling pipe with couplings and fastening pipe to hangers; making standard shop computations relating to p re ssu re s, flow, and size of pipe required; and making standard tests to determine whether finished pipes meet specifications. In general, the work of the maintenance pipefitter requires rounded training and experience usually acquired through a form al apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. Workers prim arily engaged in installing and repairing building sanitation or heating system s are excluded. PLUM BER, MAINTENANCE Keeps the plumbing system of an establishm ent in good order. Work involves: Knowledge of sanitary codes regarding installation of vents and traps in plumbing system ; installing or re pairing pipes and fixtures; and opening clogged drains with a plunger or plum ber's snake. In general, the work of the maintenance plumber requires rounded training and experience usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. H EET-M ETAL WORKER, MAINTENANCE F ab ricates, in stalls, and maintains in good repair the sheet-m etal equipment and fixtures (such as machine guards, grease pans, shelves, lockers, tanks, ventilators, chutes, ducts, metal roofing) of an establishm ent. Work involves most of the following: Planning a.nd laying out all types of sheet-m etal maintenance work from blueprints, m odels, o jt other specifications; setting up and operating all available types of sheet-metal working machines; using a variety of

114 U.. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: /65 Digitized for FRAER 108 HEET-M ETAL WORKER, MAINTENANCE---Continued handtools in cutting, bending, forming, shaping, fitting, and assem bling; and installing sheetmetal articles as required. In general, the work of the maintenance sheet-m etal worker requires rounded training and experience usually acquired through a form al apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. TOOL AND DIE MAKER (Die maker; jig maker; tool maker; fixture m aker; gage maker) Constructs and rep airs machine-shop to o ls, gages, jig s, fixtures or dies for forgings, punching, and other m etal-form ing work. Work involves most of the following; Planning and laying out of work from models, blueprints, drawings, or other oral and written specifications; TOOL AND DIE MAKER Continued using a variety of tool and die m aker's handtools and precision measuring instruments; understanding of the working properties of common m etals and alloys; setting up and operating of machine tools and related equipment; making n ecessary shop computations relating to dimensions of work, speeds, feeds, and tooling of machines; heat-treating of metal parts during fabrication as well as of finished tools and dies to achieve required qualities; working to close tolerances; fitting and assem bling of parts to prescribed tolerances and allowances; and selecting appropriate m aterials, tools, and p ro cesses. In general, the tool and die m aker's work requires a rounded training in machine-shop and toolroom practice usually acquired through a form al apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. For cross-in dustry wage study purposes, tool and die m akers in tool and die jobbing shops are excluded from this classification. C U T O D IA L A N D M A TE R IA L M O V E M E N T GUARD AND WATCHMAN Guard. P erform s routine police duties, either at fixed post or on tour, maintaining order, using arm s or force where n ecessary. Includes gatemen who are stationed at gate and check on identity of employees and other persons entering. Watchman. Makes rounds of prem ises periodically in protecting property against fire, theft, and illegal entry. JANITOR, PORTER, OR CLEANER (weeper; charwoman; jan itress) Cleans and keeps in an orderly condition factory working areas and washroom s, or prem ises of an office, apartment house, or com m ercial or other establishm ent. Duties involve a combination of the following; weeping, mopping or scrubbing, and polishing floors; removing chips, trash, and other refuse; dusting equipment, furniture, or fix tu res; polishing metal fixtures or trimmings; providing supplies and minor maintenance serv ices; and cleaning lavatories, showers, and restroom s. Workers who specialize in window washing are excluded. LABORER, MATERIAL HANDLING (Loader and unloader; handler and stacker; shelver; trucker; stockman or stock helper; w arehouseman or warehouse helper) A worker employed in a warehouse, manufacturing plant, store, or other establishment whose duties involve one or more of the following; Loading and unloading various m aterials and m erchandise on or from freight cars, trucks, or other transporting devices; unpacking, shelving, or placing m aterials or merchandise in proper storage location; and transporting m aterials or m erchandise by handtruck, car, or wheelbarrow. Longshoremen, who load and unload ships are excluded. ORDER, FILLER (Order picker; stock selector;* warehouse stockman) Fills shipping or transfer orders for finished goods from stored merchandise in accordance with specifications on sales slips', custom ers' o rd ers, or other instructions. May, in addition to filling orders and ihdicating items filled or omitted, keep records of outgoing o rders, requisition additional stock or report short supplies to supervisor, and perform other related duties. PACKER, HIPPING P repares finished products for shipment or storage by placing them in shipping containers, the specific operations perform ed being dependent upon the type, size, and number of units to be packed, the type of container employed, and method of shipment. Work requires the placing of items in shipping containers and may involve one or more of the following: Knowledge of various items of stock in order to verify content; selection of appropriate type and size of container; inserting enclosures in container; using excelsior or other m aterial to prevent breakage or damage; closing and sealing container; and applying labels or entering identifying data on container. Packers who also make wooden boxes or crates are excluded. HIPPING AND RECEIVING CLERK P repares merchandise for shipment, or receives and is responsible for incoming shipments of merchandise or other m aterials. hipping work involves; A knowledge of shipping procedures, p ractices, routes, available means of transportation, and rate; and preparing re c ords of the goods shipped, making up bills of lading, posting weight and shipping charges, and keeping a file of shipping records. May direct or assist in preparing the merchandise for shipment. Receiving work involves; Verifying or directing others in verifying the correctness of shipments against bills of lading, invoices, or other record s; checking for shortages and rejecting damaged goods; routing merchandise or m aterials to proper departments; and maintaining necessary records and files. TRUCKDRIVER For wage study purposes, workers are classified as follows: Receiving clerk hipping clerk hipping and receiving clerk D rives a truck within a city or industrial area to transport m aterials, m erchandise, equipment, or men between various types of establishments such as: Manufacturing plants, freight depots, w arehouses, wholesale and retail establishm ents, or between retail establishm ents and custom ers' houses or places of business. May also load or unload truck with or without helpers, make minor mechanical rep airs, and keep truck in good working order. D river-salesm en and over-the-road drivers are excluded. For wage study purposes, truckdrivers are classified by size and type of equipment, as follows: (T ractor-trailer should be rated on the b asis of trailer capacity.) Truckdriver (combination of sizes listed separately) Truckdriver, light (under IV2 tons) Truckdriver, medium (lv2 to and including 4 tons) Truckdriver, heavy (over 4 tons, trailer type) Truckdriver, heavy (over 4 tons, other than trailer type) TRUCKER, POWER Operates a manually controlled gasoline- or electric-pow ered truck or tractor to transport goods and m aterials of all kinds about a warehouse, manufacturing plant, or other establishm ent. For wage study purposes, workers are classified by type of truck, as follows: T rucker, power (forklift) Trucker, power (other than forklift)